What is the difference between the agnostic and an atheist? And got the best answer off ...
Our planet is reliably protected from a negative impact from space by an amazing shell - an atmosphere, without which life on Earth would be unthinkable.
Many know that without air a person can live no more than 5-9 minutes, but not everyone understands what air is and from which it is a vital substance forming the earth's atmosphere. Let's try to figure out.
The word "air" occurred thanks to the addition of the prefix in the Old Slavonic Word Dual, which means "Spirit", "to die", "breathe." The prefix carries ancient Russian origin and is identified with the pretext of "up" or noun "lifting."
For more than a thousand years in Slavic language, the ancient Greek word AER (ἀηρ) was present, translated as "air". Subsequently, it was practically forgotten, although it is now found in some toponyms - airplane, aerial, aerodynamics.
Air is the main condition for the existence of all the living. In fact, it is a natural mixture of gases that take direct participation in the cycle of substances in nature. In its composition, air contains about 21% oxygen, which during breathing enters the cells of our body and contributes to the allocation vital energy.
Another important component is nitrogen, the volume of which in the atmosphere exceeds 78%. In small quantities in the air, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, argon, neon and a number of other chemical elements, as well as water vapors, whose volume directly affects the total atmospheric mass.
Since air is a natural mixture of gases, its mass in a unit of volume (density) may vary depending on changes in the proportions of certain components, as well as from humidity, temperature and height on which this value will be measured. As a rule, the indicator 1.225 kg/m3 is taken as the basis, which is usually fixed at sea level at a temperature of +15 ° C. 
When the thermometer column increases to +35 ° C, the air mass decreases to 1.1455 kg / m3, with a decrease in temperature to -25 ° C - increases to 1.4224 kg / m3. In addition to density, one of the physical properties of air is molar mass, i.e., the ratio of its density to the number of moles. This indicator remains unchanged and is 28.98 g / mol.
In cities (especially in metropolitan and industrial centers), harmful gases fall into air during the combustion of gasoline, various chemicals, coal (in thermal CHP) and all sorts of artificial materials. The greatest harm of the ecology of cities is caused by vehicles and the activities of enterprises polluting the atmosphere of outsiders. In addition to nitrogen, oxygen and carbon, in the air of large settlements There are oxides of methane, sulfur gas and other substances that have a negative impact on the biosphere of our planet.
Today, all over the world, scientists and environmentalists make every effort to reduce the number of harmful emissions to the atmosphere and prevent its pollution. For this purpose, environmentally friendly transport types are created, heating systemsUsing the strength of the Sun and Wind in their work, as well as new technologies that allow environmental safety in production. However, every person can make a lot for ambient, performing daily simple rules - Do not wash cars in natural reservoirs, do not smoke, stew fires in the park after a picnic and much more.
In most modern countries, the air temperature is made to measure in degrees on the Celsius scale, which includes 0 ° C as a temperature of ice melting, and +100 ° C - water boiling. In some states, a Fahrenheit scale is applied, according to which the difference between the melting point of ice and boiling water is divided by 180 °. 
For temperature measurement, liquid or mercury glass thermometers are most often used, less often - electrical and mechanical, as well as optical, registering degrees due to changes in the spectrum of light, its level and other indicators.
Air humidity is determined by a psychometrome (hygrometer psychometric), consisting of dry and wet alcohol thermometers. The difference between their indicators determines the rate of water evaporation, and consequently humidity.
The chemical composition of the air has an important hygienic value, since it plays a decisive role in the implementation of the body's respiratory function. The atmospheric air is a mixture of oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon and other gases in the ratios shown in Table. one.
Oxygen(O2) - the most important person component air. In a state of rest, a person usually absorbs on average 0.3 liters of oxygen in 1 min.
In physical activity, oxygen consumption increases sharply and can reach 4.5 / 5 l and more than 1 min. The oscillations of the oxygen content in the atmospheric air are small and not exceed, as a rule, 0.5%.
In residential, social and sports premises, significant changes in the oxygen content is observed, since the outer air penetrates. Under the most adverse hygienic conditions in the room there was a decrease in the oxygen content by 1%. Such oscillations do not have a noticeable influence on the body.
Typically, physiological shifts are observed by reducing the oxygen content to 16-17%. If its content decreases to 11 -13% (when lifting height), pronounced oxygen deficiency appear, sharp deterioration of well-being and reduced operations. The oxygen content of up to 7-8% may result in death.
In sports practice, in order to improve the efficiency and intensity of reducing processes is used inhalation of oxygen.
Carbon dioxide(CO2), or carbon dioxide, - colorless gas without smell, formed with the breath of people and animals, rotting and decomposition organic substances, fuel combustion, etc. In the atmospheric air outside the settlements, the maintenance of carbon dioxide is an average of 0.04%, and its concentration increases to 0.05-0.06% in industrial centers. In residential and public buildings, while in them a large number of people, carbon dioxide can increase to 0.6-0.8%. With the worst hygienic conditions in the room (a large cluster of people, poor ventilation, etc.) its concentration usually does not exceed 1% due to the penetration of the outer air. Such concentrations do not cause negative phenomena in the body.
With prolonged inhalation of air with a content of 1 - 1.5% carbon dioxide, a deterioration of well-being is observed, and pathological shifts are detected at 2-2.5%. Significant violations of the functions of the body and a decrease in performance occur when the content of carbon dioxide is 4-5%. The content of 8-10% is loss of consciousness and death. A significant increase in carbon dioxide in the air may occur during emergency situations in closed spaces (mines, mines, submarines, bomb-shelter IDR) or in those places where there is an intensive decomposition of organic substances.
Determination of carbon dioxide content in residential, public and sports facilities can serve as an indirect indicator of air pollution by products of people's vital activity. As already noted, carbon dioxide in these cases itself does not harm the body, however, together with an increase in its content, there is a deterioration in the physical and chemical properties of the air (the temperature and humidity increases, the ion composition is disrupted, the ion-smelling gases appear). The air indoors is considered poorly, if the carbon dioxide content in it exceeds 0.1%. This value is accepted as calculated when designing and ventilated ventilation.
Previous chapter ::: To content ::: Next chapter
Chemical composition of air It is important in the implementation of the respiratory function. The atmospheric air is a mixture of gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, neon, crypton, xenon, hydrogen, ozone and others. Oxygen is most important. Along the man absorbs 0.3 l / min. In physical activity, oxygen consumption increases and can reach 4.5 -8 l / min oscillation of the oxygen content in the atmosphere is small and not exceed 0.5%. If the oxygen content decreases to 11-13%, the phenomena of oxygen deficiency appear.
The oxygen content of 7-8% can lead to death. Carbon dioxide - without color and smell, formed when breathing and rotting, combustion of fuel. The atmosphere is 0.04%, and in the industries - 0.05-0.06%. With a large cluster of people, up to 0.6 - 0.8% may increase. With prolonged inhalation of air with a content of 1-1.5% of carbon dioxide, a deterioration of well-being is observed, and at 2-2.5% - pathological shifts. At 8-10% of the loss of consciousness and death, the air has a pressure called atmospheric or barometric. It is measured in millimeters of mercury pillar (mm.rt.st.), hectopascals (GPA), millibares (MB). Normal is considered to be the pressure of the atmosphere at sea level on the breadth of 45˚ at air temperature 0 ° C. It is 760 mm.rt. (The air indoor is considered poorly quality if it contains 1% carbon dioxide. This value is accepted as calculated when designing and device ventilation in rooms.
Air pollution. Carbon oxide - gas without color and smell, formed in case of incomplete combustion of fuel and enters the atmosphere with industrial furnaces and exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. In the megalopolis, its concentration can reach up to 50-200mg / m3. When smoking tobacco, carbon monoxide enters the body. Carbon monoxide - blood and general oxygen poison. It blocks hemoglobin, it loses the ability to carry oxygen to the tissues. Acute poisoning occurs at the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air in 200-500 mg / m3. It is observed headache, general weakness, nausea, vomiting. Maximum permissible concentration of average daily 0 1 mg / m3, one-time - 6 mg / m3. Air can contaminate sulfur gas, soot, resinous substances, nitrogen oxides, carbon black.
Microorganisms. In small quantities are always in the air, where they are entered with soil dust. Fingering microbes of infectious diseases quickly die. A special danger in epidency is air of residential premises and sports grounds. For example, in the wrestling halls there is a microbial content of up to 26,000 in 1m3 air. Aerogenic infections in such air are very quickly distributed.
Dust It is a light dense particles of mineral or organic origin, falling into light dust, there is delayed and causes various diseases. Production dust (lead, chrome) can cause poisoning. In cities, dust should not exceed 0.15 mg / m3. Sports are needed to regularly water, have a green zone, carry out wet cleaning. For all enterprises polluting the atmosphere, sanitary protection zones are installed. In accordance with the class of harm, they have different sizes: for class 1 enterprises - 1000 m, 2 - 500 m, 3 - 300 m, 4 -100 m, 5 - 50 m. When placing sports near enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the wind rose, sanitation Protective zones, degree of air basement, etc.
One of the important activities for the protection of the air environment are the preventive and current sanitary supervision and systematic control of the state of atmospheric air. It is made using automated system monitoring.
Clean atmospheric air near the surface of the Earth has the following chemical composition: oxygen - 20.93%, carbon dioxide - 0.03-0.04%, nitrogen - 78.1%, argon, helium, crypton 1%.
In the exhaled oxygen air by 25% less, and carbon dioxide is 100 times more.
Oxygen. The most important component of the air. It provides the course of redox processes in the body. An adult man in peace consumes 12 l oxygen, with physical work 10 times more. In blood oxygen is due to hemoglobin.
Ozone. Chemically unstable gas is capable of absorbing solar short-wave ultraviolet radiation, which is destructively acting on all alive. Ozone absorbs long-wave infrared radiation emanating from the Earth, and thus prevents its excessive cooling (ozone layer of the Earth). Under the influence of UVO, ozone decomposes on a molecule and an oxygen atom. Ozone is a bactericidal tool when disinfecting water. In nature, it is formed during electrical discharges, in the process of evaporation of water, with UFO, during a thunderstorm, in the mountains and in coniferous forests.
Carbon dioxide. It is formed as a result of redox processes occurring in the body of people and animals, combustion of fuel, rotting organic substances. In the air of cities, the concentration of carbon dioxide is increased due to industrial emissions - up to 0.045%, in residential premises - to 0.6-0.85. An adult man in peace highlights 22 liters of carbon dioxide per hour, and in physical work - 2-3 times more. Signs of deterioration of well-being in humans appear only with long inhalation of air containing 1-1.5% carbon dioxide, pronounced functional changes - at a concentration of 2-2.5% and sharply pronounced symptoms (headache, general weakness, shortness of breath, heartbeat, decrease performance) - at 3-4%. The hygienic value of carbon dioxide is that it serves as an indirect indicator of overall air pollution. The rate of carbon dioxide in the gym - 0.1%.
Nitrogen. Indincher gas serves as a diluent of other gases. Increased nitrogen inhalation can have a narcotic effect.
Carbon monoxide. It is formed with incomplete combustion of organic substances. Does not possess a color or smell. The concentration in the atmosphere depends on the intensity of the automotive movement. Penetrating through the pulmonary alveoli into the blood, it forms carboxygemoglobin, as a result of hemoglobin loses the ability to carry oxygen. The maximum permissible average daily concentration of carbon monoxide is 1 mg / m3. Toxic doses of carbon monoxide in the air are 0.25-0.5 mg / l. With prolonged exposure, headache, fainting, heartbeat.
Sulphur dioxide. It enters the atmosphere as a result of burning fuel rich in gray (stone coal). It is formed when firing and melting sulfur ores, with tissue dye. It annoys the mucous eye and an END. Threshold of sensation 0.002-0.003mg / l. Gas is harmful to vegetation, especially the coniferous species of trees.
Mechanical air impurities Compared in the form of smoke, soot, soot, chopped soil particles and other solids. The dustiness of air depends on the nature of the soil (sand, clay, asphalt), its sanitary condition (watering, cleaning), from the contamination of the atmosphere by industrial emissions, the sanitary condition of the premises.
Dust mechanically irritates the mucous membranes of the DPI and the eye. Systematic inhalation of dust causes diseases of the respiratory organs. When breathing through the nose is delayed up to 40-50% of dust. Microscopic dust, long in suspended state, is most unfavorable in hygienic terms. Electricity dust enhances its ability to penetrate into the lungs and linger in them. Dust. Containing lead, arsenic, chrome, etc. Poisonous substances cause typical phenomena of poisoning, and with penetration not only when inhaled, but also through the skin and the HCR. In the dusty air, the intensity of solar radiation and air ionization is significantly reduced. To prevent the adverse effects of dust on the body, residential buildings are located to air pollutants from the windward side. Sanitary zones are arranged between them with a width of 50-1000 m and more. In residential premises, systematic wet cleaning, ventilation of the premises, shifting shoes and outerwear, the use of non-dusting soils and watering.
Air microorganisms. Bacterial air pollution, as well as other objects of the external environment (water, soil), is a danger in the epidemiological terms. There are various microorganisms in the air: bacteria, viruses, mold fungi, yeast cells. The most common is an air-drip method of transmitting infections: a large number of microbes come into the air, when breathing in airways healthy people. For example, with a loud conversation, and those more when coughing and sneezed, the smallest droplets are sprayed at a distance of 1-1.5 m and with air apply to 8-9 m. These droplets can be in suspended state of 4-5 hours, but in most cases settle in 40-60 minutes. In dust, the influenza virus and diphtheria sticks retain the viability of 120-150 days. There is a known relationship: the more dust in the air of the premises, the more abundant in it the content of microflora.
Chemical composition of air
Air is a mixture of gases forming a protective layer around the Earth - the atmosphere. Air is needed to all living organisms: animals for breathing, and plants - for nutrition. In addition, the air protects the Earth from the destructive ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. The main components of the air - nitrogen and oxygen. There are also small impurities of noble gases, carbon dioxide and a certain amount of solid particles - soot, dust. The air is needed by all animals for breathing. About 21% of air is oxygen. Oxygen molecule (O2) consists of two connected oxygen atoms.
The composition of the air
The percentage of various heating in the air is slightly changed depending on the place, time of year and day. Nitrogen and oxygen - the main air components. One percent of air is noble gases, carbon dioxide, water vapor and contamination, such as nitrogen dioxide. Gaza air can be divided by fractional distillation. The air is cooled until the gases go into a liquid state (see the article "Grade Body, Liquid and Gaza"). Poshy this liquid mixture is heated. The boiling point of each liquid is its own, and the gase-generated gases can be assembled from-sensible. Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide are constantly falling out of the air into living organisms and return to the air, i.e. There is a circulation. Animals inhale air oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.
Oxygen
Oxygen is necessary for life. Animals breathe them, with his help they absorb food and get energy. Day in plants process photosynthesis, and plants isolated oxygen. Oxygen is also necessary for combustion; Without oxygen, nothing can burn. Almost 50% of compounds in the earth's crust and the world ocean contain oxygen. Conventional sand is a compound of silicon with oxygen. Oxygen is used in the respiratory devices of divers and in hospitals. Oxygen is also used in the production of steel (see Article "Iron, Steel and Other Materials") and rocket technology (see the article "Rockets and Spacecraft").
In the upper layers of the atmosphere, oxygen atoms are connected by three, forming ozone molecule (O3). Ozone - It is an allotropic oxygen modification. Ozone is a poisonous gas, but in the ozone layer atmosphere protects our planet, absorbing most of the harmful ultraviolet radiation of the Sun (more in the article "The Impact of the Sun on Earth").
Nitrogen
More than 78% of air is nitrogen. Bel-ki, from which living organs are built, also contain nitrogen. The main industrial application of nitrogen - ammonia productionnecessary for fertilizer. Nitrogen is connected to hydrogen for this. Nitrogen is pumped in packing for meat or fish, because When contacting with ordinary air, products are oxidized and deteriorated by transplanting human organs are stored in liquid nitrogen, because it is cold and chemically inert. Nitrogen molecule (N2) consists of two connected nitrogen atoms.
Plants receive nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrates and use its day synthesis proteins. Animals eat plants, and nitrogen compounds are returned to the soil with the secretions of animals, as well as the decomposition of their dead tel. In the soil, nitrogen compounds are decomposed with bacteria with the release of ammonia, and then free nitrogen. Other bacteria absorb nitrogen from the air and convert to nitrates digested by plants.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a compound of carbon and oxygen. The air contains about 0.003% of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide molecule (CO2) consists of two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom. Carbon dioxide is one of the elements of the carbon cycle. Plants absorb it at photosynthesis, and animals exhale it. Carbon dioxide is also formed during the combustion of substances containing carbon, such as wood or gasoline. Because our cars and plants burn a lot of fuel, the share of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere grows. Most substances cannot be lit in the corner-acid gas, so it is used in fire extinguishers. Carbon dioxide is denser. He "shakes" the flame, overlapping the access of oxygen. Carbon dioxide slightly dissolves in water, forming a weak solution of coalic acid. Solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice. When melting, dry ice turns into gas; It is used to create artificial clouds in the theater.
Air pollution
Sauce and poisonous gases are carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide - contaminate the atmosphere. Durchable gas is formed under the go-rhenium. Many substances are burning so quickly that they do not have time to attach the sufficient oxygen and instead of carbon dioxide (CO2) forms a ditch gas (CO). Carbon black gas is very poisonous; It interferes with the blood of animals to carry oxygen. In the carbon monoxide molecule, only one oxygen atom. Car exhaust gases contain carbon monoxide, as well as nitrogen dioxide causing acid rains. Sulfur dioxide is released during the combustion of fossil fuels, especially coal. He is poisonous and makes it difficult to breathe. In addition, it dissolves in water and serves as the cause of acid rain. Dust and Co-Poti particles that emitted into the atmosphere of enterprises are also contaminated by the WHO; We inhale them, they are setting on plants. Lead (though, this hour, many cars operate on gasoline without lead are added to gasoline for better combustion. Lead compounds accumulate in the body and adversely affect the nervous system. In children, they can cause brain disorders.
Acid rain
In rainwater, it is always contained a little acids due to dissolved carbon-acid gas, but pollutants (sulfur and nitrogen dioxides) increase the acidity of rain. Acid rains cause corrosion of metals, corrosive stone structures and increase the acidity of fresh water.
Noble gases
Noble gases are 6 elements of the 8th group of the periodic table. They are extremely inert chemically. Only they exist in the form of outlit atoms that do not form molecules. Because of their passivity, some of them fill the lamps. Xenon is practically not used by man, but the argon is pumped into the electric bulb, and the crip-tone fill fluorescent lamps. Neon flashes with red-orange light when the electric discharge is passed. It is used in sodium street lamps and neon lamps. Radon radioactive. It is formed as a result of the decay of the radium metal. No compounds of helium science are unknown, and helium is considered absolutely inert. Its density is 7 times less than the density of air, so they fill the airships. Balloons filled with helium are equipped with scientific instruments and run into the upper layers of the atmosphere.
the greenhouse effect
So called now the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and caused by this global warming. Raising average annual temperatures around the world. Carbon dioxide does not give heat to leave the Earth, as well as glass retains a high temperature inside the greenhouse. Since carbon dioxide in the air is becoming more and more, more and more heat is delayed in the atmosphere. Even a small warming causes an increase in the world's ocean, the change of winds and the melting of the part of the ice in the poles. Scientists believe that if the content of carbon dioxide will grow as fast, then in 50 years the average tempera may increase by 1.5 ° C to 4 ° C.
air is a mixture of gases, and it means items. . Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide. In cities and other gases ...
The percentage of gases.
need a graphic image of the air molecule?
Air in Chemistry-No2
zit Hein. Allah Akbar. Tabier. Foreign words that are forbidden to speak. what it is - xs
If you think the air has its own separate formula - you are mistaken, it is not denoted in chemistry.
Air is a natural mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, which is an earth's atmosphere. Air composition: nitrogen N2 oxygen O2 Argon Ar Carbon dioxide CO2 Neon Neon NE Methane CH4 helium He Kripton Kr Hydrogen H2 xenon XE Water H2O In addition, air always contains water pairs. So, at a temperature of 0 ° C 1 m³ of air, the maximum 5 grams of water can accommodate, and at a temperature of +10 ° C - already 10 grams. In alchemy, the air is denoted in the form of a triangle with a horizontal feature. 
nitrogen
the main component inhale. air
Alternative descriptions
Metal fragile gas
Gas from which air consists of 78%
Chief "Air Fill"
The main component of the air inhaled by you, which can not breathe in pure form
Air component
Air fertilizer
Chemical element - the basis of a number of fertilizers
Chemical element, one of the main nutrients of plants
Chemical element, component of air
Nitrogenium
Liquid refrigerant
Chemical element, gas
Magic sword Paracelsa
In Latin, this gas is called "Nitrogenium", that is, "Horitant Selitra"
The name of this gas occurred from the Latin word "lifeless"
This gas - the component of the air was practically absent in the primary atmosphere of the Earth 4.5 billion years ago
Gas whose liquid serves to cool ultra-mechanical appliances
What gas in liquid state is stored in the Dewar vessel?
Gas, frozen terminator II
Gas-cooler
What gas carries fire?
The most common element in the atmosphere
The basis of all nitrates
Chemical element, n
Freezing gas
Three-quarter air
As part of ammonia
Gas from the air
Gas at number 7
Element from Selitra
Main gas in the air
Popular gas
Element from nitrate
Vessel liquid gas
Gas number 1 in the atmosphere
Fertilizer in air
78% air
Gas for cryostat
Almost 80% air
The most popular gas
Common gas
Dewar vessel gas
The main component of the air
. "N" in the air
Nitrogen
Aerial component
Ancient rich philus city, with Dagon temple
Most of the atmosphere
Prevails in the air
Following carbon in the table
Between carbon and oxygen in the table
7th from Mendeleev
Before oxygen
Oxygen predecessor in table
Harvest gas
. "Lifeless" among gases
Following the carbon in the table
Pat from Palindrome Feta
Gas - Component Fertilizers
To oxygen in the table
After carbon in the table
78.09% air
What gas is more in the atmosphere?
What gas hovers in the air?
Most of the atmosphere
Seventh in the ranks of chemical elements
element number 7.
Composite part of air
In the table it after carbon
Unquenchable part of the atmosphere
. "Horitant Selitra"
Zaku of this gas - "Universe Gas"
The basis of the earth's atmosphere
Most of the air
Part of air
Carbon successor in the table
Lifeless part of the air
Seventh in Mendeleevsk
Gas
Most air
Seventh chemical element
About 80% air
Gas from the table
Gas, significantly affecting the harvest
The main component of nitrates
The base of air
Main element of air
. "Non-livid" air element
Mendeleev appointed him seventh
Lion share of air
Seventh in Mendeleev Shero
Main gas in the air
Seventh in chemical
Main air gas
The main gas of the air
Between carbon and oxygen
Inert under normal dimensional gas
The most common gas on earth
Gas, main air component
Chemical element, gas without color and odor, main component of air, also included in proteins and nucleic acids
Name of chemical element
. "N" in the air
. "Lifeless" among gases
. "Non-livid" air element
. "Horitant Selitra"
7th Count Mendeleev
Most of the inhaled air
Included in the air
Gas - Component Fertilizers
Gas that significantly affects the harvest
The main composition. Part of air
The main part of the air
Main "Air Fill"
Zaku of this gas - "GAZ"
What gas is larger in the atmosphere
What gas in liquid state is stored in the Dewar vessel
Which gas is in the air
What gas exhaust fire
M. Chemich. the basis, the main element of the Selitra; Selitrocker, Selitrod, Selitryak; It is the main, by quantity, part of our air (nitrogen volumes, oxygen azoty, nitrogen, nitrogen, nitrogen containing. Chemists distinguish between these words or the degree of nitrogen content in combinations with other substances
In Latin, this gas is called "Nitrogenium", that is, "feeding Selitra"
The name of this gas occurred from the Latin word "lifeless"
In front of oxygen in the table
Carbon conversation in the table
Seventh Count Mendeleev
Chemical. Code name element 7
Chemical element
What a chemical element number 7
Part of the Selitra
Natural chemical composition of atmospheric air
By chemical composition, pure atmospheric air is a mixture of gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, as well as a number of inert gases (argon, helium, crypton, etc.). Since the air is a physical mixture, and not a chemical compound of the components of its gases, then when lifting even ten kilometers, the percentage of these gases is practically not changed.
However, with a height, as a result of a decrease in the density of the atmosphere, concentrations and partial pressure of all gases in the air are reduced.
The surface of the earth in the atmospheric air contains:
oxygen - 20.93%;
nitrogen - 78.1%;
carbon dioxide - 0.03-0.04%;
inert gases - from 10-3 to 10-6%.
Oxygen (O2)- The most important part of the air. It is necessary for oxidative processes and is in the blood, mainly in the bound state - in the form of oxymemoglobin, which is transferred by erythrocytes to the cells of the body.
The transition of oxygen from alveolar air into blood due to the difference in partial pressure in the alveolar air and venous blood. By virtue of the same reason, oxygen is carried out from arterial blood into the interstitial fluid, and then in cells.
In nature, oxygen is consumed mainly on the oxidation of organic substances contained in air, water, soil and on combustion processes. The decrease of oxygen is replenished due to its large stocks in the atmosphere, as well as as a result of the activity of phytoplankton oceans and land plants. Continuous turbulent flow of air masses level the oxygen content in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Therefore, the oxygen level at the surface of the Earth varies slightly: from 20.7 to 20.95%. In residential premises, public buildings, the oxygen content is also practically not changed due to the light diffusion of it through the pores of the building materials, the slots in the windows, etc.
In the sealed premises (shelters, submarines, etc.) the oxygen content can significantly decrease. However, a pronounced deterioration of well-being, a decrease in performance in humans is observed with a very significant drop in the oxygen content - up to 15-17% (at a rate of almost 21%). It should be emphasized that in this case it is a reduced oxygen content under normal atmospheric pressure.
As an increase in air temperature to 35-40 ° C and high humidity, the partial pressure of oxygen is reduced, which can have a negative effect on patients with hypoxia phenomena.
In healthy people oxygen starvation Due to the decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen, it may be observed during flights (high-rise) and when climbing the mountains (mountain sickness, which starts at an altitude of about 3 km).
Heights of 7-8 km correspond to 8.5-7.5% oxygen in the sea level at sea level and for untangled people are considered incompatible with life without using oxygen devices.
The dosage increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in the air in the barocamera is used in surgery, therapy and emergency care.
Oxygen in pure form has a toxic effect. Thus, in animal experiments, it was shown that with pure oxygen respiration in animals, atelectases in the lungs are found in 1-2 hours, after 3-6 hours - a violation of the permeability of capillaries in the lungs, after 24 hours - phenomena of pulmonary edema.
Even faster, hyperoxia in an oxygen medium with high pressure develops - both the lesion of the lung tissue and the defeat of the central nervous system.
Carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide is in nature in free and related states. Up to 70% of carbon dioxide was dissolved in the water of the seas and oceans, the composition of some mineral compounds (limestone and dolomites) includes about 22% of the total amount of carbon dioxide. The rest of the number falls on the animal and vegetable world. In nature, continuous processes of isolation and absorption of carbon dioxide occur. It is released into the atmosphere as a result of the respiration of man and animals, as well as burning, rotting, fermentation. In addition, carbon dioxide is formed under industrial limestone and dolomites, it is possible to release it with volcanic gases. Along with the processes of education in nature, the processes of carbon dioxide assimilation are processes - active absorption by plants in the process of photosynthesis. From air carbon dioxide is washed with precipitation.
An important role in maintaining the constant concentration of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air plays its release from the surface of the seas and oceans. Carbon dioxide dissolved in the water of the seas and oceans is in dynamic equilibrium with air carbon dioxide and with an increase in partial pressure in the air dissolves in water, and with a decrease in partial pressure, it is released into the atmosphere. The processes of formation and assimilation are interrelated, due to this, the content of carbon dioxide in atmospheric air relatively constantly and is 0.03-0.04%. Recently, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air of industrial cities increases as a result of intensive air pollution with fuel combustion products. The content of carbon dioxide in urban air may be higher than in a clean atmosphere, and up to 0.05% or more. Known the role of carbon dioxide in the creation of a "greenhouse effect", leading to an increase in the temperature of the surface air layer.
Carbon dioxide is a physiological causative agent of the respiratory center. Its partial blood pressure is provided by adjusting acid-alkaline equilibrium. In the body, it is in the associated state in the form of carbon dioxide sodium salts in plasma and blood erythrocytes. When inhalation of large concentrations of carbon dioxide are disturbed by redox processes. The more carbon dioxide in the inhaled air, the less it can be allocated the body. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues leads to the development of tissue anoxia. With an increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the inhaled air to 3-4%, symptoms of intoxication are noted, at 8% there are severe poisoning and death occurs. The content of carbon dioxide is judged by air purity in residential and public buildings. A significant accumulation of this compound in the air of closed rooms indicates the sanitary disintegration of the premises (the crowding of people, bad ventilation). Carbon dioxide PDC in the air of therapeutic institutions is 0.07%, in the air of residential and public buildings - 0.1%. The latter is adopted as the calculated in determining the effectiveness of ventilation of residential and public buildings.
Nitrogen. Along with oxygen and carbon dioxide, the composition of atmospheric air includes nitrogen, which in quantitative content is the most essential part of atmospheric air.
Nitrogen belongs to inert gases, it does not support breathing and burning. In the atmosphere of nitrogen, life is impossible. In nature, its cycle occurs. Air nitrogen is absorbed by some types of soil bacteria, as well as blue-green algae. Air nitrogen under the influence of electrical discharges turns into oxides, which, wash out from the atmosphere with precipitates, enrich the soil with nitrogen and nitric acids. Under the influence of soil bacteria, nitrogen acid salts are converted into salts of nitric acid, which, in turn, are absorbed by plants and serve for protein synthesis. It was established that 95% of atmospheric air is assimilated by alive organisms and only 5% is associated as a result of physical processes in nature. Consequently, the bulk of the associated nitrogen has a biogenic origin. Along with the absorption of nitrogen, it is released into the atmosphere. Free nitrogen is formed during the burning of wood, coal, oil, a small amount of free nitrogen is released during the decomposition of organic compounds with denotrophizers. Thus, in nature there is a continuous cycle of nitrogen, as a result of which the atmosphere nitrogen turns into organic compounds. In decomposition of these compounds, nitrogen is restored and enters the atmosphere, and then biological objects are again associated.
Nitrogen is an oxygen diluent, due to this vital function, since pure oxygen respiration leads to irreversible changes in the body. When studying the action on the body of various nitrogen concentrations, it is noted that its increased content in the inhaled air contributes to the onset of hypoxia and asphyxia due to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen. With an increase in nitrogen content, death occurs to 93%. The most pronounced adverse properties of nitrogen exhibits in conditions of increased pressure, which is associated with its narcotic action. Also known is the role of nitrogen in the origin of the caisson disease.
Inert gases. Inert gases include argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, etc. in chemical terms these gases are inert, in liquids of the body dissolve depending on the partial pressure. The absolute number of these gases in the blood and tissues of the body is negligible. Among the inert gases, Radon, Aktinon and Toron are a special place - the spree products of natural radioactive elements of radium, thorium, actinium.
In chemical terms, these gases are inert, as it has already been noticed above, and their dangerous impact on the body is associated with their radioactivity. In natural conditions, they define the natural radioactivity of the atmosphere.
Air temperature
The atmospheric air is heated mainly from the earth's surface due to the heat obtained by it from the Sun. About 47% of solar energy reaching the earth is absorbed by the earth's surface and turns into heat. Approximately 34% of solar energy is reflected back into the outer space from the upper surface of the clouds and the earth's surface, and only the fifth part (19%) of solar energy directly heats the atmosphere. Concerning maximum temperature The air happens between 13 and 14 hours, when the earth's surface is heated to the greatest extent. Heated surface layers of air climb up, gradually cooling. Therefore, with an increase in height above sea level, the air temperature drops on average 0.6 ° C for every 100 meters of lifting.
The heating of the atmosphere occurs unevenly and depends, above all, from geographic latitude: the more distance from the equator to the pole, the greater the angle of inclination sun ray To the plane of the earth's surface, the smaller the amount of energy enters the unit area and heats it less.
The difference in air temperature depending on the latitude of the terrain can be very significant and amount to more than 100 ° C. So, the highest air temperatures (up to + 60 ° C) are registered in Equatorial Africa, minimal (up to -90 ° C) - in Antarctica.
Daily air temperature fluctuations are also very significant in a number of equatorial countries, constantly decreasing towards the poles.
The daily and annual fluctuations in the air temperature affects a number of natural factors: the intensity of solar radiation, nature and terrain, height above sea level, the proximity of the seas, the nature of the seaside flows, vegetation cover, etc.
The effect of unfavorable air temperature on the body is most pronounced in the conditions of stay or work of people outdoors, as well as in some industrial premises, where very high or very low air temperatures are possible. This refers to agricultural workers, builders, oil workers, fishermen, etc., as well as working in hot shops, in ultra-deep mines (1-2 km), specialists serving refrigeration units, etc.
In residential and public premises there are opportunities to ensure the most favorable air temperature (due to heating, ventilation of the premises, the use of air conditioners, etc.).
Atmosphere pressure
On the surface of the globe, the oscillation of atmospheric pressure is associated with weather conditions and during the day, as a rule, do not exceed 4-5 mm Hg.
However, there are special living conditions and human labor activities, in which significant deviations from normal atmospheric pressure are observed, capable of providing a pathological effect.
Let's notify immediately, nitrogen in the air occupies most, however, the chemical composition of the remaining share is very interesting and diverse. If short, the list of basic elements is as follows.
However, we will give a small explanation on the functions of these chemical elements.
1. Nitrogen
The nitrogen content in the air is 78% by volume and 75% by weight, that is, this element dominates the atmosphere, has the title of one of the most common on Earth, and, in addition, it also contains outside the human habitat - in uranium, neptune and in interstellar spaces. So, how much nitrogen in the air, we have already figured out, the question of its function remains. Nitrogen is necessary for the existence of living beings, it is part of:
- proteins;
- amino acids;
- nucleic acids;
- chlorophyll;
- hemoglobin, etc.
On average, about 2% of the living cells make up the nitrogen atoms, which explains why so much nitrogen in the air in the percentage of volume and mass.
Nitrogen is also one of the inert gases produced from atmospheric air. Ammonia is synthesized from it, used for cooling and for other purposes.
2. Oxygen
The oxygen content in the air is one of the most popular questions. Keeping intrigue, distracted by one funny fact: Oxygen was discovered twice - in 1771 and 1774, however, due to the difference in opening publications, the honors of the discovery of the element got the English chemist Joseph attracted, which actually allocated oxygen by the second. So, the proportion of oxygen in the air fluctuates about 21% by volume and 23% by weight. Together with nitrogen, these two gas form 99% of the entire terrestrial air. However, the percentage of oxygen in the air is less than nitrogen, and while we do not have problems with breathing. The fact is that the amount of oxygen in the air is optimally calculated precisely for normal respiration, in its pure form this gas acts on the body like poison, leads to difficulties in the work of the nervous system, respiratory failures and blood circulation. In this case, the lack of oxygen also negatively affects health, causing oxygen fasting and all associated with it. unpleasant symptoms. Therefore, how much oxygen in the air is contained, so much and need for a healthy full breathing.
3. Argon
Argon in the air takes the third place, it does not smell, colors and taste. The significant biological role of this gas has not been identified, but it has a narcotic effect and is even considered doping. Argon extracted from the atmosphere is used in industry, medicine, to create an artificial atmosphere, chemical synthesis, fire extinguishing, creating lasers, etc.
4. Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is the atmosphere of Venus and Mars, its percentage in the earthly air is much lower. At the same time, a huge amount of carbon dioxide is contained in the ocean, it is regularly supplied by all breathable organisms, is ejected by industry. In human life, carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguishing, food industry as gas and how food supplement E290 - preservative and baking powder. In the solid form of carbon dioxide - one of the most famous refrigerants "dry ice".
5. Neon
The very mysterious light of disco lanterns, bright signs and modern headlights use the fifth prevalence of the chemical element, which also inhales a person - neon. Like many inert gases, neon has a narcotic effect on a person under a certain pressure, but it is precisely this gas that is used in the preparation of divers and other people working at increased pressure. Also neon-helium mixtures are used in medicine during respiratory disorders, neon itself is used for cooling, in the production of signal lights and those most neon lamps. However, contrary to the stereotype, neon light is not blue, but red. All other colors give lamps with other gases.
6. Methane
Methane and air are very ancient history: In the primary atmosphere, even before the appearance of a person, methane was in much more. Now this gas extracted and used as fuel and raw materials in production is not so widespread in the atmosphere, but still stands out from the ground. Modern studies establish the role of methane in the respiration and the vital activity of the human body, but there are no authoritative data on this account.
7. Helium
Looking at how much helium in the air, any will understand that this gas does not apply to the number of primary importance. Indeed, it is difficult to determine the biological significance of this gas. Apart from the funny distortion of voices when inhaling helium from the ball 🙂 However, helium is widely used in industry: in metallurgy, food industry, for filling the aeronautic ships and meteorological probes, in lasers, nuclear reactors, etc.
8. Kripton
We are not talking about the homeland of Superman 🙂 Krypton - an inert gas, which is three times heavier than air, chemically inert, is extracted from air, used in incandescent lamps, lasers and is still actively studied. From the interesting properties of Crypton, it is worth noting that at a pressure of 3.5 atmosphere, it has a narcotic effect on a person, and at 6 atmospheres it acquires a sharp smell.
9. Hydrogen
Hydrogen in the air takes 0.00005% by volume and 0.00008% by weight, but it is it that is the most common element in the universe. It is quite possible to write a separate article about its history, production and application, so you can now restrict ourselves to a small list of industries: chemical, fuel, food industry, aviation, meteorology, electric power industry.
10. Xenon
The latter in the composition of the air was originally considered only impurity to Crypton. Its name is translated as "alien", and the percentage of content and on earth, and beyond its limits, which led its high cost. Now without xenon, it is not possible: the production of powerful and impulse light sources, diagnosis and anesthesia in medicine, spacecraft engines, rocket fuel. In addition, when inhalation, xenon significantly reduces the voice (reverse effect of helium), and more recently, inhalation of this gas is attached to the doping list.
We all know that there is no living creature without air on earth. Air will be vital for all of us. Everyone from children to adults know that without air it is impossible to survive, but not everyone knows what air is, and from what it consists. So, the air is a mixture of gases that cannot be not seen and do not touch, but we all know well that he is around us, although we practically notice it. To conduct studies of various nature, including, in our laboratory.
We can feel the air only when we feel a strong wind or we are located near the fan. Of which air consists, but it consists of nitrogen and oxygen, and only a small part of argon, water, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. If you consider the composition of air in percent, then nitrogen is 78.08 percent, oxygen 20.94%, argon 0.93 percent, carbon dioxide 0.04 percent, neon 1.82 * 10-3 percent, helium 4.6 * 10-4 percent, methane 1.7 * 10-4 percent, Crypton 1.14 * 10-4 percent, hydrogen 5 * 10-5 percent, xenon 8.7 * 10-6 percent, nitrogen nitrogen 5 * 10-5 percent.
The oxygen content in the air is very large because it is oxygen desired for vital activity human organism. Oxygen, which is observed in air when breathing enters the cells of the human body, and participates in the process of oxidation, as a result of which the energy is released, which is needed for life. Also, oxygen, which is obligatory to be in the air and for burning fuel, which produces heat, as well as when producing mechanical energy in internal combustion engines.
Also, inert gases are mined from air during the liquefaction. How much oxygen in the air, if you look in percentage ratio, then oxygen and nitrogen in the air of 98 percent. Knowing the answer to this question arises another, which gaseous substances are included in the air.
So, in 1754, the scientist named Joseph Black was confirmed that the air consists of a mixture of gases, and not a homogeneous substance as it was thought before. The air on Earth includes methane, argon, carbon dioxide, helium, crypton, hydrogen, neon, xenon. It is worth noting that the percentage of air may vary slightly depending on where people live.
Unfortunately, in large cities, the proportion of carbon dioxide in the percentage will be higher than for example, in villages or forests. The question arises how many oxygen percent in the air in the mountains. The answer is simple, oxygen is much heavier than nitrogen, so it will be much smaller in the air in the mountains, this is because the oxygen density decreases.
Oxygen rate
So, with regard to the oxygen ratio in the air there are certain norms, for example, for the working area. In order for a person to fully work, the oxygen rate in the air is from 19 to 23 percent. When operating equipment, enterprises must necessarily follow the tightness of the devices, as well as various machines. If, when testing air in the room where people work, the oxygen indicator will be below 19 percent, then it is necessary to leave the room and turn on emergency ventilation. Control the level of oxygen in the air in the workplace can invite the "EcotestExpress" laboratory and explore.
Let's now define what oxygen is
Oxygen is chemical element Periodic table of Mendeleev elements, oxygen has neither odor, no taste, nor colors. Oxygen in the air is extremely necessary for human respiration, as well as for burning, because it's no secret that if there is no air, then no materials will burn. The composition of oxygen includes a mixture of three stable nuclides, the mass numbers of which are 16. 17 and 18.
So, oxygen is the most common element on Earth, as for the percentage of oxygen, the greatest interest in silicates is about 47.4 percent of the mass of solid terrestrial crust. Also in the marine and fresh waters of the whole land there is a huge amount of oxygen, namely 88.8 percent, as for oxygen in the air, it is only 20.95 percent. It should be noted that oxygen is included in more than 1,500 compounds in the earth's crust.
As for the preparation of oxygen, it is obtained by separation of air at low temperatures. This process is happening in the beginning, the air is compressed using a compressor when compressing the air begins to heat up. Compressed air is allowed to cool to room temperature, and after cooling, it provides its free extension.
When the gas temperature is expanding sharply begins to decrease after the air cooled its temperature can be several dozen degrees below room temperature, such air is again compressed and selected the heat outlook. After several stages of compression and cooling air, another number of procedures are done in a consequence of which pure oxygen is separated without any impurities.
And here there is another question that heavier oxygen or carbon dioxide. The answer is just of course carbon dioxide will be harder than oxygen. The density of carbon dioxide is 1.97kg / m3, but the density of oxygen in turn is 1.43kg / m3. As for carbon dioxide, it turns out to play one of the main roles in the vital activity of all living on Earth, and also has an impact on carbon cycle in nature. It has been proven that carbon dioxide is involved in the regulation of respiration, as well as blood circulation.
Order a free consultation of the environmentalist
What is carbon dioxide?
Now it is more detailed to determine what carbon dioxide is, as well as we denote the composition of carbon dioxide. So, carbon dioxide in other words is carbon dioxide, it is a colorless gas with a slightly acidic smell, as well as taste. As for air, the concentration of carbon dioxide in it is 0.038 percent. Physical properties Carbon dioxide is that it does not exist in a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure, and it moves immediately from a solid state into a gaseous.
Carbon dioxide in solid state is also called dry ice. To date, carbon dioxide is a participant in global warming. Get carbon dioxide using combustion of various substances. It is worth noting that in the industrial production of carbon dioxide, it is pumped into cylinders. Carbon dioxide injected into cylinders is used as fire extinguishers, as well as in the production of carbonated water, and is still used in pneumatic weapons. As well as in the food industry as a preservative.
The composition of inhaled and exhaled air
Now we will analyze the composition of the inhaled and exhaled air. For began to determine what breathing is. Breathing is called a complex continuous process, with which the gas composition of the blood is constantly updated. The composition of the inhaled air is 20.94 percent of oxygen, 0.03 percent of carbon dioxide and 79.03 percent of nitrogen. But the composition of exhaled air is only 16.3 percent of oxygen, as well as 4 percent of carbon dioxide and 79.7 percent of nitrogen.
It can be noted that the inhaled air differs from the exhaled oxygen content, as well as the amount of carbon dioxide. These substances are part of the air that we breathe and that we exhale. Thus, our body is saturated with oxygen and gives all unnecessary carbon dioxide outwards.
Dry oxygen improves electric, as well as the protective properties of the films due to the absence of water, as well as their seals and reduce the volume charge. Also, dry oxygen under normal conditions can not react with gold with copper or silver. To conduct a chemical air analysis or another laboratory study, including, in our EcotestExpress laboratory.
The air is the atmosphere of the planet on which we live. And we always have an opportunity question what is part of the air, the answer is just a set of gases, as above, it has already been described what gases and in what proportion is in the air. As for the maintenance of gases in the air, everything is easily and simple here, the ratio of interest is almost for all locations of our planet.
The composition and properties of air
Air consists not only of a mixture of gases, but also various aerosols, and vapors. The percentage of air is the ratio of oxygen nitrogen and other gases in the air. So, how much oxygen is contained in the air, the answer is just 20 percent. Component gas composition, as for nitrogen, it contains a lion's share of all air, and it is worth noting that at elevated nitrogen pressure begins to have narcotic properties.
This is not a small value, because when working, they often have to work at a depth of tremendous pressure. No longer has been told and about oxygen, it is of great importance to human life on our planet. It is worth noting that inhalation of a person with increased oxygen in a non-long period does not affect the person himself.
But if a person is inhaling air with an elevated level of oxygen long timeThis will lead to the emergence of pathological changes in the body. Another major component of the air, about which there was already a lot to have carbon dioxide, as a person, without him, can also live, as without oxygen.
If there were no air on Earth, then not one living organism could not live on our planet, and even more so something to function. Unfortunately, in the modern world, a huge number of industrial facilities that pollute our air are in recent times more and more often call for the fact that you need to take care of the environment, as well as to monitor the purity of the air. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out frequent measurements of air and determine how clean it is. If it seems to you that the air in your room is not enough clean and this factor has external factors you can always contact the EcotestExpress laboratory, which will conduct all the necessary analyzes (, research) and will give conclusion about the purity of the air inhaling by you.
It is important in the implementation of the respiratory function. The atmospheric air is a mixture of gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, neon, crypton, xenon, hydrogen, ozone and others. Oxygen is most important. Along the man absorbs 0.3 l / min. In physical activity, oxygen consumption increases and can reach 4.5 -8 l / min oscillation of the oxygen content in the atmosphere is small and not exceed 0.5%. If the oxygen content decreases to 11-13%, the phenomena of oxygen deficiency appear. The oxygen content of 7-8% can lead to death. Carbon dioxide - without color and smell, formed when breathing and rotting, combustion of fuel. The atmosphere is 0.04%, and in the industries - 0.05-0.06%. With a large cluster of people, up to 0.6 - 0.8% may increase. With prolonged inhalation of air with a content of 1-1.5% of carbon dioxide, a deterioration of well-being is observed, and at 2-2.5% - pathological shifts. At 8-10% of the loss of consciousness and death, the air has a pressure called atmospheric or barometric. It is measured in millimeters of mercury pillar (mm.rt.st.), hectopascals (GPA), millibares (MB). Normal is considered to be the pressure of the atmosphere at sea level on the breadth of 45˚ at air temperature 0 ° C. It is 760 mm.rt. (The air indoor is considered poorly quality if it contains 1% carbon dioxide. This value is accepted as calculated when designing and device ventilation in rooms.
Air pollution. Carbon oxide - gas without color and smell, formed in case of incomplete combustion of fuel and enters the atmosphere with industrial furnaces and exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. In the megalopolis, its concentration can reach up to 50-200mg / m3. When smoking tobacco, carbon monoxide enters the body. Carbon monoxide - blood and general oxygen poison. It blocks hemoglobin, it loses the ability to carry oxygen to the tissues. Acute poisoning occurs at the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air in 200-500 mg / m3. At the same time, there is a headache, general weakness, nausea, vomiting. Maximum permissible concentration of average daily 0 1 mg / m3, one-time - 6 mg / m3. Air can contaminate sulfur gas, soot, resinous substances, nitrogen oxides, carbon black.
Microorganisms. In small quantities are always in the air, where they are entered with soil dust. Fingering microbes of infectious diseases quickly die. A special danger in epidency is air of residential premises and sports grounds. For example, in the wrestling halls there is a microbial content of up to 26,000 in 1m3 air. Aerogenic infections in such air are very quickly distributed.
Dust It is a light dense particles of mineral or organic origin, falling into light dust, there is delayed and causes various diseases. Production dust (lead, chrome) can cause poisoning. In cities, dust should not exceed 0.15 mg / m3. Sports are needed to regularly water, have a green zone, carry out wet cleaning. For all enterprises polluting the atmosphere, sanitary protection zones are installed. In accordance with the class of harm, they have different sizes: for class 1 enterprises - 1000 m, 2 - 500 m, 3 - 300 m, 4 -100 m, 5 - 50 m. When placing sports near enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the wind rose, sanitation Protective zones, degree of air basement, etc.
One of the important activities for the protection of the air environment are the preventive and current sanitary supervision and systematic control of the condition of atmospheric air. It is made using an automated monitoring system.
Clean atmospheric air at the surface of the Earth has the following chemical composition: oxygen - 20.93%, carbon dioxide - 0.03-0.04%, nitrogen - 78.1%, argon, helium, crypton 1%.
In the exhaled oxygen air by 25% less, and carbon dioxide is 100 times more.
Oxygen. The most important component of the air. It provides the course of redox processes in the body. An adult man in peace consumes 12 liters of oxygen, with physical work 10 times more. In blood oxygen is due to hemoglobin.
Ozone. Chemically unstable gas is capable of absorbing solar short-wave ultraviolet radiation, which is destructively acting on all alive. Ozone absorbs long-wave infrared radiation emanating from the Earth, and thus prevents its excessive cooling (ozone layer of the Earth). Under the influence of UVO, ozone decomposes on a molecule and an oxygen atom. Ozone is a bactericidal tool when disinfecting water. In nature, it is formed during electrical discharges, in the process of evaporation of water, with UFO, during a thunderstorm, in the mountains and in coniferous forests.
Carbon dioxide. It is formed as a result of redox processes occurring in the body of people and animals, combustion of fuel, rotting organic substances. In the air of cities, the concentration of carbon dioxide is increased due to industrial emissions - up to 0.045%, in residential premises - to 0.6-0.85. An adult man in peace highlights 22 liters of carbon dioxide per hour, and in physical work - 2-3 times more. Signs of deterioration of well-being in humans appear only with long inhalation of air containing 1-1.5% carbon dioxide, pronounced functional changes - at a concentration of 2-2.5% and sharply pronounced symptoms (headache, general weakness, shortness of breath, heartbeat, decrease performance) - at 3-4%. The hygienic value of carbon dioxide is that it serves as an indirect indicator of overall air pollution. The rate of carbon dioxide in the gym - 0.1%.
Nitrogen. Indincher gas serves as a diluent of other gases. Increased nitrogen inhalation can have a narcotic effect.
Carbon monoxide. It is formed with incomplete combustion of organic substances. Does not possess a color or smell. The concentration in the atmosphere depends on the intensity of the automotive movement. Penetrating through the pulmonary alveoli into the blood, it forms carboxygemoglobin, as a result of hemoglobin loses the ability to carry oxygen. The maximum permissible average daily concentration of carbon monoxide is 1 mg / m3. Toxic doses of carbon monoxide in the air are 0.25-0.5 mg / l. With prolonged exposure, headache, fainting, heartbeat.
Sulphur dioxide. It enters the atmosphere as a result of burning fuel rich in gray (stone coal). It is formed when firing and melting sulfur ores, with tissue dye. It annoys the mucous eye and an END. Threshold of sensation 0.002-0.003mg / l. Gas is harmful to vegetation, especially the coniferous species of trees.
Mechanical air impurities Compared in the form of smoke, soot, soot, chopped soil particles and other solids. The dustiness of air depends on the nature of the soil (sand, clay, asphalt), its sanitary condition (watering, cleaning), from the contamination of the atmosphere by industrial emissions, the sanitary condition of the premises.
Dust mechanically irritates the mucous membranes of the DPI and the eye. Systematic inhalation of dust causes diseases of the respiratory organs. When breathing through the nose is delayed up to 40-50% of dust. Microscopic dust, long in suspended state, is most unfavorable in hygienic terms. Electricity dust enhances its ability to penetrate into the lungs and linger in them. Dust. Containing lead, arsenic, chrome, etc. Poisonous substances cause typical phenomena of poisoning, and with penetration not only when inhaled, but also through the skin and the HCR. In the dusty air, the intensity of solar radiation and air ionization is significantly reduced. To prevent the adverse effects of dust on the body, residential buildings are located to air pollutants from the windward side. Sanitary zones are arranged between them with a width of 50-1000 m and more. In residential premises, systematic wet cleaning, ventilation of the premises, shifting shoes and outerwear, the use of non-dusting soils and watering.
Air microorganisms. Bacterial air pollution, as well as other objects of the external environment (water, soil), is a danger in the epidemiological terms. There are various microorganisms in the air: bacteria, viruses, mold fungi, yeast cells. The most common is an air-drip method of transmitting infections: a large number of microbes come into the air, with breathing people entering the respiratory paths of healthy people. For example, with a loud conversation, and those more when coughing and sneezed, the smallest droplets are sprayed at a distance of 1-1.5 m and with air apply to 8-9 m. These droplets can be in suspended state of 4-5 hours, but in most cases settle in 40-60 minutes. In dust, the influenza virus and diphtheria sticks retain the viability of 120-150 days. There is a known relationship: the more dust in the air of the premises, the more abundant in it the content of microflora.
