5. Indicators characterizing the birth rate of the population. 6. Indicators, ...
Answer from Erast Fandorin [guru]
Version 1:
When a person sneezes, black energy is emitted from a person. Therefore, after every sneeze, you feel a pleasant sensation.
With the help of a sneeze, the body gets rid of someone else's evil eye, envy, damage, disease, etc. It is not for nothing that after each sneeze it is customary to say: "Be healthy!"
The human nose is like an exhaust pipe for all kinds of evil spirits.
Version 2 (more real):
In ancient and medieval Europe, unintentional sneezing was perceived primarily as a symptom of epidemic and deadly diseases. According to Thucydides, sneezing was a terrible harbinger of the Athenian plague. The Romans wished the sneezer health, so that his sneeze would not become bad sign("Absit omen!"). In medieval Europe, the toast was replaced by bozhba. Sneezing was told: "God help," the sneezer himself said the same. The emergence of the last custom church tradition associates with Saint Gregory - with the history of his miraculous healing during a pestilence, when sneezing meant certain death
Version 3 (Russian):
A fabulous plot is known that connects the deliverance of a child from death with a toast to his sneezing: the poor man wants to steal the ox from his rich brother and meets Death, she goes to the house of this rich man to strangle the child; when a child sneezes, the poor man says: “To your health! ”- and thus saves him. This plot is tenacious. Nowadays, in the Novgorod region, MN Vlasova recorded a similar story about a line about to kidnap a sneezing baby: he can do this if the parents do not say to the baby sneezing: “Be healthy, guardian angel! ”These narratives reflect folk performance that sneezing is a dangerous condition, especially for an infant. At the moment of sneezing, the child is so “unwell” that only an immediate wish for health can save him from a terrible fate.
Answer from Dmitry Khrushchev[newbie]
In order not to get sick!
Answer from Ivan Paramonov[guru]
They wish you health (not to get sick).
Answer from Vlad / everything is cool / $ 1,000,000[newbie]
Well, because when a person sneezes, then maybe he got sick. Be healthy! “Be healthy!” A polite person will say if someone sneezes nearby. In England, in this case, they will say: “God bless you! ”. The Germans, like the Russians, wish good health, the Italians - happiness, in the Near and Middle East they clap their hands and bow in the direction of the sneeze. There are several explanations for the origin of these traditions. One of them has to do with superstition. This custom arose because ancient man believed that the soul exists in the form of some ephemeral "airy" substance, which is contained somewhere in the head. When sneezing, the soul could fly out of the body for a while, or maybe forever, until it meets God. "God bless you! ”- an appeal to God so that the soul does not fly out. Bowing to the sneezer also means, "Don't let your soul fly out." Adherents of the other version believe that the tradition is to say: “God bless you! "Sneezing" appeared during the plague epidemic that happened in Athens. Sneezing was the first sign that a person was sick. The Romans got into the habit of turning to God when they sneeze and passed it on to the British. And when there was a plague in Britain, people said, “God bless you! ”For the same reason that this expression was used in Athens - to ask God to bless a person so that he does not die. There are many other less common sneezing superstitions. Some, for example, are confident that, depending on what day you sneeze, you can predict the near future. I had to hear from a person who sneezed in the middle of a monologue, the humorously satisfying phrase "Oh! It means the truth!" :). Ah .... Pchhi!
It will not be difficult for a well-bred person to figure out an ill-bred one. He can easily see through a half-bred man. But it is not easy to define pseudo-manners.
There are many polite, but absolutely ill-mannered people in Russia. Their upbringing comes down to dogmas learned from the Soviet and post-Soviet past, which have nothing to do with education or etiquette.
You are not a waiter!
Thus, a pseudo-well-mannered person always says: “Be healthy!” - even if a stranger or a participant in a business conference sneezes. Before eating, he certainly wishes everyone a bon appetit. And it would be fine only at home, in the circle of the same pseudo-educated people. No, we can often hear the words “bon appetit” in student canteens, at a party, at a banquet. Ill-mannered people often object with references to the West - they say, in Italy or France, restaurants are making noise with this "bon appetit". Yes, they are noisy. But these words are pronounced in restaurants by waiters, in houses by servants. And with us - just anyone.
A pseudo-educated person, having found himself at a table in a company - even in a restaurant, even at home, knows that it is impossible to just go to the restroom, so he comes up with explanations. “Excuse me, I need to powder my nose”, “I'm going to call you” are typical euphemisms for such cases.
The truth is that etiquette condemns any kind of public commentary on physiological topics. Appetite and sneezing are physiology. It is bad to comment on it. A neighbor sneezed? Be silent. Pretend you haven’t noticed it politely. As for “bon appetit,” I personally sometimes want this phrase to ricochet into a polite person right in the forehead. To wish you bon appetit, and even in a large company, is bad form. This habit annoys me so much that even 15 years later I remember all my classmates who threw this phrase to the right and to the left! In our philological canteen, every fifth student portrayed the educated one. Because of what, it became absolutely impossible to enjoy dinner, because the hubbub of “bon appetite” was overhead, and the mouth was busy with “thank you” replies.
Only neurotics greet everyone in a row
Such people, as a rule, always greet everyone they know aloud. And it's good if they met a housemate at the other end of the metropolis - here a greeting is more or less appropriate. But to say “hello” or “hello” loudly at a university or in a company where you have worked for 10 years and absolutely know everyone is stupid. Because in both places you will only come across familiar people a priori. Etiquette is not as irrational as it seems to ill-mannered people - there is just as much sense in how and whom to greet as in the order of laying out the cutlery at the plate: everything is subordinated to human convenience.
To greet the people whom you inevitably meet every day on your way, there is a nod of the head - a descendant of the bow and heir of the knixen.
Think of films about school and teachers. A typical depiction of teachers' everyday life: a poor woman, breaking free for a five-minute break, passes through the system of children, wailing at random: "Hello, Tamara Ivanovna!" At school this happens because the children have not yet learned the norms of etiquette. In adulthood, a person who daily says a personal “hello” to all five dozen of his colleagues looks neurotic.
If “bon appetit” and “be healthy” are the fruit of the labor of workers and peasants who, after the extermination of the aristocracy, were forced to teach etiquette according to their fantasy ideas about this aristocracy, then the constant greeting aloud sounds like neurotic disorder. Worse than this "hello", daily splashed on each of the colleagues or teachers, can only be "good night", sent to the address, for example, of all the guests of the hotel in which the pseudo-well-mannered person is staying. Have you seen these? In the first half of the day they wish everyone a good morning, in the second half - good night. Also a variant of frustration and manic attraction to oneself. Saying "good morning" to everyone he meets wants not so much the reputation of a well-bred person as attention. These words betray a lack of communication.
Where do monsieur with reticules come from?
Pseudo-good manners are a complex phenomenon. Here the low level of human culture, and his high self-criticism, and the complexes generated by these two monsters, which a pseudo-educated person tries to hide with dubious manners, are mixed here. Excessive politeness, leading to inconvenience of manners, intrusive words - all this is the people's idea of the life of educated people. Self-reflection distinguishes an ill-bred person from a pseudo-bred person. The latter understands the level of personal culture and tries to raise it, mistakenly relying not on textbooks of etiquette, but on his ideas about the rules of good form. Therefore, he wishes everyone a bon appetit and good morning, carries a bag behind a woman, opens the car door for the woman. And since he does not know for certain exactly how and what bag is permissible to carry and how, in what position to open the car door, funny men with microscopic reticules and women in dirty shoes appear on the streets - they were trying to get out of the car through the awkwardly open a door for them.
Previously, such manners were carried by pseudo-intellectuals - a vast stratum of Soviet vocational school teachers, salesmen of central department stores and employees of Intourist hotels. These are pseudo-intellectuals who used to say "brew", "eat" and "breaks". And, of course, we wished everyone bon appetit. The pseudo-intellectuals were gone, but their funny manners remained. People follow these manners because they do not see the bearers of real etiquette. Most people need illustrative examples to master any rules. But there is nowhere to take them, except in their own environment. So the common people are copying the habits of the best, as it seems to them, their representatives.
The situation can be easily corrected by one lesson at school or a read brochure. Most people do not need to know which side the meat is served on at silver service dinners - it is enough to learn a few phrases that cannot be pronounced in society. And remember, finally, that the woman herself is able to carry a woman's handbag.
It's no secret that a person who sneezes in public feels a certain awkwardness. The people around at the time would not notice this, treat the embarrassment that happened naturally and calmly, but for some reason it is customary to zealously wish the health of the sneezed. Such wishes seem especially paradoxical during periods viral infections when every second sneeze, and more often than usual. The key to unraveling these behavioral patterns lies in the historical background.
First, in most cases the habit is rooted in the family. After all, it is at home that a child from childhood hears “Be healthy”, at a subconscious level, perceiving it as the norm of polite behavior established in society. It may not be the worst habit, but getting rid of it is quite difficult. Parents sometimes do not know that being healthy should always be, and not only during a sneeze. But what can you do, because family traditions simply cannot be bypassed.
Secondly, the custom of wishing health when sneezing came from pagan superstitions and even folk tales... People have always associated the manifestation of a sneeze with certain life events and saw some signs in this act. Even more people wondered: why does a sneeze occur? As A.P. Chekhov: "... Everybody sneezes", that is, common people and "... sometimes even secret advisers." So, since pagan times, sneezes have been firmly associated with predictions of fate or natural phenomena, signs or even natural disasters. For example, Afonya asks the witch: how old he will live, to which she replies that he is ninety. At this moment the cat sneezes. Afonya was delighted, interpreting the cat's sneeze in support of the prediction. This is the whole essence of superstition. The fact is that a person is looking for confirmation of his subjective predictions in everything. By the way, quite often predictions come true, which proves once again: a positive attitude and belief in a miracle help in life.
Thirdly, sneezing was perceived in ancient times as a manifestation of dangerous and even fatal diseases, for example: the Athenian plague. True, in the Middle Ages they said to someone who sneezed: "God help you." And, nevertheless, the sneeze was a signal to others about the danger of infection. People were afraid of all kinds of pestilences, epidemics, mass disasters. From a medical point of view, the rationale for the wishes of health looks most convincing. It is clear that people do not want to get sick, so they want health. Even in modern society illness deprives a person of working capacity and is a serious test for the whole family, and in ancient times, the more illness meant only one thing - trouble.
It is not for nothing that people say that money cannot buy health. True, today this statement can be argued. You can't buy, of course, but you can fix it only for money. Today, official medicine sees only physiology and biology in a sneeze: exposure to viruses, allergic reactions, diseases nervous system. Traditional healers do not exclude that sneezing helps to expel disease. Who knows, maybe there is some truth in this statement.
20.10.2016 14:01
1234
Why do we say "Bless you!"
And the truth is, why when a person sneezes, we do not hesitate to say "Be healthy!", But do not react when, for example, he coughs?
In most cases, this habit comes from our family, from our parents. For example, your dad and mom tell you "be healthy" when you sneeze and you take an example from them, considering this phrase as ordinary politeness. After all, to wish a person health means to wish him well.
Once upon a time such a wish for a sneezer had slightly other reasons. People were simply afraid of various diseases, and therefore if someone sneezed nearby, they wished this person health so that his illness could not pass to them.
V different countries There are many traditions associated with sneezing. For example, in England, if a person sneezes, they will say "God bless you!" bow to the side of the sneeze.
Here is such an interesting tradition.
Smiling in America is a duty. Who does not want to or does not know how to smile, he often loses his workplace... You need to follow the rule: try not to pay attention to adversity, and do not put a bad mood and worries on people, they should not be read on your face.
A smile adorns everyone without exception. A real smile comes from the heart, and an insincere one will be immediately noticeable, turning the smile on your face into an unpleasant grimace.
As for laughter, it will adorn you only when you laugh culturally. Laughter can very easily become vulgar, unpleasant for others. Try to laugh cheerfully and naturally, but with decency.
Posture, gait
Do not seed and do not shuffle your feet on the asphalt, do not swing your arms like a windmill. The gait is light and springy, the legs should move, not the hips and arms. Hands move in rhythm with a step, but not like soldiers
Do not pull your head into the shoulders, do not lift it high up, but keep it straight. If you want to express your positive or negative attitude towards something, say yes or no, rather than shaking your head with all your might from side to side or from top to bottom.
How to sit
You need to sit straight. Everything else refers to the word “no”: you cannot fidget in the chair, you cannot slouch, you cannot slide on the edge of the chair and clasp your hands on your knees, or swing in the chair.
People who sit with their legs wide apart and resting their palms on their knees look very ugly - this position is suitable only for rude and uncouth dorks.
Remember how members of the British royal family are sitting in photographs, here is who you should learn from. On modern armchairs and sofas, where you almost lie, you can sit with your legs extended slightly forward.
Where to put your hands?
Many do not know what to do with their hands in a given situation. You don't need to put them anywhere, let them lie quietly - on their knees or hang freely on the sides (but not limply, like overcooked pasta).
You do not need to constantly touch your head or clothes with your hands, fiddle with a tie or twirl the keys on your hand. You should also not look at your nails, drum your fingers on the table and nudge your neighbor with your elbow, urging him to say something stunning.
If you are talking while standing, do not put your hands on your hips when you are about to enter into a verbal altercation with your girlfriend or boyfriend, and do not cross your arms over your chest when trying to explain some common truths in which you are convinced. Yes, and don't scream when talking. Some adolescents squeal so hard that their ears get blocked. Is not The best way to draw attention.
I hope you don’t have to repeat that it’s indecent to point your finger.
And further. Some people like to publicly remove threads and hair from the clothes of their friends. This is extremely impolite. This action can only be performed in private and with the permission of this acquaintance.
Do I need to say "Be healthy!"
You need to cough, yawn, sneeze and blow your nose quietly and imperceptibly, holding a handkerchief to your nose or mouth or hiding behind your hand. In this case, you need to turn away from the interlocutor to the side or bend down.
We often hear: when a person sneezes, they say to him: "Be healthy!" And this is a mistake. After all, modern etiquette recommends not to disclose an act that another person would like to leave unnoticed. So, ignore the sneezing of the person present. Himself sneezing should say: "Sorry."
Greetings
When you greet acquaintances and strangers, try to look at them directly, and not look away bashfully, as if you are to blame for something. Be friendly and friendly, and not only with your friends, but also with the girlfriends of your girlfriends and the friends of your friends. You can be more restrained with unfamiliar people, but you should not scare them with a sullen glance from under your brows either. Accompany your greeting with a smooth tilt of the head, and not of the entire body - once only the peasant women bowed in deep bow before the master.
A polite person will never forget to say the word "hello" first; any request to accompany the words "please", "be kind", etc .; for any attention and service rendered to him, thank and respond in kind. If he himself accidentally bothers or causes someone inconvenience, he will surely say "I'm sorry, please."
If you can still say to your friends: "Great!" or "Hi!" You need to say: "Hello!" or, depending on the time of day: "Good morning / afternoon / evening!" Here the question immediately arises: when is the evening to be counted in the evening? Here is the schedule: Until 12 noon - Good morning! From 12 to 18 o'clock - Good afternoon! From 18 to 24 hours - Good evening! From 24 to 6 o'clock - Good night!
Your greeting shouldn't be noisy. This means that you do not have to throw yourself on your friend's neck in the middle of the street, but to a friend whom you noticed on the opposite side of the street, wave your hand and shout: "Hello !!!"
Now about who greets first. Of course, someone who is polite. Although it has its own rules. According to generally accepted rules, the first to greet:
A man is a woman;
Junior senior;
Subordinate of the chief.
The exceptions are the following situations: a young woman, a girl, may be the first to say hello to an elderly gentleman. Always the first to greet the person who entered the room, and the walking person is the first to greet the person who is standing. All these rules apply to the entering and walking woman.
Appeal
In Russia, two forms of address are used: "you" and "you". In England there is only one form, in Sweden and Poland it is considered not polite enough to address strangers, especially to elders or superiors, to "you", for this a third person form is used, for example: "Is it possible to conduct a lady?" etc.
If it comes about the third person, it is not customary to use only the pronoun. For example, not “He knows”, but “Ivan Petrovich knows”, or between peers - “Vanya knows”.
From an early age, a child should be required to be polite in conversation. Not only about strangers, but also about parents and relatives, even if it is a sister or brother, you cannot be allowed to say "he", "she":
“Mom asked me to tell” (not “she said”). Try to call those present not faceless "he" and "she", but call them by name.
The form of address "you" speaks of a closer relationship with a person. Those who, in the heat of a quarrel, switch from "you" to "you", trying in this way to humiliate the enemy, only demonstrate their lack of restraint and bad manners.
Many people think that it is not enough to be acquaintances in order to switch to "you"; closer friendship and cordiality are needed. The basic rule here is this: a senior to a junior and a boss to a subordinate can propose to switch to "you". Between a man and a woman, this rule is conditional. It is a woman's right to allow “you” to be said. You have to be quite careful with the offer to switch to "you", because refusal can cause a feeling of embarrassment, especially for the one who makes the offer.
A young man can ask close elders to say "you" to him. At the same time, he himself continues to say "you" to them. And one more thing: some, if they are higher in rank, have a habit of calling everyone who is lower in rank “you”, although the latter call them “you”. Such bosses are tactless.
