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4. Factors affecting the distribution of the population (give examples). Features of the distribution of the population in the world and in Russia.
1.natural conditions
2.level of economic development
3.type of use of the territory
Nymnik suggested 3 types of use of the territory:
A. ruralny - does not require the concentration of population and labor per unit of territory and leads to a strong population
B. semi-rural - a mining industry except coal. Leads to the focal character of resettlement
B. Nerural - coal processing industry and non-production sphere
4.Economic Geogr Position
1/10 of the land is not inhabited at all
1/2 of the land has a density of 0.01 to 0.1 people
1/4 from 1 to 10 per 1 km2
Regions with a density higher than 50:
1.east china
2.Japanese Islands
3.Indonesia - Java Island
4.India - Indo-Gangianism and the South of Hindustan
5.Europe without sowing part
6.Africa - lower nile and nigga
8.Part of East West Argentina and Brazil
The main axis and the main zone of settlement: Vyborg - Severouralsk - Then to the south - Along the Transsib (to the north 100-150 km)
North: northern zone of rare settlement with a focal character of settlement
Principles of Canada:
1.work of average and low qualification is performed on shift
2. all that concerns high labor - do the residents of the permanent
3. attraction of the local population to work
4.the country regards all these territories as the most important strategic resource
Russia: density 8.5 people / sq. Km.
Moscow and Moscow region -361 people \ sq. Km.
Center district 61 people \ sq. Km.
North of the Russian Federation 4-2 people \ sq. Km.
Zap-Sib 6 people / sq. Km.
Vost-Sib 2 people \ sq. Km.
DV 1 person / sq. Km.
5. Indicators characterizing the birth rate of the population.
Fertility is a demographic term, defined as the ratio of the number of births per period per 1000 inhabitants.
A healthy woman, according to her physiological data, can give birth to an average of 10-12 children, which corresponds to a fertility rate of 50-60 ppm. This was the case until about the 18th century. The development of capitalist relations in the 19th century. led to a sharp growth in industry and cities, an increase in the general educational and cultural level of the population and the involvement of women in social production. All this could not but lead to a drop in the birth rate. In developing countries, high fertility is the result of traditions of large families that go back to primitive society - in order to survive, the tribe had to maintain a high fertility. This was facilitated by religious beliefs, moral norms, laws, and customs. Such traditions exist even now: among the Indians of Bolivia, for example, women with many children are especially revered, and a widow with many children is the most enviable bride. In Madagascar, a bride who already has children is considered preferable. How strong these traditions are is shown by the example of China, where from ancient times it was encouraged to have many children, especially the obligation in the family of a son-heir. The introduction of birth control led to the fact that the 80s. cases of murder of newborns have become more frequent. The traditions of having many children are supported by some religions. Thus, Islam and Hinduism encourage high birth rates and call for early marriages. Fertility and fertility
It is necessary to distinguish between fertility and fertility - the average number of children born to a woman in a lifetime. For example, if in a society (country) there is a high proportion of women giving birth to their first child, then there will be a high birth rate. However, if this child remains the only one, then fertility may remain at a low level, including below the level of generational replacement.
World fertility trends
few children (the average number of children born by a woman in a lifetime is not more than 1.5)
a high proportion of illegitimate births (in Great Britain and France - 30%. In Denmark - 40%)
in rural settlements, the birth rate is slightly higher than in cities
high average age of birth (2005 - 25.4 years)
refusal to give birth, contraception, abortion, abstinence, weak communication between members of some families.
Total fertility rate: gender per year, j referred to the average of all of us. Wed number, tk. birth rate for the year, us at the beginning of the year + us at the end of the year.
Standardized total fertility rate: with direct, standard eliminates the effect of differences in age structure. With indirect herds, the influence of differences in intensive birth is eliminated.
Age-specific fertility rate: this is the ratio of the number of births per year among wives, the age of the group is determined by the average number of wives in this group, according to the current estimate
Total fertility rate: the sum of the age coefficient is the average number of children among the wives of a hypothetical cohort (women of childbearing age 15-50) 2.15 - number of children per woman
Bruttocoef: used when it is necessary to find out how many virgins will replace their mothers in a given generation
Nettokoef: not taking into account the deceased virgins (the probability of surviving to a certain age
Remember
Population density - the number of inhabitants per 1 km² of territory. When calculating population density, uninhabited areas and large inland waters may be excluded.
2. What determines the distribution of the population across the territory?
The uneven distribution of the population is caused by a number of interrelated factors: natural, historical, demographic and socio-economic. Even in ancient times, people settled in areas with favorable conditions for human life, but as the economy developed, its location began to have a decisive influence on the distribution of the population.
3. What is migration?
4. What types of migration exist?
There are four main types of spatial movement of the population. These include episodic, pendulum, seasonal and permanent migrations. All four types of migration are specific in nature, and the population participating in them pursues completely different goals.
What do you think
1. Is it possible to be uniformly distributed over the Earth's territory?
Uniform distribution of the population across the Earth is impossible. Harsh climatic conditions, lack of a developed transport network, lack of jobs make some regions of our planet inaccessible for living.
Check knowledge
1. What is population density?
Population density - the number of inhabitants per 1 km² of territory.
2. What is the world average value of the population density indicator?
The world average value of the population density indicator is 52 people / km2.
3. What are the centers of population concentration?
There are three centers of population concentration: Asian, European, Atlantic.
4. What is population migration?
Population migration (lat. Migratio - resettlement) is the movement of people from one region (state, country) to another, in some cases in large groups and over long distances.
5. What are the types of migrations?
There are external and internal migrations.
Now for more difficult questions
1. What factors affect the distribution of the population across the territory?
Factors of population distribution over the territory of the Earth:
1) the factor of natural conditions: proximity to the sea, flatness of the territory, favorable climate, fertile soils, abundance of natural resources, etc.
2) the historical factor: long-developed territories are the areas of formation of ancient states - Egypt, Rome, Greece, China, India.
3) demographic factor: high or, conversely, low natural population growth can significantly affect the location and density of people by region.
4) socio-economic factors:
Employment of the population in agriculture;
Industry development;
Gravitation towards transport and trade routes.
2. What explains the existence of three centers of population concentration?
The existence of three centers of population concentration can be explained by the following reasons:
Favorable climate;
Flat relief;
High level of socio-economic development.
3. What factors influence the size of migration flows?
Migration factors are a set of social conditions in which this process takes place and which affect its volume, intensity, direction and other parameters. These factors can be classified depending on the possibilities of regulating their influence on migration processes.
Uncontrollable permanent factors: the geographical position of the area and its natural components - high fluctuations in seasonal temperatures, waterlogging, earthquakes, floods, blood-sucking insects, etc.;
- "temporary" factors that can be regulated by indirect impact, that is, which can be changed gradually: the level of development of territories, including the creation of industrial and social infrastructure; gender, age, ethnic composition of the population. One of the "temporary" factors that act with the greatest force on migration processes is the composition of the population by length of residence. In an area where the population is growing at a high rate due to migration and, therefore, the share of new settlers is increased, as a rule, the share of men, non-family, etc. is higher. This structure of the population contributes to the high migration mobility of the population;
Regulated ones, which include: an increase in wages, the establishment or withdrawal of certain benefits, personnel policy, changes in national policy, etc. So, increased coefficients to wages and various kinds of benefits in the regions of the Far North of Russia attracted there until the mid-80s. large contingents of labor resources. In a relatively stable socio-political situation, for this group of factors, the living conditions of the population and labor security are of the greatest importance.
4. What is the difference between external and internal migration?
Internal migration is movement within a country, while external migration is from one country to another.
5. What are the consequences of population migration?
Migration is a rather complex and controversial process. Having a number of advantages and positive results for the development of receiving and sending countries, it also leads to negative consequences. The more the country's population is involved in migration processes, the more acutely its consequences become manifest. Thus, for example, migration helps to improve the material well-being of families, but at the same time maintaining a family and raising children is hampered by the absence of one or both parents.
From theory to practice
2. Calculate the population size for an average population density of 52 people / km2.
Population:
148,939,063 × 52 = 7,744,831,276 people.
?2
INTRODUCTION
2.2 Urbanization of Russia
2.3 Rural population of Russia
3.2 Trends in the development of management systems for the territorial organization of the population
APPENDIX …………………………………………………………………………………… 45
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST
INTRODUCTION
The population is an object of study of socio-economic geography, which establishes the general laws of its development, considering its vital activity in all aspects: historical, political, economic, social, medical and statistical.The geography of the population studies its object in the specific conditions of place and time, revealing the change in population due to births and deaths, as well as marriages and divorces, the movement of people across the borders of certain territories, changes in the social living conditions of the population.
Geography studies the following characteristics of a population:
? Number;
? population structures, demographic processes. Attention is drawn primarily to the division of the population by sex, age, level of education, occupational, industrial characteristics, urban and rural;
? the distribution of people according to the professions acquired in the course of training, according to occupations, according to the branches of the national economy;
? resettlement. They distinguish between the degree of urbanization, the determination of the density of the entire population;
? the relationship that exists in the population itself between its various groups
? study of the dynamics of demographic processes;
? population statistics, forecasts of its size and composition for the future.
Territorial organization of the society:
1) it is a combination of functioning territorial structures of the population, production, nature management, united by management structures;
2) it is a set of processes or actions for the placement of the population and production, nature management, taking into account their relations, connections, subordination and interdependence in order to accelerate the socio-economic development of both society as a whole and its individual territorial communities.
Thus, the territorial organization of the population is one of the main components of the territorial organization of society, along with the territorial division of labor, the location of productive forces, the administrative-territorial organization of states, economic zoning, etc. The territorial organization of the population can be simultaneously considered in two aspects:
1) as a process for organizing the population in any territory;
2) as a result of this process - the established territorial systems associated with the population (number and density, composition, settlement, network of settlements, migration, etc.).
The distribution of the population of Russia on its territory over the course of many centuries (starting from the formation of the Moscow principality) changed towards its ever greater territorial dispersal, "spreading" over a vast territory.
The purpose of this course work is to study the features of the placement of the population in the Russian Federation.
The object of the course work is the population and its location on the territory of our country.
The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the uneven distribution of the population in our country creates a huge problem in the development of resources and lowers the productivity of the agricultural sector.
1 BASIS OF TERRITORIAL POPULATION ORGANIZATION
1.1 Basic concepts and patterns of the territorial organization of the population
The primary unit of distribution of the population in any territory is a dwelling - a building (room) in which people live. At the same time, individual residential buildings (their layout, building material, etc.) are the subject of architecture study. And in the territorial organization of the population (as well as in the demography and geography of the population), the primary unit of account is the settlement (settlement). It should be borne in mind that sometimes a settlement may consist of a single dwelling (residential building). And therefore, the distinction between the concepts of "separate dwelling" and "settlement" is a rather complex issue. It is solved differently at different points in time (during different censuses), even in the same country. Not to mention the large differences in the definition of a locality between countries.According to the most general definition adopted in our country, a settlement (settlement) is a set of dwellings and other material forms of human habitation, as well as places of employment, objects of production and non-production infrastructure, characterized by spatial limitation, territorial community of structural elements and the name ( a toponym) A settlement can also be a separate dwelling in the case of performing specialized functions and remoteness from other dwellings.
A mandatory feature of a settlement is the constancy of its use as a habitat, at least seasonally, but pi year in year. The criterion for distinguishing individual dwellings as settlements is usually the continuity of development.
the required gap (distance to the nearest neighboring dwelling) ranges from 100-150 m to 2 km or more.
Most of the settlements, as a rule, serve not only as a place of residence for people, but also as a place for the location of production facilities (factories, farms, etc.), as well as institutions of production and non-production infrastructure (roads, shops, etc.). The corresponding buildings and structures can occupy a large part of the settlement area (industrial and infrastructural zones). But there must be a territory occupied by residential buildings (settlement). Production and infrastructure facilities without residential buildings are not settlements. Whereas settlements can only consist of residential buildings - without any other buildings and structures.
The territorial organization of the population in some cases also considers the internal structure of individual settlements (the relationship between residential and industrial zones, the patterns of placement of residents within the settlement and other issues). At the same time, it merges with urban planning (when it comes to urban settlements), regional planning (rural areas) and microgeography of settlements. But usually settlements are studied as internally undifferentiated objects (study of migration), or even a specific network of settlements is not considered at all, but larger territorial units are analyzed (study of location).
All settlements are usually classified into two large types - urban and rural. The extreme variants of these types are clearly distinguished - the largest multimillion cities and the smallest rural settlements, sometimes consisting of only one house. But between them there is a continuous chain of settlements (rural-urban continuum), in which it is almost impossible to draw a clear boundary between urban and rural settlements. Specific criteria for subdividing settlements into urban and rural settlements in different countries. In this case, the following types of criteria are most often used.
1. The predominant economic function of the settlement. At the same time, the main industry in rural areas, as a rule, is agriculture, and in urban areas - non-agricultural sectors of the economy.
2. The size of the settlement, that is, the number of inhabitants in it - urban settlements are usually larger than rural ones.
3. Administrative significance - if there is one, then the settlement is considered urban.
4. Population density - in urban areas it is much higher than in rural areas, due to denser and more multi-storey buildings.
5. The degree of improvement - in urban areas it is higher than in rural areas.
6. Historical significance, enshrined in legal acts - settlements are urban or rural, because in the past they received the corresponding status, enshrined in legal documents.
In some countries, only one group of criteria is used, for example, only the administrative value or only the size of the settlement. Thus, in Iceland, a settlement with a population of more than 200 people is considered a city, and in Japan, more than 30 thousand people. Most countries use a set of criteria, and within urban and rural settlements, special varieties can be distinguished. Therefore, the collection of comparable data on urban and rural settlements across countries is a difficult problem.
For example, Russia uses a combination of dominant economic functions and size. In urban settlements, agriculture should employ no more than 15% of workers. In this case, the varieties are: 1) cities in which at least 12 thousand people must live; 2) urban-type settlements in which at least 3 thousand people must live. The historical significance of settlements is also taken into account in Russia - urban settlements that were assigned such a status in the past, although today they do not meet the criteria of size or function, can remain urban for many decades. In the past, criteria of administrative significance and the degree of improvement were also used.
Thus, rural settlements in Russia are those in which either less than 3 thousand people live, or more than 15% of the employed work in agriculture. Therefore, they are also subdivided into two types: 1) agricultural and 2) non-agricultural. Among the latter, there are so-called settlements of purpose raccoon, often consisting of only one house with ancillary buildings - one-yard: patrols, cordons, huts, barracks, etc., although simultaneous settlements can also be agricultural - farms, settlements, in contrast to the usual our country villages, villages, townships, consisting of several residential buildings. With the predominance of single-family (simultaneous) settlements, they speak of a scattered form of rural settlement. With the predominance of villages, villages and townships - about the group form of rural settlement.
Both urban and rural settlements can have two spatial forms - compact or dispersed. The settlement in the full sense of the definition is only compact settlements. Whereas dispersed (consisting of separate parts distant from each other) are, in essence, groups of settlements. However, if such a group is legally united into one locality, all statistical data are collected, as a rule, only for the whole of it as a whole, without separating out separate parts. And therefore, dispersed settlements are analyzed in the same way as compact ones, and it is possible to single out individual parts within them only with the help of special studies.
In principle, the existence of autonomous (isolated) settlements is possible, practically unrelated to any others. But such settlements prevailed in the distant past. Today the overwhelming majority of settlements form interconnected groups - territorial systems of settlements (settlement). Within such a system, it is usually possible to distinguish the main settlement (which has the greatest administrative significance, or the largest size, or economic organizing functions) - the central settlement. The settlements most closely associated with the central settlement and located in the immediate vicinity of it are usually called satellite settlements. The rest of the settlements in the sphere of influence of the central settlement are peripheral settlements.
Territorial systems form a certain hierarchy. At the same time, it is possible to identify levels from the local (a relatively small group of settlements, between which intensive daily communications are carried out) to the global (the entire set of settlements on the Earth, which have not yet formed a single system, but development in this direction is moving more and more intensively). In most countries of the world, as a rule, a national system of settlements has been formed, headed by the administrative capital and / or the main economic center) and regional systems, which in large countries, in turn, can form several hierarchical levels. In the most developed regions of the world (foreign Europe, North America), clear features of the formation of interethnic settlement systems are visible. In Russia, regional levels of settlement systems can be distinguished:
1) macro-regional (large economic regions or federal districts);
2) regional (constituent entities of the Russian Federation);
3) intraregional (parts of large constituent entities of the Federation);
4) district (lower administrative regions). District systems, as a rule, consist of local
settlement systems. Although the largest local systems (urban agglomerations) may include the territory of several lower administrative districts. If we are talking about predominantly rural settlement, then local systems are sometimes called settlement areas, and district-level systems are called settlement areas. At each level, it is possible to distinguish the settlement support frame - a combination of the main centers and transport routes connecting them.
Thus, according to different characteristics, several forms of settlement are distinguished:
1) urban and rural;
2) permanent and temporary (seasonally inhabited settlements);
3) group and scattered;
4) systemic (interconnected) and isolated. The combination of forms according to different characteristics allows us to identify the types of settlement - the most generalized characteristic of the distribution of settlements (and, accordingly, the population) over the territory. For example, in Russia along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, the predominant type of settlement will be "focal (systemic) predominantly urban and rural non-agricultural settlement in combination with seasonal stops of livestock breeders." And in the interior steppe regions of the United States, "scattered rural permanent settlement with separate cities-centers of local systems" will prevail.
1.2 Factors affecting the distribution of the population
The formation of this or that type of settlement depends on many factors, the main of which are socio-economic:1) the level of development of society;
2) the prevailing location of the economy;
3) transport network;
4) the level of income of the population;
5) the composition of the population (gender and age, national, religious, professional, educational, family);
6) demographic processes (natural growth, migration);
7) strategic factor;
8) environmental factor;
9) administrative and political structure;
10) features of historical development.
But natural factors are also of great importance (in the past - predominant), the most important of which are the following:
1) relief;
2) climate;
3) the presence of water sources and paths;
4) soil;
5) the presence of minerals and other natural resources;
6) the frequency of natural disasters, including the seismic activity of the territory.
Specific examples of the influence of certain factors on the placement and resettlement of the population will be given below.
Here we will dwell only on the influence of the main social economic factor - the level of development of society. It acts in a comprehensive manner, mediating the influence of individual socio-economic factors (location of the economy, composition of the population, etc.) and at the same time changing (increasing or decreasing) the importance of individual natural factors. Therefore, sometimes its influence is called the main regularity of settlement - the correspondence of the forms (types) of settlement to the level of socio-economic development of society. At the same time, in accordance with the change in the level of development of society, several generalized historical types of settlement can be distinguished.
1. Archaic type (the birth of modern mankind) - gradual settling on the surface of the Earth along the coasts of rivers and seas, the absence of permanent settlements, the absence of ties between tribes, their gradual fragmentation.
2. Pre-agrarian type (primitive communal) - - people are engaged in gathering, hunting and fishing, almost complete development of land by man, each tribe has its own settlement, unrelated to others, but the existence of neighboring tribes (settlements) is known, the settlements are surrounded by the hunting grounds of the tribe , around them is a no-man's (neutral, defensive) territory.
3. Early agrarian type (slaveholding) - people begin to engage in nomadic cattle breeding (degradation of settlement - disappearance of settlements) or crop production (progress of settlement - permanent settlements appear), migrations appear between settlements, but mainly for military, commercial or religious purposes, and not for the purpose of permanent resettlement:
the eastern version (Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China) - large (up to 500 thousand inhabitants) capital cities and religious centers appear, in which artisans and traders also concentrate, but the bulk of the population lives in small rural settlements;
Western version (Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome) - a part of the population lives in small cities, where they are mainly engaged in agriculture, but also in crafts and trade, the capitals can reach large sizes - up to 1 million inhabitants (Rome, Athens, Carthage) ;
4. Agrarian type (medieval) - the bulk of the population lives in small settlements in the countryside under the rule of individual feudal lords and cannot move anywhere, large cities are destroyed and disappear; surviving residents flee to the countryside, small cities (up to 10 thousand inhabitants ), but their number is gradually increasing, they are freed from the power of the feudal lords thanks to their fortifications, people in them are mainly engaged in handicrafts and trade, but also in agriculture.
5. Late agrarian type (revival) - - a new flourishing of the holy culture, including crafts and trade, the rapid growth of the most advantageously located cities begins, which become the capitals of large centralized states, the rural population also grows and is gradually freed from feudal dependence, migration of residents begins from the village to the city;
6. The early industrial type (the emergence and development of capitalist relations before the beginning of the 20th century) - the rapid development of industry, which is concentrated in cities due to the availability of capital and labor, the rapid growth of individual cities of which is becoming more and more, including due to mass relocations residents from rural areas, the emergence of millionaire cities, the growing differences between rural and urban settlements in the way and living conditions (large comfortable industrial cities - rural uncomfortable small settlements);
7. Industrial type (the development of a socially oriented market economy - the beginning and middle of the XX century) - the growth of individual cities is replaced by the development of urban agglomerations, since individual cities can no longer accommodate, the population and functions striving for them, sharp differences between urban and rural the way and living conditions, but within urban agglomerations, rural settlement begins to converge with urban;
8. IIindustrial type (the formation of an information society at the end of the 20th century) - the further growth of urban agglomerations, the formation of multi-million dollar agglomerations, mass suburbanization, the formation of megalopolises, the spread of the urban image and living conditions to the countryside (urbanization), mass migration of the population both between urban settlements and from urban settlements to the countryside;
9. Prospective development of settlement - the formation of ecumenopolis, that is, a continuous network of megalopolises and urban agglomerations, covering the entire land inhabited by mankind, beyond its borders - only separate small rural settlements, which in the way and living conditions due to the development of communications do not differ from urban settlements, the highest degree of migration mobility of the population throughout the entire globe, when almost every person migrates several times during his life.
The theory of ecumenopolis was put forward by the Greek scientist K. Doxiadis. According to this theory, in the future, almost the entire population of the Earth will be concentrated in a single system of predominantly urban settlements, which form a continuous chain along the ocean coasts and in other places that are most beneficial from the point of view of socio-economic development. At the same time, the population of the rest of the land area will decrease in comparison with the current state, which will contribute to the preservation of the natural environment.
But the development of society should not occur due to the degradation of the natural environment, not only at the global level, but also at the level of local settlement systems, including the most ambitious - large urban agglomerations
Prospects for joint non-conflict development of society and nature are revealed by the concept of sustainable development. Sustainable development is the main priority of mankind for the coming decades, set by the decisions of the 1992 UN Session. in Rio de Janeiro and other international documents. Sustainable development includes several components - economic, social, ecological and ekistic (settlement) development. The last aspect is most closely related to the territorial organization of the population, since many problems of interaction, and nature, can be solved through the optimal organization of the population. One of the theoretical models for such an optimal settlement was proposed by the Russian geographer B.B. Rodoman in the framework of the theory of polarized landscape. It is assumed that even within a limited space (inside the oecumenopolis), there can exist both highly urbanized territories (centers of the largest urban agglomerations) and practically gentle natural landscapes (reserves).
2. ANALYSIS OF POPULATION ACCOMMODATION IN THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA
2.1 General characteristics of the distribution of the population on the territory of Russia
The distribution of the population is its geographical distribution over the territory of a given country, as well as across the countries of the world.Natural conditions, the history of the settlement of the territory of Russia, as well as a number of economic reasons have determined the great unevenness of the distribution of the country's population.
The most densely populated area forms a wedge, the wide base of which is the western border of Russia - from St. Petersburg to Rostov-on-Don. The northern border of this strip runs approximately along the line St. Petersburg - Cherepovets - Vologda - Kirov - Perm - Yekaterinburg - Krasnoyarsk, and the southern border - from Rostov-on-Don to Saratov - Samara - Ufa - Chelyabinsk - Krasnoyarsk. To the east, the wedge turns into a narrow strip that runs along the Trans-Siberian Railway and ends in Vladivostok. The densely populated area is called the Main Settlement Zone. It occupies only 1/3 of the territory, but it concentrates 93% of the population of Russia. Outside the Main strip, the region of the North Caucasus is distinguished. Almost the entire rest of the territory belongs to extreme in terms of living conditions - the regions of the North and North-East - and has a focal character of settlement.
Thus, the natural conditions that determine the degree of comfort for people living are the first factor of accommodation. In this respect, the map of the distribution of the population with the grid of January isotherms superimposed on it is very indicative. The overwhelming part of the population of Europe and North America lives in areas with isotherms down to -16 ° С. In Russia, the January isotherm of -16 ° C passes from north to south from the Novaya Zemlya islands and the mouth of the Pechora through the western part of the Komi Republic, the upper reaches of the Kama, somewhat east of Perm and Ufa, and then to Kazakhstan. In addition, this isotherm passes through the southern and eastern parts of Primorsky Krai, the center of Sakhalin and the coast of Kamchatka. Thus, 72% of the population of Russia is concentrated in areas with January temperatures above -16 ° C. But unlike foreign Europe and North America, about 40 million people live in territories with January temperatures below -16 ° C.
Focal settlement of 65% of the territory of Russia is explained by both the severity of natural conditions and economic reasons. People live near developed mineral deposits, in transport hubs, in areas where natural resources are processed (Norilsk, Magadan, Murmansk, the middle and lower reaches of the Ob, etc.).
The concentration of the population in the Main Strip was also influenced by historical reasons. Invasions of nomadic tribes forced the population to move from the steppe and forest-steppe to the north and northeast, under the protection of forests. Thus, in the XIII-XIV centuries. the center of settlement moved from the Dnieper region to the forest belt between the Volga and Oka rivers. The role of the economic factor also gradually increased. Crafts and trade began to develop.
In the Urals, the influx of population was largely due to the development (starting from the 18th century) of mineral resources. Then the settlement of Siberia by the Russians and the laying of the Trans-Siberian Railway outlined the final contours of the Main Settlement Strip.
Population distribution between the European and Asian parts of Russia in the XX century. changed markedly as a result of migrations from west to east.
As you can see, the growth rates of the population of the Asian part of Russia significantly exceeded the growth rates in European Russia.
In general, the population density decreases towards the east. In the European part, it is 27 people / km2 (including in the Central economic region - 63, in the Volga region - 31, in the Ural region - 25), in the Asian part - 2.5 people / km2 (including in the West Siberian region - 6 , 2, East Siberian - 2.2, Far East - 1.3).
The population density is higher than the national average, that is, more than 9 people / km2, in 59 subjects of the Federation. Occupying only 21.6% of the country's territory, they concentrate 84.2% of the population. In 46 subjects, the population density is above 20 people / km2, and in 38 - over 30 people / km2.
Speaking about the distribution of the population, a number of scientists pay attention to the degree of population in the territory of the country. Population assessment is important for the development of the productive forces of the regions. At the same time, unpopulated regions are understood as regions that have not yet become the object of permanent economic activity, do not have permanent settlements, and the density of the resident population in them is less than 1 person / km2.
So, the unpopulated territory is more than half of the area of Russia. At the same time, the European macro-region is practically completely populated, not counting the Northern economic region, in which the population covers 2/3 of the territory. 94% of the uninhabited territory is located in the Asian part: less than 1/3 of the area is permanently inhabited there. The most sparsely populated is the Far Eastern economic region, where the developed territories occupy only 1/5 of the entire area and where more than half of all unpopulated territories of Russia are located.
Accommodation of the rural population. There are about 39 million rural residents in Russia, more than 150 thousand rural settlements. The rural population was declining until the 90s of the XX century. In the last decade, it has stabilized at the level of 27%.
Out of 89 constituent entities of the Federation, in 7 the rural population significantly prevails over the urban population (the republics of Altai, Chechen, Kalmykia, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkess, Ingush, Tuva), in another 4 it makes up about half of the population (Republic of Adygea, Krasnodar, Stavropol and Altai Territories). The rural population is unevenly distributed throughout the country. More than 1/4 of it falls on the North Caucasian and Central Black Earth economic regions, 13% each - in the Central and Ural. Its highest density is in the Krasnodar Territory, the republics of the North Caucasus (except for Karachay-Cherkess), Moscow, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions and the Chuvash Republic.
Under the influence of natural conditions and economic requirements, various types of settlement in rural areas develop. In the north, arable land is located in small areas, mainly in river valleys and near lakes, which created a corresponding type of settlement in the form of groups of small villages among vast forest spaces. In the main agricultural zone, in which the plowed area reaches 70-80%, large (3-5 thousand people and more) settlements prevail, located in river valleys and forming many kilometers of chains. Ciscaucasia is distinguished by large settlements (10-20 thousand people and more), located near rivers and irrigation facilities. Mountain villages are noticeably different. In the foothills and valleys, they are larger, they have a diversified economy, in the mountains they are smaller in size, more often livestock breeding.
Rural settlements, like cities, perform certain functions. 90% of these are agricultural settlements. Among the points of non-agricultural purposes there are industrial and timber-processing settlements in which the population is engaged in servicing transport communications (railways, pipelines, etc.), recreational ones. Mixed rural settlements include agro-industrial, local administrative and cultural centers, suburban settlements with a large number of migrants.
2.2 Urbanization of Russia
Urbanization is the process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society. The prerequisites for urbanization are the growth of industry, the development of the cultural and political functions of cities, and the deepening of the territorial division of labor. Urbanization is characterized by an influx of rural population into cities and an increasing pendulum movement of the population from villages and nearby small towns to large cities.On the territory of Russia there are about 1100 cities, 2000 urban-type settlements. Almost 3/4 of Russians live in cities, so the huge role they play in the life of the country is quite obvious.
The cities plus the road network are the framework that forms the territory, giving it a certain configuration. In Russia, a city is considered to be a settlement with a population of over 12 thousand people and with a share of those employed outside agricultural production of at least 85% of the working-age population.
The pace and scale of urbanization in Russia in the XX century. were huge. In 1897, there were only 16 cities with a population of more than 50 thousand people, now there are about 350. For 100 years, the urban population has increased almost 11 times (with an overall population growth of 2.2 times). This led to an increase in the share of the urban population from 15 to 73%. The growth of cities is due to the industrialization of the country.
In Russia, it is customary to distinguish small cities (with a population of less than 50 thousand people), medium (from 50 to 100 thousand) and large (more than 100 thousand people). In the last group, millionaire cities are especially distinguished.
Despite the fact that small towns make up almost 70% of the total number of cities in Russia, their share in the total urban population is only 16%. On the contrary, almost 3/4 of the country's urban population lives in large cities. This fact in no way diminishes the role that small towns have played and continue to play in the life of Russia. Among these cities are former princely residences, fortress cities, architectural pearls, centers of modern fundamental science. One can name Zvenigorod (15 thousand people), who protected Moscow from enemies from the west and was called upon (as its name implies) to raise the alarm in case of danger; Suzdal (12 thousand) - the greatest creation of Russian architecture, the first city in our country, which received in 1983 the Golden Apple prize of the International Federation of Journalists and is listed by the UN as one of the largest values of world civilization; Veliky Ustyug (36 thousand) - one of the oldest and most famous cities of the Russian North, the homeland of S. Dezhnev, E. Khabarov, A. Atlasov - outstanding sailors and explorers, the center of wonderful folk arts and crafts, and now the "residence" of the Russian Father Frost ; Staritsa (9 thousand) - one of the favorite cities of Ivan the Terrible; Kasimov (38 thousand people) - for more than 200 years, the former center of the Tatar Kasimov kingdom, as well as tens and hundreds of others.
Of course, both medium and large cities and millionaire cities, which have concentrated a significant part of the country's population, are interesting.
The classification of cities according to the time of occurrence shows that at least 56 cities arose before the Tatar-Mongol invasion, and among the most ancient, in the opinion of most scientists, Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Murom, Rostov and Belozersk can be attributed. Another 111 appeared during the formation of the centralized Moscow state (XIV-early XVI centuries), 155 cities arose during the formation and strengthening of the absolute monarchy (XVI-XVIII centuries), 47 - in the XIX and early XX centuries. and finally about 650 - after 1917.
1/5 of the country's population is concentrated in 16 largest cities of Russia. Population growth rates in these cities differ significantly, which is primarily due to historical and economic reasons. So, 9 cities of European Russia have increased by 7.1 times over 100 years, 4 cities of the Urals and the Urals - by 28, and three Siberian cities - by 56 times.
The geographical classification of cities reflects differences in natural, historical and economic conditions.
In the North, cities are separated by vast distances and form rare foci in places of mining, as well as in transport hubs. Difficult conditions for the construction of cities and in the mountainous regions of southern Russia. A characteristic feature of the geography of Russian cities is their continentality, that is, remoteness from the seas. Only 168 cities are located in the 200-kilometer coastal strip.
The network of Russian cities is much less dense than in the countries of foreign Europe. One city serves a very large territory - an average of 15 thousand km2 across Russia. In the Asian part of the country, this figure increases to 25 thousand km2 and more. This indicates the incompleteness of the formation of the supporting frame of cities and their numerical shortage.
In the development of the city, they naturally come to the stage of agglomeration, which is a system of territorially close settlements, united by stable labor, cultural, household and other ties, as well as a common infrastructure. At present, more than half of the country's urban population is concentrated in agglomerations in Russia. The most important parameter for identifying the boundaries of an agglomeration is the distance of daily "pendulum" trips from places of residence to places of work, study, etc. The largest agglomerations of Russia are Moscow (14 million people), St. Petersburg (5.5 million), Nizhny Novgorod (2 million), Novosibirsk (1.6 million), Samara, Yekaterinburg, Volgograd (1.5 million people). Agglomeration is becoming a key form of modern settlement. It has a particularly high concentration of organizations in the non-production sphere.
2.3 Rural population of Russia
The existence of group settlement on the territory of Russia for a long time was preserved by the serfdom (until 1861) and the communal system of economy, when the land belonged not to individual peasant families, but to landowners or the village as a whole ("community"). Only at the beginning of the XX century. - after the start of the Stolypin agrarian reform in 1906 - the withdrawal of peasants from the community was facilitated, and along with villages and villages, separate farmsteads began to appear intensively.At the beginning of the XX century. on the territory of modern Russia, rural settlement sharply prevailed over urban. According to the 1897 census, there were 57.6 million rural residents, which accounted for 85% of the total population. The rural population grew rapidly (up to 2% annually), but still slower than the urban population. Up to 90% of rural residents were employed in agriculture. The maximum number of the rural population in Russia reached at the end of the 1920s. - more than 75 million people At the same time, the maximum number of rural settlements was also observed - about 400 thousand.This was the period of the highest development of individual agriculture in the country (the period of the new economic policy of the NEP), when the communal system was already completely destroyed, and the mass collectivization of agricultural production had not yet begun (there were only a few first communes and state farms).
Over the next six decades - until the early 1990s. - the rural population of Russia has been steadily declining. The impetus for the reduction was collectivization (which pushed the peasants out of the countryside) and industrialization (which attracted the population to the cities), carried out in the USSR in the 1930s. The rural population declined at the fastest pace in the 1950s and 1960s, when the gap between urban and rural settlements in the development of the service sector and in general in terms of living conditions and standards became especially noticeable. During this period, annually up to 1 million rural residents left for urban settlements. Accordingly, the share of the rural population and the number of rural settlements were rapidly decreasing.
A significant decline in the rural population and the number of rural settlements in the 1970s and 1980s. contributed to the ongoing policy of liquidation of small villages, which were considered "unpromising". It was justifiably believed that the level of development of the service sector in rural areas is too low, and an acceptable level can be organized only in relatively large settlements with at least 1000 inhabitants. Consequently, in order to reduce the outflow of the rural population to the cities, it was decided to relocate the residents of small villages to large villages with a developed service system (shops, household institutions, kindergartens, hospitals, etc.). At the same time, any funds for the development of small villages have ceased to be allocated. But there were not enough resources for the development of the service sector in large settlements. Therefore, people from small villages began to move not to large villages, but to cities. Many rural settlements were abandoned by the inhabitants. The adjacent fields and meadows turned out to be too far from the surviving settlements and therefore began to be cultivated less intensively or abandoned. Agricultural production, for the sake of the development of which it was intended to consolidate the villagers, suffered heavy losses. Ultimately, for the period 1929-1988. the rural population of the country has decreased by almost 2 times, and the number of rural settlements - by more than 2.5 times. At the same time, the average population size of rural settlements has slightly increased, but it still remains very low and insufficient for organizing any service sector institutions in the overwhelming majority of rural settlements in Russia.
In the early 1990s. there has been an increase in the rural population of the country. The first source of this growth was rural migration in the southwestern regions of the country in two main directions:
1) from abroad of Russia (from the former Soviet republics), including the movement of refugees and internally displaced persons;
2) from the eastern and northern regions of Russia, where people lived mainly in urban settlements.
Accordingly, the rural areas of the country began to be distinguished by a steady migration increase, including due to the movement of residents from urban settlements. All 1990s. about 5 people came to the countryside of Russia (10 ti.h people. The second source of the growth of the rural population was the massive administrative transformations of urban revenues (mainly of small urban-type settlements) into rural settlements. In total, over 300 settlements were transformed in the 1990s with a total population of over 1 million. As a result, by 1995, the rural population of the country increased to 40 million people, which amounted to 27% of the total population. But then it began to decline again due to a significant natural decline in the rural population ( since its age structure is older due to the intensive departure of young people in previous decades), which is not overlapped by migration inflows and administrative transformations.
Slowed down in the 1990s. and reduction of the network of rural settlements. New settlements have appeared (or old ones, previously abandoned by the population) of four types have been revived:
1) farm villages;
2) settlements of refugees and forced migrants;
3) cottage and holiday villages in the suburbs of large cities, especially near Moscow and St. Petersburg;
4) former urban-type settlements, transformed into rural settlements.
A special case is represented by horticultural partnerships, which in the 1990s. - after the abolition of the restriction on the size of plots and houses that can be built on them, they began to transform into seasonally inhabited settlements (usually from May to September), which, apparently, should be considered rural (in accordance with the number of residents and their occupation mainly auxiliary agriculture), although in the winter season the inhabitants of such settlements are city dwellers. A characteristic feature of such settlements is a small number of residents who permanently reside during the season, with many times greater number of people who come on weekends and spend there, as a rule, only one night - from Saturday to Sunday. The number of such settlements (as a rule, this is one gardening partnership, but sometimes several that have grown together) is estimated in modern Russia in tens of thousands. Many of them have already acquired service establishments (shops, guarded parking lots, entertainment organizations, etc.). If such settlements are recognized as full-fledged rural settlements (which raises objections from many researchers), then it turns out that in the last decade the number of rural settlements in Russia has increased by at least 1.5 times, i.e., there has been an unprecedented growth in the network of rural settlements. points, albeit temporary (seasonally inhabited).
Many recognized (historical) rural settlements are also currently only temporarily (seasonally) inhabited, which is recognized by all researchers. Even without taking into account the seasonal settlements associated with distant pasture farming, from many Russian villages for the winter period, permanent residents (mainly women of retirement age) move to urban settlements to live with their children. In this respect (seasonal constancy of the population and the structure of employment), horticultural associations are no different from many rural settlements that have existed for tens (or even hundreds) of years.
Like urban settlements, rural settlements are classified according to their size (population) and functions. But it is natural that the numerical criteria are completely different, since the average size of a rural settlement in Russia is 150 times smaller than that of an urban one. In terms of size, the following troupes of rural settlements stand out:
- the smallest (up to 50 inhabitants);
- small (51-100 inhabitants);
- medium (101-500 inhabitants);
- large (501-1000 inhabitants);
- the largest (over 1000 inhabitants).
Almost half (48%) of all rural settlements in the country are the smallest, but only 3% of the rural population live in them. The share of the smallest settlements in the total rural population is gradually decreasing. In 1959, it was about 6%. Modern, smallest settlements in the past tended to be fairly large villages, but lost most of their population through migration. It was mainly young people who left, and today pensioners, often only 5-10 people, stayed in such villages. Most of the houses are abandoned by residents. People of younger ages (children and grandchildren of modern residents) appear in them only in the summer months, helping their relatives with work on their personal plots and using the surroundings for recreation. In the coming decades, most of the smallest villages are likely to disappear or turn into summer dacha settlements.
The largest share of rural residents (52%) lives in the largest settlements (over 1000 people), although there are only 6% of the total number of rural settlements in the country. The share of the largest settlements in the total rural population is gradually increasing. In 1959, it was about 30%. It was to such settlements that the main flow of migrants was sent in the 1990s. Rural settlements in the North Caucasus are especially large in size, where they often stretch for many kilometers and number up to 50 thousand inhabitants.
Thus, in the general case, we can say that in. In Russia, there is a gradual stratification of rural settlements. Settlements of intermediate groups either lose population (small and medium) or acquire it (large), gradually replenishing the smallest and largest extreme groups of settlements. This trend did not change in the 1990s, when either the smallest settlements (farmers') or the largest (former urban settlements, refugee settlements and cottages) appeared.
By functional type, the overwhelming share of rural settlements (over 90%) are agricultural. Most of the non-agricultural settlements are industrial (near small enterprises), transport (near railway stations) or recreational (near sanatoriums, rest homes, and other similar institutions), although among non-agricultural settlements there are logging, military, scientific and educational, and other types. settlements.
Within the agricultural type, settlements are distinguished:
- with significant development of administrative, service and distribution functions (regional centers);
- with local administrative and economic functions (centers of rural administrations and central estates of large agricultural enterprises);
- with the presence of large agricultural production (plant growing teams, livestock farms);
- without manufacturing enterprises, with the development of only personal subsidiary plots.
At the same time, the size of settlements naturally decreases from village-district centers (which are the largest) to settlements without industrial enterprises (which, as a rule, are small and smallest). Non-agricultural settlements can be of various sizes - from the largest (more than 1,000 residents, but still less than 3,000 - a necessary criterion for the formation of urban settlements) to the smallest, in which only 1 person lives. (railway sidings, etc.).
Since rural settlement is closely related to natural conditions, several zonal types of rural settlement, as well as one azonal type, can be distinguished on the territory of Russia. Similar types are presented in other former republics of the USSR, which have similar natural conditions and a common history of the development of the settlement system over the past several centuries.
1. In the zone of tundra and forest-tundra, rarely focal permanent settlement was formed, in addition to seasonal reindeer herders' camps (camps). The network of settlements in this type is the rarest. Large settlements are located along the banks of rivers and seas, on railways, but the distances between them are tens or even hundreds of kilometers. People in them are usually not engaged in agriculture, but are associated with the mining industry or transport. More dispersed, but also at very large distances from each other, are the summer (in the tundra) and winter (in the forest-tundra) reindeer herders' camps. This type of settlement is most typical for the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets, Taimyr, Chukotka Autonomous Districts.
2. In the northern part of the forest zone (in the taiga), settlement has a focal character. The centers of settlement are confined to rivers, and within them the distances between settlements are relatively small. The interfluvial spaces are practically not inhabited. Most of the settlements are small. People in them are mainly engaged in animal husbandry (using flooded meadows) and logging. This type is most typical for the Republic of Karelia, Arkhangelsk region.
3. In the southern part of the forest zone (in mixed and broad-leaved forests), the settlement has a selective character - the best soil and drainage areas have been selected for agriculture. The network of settlements is very dense, but the settlements are the smallest, since small fields with marginal podzolic soils could feed only a small number of residents. This type of settlement is characteristic of Beijing, Smolensk, Tver and most other regions of the Russian Non-Black Earth Region. It also prevails in the Baltic states and in Belarus. In the Baltics, this type of settlement, subject to early liberation from serfdom and communal land tenure, led to the widest spread (within the borders of the former USSR) of farms, when a significant part of the rural population (in Estonia - more than half) lived in isolation from other families on the land cultivated by this family. sites (in the pre-Soviet period - their own).
4. In the zone of steppes and forest-steppes, continuous agricultural settlement is observed. The settlements are large, but located relatively far from each other. People are mainly engaged in agriculture, but often there are service establishments and small industrial enterprises. The type is typical for the regions of the Central Chernozem region, Rostov, Saratov, Orenburg and some other regions of Russia, as well as for most of Ukraine.
5. In the zone of dry steppes and semi-deserts, permanent settlement again becomes focal, supplemented by seasonal (summer) camps of sheep breeders. The outbreaks are tied to rivers or lakes. The settlements are usually large, and people are engaged in agriculture and its maintenance (construction of irrigation systems, etc.). Such settlement of the river. Russia is distributed only in the Caspian lowland - in the Astrakhan region, the Republic of Kalmykia. But in other CIS states (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, the republics of Central Asia), it occupies large areas.
6. In areas most favorable for crop production - with an optimal combination of heat and moisture - rural settlement is continuous. At the same time, settlements are very large (often tens of thousands of people live in them) and are located close to each other. As a result, a very high density of the rural population is obtained, which is engaged in the cultivation and primary processing of the products of the most labor-intensive crops - fruits, vegetables, grapes, tea, tobacco. On the territory of Russia, such settlement is found in the foothills of the Caucasus, in other CIS states - in Moldova, the foothills of the Crimea and the Carpathians in Ukraine,; significant parts of the Transcaucasian republics, foothill regions of Kazakhstan and the states of Central Asia.
7. In mountainous regions in the south of the country, rural settlement has a mosaic character, caused by altitudinal zonation. In the valleys there are large settlements, the population of which is mainly engaged in agriculture. The higher the mountains, the smaller the settlements. In the highlands there are only seasonal (winter) sites for sheep breeders. In Russia, such settlement is found in the mountainous part of the North Caucasus, partly in the South Urals and in the mountains of southern Siberia. It is widely represented in the mountainous regions of the states of Transcaucasia and Central Asia.
8. The type of settlement that is not found in Russia is focal settlement in the desert zone. In this case, the rural population is concentrated in oases, where large settlements are located close to each other, and therefore the population density is very high. Residents are engaged in the cultivation of labor-intensive crops (industrial, vegetables, fruits) and their primary processing. But most of the territory (desert) is practically not covered by resettlement - there are only rare temporary campsites for livestock breeders, very small in number and leading a virtually semi-nomadic lifestyle, at water sources. This type of settlement is typical for the desert regions of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
The suburban rural settlement is an azonal type (i.e., not dependent on natural scrap). It is distributed around all major cities of Russia and other former republics of the USSR, but it occupies especially large territories around Moscow and St. Petersburg - in fact, completely Moscow and Leningrad regions. In this case, the closer to the city, the larger and more often rural settlements are located, and the farther from the city, the smaller and farther they are from each other. The rural population in this type is the most urbanized, most of the inhabitants work in the immediate vicinity of cities. Rural settlements often also have an urban appearance - they are built up with multi-storey buildings, have a high level of amenities, a developed service sector, a diverse structure of employment, etc.
In addition to the features caused by natural conditions, rural settlement in different parts of the CIS also has national and cultural differences. This is manifested, in particular, in the characteristic designations of rural settlements. So, in most of the territory of Russia, as well as in Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, typical rural settlements are:
- villages: older, as a rule, larger settlements that had churches in the past or have survived to this day;
- villages: old small settlements without churches;
- settlements: new settlements that arose during the years of Soviet power or in the last decade.
At the same time, in the Russian regions of the North Caucasus, inhabited by Cossacks, rural settlements are called stanitsa (there are also farms, but now these are, as a rule, large settlements that were real farms in the distant past), and in the national republics of the North Caucasus - auls ... In Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and the states of Central Asia, traditional rural settlements are auls or kishlaks. Farms are widespread in the Baltic states.
3 IMPROVEMENT OF POPULATION ACCOMMODATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION BY APPLYING GLOBAL TRENDS
3.1 Trends in the world economy and territorial organization of the population
The development of national OET systems cannot be considered in isolation from current trends and features of the functioning of the world economy, which determine the state of the world economic environment, the world economic space for all states and regions of the Earth. The pace and level of socio-economic development of the world economy and its individual regions have a significant impact on socio-demographic and ecological-economic processes, changing the parameters of the material and spiritual needs of the population, indicators of its reproduction, location, migration, forms of settlement, organization of production.In recent years, the impact of the world economic system on national economies has been increasing. Previously, the world economy was a field on which sovereign states operated, now it is turning into an independent entity operating in the space of sovereign states and OET subsystems. At the same time, in international economic relations, there is a shift in emphasis from mainly trade and economic ties to financial, industrial, investment and social ones. At the same time, significant imbalances have emerged in the development of market relations: the growth rates of international trade turnover exceed the growth rates of world production, the growth rates of international capital flows exceed those of trade turnover, intra-company sales of TNCs exceed international trade, mechanisms for regulating international economic relations are increasingly concentrated in transnational corporations and banks. and international organizations (IMF, WTO, etc.).
The features and new trends in the development of the world economic system associated with the processes of its globalization, which, according to a number of experts, is a process of accelerated formation of a single global financial and information space based on new, mainly computer technologies, are becoming more and more clearly manifested. The scientific and technological revolution has led to a radical change in the importance of human capital as an integral part of the productive forces. Man as a subject of production began to play a key role in creating new value, became more significant than factors such as machines, natural resources and energy. In connection with this, the requirements for the OET are increasing and changing. At the same time, the importance of man has sharply increased as the final consumer of the goods produced. Consumers begin to exert a decisive influence not only on corporate politics, but also on the political decisions of entire states.
Competition in the world economy has long been conducted not so much between individual companies and countries as between large markets covering entire groups of countries, their regional associations and OET subsystems. Competition has spread to the sphere of the formation of social needs. In this regard, the approaches to organizing the management of the development of public consciousness are being transformed. If a society forms the strategy of the state governing system, then such a society has great opportunities to increase the competitiveness of the national economy. If the strategy of a society is formed under the influence of group interests that do not meet social needs, then the national economy becomes less competitive.
Integration of national economies into the world economy in the long term creates conditions and opportunities for accelerating economic growth and socio-economic development of less developed countries, helps outsider countries to catch up with economic leaders. The incentives for the integration of national economies into the world economic system are now generally known and are based on the principle of comparative advantages of a country's participation in international trade, according to which its liberalization allows one to draw certain conclusions through access to cheaper imported components, raw materials, and services (including financial). and expanding export opportunities for those national goods whose production costs in a given country or region are lower. This creates the necessary conditions for increasing the rates of economic growth and the living standards of the population.
The country's accession to the WTO gives its enterprises access to cheaper imported components, raw materials and services (financial, communication, transport, etc.), and the population - to cheaper goods and services (including financial), and thus , contributes to an increase in the standard of living. However, this well-known classical position of the development of the world and national economies was true under certain conditions, at the previous stages of the development of the world economy, with the general observance of the established principles and norms of international exchange. Practice shows that in the context of the globalization of the world economy, this classic pattern is violated and has negative consequences on the socio-economic development of national economies, their regional subsystems, including various subsystems of OET. According to experts, the liberalization of foreign trade is indeed one, but by no means a priority factor of economic growth, and accession to the WTO does not guarantee a solution to the problems of development of national economies.
According to K. Annan, "... it is the developed countries that today are dumping food products to world markets at dumping prices, the surplus of which in developed countries was created by subsidies for an annual amount of $ 250 billion. This threatens the existence of millions of poor farmers in the developing world." ... Over the past two decades, the increase in exports has not led to overall economic growth. During this time, only 33 countries were able to maintain 3 percent annual GDP growth per capita. In 59 countries, the rate has declined, and 80 countries now have lower per capita incomes than they did 10 or more years ago.
In recent years, this gap has become more and more consolidated and becomes almost insurmountable due to the proliferation of radically new technologies, the use of which intensifies competition. The most effective modern technologies are formed not only and not so much in production (in the field of added value education), but in the field of social production management and control over the sales market (the degree of uniqueness of the product - real or "introduced" into the minds of consumers with the help of advertising, trade marks, etc.). Such an organization of management and control of social production allows the formation of fundamentally new technical and behavioral standards that create unique, competitive advantages in the way these standards are formed.
In recent years, there has been a tendency to accelerate integration processes at the micro level - between specific economic entities of the market and at the interregional level - between individual cities, constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In this regard, one of the most important conditions for accelerating integration processes is interstate support for the formation of new transnational companies, joint ventures and industries, zones of cross-border cooperation, offshore zones, etc. legislative acts regulating the movement of labor, recognition of educational documents, encouragement and protection of mutual investments, elimination of the practice of double taxation, creation of opportunities for participation in cross-corporation, preferential lending of priority projects, etc.
With the deepening of the globalization of the world economy, there is a rethinking of approaches to the territorial organization of society. Currently, there are three approaches to this problem:
1) the world is seen as a progressive integration of differences;
2) as a set of hybrid phenomena or a kind of global mixture;
3) as a complex interaction of different cultures in the global space.
Modern Western society is becoming more individualized, and collective actions in it are increasingly difficult to define and implement.
The importance of the factor of culture in development is felt at the present time not only in Russia and other countries with economies in transition, and in almost all countries of the world. The recognition of the importance of cultural aspects of development in these projects and the impressive success of the latter prepared the conditions for considering culture as a special factor of development at the global level. In order to justify the inclusion of cool
etc.................
The analysis of population distribution is an important task of population geography. Most often it is determined by the number of inhabitants per 1 square kilometer, that is, by indicators of population density (in the world it is 40 people per square kilometer).
Population density
People are settled on the planet extremely unevenly. About 1/10 of the land is still uninhabited (Antarctica, almost all of Greenland, and so on).
According to other estimates, about half of the land has a density of less than 1 person per square kilometer, for 1/4 the density ranges from 1 to 10 people per 1 square kilometer. km and only the rest of the land has a density of more than 10 people per square kilometer. In the inhabited part of the Earth (ecumene), the average population density is 32 people per sq. km.
80% live in the eastern hemisphere, 90% in the northern, 60% of the total population in Asia.
Obviously, there is a group of countries with a very high population density - over 200 people per square kilometer. It includes countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Republic of Korea, Rwanda, El Salvador, etc.
In a number of countries, the density indicator is close to the world average - in Ireland, Iraq, Colombia, Malaysia, Morocco, Tunisia, Mexico, etc.
Some countries have a lower density than the world average - in them it is no more than 2 people per 1 km2. This group includes Mongolia, Libya, Mauritania, Namibia, Guiana, Australia, Greenland, etc.
Reasons for uneven settlement
The uneven distribution of the population on the planet is explained by a number of factors.
- First, it is the natural environment. For example, it is known that 1/2 of the world's population is concentrated in lowlands, although they make up less than 30% of the land; 1/3 of people live at a distance of no more than 50 kilometers from the sea (the area of this strip is 12% of the land) - the population is, as it were, shifted to the sea. This factor has probably been the leading one throughout human history, but its influence is weakening with socio-economic development. And although vast areas with extreme and unfavorable natural conditions (deserts, tundra, high mountains, tropical forests, etc.) are still poorly populated, nevertheless, natural factors alone cannot explain the expansion of the oecumene's ranges and those huge shifts in the distribution of people that have occurred over the past century.
- Secondly, the historical factor exerts a rather strong influence. This is due to the duration of the process of human settlement on Earth (about 30-40 thousand years).
- Thirdly, the current demographic situation influences the distribution of the population. So, in some countries, the population is growing very quickly due to high natural increase.
In addition, within any country or region, no matter how small, the population density is different and varies greatly depending on the level of development of the productive forces. It follows that the indicators of the average population density give only an approximate idea of the population and economic potential of the country.
see also
Population structure
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All over the world, the location of various industries, transport, agriculture does not happen by chance, but under the influence of certain conditions. Conditions that have a great influence on the choice of location for the development of production are called factors of production location.
Factors influencing the location of production
The factors of the location of production forces are a set of external conditions and resources, the correct use of which ensures the best result in the development of economic activity and the location of production.
The most important factors in the location of production include:
- Raw materials - location of enterprises in close proximity to sources of raw materials. Most factories and plants are built near large water bodies, mineral deposits. Thanks to this, time and financial costs are saved for the transportation of large volumes of goods, and the cost of finished products will be significantly lower. The raw material factor has a decisive influence on the location of enterprises for the production of cement, potash fertilizers, timber, for the beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores.
Many natural resource deposits are almost completely devastated. This led to the fact that mining enterprises began to develop new places, most often difficult to access. For example, oil and gas production is currently taking place in bays and seas. Such industries require large investments and are highly polluting.
Rice. 1. Oil production at sea.
- Fuel - this factor has a decisive influence on the location of enterprises that use a large amount of mineral fuel in their work: fuel oil, natural gas, coal. Such industries include the chemical industry, ferrous metallurgy, and heat power engineering.
- Energetic - determines the location of industries using large amounts of electricity. Such industries are called energy-intensive. These include enterprises for the production of paper, chemical fibers, light non-ferrous metals. They are placed near large hydroelectric power plants.
- Labor - influences the location of production facilities that employ a large number of labor resources, including high-level specialists. Such industries are called labor-intensive. These include vegetable growing, rice growing, production of personal computers and electronic equipment, and clothing production. Such enterprises are located in densely populated areas with cheap labor.
Rice. 2. Manufacture of electronic equipment.
- Consumer - affects the location of enterprises producing consumer goods: clothing, footwear, food, household appliances. They are found in almost all large settlements.
- Transport - this factor is very important for industries whose products need to be supplied to other regions. To reduce additional transport costs, many industries are located near large transport hubs.
- Ecological - the role of this factor lies in the negative impact of most chemical industries on the environment. That is why they cannot be placed in densely populated areas. Otherwise, more stringent requirements for purification technologies apply to them.
Table "Factors of production location"
|
Production location factors |
Industries |
|
Raw materials |
Extractive industry, sawmills, production of non-ferrous metal ores |
|
Fuel |
Heat power engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry |
|
Energetic |
Plants for the production of paper and man-made fibers |
|
Labor |
Garment manufacturing, vegetable growing, electronic equipment manufacturing |
|
Consumer |
Consumer goods manufacturing |
|
Transport |
Railway production, automotive |
|
Ecological |
Chemical and metallurgical production |
Production location conditions
The location of production also depends on such external conditions as the natural environment, population, base for scientific and technical potential, socio-historical conditions for the development of specific production.
One of the most important conditions for the location of many industries, in particular, agricultural activities, are agro-climatic indicators. The natural fertility of soils, the water regime of the territory, the specificity of the climate largely determine the productivity of such sectors of the economy.
Rice. 3. Agriculture.
The connection between the conditions and factors of the location of production is very great. Only with a competent approach, taking into account all the indicators, it is possible to create the most efficient and productive production.
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What have we learned?
While studying the topic "Factors of production location", we learned what the location of various production facilities depends on. We found out how external factors affect the productivity of various enterprises, got acquainted with examples of factors in the location of production.
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