Countries for which forestry and woodworking. World timber industry. Timber and woodworking industry: composition, placement. Geographic differences

Block houses 13.10.2021

Block houses

- one of the oldest industries producing structural materials and consisting of the following interconnected industries that differ from one another in production technology, the purpose of the products, but use the same raw materials:

Logging (felling, trail)
Mechanical processing - includes sawmilling, plywood, lumber, furniture, matches, parquet, etc.
Wood chemistry (production of charcoal, resin, alcohol, rosin, acetic acid, turpentine, fodder yeast, etc.)
The pulp and paper industry occupies an intermediate position, where chemical technologies are combined with mechanical processing, and includes the production of cellulose, paper, and cardboard.

Logging... From a seasonal industry it has turned into an industrial production sector with a permanent, qualified workforce and high-quality technology. This industry belongs to the extractive industry.

Sawmill- the main consumer of commercial wood at the logging stage, from where wood makes up 25% (branches, bark, needles) in sawmilling - sawdust, shavings, humps, slats (they increase to 40%). Sawmill centers are usually located in logging areas, but they can also be located in other areas, where a huge mass of roundwood is transported by various means of transport.

Sawmilling serves as a base for the subsequent processing of raw materials. In close connection with it, standard housing construction, the production of furniture, DRSP, plywood, and matches were widely developed. The placement of industries for the mechanical processing of wood should take into account such features of the forest industry as high unit costs of raw materials for the manufacture of products (1 ton of wood pulp - 3m3), and waste at the stages of logging and sawmilling. With this specificity, it is necessary to bring production closer to sources of raw materials or transport routes. However, transporting furniture is more expensive than transporting wood and requires highly skilled labor to produce it. Therefore, as a rule, the production of furniture is located with the consumer.

Wood chemistry, like most branches of mechanical woodworking, gravitates towards logging sites. Very often, wood-chemical enterprises are located near the sawmill centers, as they use waste from this production.

Pulp and paper industry differs in material consumption (1 ton of cellulose - 5 m3 of wood) and water capacity (1 ton of products - 350 m3 of water). Often, pulp and paper production is associated with sawmilling and uses waste from mechanical wood processing - the so-called paper pulp. So, the main factors in the location of the Central Bank of production are raw materials (approaching forest-surplus regions) and water. Rivers are often used as transport routes for timber and sources of water supply.

Within the northern forest belt, mainly coniferous timber is harvested and all types of forest industry are developed. The most effective form of organization of the forest industry in these areas is the timber industry complex (), which includes timber harvesting, various types of processing, including waste disposal, production of VSP and fiberboard.

For some countries of this belt (Russia,

Coming to the consideration of the timber and woodworking industry, we must first of all recall everything that we already know about the world's forest resources - about the total timber reserves, indicators of forest cover of countries, the northern and southern forest belts of the Earth, etc. It is these resources that serve as the natural basis for the formation of a whole complex of branches of the timber and woodworking industry. The composition of this complex is rather complex and includes several sequential production and technological stages. Firstly, it is timber harvesting (removal). Secondly, this is its mechanical processing into sawn timber, plywood, chipboard and fiberboard, etc. Thirdly, it is its chemical (and chemical-mechanical) processing, including the production of cellulose, and then paper and cardboard. We will consider all these three stages further.
To one degree or another, almost all countries of the world are harvesting timber, so its total volume is gradually increasing and in 2005 already exceeded 3.4 billion cubic meters (Fig. 58). But we, as usual, are primarily interested in the leading countries, which you can get acquainted with from Table. thirty.
Table 30
Top five countries by size of timber harvested, 2005

the years
Rice. 58. World logging

It turns out that only the five leading countries account for 45.6% of all timber harvested in the world. As for the set of these countries itself, on the whole it is quite expected, since it more or less corresponds to the ranking of countries in terms of the size of forest area. The only exception is Russia, which, as you already know, ranks first in the world in terms of forest (and wooded) area, but nevertheless remained “overboard” in Table 30. In terms of timber harvesting, it ranks sixth in the world ( 105 million cubic meters) Of course, this is also a very high figure, but still it is 4.4 times lower than that of the United States and 3.1 times lower than that of India.
You have probably already paid attention to the fact that in table. 30 represent countries belonging to both the northern and southern forest belts of the Earth. But the data in this table do not yet give a complete picture of the relationship between these two zones in the world timber harvesting. The fact is that in the last two or three decades, the share of the southern belt has been increasing all the time. The number of fairly large logging countries included India, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Pakistan, Thailand - in foreign Asia; Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, South Africa, Tanzania - in Africa; Mexico

The textile industry of the world of Kai Chile is in Latin America. As for the main logging countries of the northern belt, this group has practically not changed. It still includes the USA, Canada, Russia, Sweden, Finland, Germany.
But this is only the most general view of timber harvesting. The fact is that it is customary to subdivide it into industrial wood, which goes into further mechanical and chemical processing, and firewood, which is used as fuel. The ratio between them is approximately 50:50. But it is precisely on this issue that there is a great qualitative difference between the countries of the two forest belts. In the countries of the northern forest belt, the harvesting of commercial timber sharply prevails, and in most countries of the southern belt, wood-fired.
To prove this thesis, we will give several examples. So, in Canada the share of firewood in logging is only 1.5%, in Sweden, Finland and Germany -8-9%, in the USA -10%, in Russia - 22%. In the countries of the southern forest belt, this indicator looks completely different. For example, in Brazil the share of firewood is 58%, in China - 67%, in Indonesia and Thailand - 71%. Moreover, in Nigeria and Myanmar it rises to 88%, in Pakistan - up to 90, in Uganda - up to 92, in India - 94, in the DRC - up to 96, and in Ethiopia - up to 97%. The performance of the latter two countries is generally typical for most countries in sub-Saharan Africa.
The omechanical processing of wood is most often judged by the production of lumber, which has already reached 410 million cubic meters worldwide. The leading countries in this case include the United States (110 million cubic meters), Canada (65), China, Japan, Russia (22), Brazil, India, Germany, Sweden. Basically, the same countries stand out for the production of plywood and chipboard.
Now let's turn to the chemical (chemical-mechanical) processing of wood, which is needed for the production of cellulose, paper and cardboard. Pulp is produced mainly in the countries of the northern forest belt, where coniferous wood predominates, and half of all world production comes from only two countries - the United States and Canada. However, China and Brazil are already in the top ten pulp-producing countries. Even more important for us is data on paper products, 30% of which is writing and printing paper, 13 - newsprint and 57% others.

Topic 3. Geography of the branches of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
grades of paper and cardboard used for packaging, technical, sanitary needs, etc. Note that the world production of paper and cardboard has grown from 130 million tons in 1970 to 360 million tons in 2005, and about 1/2 of it is obtained from waste paper. (According to forecasts, by 2015 this production should increase to 440 million tons.) And you can get acquainted with the main producers of paper products from Table. 31.
Table 31
Top five countries in the world by size of paper and paperboard production, 2005

In addition to them, the top ten countries in the world also include Finland, Sweden, the Republic of Korea, France and Italy. As far as Russia is concerned, its positions appear to be greatly weakened. In 2006, the country produced 7.5 million tons of paper and cardboard (2% of the world), approximately at the level of Indonesia. If we compare the large regions of the world, then the leap made by the countries of foreign Asia is striking. Back in 1980, this region accounted for less than 4% of the world production of paper and cardboard, and now (from 30%) it came into second place, overtaking foreign Europe and second only to North America.
In the literature, along with data on paper production, you will find information on its consumption. In the context of the globalization of the world economy, they are probably even more indicative. Moreover, they reflect to some extent not only the level of economic development, but also the level of civilization. This is especially clearly evidenced by the data not so much about the general as about the per capita consumption of paper and cardboard (Fig. 59). His analysis shows that the deepest difference between the countries of the North and the South still persists. Thus, a resident of the United States consumes 7.4 times more paper than a resident of China and almost 45 times more than a resident of India.

Rice. 59. Consumption of paper and paperboard per capita,
2005 year

In conclusion, we note that the products of the forestry and woodworking industries occupy an important place in world trade. From the countries located in the northern forest belt, wood and paper products are an important export item for Canada, Sweden, Finland, Russia, as well as for the United States, which ranks first in the export of unprocessed timber and sawn timber, but is also the largest importer of roundwood. paper and plywood. Within the southern forest belt, Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Indonesia specialize in the export of forest products. You can see how the main "forest bridges" pass in Fig. 60.
Canada is best cited as a large-scale example of a country where the timber and timber industry is an internationally specialized industry.

The world's textile industry The main natural prerequisite for the development of this industry in Canada is its vast forest resources. The belt of coniferous forests stretches here for several thousand kilometers from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean and covers an area of 450 million hectares; timber stock in it reaches 22 billion cubic meters. Although these figures are quite impressive in themselves, the specific indicators for sparsely populated Canada look even more convincing: both in terms of forest area (10 hectares) and timber reserves (more than 700 cubic meters) per capita it occupies first place in the world. On this basis, a powerful forestry and woodworking industry has been created in Canada, which employs more than 800 thousand people. In terms of industrial wood production, Canada ranks second in the world after the United States, and per capita (6.2 cubic meters) - ‘first. Today we have already talked about the fact that Canada is among the top five countries in the production of sawn timber, pulp, paper and cardboard, and on a per capita basis for both sawn timber and pulp, it ranks first in the world, and is inferior in paper only Finland and Sweden. It should be emphasized that Canada accounts for 1/4 of the world's newsprint, which also serves as an important article of its export. In the United States, many newspapers are printed on Canadian paper, and in fact they often have up to 100 pages.
For Russia, the timber and woodworking industry also serves as one of the branches of its international specialization. For a long time, Russia, which possesses the world's largest timber base, was one of the main producers and suppliers of various timber and paper products. However, in the 90s, this industry experienced a strong recession: in 2000, compared with 1988, timber harvesting decreased by almost 4 times, the production of sawn timber - by 4.3 times, cellulose - by 2.6, paper - by 2. ,4 times. As a result, Russia's rating has dropped noticeably: according to some indicators, it dropped out not only from the top five, but from the top ten countries. The main problems of the domestic timber and paper industry now include: 1) inconsistency of wood processing with the possibilities of the timber resource base; 2) territorial disproportion between the areas of the main forest resources (Siberia, the Far East) and the main areas of consumption of wood products; 3) export of round timber, not wood products.
Now let's move on to considering the textile industry - as the main branch of light industry, which gives about half of its output, and also ranks first in it in terms of the number of employees. The development of the textile industry is determined by all economic development, on which the consumer demand of the population depends.

Topic 8. Geography of the branches of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
The main products of this industry - fabrics and knitwear - belong to the category of mass and relatively inexpensive products, which can be produced by workers of medium and low qualifications. As B.N. Zimin, the textile industry is characterized by a rapid change of assortment associated with a change in fashion. So it comes to mind, I don't remember whose aphorism: "In all languages of the world, the word" fashion "is feminine, so she has her own whims ..."
The textile industry is a typical old industry. You were taught in high school in history and geography that the industrial revolution in England in the 18th century. started with her. Although spinning and weaving have remained at the heart of the industry's production process since then, the scientific and technological revolution certainly influenced it greatly. Spinning equipment was enriched by spinning machines. And in the weaving industry, traditional shuttle looms began to be replaced by more productive shuttleless ones. In addition, a knitwear industry has emerged, which has recently been moving to electronically controlled equipment. Nonwovens have appeared. All this means expanding the range, widespread use of labor-saving technologies. And nevertheless, the rate of development of the textile industry in the second half of XX - early XXI century. turn out to be significantly lower than in other industries. As a result, the global production of all types of fabrics has recently remained at a stable level of about 100-110 billion square meters.
But in the raw material balance of the textile industry and, accordingly, the structure of fabric production over the past decades, there have been very large changes. The main one is the constant increase in the consumption of chemical fibers, the share of which in the total consumption in 1950 was 16%, and in 2005 it rose to 62% (Fig. 61). In addition, in the composition of chemical fibers, the predominance of synthetic fibers (the most common of which is polyester) over cellulose ones has sharply increased. As we noted in the last lecture, now the ratio between them is 93: 7. Each of us clearly feels these structural shifts on himself.

Rice. 61. Change in the world structure of textile fibers,%
(1950-2005)

I remember how in the post-war period, when synthetic fabrics began to spread, men tried to get nylon shirts, and women - nylon stockings; both of them wore bologna raincoats - it was then very fashionable. Then the fashion for natural fibers returned again, and now, when buying underwear or clothes, you probably ask how much cotton or wool is in this fabric. But to answer this question for the most part is rather difficult, since natural fabrics without admixture of chemical fiber are now almost never produced. Such fabrics are called blended fabrics. Or, as N.V. Alisov, statistics unites them in the category "cotton fabrics and fabrics like cotton."
We should be even more interested in the shifts taking place in the location of the global textile industry.
You know well that in the 19th century. and in the first half of the XX century. the leading positions in the textile industry of the world were occupied by Europe (in a broad sense, that is, including the European part of Russia) '. Capitalist industrialization led to the fact that it was here that such large
and world famous areas of this industry, like Lancashire and Yorkshire in Great Britain, Alsace in France, Flanders in Belgium, Saxony in Germany, Tuscany and Lombardy in Italy, Central region in Russia. And this is not to mention such centers as Lyons, Lille, Lodz, Ivanovsky and others. If we bear in mind the countries of the North, then a large textile industry also emerged in the USA and Japan. Already in the XX century. it has experienced crises and recessions in production more than once. Currently, the main task is considered to be the increase in labor efficiency and product quality, which allows to achieve higher sales prices and, consequently, an increase in turnover per employee.
Unlike the countries of the North, from the countries of the South, perhaps only China and India had a large textile industry. No wonder the first prime minister of independent India, Jawaharlal Nehru, called his country “Lancashire of Asia”. But after the collapse of the colonial system, many liberated countries embarked on the path of industrialization, starting with the textile industry.
The provision of raw materials and cheap labor has led to the fact that in the countries of the South, this industry began to develop at a very high rate. As a result, at the beginning of the XXI century. their share in the world production of fabrics has reached 2/3. And the main center for the production of textile fibers and fabrics moved from Europe and the United States to Asia.
More specifically, this territorial shift from developed to developing countries can be illustrated by the example of the main branch of the textile industry - cotton, which produces 75 billion square meters. m per year. Back in the middle of the XX century. the top ten countries for the production of cotton fabrics included five countries of Western Europe, the USA, Japan, the USSR, China and India. It now includes the United States, Russia, the Republic of Korea and seven developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In more detail, you can familiarize yourself with the location of the global cotton industry using rice. 62. It follows from it that today there are 21 countries in the world producing more than 100 million square meters. m and incl. 6 - more than 1 billion sq. m of cotton fabrics per year. Pay attention to the fact that two developing countries - China and India - occupy an uncompetitive place in the production of such fabrics. Moreover, both of them are already significantly

Topic 8. Geography of the branches of the world economy. Industry of the world (lectures 39-50)
exceeded the global average for the production of cotton fabrics based on the per capita rate of the population (11-12 sq. m.). And now, in order to preserve the tradition, I will introduce you to the top five countries (Table 32).
Table 32
Top five countries in the world for the production of cotton fabrics, 2005

Next, we will briefly consider other sectors (sub-sectors) of the textile industry. The first is the wool industry, which produces much more expensive woolen fabrics. These fabrics are produced many times less than cotton - 9.5 billion square meters. m per year. Traditionally, their main producers are the countries of foreign Europe, Russia, Japan, but recently some countries of East Asia have been added to them. So the top five countries for the production of such fabrics now include China, Italy, Japan, India and France. And Russia (along with Turkey, Germany, Spain and Great Britain) is only in the second five.
Secondly, it is the silk industry, which for centuries was based on expensive natural silk and had a relatively small scale. But after the invention of artificial silk, the pace of its development began to increase rapidly and now, in terms of the size of the annual production of fabrics, it surpasses the woolen industry by about 10 times. The geography of this industry is also not quite usual: almost 1/2 of the world's production of silk fabrics comes from the United States, and the rest comes from Asian countries, especially China and Japan, India, and the Republic of Korea.
Thirdly, this is the linen industry, which has received the greatest development in Russia, Belarus, and some countries of foreign Europe.

World textile industry
Fourth, this is the hemp-jute industry, which processes jute stalks into technical and furniture fabrics, carpets, and ropes. The main production area in the world is located in the Ganges and Brahmaputra deltas, in India and Bangladesh.
As a special sub-branch of the textile industry, we can name the production of knitwear, which has acquired paramount importance in Western countries. Suffice it to say that the cost of knitwear production has already exceeded the production of fabrics. This is largely due to the fact that labor productivity in the knitwear industry is several times higher than, for example, in the weaving industry. But the production of nonwovens, which are increasingly used for technical purposes, is developing at an even faster pace.
It remains to add that textiles are one of the most traditional commodities in international trade. Not so long ago, economically developed countries of Western Europe, the USA, and Japan acted as the main exporters and importers of fabrics. But then developing countries also actively intervened in this trade, in most of which the textile industry is strongly export-oriented. Nowadays, in the export of textiles, the non-competitive first place is taken by China (all the more so - together with Hong Kong), followed by Italy, Germany, the USA, the Republic of Korea, Fr. Taiwan, France. The main importers of textiles are the United States, Japan and the European countries of the G7.
For Russia, the textile industry has always been one of the most traditional industries, which played an important role in both the gross domestic product and the international geographical division of labor. Back in 1991, Russia produced 7.5 billion square meters. m of fabrics, which put it in one of the leading places in the world. But with the beginning of economic reform and its transfer to a market basis in the Russian textile industry, there was an unprecedented drop in production volumes.
As a result of the landslide recession in 1991-1996. the total volume of tissue release decreased by more than 5 times. Accordingly, the share of Russia in world production has sharply decreased: for cotton fabrics from 5.2 to 1.4%, for woolen fabrics from 12.2 to 2.2%. In 1997 in the magazine "Textile Industry" one could read an article entitled "The death of the oldest branch of industry in Russia." As for the reasons for such a deep crisis, you must understand that these include:
(lectures 39-50)
1) strong technological backwardness of production and, as a result, low product quality; 2) lack of working capital; 3) intense competition from imported goods; 4) loss of domestic sources of cotton and wool; 5) decrease in the solvency of the population of the country.
At the beginning of the XXI century. the situation in the Russian textile industry has improved, the decline in production has stopped. But it has not yet reached the level of 1991: for example, the share of the Russian Federation in the world output of cotton fabrics is 3.5-4%, woolen - 2-2.5%.
Test questions Describe the main components of the forest complex of the world. Describe the main features of the location of the global timber and paper industry. Explain the dynamics of the development of the global textile industry and changes in its sectoral structure. Describe the major shifts in the placement of the world's textile industry.
Literature
The main Maksakovsky V.P. Geographic picture of the world. Textbook for universities. Book. 1. General characteristics of the world. Ed. 4th. - M .: Bustard, 2008. Topic 5. Maksakovsky V.P. Economic and social geography of the world. Textbook for grade 10. Ed. 16th. - M .: Education, 2008. Rodionova I.A. World economy: industrial sphere. Textbook for universities. - SPb .: Peter, 2005. Section 2.
Additional Alisov N.V., Khorev B.S. Economic and social geography of the world (general overview). Textbook for universities. - M .: Gardariki, 2000. Section VIII. Geography. Textbook / Ed. E.V. Baranchikov. - M .: Academia, 2005. Chapter 5.

Textile industry of the world Lyubimov I.M. General political, economic and social geography. Textbook for universities. - M .: Helios ARV, 2001. Chapters 5,6,7. Rodionova I.A. Macrogeography of the world's industry. Textbook for universities. - M .: Moscow Lyceum, 2000. Rodionova I.A. Industry of the world: territorial shifts in the second half of the 20th century. - M .: Moscow Lyceum, 2002. Russia and the countries of the world. Official edition. - M .: Rosstat, 2008. Section "Industrial production". Smirnov EN. Introduction to the course of the world economy (economic geography of foreign countries). Textbook for universities. - M .: KNORIS, 2008. Chapter 5. Socio-economic geography of the world. Textbook for universities / Ed. V.V. Volsky. - M .: Bustard, 2001. Part II, chapter 3. Kholina V.N., Naumov A.S., Rodionova I.A. Socio-economic geography of the world. Reference manual. - M .: Drofa-DiK, 2006.

1. Timber and woodworking industry: composition, location. Geographic differences.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Asian countries.

3. Determination of the main exporters of coffee based on statistical materials.

1. Timber and woodworking industry: composition, location. Geographic differences.

The timber and woodworking industry is a complex complex industry that includes logging, sawmilling, mechanical and chemical processing of wood.

Forests cover less than 30% of the land (3819 million hectares), but so far about 2.3 billion hectares are available for harvesting.

The geography of the world's forestry and woodworking industries is largely determined by the location of forest resources.

Allocate:

1) Northern forest belt: it is located in the temperate climatic zone and partly in the subtropical. It accounts for 1/2 of all forest areas in the world, and almost the same part of the timber stock.

Mainly coniferous wood is harvested here, which is then processed into sawlogs, wood boards, cellulose, paper, cardboard.

Leading countries in the timber industry: Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland.

Canada ranks first in the world in the export of forest products.

For your information: in terms of timber harvesting per capita (6 - 7 cubic meters per year), Canada ranks first in the world. There are over 1.5 thousand sawmills in the country; the world's largest pulp and paper mill operates. Canada produces about 40% of all newsprint in the overseas world and accounts for 60% of its exports.

2) Southern forest belt: located mainly in the tropical and equatorial zones. It accounts for 1/2 of all forest areas in the world and more than 50% of the total timber supply.

Hardwood is harvested here.

There are three regions of the timber industry:

- Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia; timber from here goes mainly to Japan);

- Central and West Africa (Zaire, Angola, Sudan, Ghana; from these places wood goes to Europe);

- Latin America (Brazil): wood is exported to the USA and Europe.

For the manufacture of paper in the countries of the southern belt, non-wood raw materials are often used: bamboo (India), bagasse (Peru), sisal (Brazil, Tanzania), jute (Bangladesh). And nevertheless, in its production, especially on a per capita basis, these countries are unusually far behind.

For your information: India consumes 1.5 kg of paper per capita, Afghanistan and Mali - 0.1 kg each. For comparison, the average for the whole world is 45 kg, and in Finland it reaches 1400 kg.

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Timber industry. 1. Determine the industry composition and complete the table. Branches of the forest

Timber industry. 1. Determine the industry composition and complete the table.

Branches of the timber industry Main factors of location Examples of centers Logging Woodworking: sawmilling furniture match Pulp and paper Timber chemistry 2. Describe the timber industry bases of Russia according to the plan: 1 Geographical location. 2 Stocks of wood.

3. Specialization at the stages of forestry production. 4. Centers of the timber industry. 5. Problems and development prospects. 1 row - European North 2 row - Central Russia 3 row - Siberian region 33. Perform the test on the theme "Forest industry of Russia" 1. Industrial forest felling is carried out in forests: a) operational b) water protection c) reserved d) protective 2.More deep processing of wood is provided at: a) single enterprises b) timber industry complexes 3. Of the MD industries, the consumer is focused on production of: a) plywood b) cardboard c) furniture d) matches 4. Large pulp and paper mills are located in: a) Arkhangelsk, Bratsk b) Kursk, Serpukhov c) Kazan, Ufa d) Perm, Chelyabinsk 5. The pulp and paper industry mainly pollutes: a) the atmosphere b) surface waters c) soils d) the World Ocean 6. Arrange the pharmaceutical industries in the order of the manufactured products: furniture industry __ sawmilling ___ logging ___ (1,2,3) 7.

The largest volumes of timber harvesting fall on the zone: a) mixed forests b) taiga c) deciduous forests 8. What is the factor of location, is the leading one for the furniture industry. a) at sources of raw materials b) energy and water c) transport routes d) consumer 9. What is the main export product of MD enterprises: a) cardboard b) paper c) round timber d) sawn timber 10. Name the factors that determine the location of pulp and paper industry: a) ecological b) raw materials c) water d) scientific e) energy 11. Name the centers of the pulp and paper industry: a) Bratsk b) St. Petersburg c) Baikalsk d) Moscow 12. Where is it preferable to locate the sawmilling centers?

a) at the intersection of floating rivers and railways b) in large cities c) in seaports d) in places of excess electricity 13. Which forest port is located at the mouth of the Ob River? a) Arkhangelsk b) Naryan-Mar c) Dudinka d) Salekhard 14. Specify the forest surplus region of Russia: a) Rostov region.

Topic 1.5. The geography of the branches of the world economy.

b) Orenburg region. c) Perm Territory d) Chukotka JSC

Timber and woodworking industry

In this area, due to the lack of industrial forests, this industry is not developed.

Wood production.

Wood is a group of wood products used in construction to cover and decorate buildings. Until now, sawdust is a very relevant material due to its environmental properties.

Lumber production

customer-oriented and presents Photo.79 Forest transport

the primary level of mechanical processing of wood (Donetsk, Mariupol, Konstantinovka, Makeevka, Kramatorsk).

One of the most attractive investments is a medium density sheet (MDF) company in Makeevka.

This is the first company of this kind in the CIS countries. Market research

Rice. 80 plywood

confirms the great demand for its products in the CIS countries and far abroad.

The rarest production in the domestic industry is the production of plywood. The production of plywood is an intensive material with a large amount of waste, on the basis of which the production of particle boards is directed.

In this industry, there is a very slow increase in capacity, which is mainly associated with the reconstruction of existing facilities through partial replacement of equipment and a small expansion of areas (Donetsk Mariupol, Kostyantinovka, Makeevka, Kramatorsk).

In addition, there are serious problems with raw materials.

Furniture industry

Furniture manufacturing companies are located in consumption areas. This is due to the fact that the transportation of furniture is more expensive than wood, and the products themselves require trained personnel.

The furniture industry is most developed in Donetsk.

North European base it has the richest reserves of chemical raw materials (Khibiny ore, apatite-nepheline) and forests. There are reserves of oil, gas and coal. They work there in the field of coke and chemical companies (Cherepovets), gas processing and oil refining (Ukhta), which supply raw materials to the chemical industry.

There are large reserves of water resources for the development of the production of chemical forests.

Khibiny apatite concentrate is used for the production of high quality phosphorus fertilizers (Cherepovets, sulfuric acid obtained from ferrous metallurgy - sulfur).

In the future, the chemical industry needs further development through the processing of local oil and gas resources.

Favorable traffic of SOEs, large forest reserves, abundance of water predetermined the wide specialization of the region in forestry products.

Large-scale processing production of paper and cellulose (Kondopoga, Segezha, Arkhangelsk), wood and wood-based panels (Arkhangelsk, Syktyvkar). There LPK (Zheshart), furniture industry enterprises (Krasnovishersk, Syktyvkar), wood-chemical enterprises (Arkhangelsk, Medvezhyegorsk).

Central base - lack of resources. It was created with a focus on strong consumer demand. From local raw materials (phosphates - Egorovskoe field), which is produced only by phosphorus fertilizers (Voskresensk) and various wood products (cellulose, paper) in the forests of the northeast (Balakhna, Vyatka) and Syamstroy.

Competitions are held in Kaluga, Kirov, Rybinsk. Furniture - in almost all large cities (Kostroma, Novgorod, Moscow, St. Petersburg). The central region produces 1/3 of the timber industry.

Almost the entire chemical industry uses imported resources.

produce chemical fibers(artificial - Ryazan, Tver, St. Petersburg, Shuya, synthetics - Kursk, etc. - Klin, Serpukhov), tires and tires(Yaroslavl - in the oil refining industry (Almetyevsk oil), St. Petersburg - at the oil refinery in Kirishi (Almetyevsk oil), plastic(St. Petersburg - from the processing of hydrocarbons, Nizhny Tagil and Dzerzhinsk - based on coking coal Novotul and Novolipetsk Combines), complex fertilizers(Novomoskovsk, Voskresensk), nitrogen fertilizers(Shchekino, Lipetsk, Novomoskovsk, Novgorod, Dzerzhinsk), phosphate fertilizers(St. Petersburg, Volkhov - from imported khibiny apatite neoleic ore), paints and varnishes and synthetic dyes(St. Petersburg, Yaroslavl, Moscow - by weight of Almetyevsk).

The central base provides 45% of the chemical industry.

Volga-Ural base in terms of the variety and proportion of raw materials, the combination and strength of the industries that have arisen on their basis are the most balanced.

There are huge reserves of potassium (Solekamsk, Berezniki), sodium salts (for example, Baskunchak, Elton), sulfur (Orenburg), oil and gas, timber and water. Volga-Kama hydroelectric power station provides cheap energy. That is why the chemical and forestry complex created here is the largest and largest in Russia in terms of its scale and diversity. Its main elements are giant chemical complexes - Solekamsko-Berezniki, Ufimsko-Salavatskaya, Samara, which provide mineral fertilizers, soda, rubber, and plastics.

In the forest areas in the north, the main timber industry is developing.

Woodworking industry in the world

Central Bank - Krasnokamsk, Krasnovishersk, Solikamsk, Novaya Lyalya. There are forestry chemical companies (Asha, Novaya Lyalya, Saratov, Volgograd). Furniture (Saratov, Volgograd, Samara, Ufa, Chelyabinsk) and the gaming industry (Ufa) are well developed. The environmental factor is a serious obstacle for the further development of the base.

Siberian base belongs to the category of the most promising. On the reserves and diversity of resources exceeding all the Ural bases: forest resources (Irkutsk region, south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Republic of Khakassia), oil and gas, Glauber, salt (Usolye-Sibirskaya, Burla).

Petrochemistry is developing especially intensively (complexes Tobolsk and Tomsk, Omsk, Angarsk).

Formation of production of coal and chemicals (Kemerovo - plastics, synthetic resins, chemical fibers). The largest selection of products (cellulose, paper, fodder yeast, artificial fibers) is produced by the largest in the country - Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk.

The production of tires and rubber products from rubber obtained by hydrolysis of wood and oil products was also manufactured (Omsk, Krasnoyarsk).

introduction

The timber industry is one of the most interesting to study because of its complexity, versatility, worldwide distribution and the need for its products for the economy of any country.

In our work, we began to study the forestry complex in various aspects, paying special attention to prices and the impact of prices on the development of industry.

We started to think about the general definition of the forest complex and the aspects of the impact of forest resources on the capabilities of the industry. In addition, we will briefly discuss the technological characteristics of production, the volume of woodworking products, the scale of world trade. Attention is also paid to geographical structure: major importers and exporters, production of selected products by region, and North American, Pacific and European subgroups.

In addition to pricing forest products, we also looked at specific data that provide us with a more complete picture of the global timber market based on the North American Regional Timber Market.

Finally, based on our work, we have drawn some conclusions that show possible guiding principles for the development of the forest industry and the associated changes in price dynamics.

General characteristics of the forest complex

The production of the forest complex, the volume of production, the market situation, prices and other indicators are directly related to the state of the world's forests at the moment, the situation in the environment and, consequently, the global and domestic policies of individual countries on the issue of forest management.

Economic, political, demographic and social trends determine the direction of forest management and influence the formulation of national policies on this issue and the creation of related institutions.

The main impact on forest areas, the number of which is demographic changes (growth) and urbanization of the population, the need for forest products, as well as the ability of forests to perform important ecological functions. Policy trends affecting the forestry sector include decentralization, privatization, trade liberalization, and globalization of the world economy (1).

Currently, a large number of governmental and international organizations control forest problems and therefore affect the forest industry and industrial prices.

These organizations include the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IPF), established in April 1995, held in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, UNCED).

The goals of the IPF are to follow the recommendations of UNCED on global forest management, on the impact on the world community in forest matters. IPF collaborates with international organizations, governments, NGOs and the private sector, which has a significant impact on the state of forests and the forest industry.

Other organizations include the World Forest (SOFO), which regularly provides summary information.

You can also say about the United Nations Commission on Agriculture (FAO). The FAO Forest Resources Assessment Program (FAO) is based on decisions by many other organizations.

In 1995, the volume of the world's forests, including natural forests and plantations, amounted to 3.454 million hectares, which is slightly more than in developing countries.

The total loss of forests in the world in 1990-1995 was estimated at 56.3 million hectares, which reduced the forest area to 65.1 million people. Ha, especially in developing countries, and increased by 8.8 million people in one city in their territory. Ha. In general, the decline in forest area was mainly in developing countries, but at the same time reduced its magnitude lower than projected in the 1980-1990 biennium. And currently it is still declining.

Research into the causes of forest change has shown that the main drivers are agricultural development in Africa, Asia and major economic development programs accompanied by migration, infrastructure development and agriculture in Latin America and Asia.

Although forest production is not the main cause of direct deforestation, it is indirectly an important factor. cutting operations in many areas are accompanied by road layouts that have become readily accessible for agrarian colonization from remote areas.

Although the entire area of forest cover is constantly decreasing, the demand for forest products is constantly growing.

FAO forest products statistics show that global consumption of forest products has increased by 36% since 1970.

Fuelwood consumption, which is the main or only source of energy for two-fifths of the world's population, continues to grow at 1.2% per year.

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About 90% of woodfuel is produced and used in developing countries. Industrial countries account for about 70% of the production and consumption of industrial forest products.

Many countries mainly relate to plantations and agricultural forests to meet their forest needs.

The amount of wood produced on plantations in Asia, Oceania and South America has increased significantly. In developing countries alone, forest area has increased from 40 million hectares in 1980 to over 80 million hectares in 1995.

One of the most important trends has been the development of more efficient technological processes that can significantly increase the final product while reducing the consumption of raw materials.

It is also important to move to cleaner technologies.

Technological characteristics of wood processing

The forestry group is engaged in sawing and other wood materials. The list of wooden products is very extensive. According to the US classification, the main industries in this industry are:

- incoming

- crushing and manufacturing of plywood from plywood

- manufacture of wooden containers

- construction of wooden buildings

- other wood products.

In order to use it later, the wood must be processed in some basic types of materials.

This is the direction of the first three mentioned branches of the timber industry.

There are about 20 processes used in the data fields, including: sawing, shredding by pressing, molding, molding materials, drilling, chemical processing and the like

World trade in forest products and its structure

Structure of world trade in forest products

In the forestry sector, it currently accounts for about one tenth of the total industrial production in advanced market economies.

In this complex there is a very diverse and varied production that combines a unique unique natural raw material, which is wood.

Wood retains its place in the modern world as the most important type of natural raw material used by civilization.

Over the past two decades, wood has accounted for about 10% of the world's work. Despite active competition for new materials and technologies, its share is practically not decreasing. According to this indicator, the timber industry is about the same as in the chemical industry, slightly higher than in the food industry, and almost twice as important as light industry or metallurgy.

The commodity structure of the global timber market is quite complex.

It looks like this:

Table 1. Commodity structure of the world forest market

The data in Table 1-% * show the share of products in the value of world timber trade and can be linked to the data in Table 2 for the period 1989-1992.

The data in Table 1 -% ** show the ratio to timber used for export.

As a result, we see that semi-finished products and raw materials prevail in the structure of global timber exports, and the final products can be attributed to no more than a quarter of the world trade in products from the forest paper complex. When exporting timber to the USSR in 1990, which at that time amounted to about 2 billion rubles,

rubles, the share of semi-finished products and raw materials was even higher - up to 97%.

For the most complete understanding of the commodity structure of the market, one can take into account the commodity set of exports of the richest forest states, which are the leading sellers in this market.

There are 9 billion in Finland.

about 7 types of wood and paper, 1 - for sawn timber, while wood products account for only 2% of revenue, paper products - 5%, furniture - 2%.

Introduction …………………………………………. ………………………………………… .. ……………. 2

The importance of industry in the national economy …………………………………………. 4

Chapter II. Factors affecting the location of the industry …………………… …… .6

Industry characteristics …………………………………… ...… …… .7

3.1 Sectoral structure ………………………………………… …………… .. 7

3.2. Economic assessment of forest resources by regions of Russia ……… ..… .12

3.3 Industrial production dynamics …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 19

Conclusion …………………………………………. ……………………… ..… .. 21

Bibliography …………………………………………………… .. 22

introduction

We unite the industrial sectors related to the collection, processing and processing of wood raw materials into a group with a common name - the forestry industry, which is also called the forestry complex.

Oil is often called "black gold", gas - "blue".

Without exaggeration, the forest can be called the “green gold” of Russia. The forest provides man with a universal raw material - wood, which is used in all industries.

Russia is the largest forestry country in the world, with a strong wood-chemical complex, including collection, mechanical processing and chemical processing of wood. Russia is rich in forests: it occupies more than 45% of its territory. In our country, one fifth of the world's timber supply is concentrated.

It ranks first in a forested area of over 750 million hectares and exceeds the forest coverage of such large forested countries as Canada, USA, Sweden, Norway and Finland. More than half of the world's valuable coniferous species is concentrated in the Russian forest. The total inventory of industrial timber reaches 30 billion m3 - more than three times the reserves of the USA and Canada.

In the Russian forest there are about 1500 species of trees and shrubs, there are valuable types of needles, which make up 9/10 of all reserves.

When collecting wood, mature and transplanted crops are first used (the age of the mature species is from 80 to 100 years, the overweight organism is more than 100 years old). Mammals and angles currently occupy more than 5% of the total forest area, more than 95% are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East.

The largest amount of wood in Russia is boron, spruce, larch. Softwood is widely used in the construction and pulp and paper industries.

Thus, forestry is one of the most interesting to study because of its complexity, versatility, worldwide distribution and the need for its products for the economy of any country.

Chapter I. The importance of the industry in the national economy.

The importance of the timber industry in the Russian economy is determined by the huge reserves of wood, the wide territorial distribution of forest resources and the fact that at present there is practically no economic area that does not use wood or its derivatives.

If at the beginning of the 20th century. wood produces 2-2.5 thousand types of products, and then at the end of the 20th century. industry products over 20 thousand different products.

Firstly, timber provides business lumber. The economic value of wood is very high, but it is mainly used and used in construction, industry and transport, in agriculture and municipal services. Wood is easy to process, has a low specific gravity, it is strong enough and its chemical composition makes it possible to obtain a wide range of useful products.

But at the same time, there are many products in the forest for various purposes.

This non-wood product of plant and animal origin meets the diverse needs of the population. There is great potential for food and forage in the forest, the most valuable reserves of various varieties of nuts. The forest provides mushrooms, strawberries, birch and maple juices, and medicinal plants. These funds can be produced in large quantities, although the inequality of their territorial concentration and large fluctuations in profitability in recent years affect the level of their economic use.

In addition, the forest is a habitat for many commercial animals.

The useful functions of the forest are very diverse. An important place among them is water protection and soil protection.

The forest adapts spring floods, water regime of rivers and land. This has a positive effect on the river, lake and groundwater, improves their quality, and purifies various harmful substances. A change in the microclimate in areas protected by forest belts contributes to an increase (by 15-25%) in yields

The use of forests to meet social needs is of increasing importance - rest and improvement of human health, improvement of his condition.

The recreational properties of the forest are very diverse. The forest produces oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide: 1 hectare of pine forest at the age of 20 absorbs 9.34 tons of carbon dioxide and gives 7.25 tons of oxygen.

Forest absorbs noise: the crowns of deciduous trees reflect and dissipate up to 70% of sound energy. The forest humidifies the air and weakens the wind, neutralizing the effect of harmful industrial emissions. It produces phytoncides, killing pathogenic bacteria, has a beneficial effect on the human nervous system.

Thus, the timber industry is very important in the national economy.

Chapter II.

Factors influencing the location of the industry.

The wood industry is directly related to the supply of raw materials. The main areas of commercial timber production (from west to east) are the North, Volga-Vyatka, Ural, West Siberian, East Siberian, Far East.

The sawmill is controlled by two mock factors - the raw material (first) and the consumer. It is no coincidence that the main areas of timber production are Eastern Siberia and the North (more than 1/5 each), the Urals (1/7), the West Siberian and Far East (approximately 1/10).

Taking into account the consumer factor, sawing is located in the central, central Chernoz and the Volga region.

The consumer factor is the leading factor in the location of companies in the furniture industry.

The production of matches together with the factor of placing consumers takes into account the raw materials (availability of Aspen stands).

Companies in the pulp and paper industry (pulp and paper, pulp and paper mills) are built mainly in the field of raw materials, while the consumer factor is taken into account in the paper industry.

Leading regions for pulp are north (almost half), Eastern Siberia (f), Northwest (1/10); paper - like the north (more than 2/5), Ural (1/6), North-West (1/6), Volga-Vyatsky (1/10).

The wood chemical industry is in the field of raw materials; its products are rosin, turpentine, varnish, protein and vitamin supplements.

Thus, the location of the forest industry is influenced by two factors - raw materials and consumers.

Chapter III.

Industry characteristics.

3.1. Industry structure.

In the sectoral structure of the production of marketable products in Russia as a whole, the woodworking, woodworking and pulp and paper industries and the paper industry accounted for 4.6%.

The structure of the forestry complex is divided into the following sectors:

logging, sawing - the main forest areas: Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Central, Volga, Ural, Western and Eastern Siberia;
furniture production - central, northwestern, Ural, North Caucasian, provincial;
standard residential construction - Ural, North, North-West, Volga-Vyatka, Central and Eastern Siberia;
pulp and paper industry - Northern, Volga-Vyatka, Ural and Eastern Siberia;
hydrolysis industry - north, north-west, Ural, Volga, east-Siberian;
chemical-mechanical processing of wood - Northern, Volgo-Vyatka, Ural and East Siberian regions.

Timber industry- the largest branch of the forest industry, which carries out logging, removal and alloying of wood.

Wood products - wood for further processing and construction, as well as wood.

Lecture 50. Woodworking and woodworking industry in the world. Textile industry in the world

Leswood is still widely used in households, especially in rural areas, although its importance has diminished significantly over the past half century. The traditional consumer of wood is the fish smoking industry.

Throughout the revolutionary period and still in Russia, there is a steady trend of significant annual reductions in Pererub in developed and populated areas in the European part of the country, which led to a rapid decline in the stocks of woody and metallized trees, and the main cultivated areas have been steadily shifting to the north and east.

As a result, today the main areas of Russian logging - the European north, east and west of Siberia, the Urals and the Far East - are far from the main centers of consumption of wood and wood products over long distances.

Today the woodworking industry is a permanent sector, mostly mechanized and radically changed geography.

Woodworking industry- the branch of the forest industry, which carries out mechanical, chemical-mechanical processing and wood processing.

The most important wood products are timber, sleepers, plywood, wood fiber (MDF) and particle board (DSP), beams, construction products, technical training, furniture, wooden containers and matches.

Ticket number 24

1. Timber and woodworking industry: composition, location. Geographic differences

Forest resources are most often associated not with a raw material, but with an environmental problem, especially since recently it has been convincingly proven: at the beginning of the XXI century. they have more energy than raw material value. 70% of the total population of underdeveloped countries uses wood for cooking and heating homes.

Western Europe's self-sufficiency in timber is now about 75% of total needs. The largest timber importer is Great Britain.

A significant part of the world's forest resources are located in Russia, which has a great influence on the world timber market. The geography of the world's forestry and woodworking industries is largely dependent on forest resources. Within the northern forest belt, mainly coniferous wood is mined, which is then used for the manufacture of sawlogs, wood-based panels, cellulose, paper, and cardboard. For Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland, the timber and woodworking industries have become the main branches of international specialization.

Hardwood is harvested within the southern forest belt. Three main regions of the forest industry were formed here: Brazil, Tropical Africa, Southeast Asia. The timber mined here is delivered by sea to Japan, Western Europe, and the rest is mainly used for firewood.

For paper production in the countries of the southern belt, non-wood raw materials are often used: bamboo (India), bagasse (Peru), sisal (Brazil, Tanzania), jute (Bangladesh). This is all the more strange since in terms of paper production, especially on a per capita basis, these countries are especially far behind other countries.

2. General economic and geographical characteristics of Asian countries

The territory of foreign Asia (relative to the CIS countries) is about 27 million km. with a population of approximately 3.6 billion people. More than 40 countries are located here, many of which have ancient history. Nowadays, most of them are developing. As a part of Asia, four most characteristic sub-regions are usually distinguished: Central and East Asia, South-East Asia, South Asia and South-West Asia.

In terms of population, China and India are giant countries, but along with them there are also microstates.

The economic and geographical position of Asian countries can be characterized by three main points: the coastal position of most countries, providing access to the seas of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans; the neighboring position of most of them; the deep location of some countries, which puts them at a disadvantage in relation to their neighbors.

The region's mineral resources are diverse. However, the main mineral that provides Asia's role in the international division of labor is undoubtedly oil.

The lack of land resources has become one of the major problems in this world region. Mostly mountainous terrain limits the amount of arable land and other agricultural land. Water resources are also extremely unevenly distributed. True, in most parts of Asia, the climate is warm enough. Forest resources are not a problem for the countries of East and Southeast Asia, India, although per capita this indicator is still low.

As in most developing countries, the demographic situation is characterized by extremely high population growth. In terms of its size, Asia undoubtedly ranks first and accounts for 60% of the total world population.

The ethnic composition of Asians is extremely variegated: more than a thousand peoples and nationalities live here, speaking languages belonging to 9 linguistic groups. The largest of them are the Chinese and Hindus.

The population density in Asia is also extremely uneven, since on one climatic pole of the continent there are coastal valleys, plains and river deltas, on the other - tropical forests and high mountains, deserts and semi-deserts.

According to the level of development and specialization in Asia, six groups of countries can be conditionally distinguished. The first, of course, includes Japan, which in many important economic indicators corresponds to (or surpasses) the most developed countries of Europe. The second group includes China and India, which have recently achieved significant success in their development, but are still far behind in per capita indicators from most countries in the world.

The third group is the newly industrialized countries (NIS).

The fourth group includes the oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf, which live mainly by receiving super-profits from oil production. The fifth group includes countries whose economies are based on mining or light industry. And finally, the sixth group is the least developed, the poorest countries.

Rural specialization varies greatly: in South, East and Southeast Asia, where there is a surplus of labor resources and a shortage of land, rice cultivation is developed; China, India, Sri Lanka specialize in growing tea. And in the "golden triangle" on the border of Burma, Laos, Thailand, opium poppy is produced.

Subtropical agriculture is carried out mainly on the Mediterranean coast, while the rest of the region is dominated by the production of millet crops, wheat, and grazing is also developed. In this regard, besides cattle, sheep, goats, horses and camels are bred here, and then they sell astrakhan fur, wool, meat products, and leather. The most characteristic country with such agricultural production is Mongolia.

This text is an introductory fragment. From the book Answers to tickets for geography grade 11 author Babaev GA

Ticket number 18 1. Migration of the population and their causes. Impact of migration on population change, examples of internal and external migrations. 2. General economic and geographical characteristics

From the book Answers to exam tickets in the Russian language. Grade 11 the author Baklanova Marina Vasilievna

Ticket number 19 1. Urban and rural population of the world. Urbanization. Largest cities and urban agglomerations. Problems and consequences of urbanization in the modern world 2. Livestock raising. Distribution, main industries, placement features,

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Ticket number 20 1. World economy: the essence and the main stages of formation. International geographical division of labor and its features 2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Latin America (optional

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Ticket number 21 1. International economic integration. Economic groupings of the countries of the modern world 2. General economic and geographical characteristics of countries

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Ticket number 22 1. Fuel industry: composition, location of the main areas of fuel production. The most important producing and exporting countries. Major international fuel traffic 2. International economic relations: forms and geographic

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Ticket number 23 1. Metallurgical industry: composition, features of placement. Major producing and exporting countries 2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the African countries (optional

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Ticket number 24 1. Timber and woodworking industry: composition, location. Geographic differences 2. General economic and geographical characteristics of countries

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Ticket number 25 1. Light industry: composition, features of placement. Development problems and prospects 2. "New industrial countries"

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Ticket number 1 1. The modern political map of the world: the variety of countries in the modern world, their main types Formation of the political map of the world is a continuous process that fixes the course of development of human society. The main object is the state - the country,

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Ticket number 2 1. The main forms of government and the state-territorial structure of countries There are two main forms of government: monarchical and republican. Monarchy (from the Greek. Monarhiu - autocracy, autocracy) is a form

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Ticket number 3 1. Geographic environment and its role in the life of mankind Geographic environment is a part of earthly nature, with which human society directly interacts in its life and production activities in a given historical period.

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Ticket number 5 1. Types of natural resources. Resource availability. Assessment of the country's resource availability Nature as a human habitat (existence and activity) is the main source of meeting the needs of human society, acting as a supplier

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Ticket number 6 1. Regularities of the distribution of mineral resources and the country, distinguished by their reserves. The problem of rational use of resources Mineral natural resources are a set of reserves (developed, explored, prospective) useful

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Ticket number 7 1. Land resources. Geographic differences in land availability. Problems of their rational use The earth is one of the most important natural resources, used by man since ancient times to satisfy primary social

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Ticket number 8 1. Land water resources and their distribution on the planet. The problem of water supply and possible ways of solving it Water resources of the land are the total amount of fresh water suitable for economic use (rivers, lakes, underground reservoirs, soil

The timber industry is characterized by the presence of two forest belts.

Coniferous wood is harvested within the northern forest belt, which is then processed into wood-based panels, cellulose, paper, and cardboard. For Russia, Canada, Sweden, Finland, the forestry and woodworking industries are important branches of international specialization. Canada ranks first in the world in the export of forest products. The main wood importers are Western Europe and Japan.

Hardwood is harvested within the southern forest belt. There are three main areas of the forest industry: Brazil, Tropical Africa, Southeast Asia. The wood harvested in them is exported by sea to Japan, Western Europe, and the rest is mainly used for firewood.

For the manufacture of paper in the countries of the southern belt, non-wood raw materials are often used: bamboo in India, sisal in Brazil, Tanzania, jute in Bangladesh. And nevertheless, in terms of its production, per capita, these countries are especially lagging behind.

2. Foreign Asia covers an area of 27 million km 2 with a population of 3.1 billion people. There are more than 40 sous military states on the political map of Asia, many of which are ancient. The vast majority of countries in the region are developing countries. Overseas Asia is divided into four sub-regions: Central and East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Southwest Asia.

EGP of the countries of the region is characterized by the coastal position of most countries, which provides access to the seas of the Pacific, Indian, Atlantic oceans; the deep position of some countries, which is much less advantageous.

The region's mineral resources, which form the basis for heavy industry, are very diverse. The main wealth of the region, which determines its role in the international geographical division of labor, is oil. The largest oil and gas regions are Saudi Arabia, Iran, UAE, Kuwait, Iraq. The prime cost of Middle Eastern oil is 20 times lower than in other regions. In addition to the Middle East, oil is available in the east of the PRC, in the shelves of Indonesia, in Brunei, Oman, and Malaysia. Natural gas is produced in Indonesia, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iran and other countries. China and India are rich in coal, iron and manganese ores.

Most of the Asian region is occupied by mountains and deserts, so it is not rich in land resources. The provision of arable land per capita is below the world average and, due to population growth, tends to further decline. Water resources are distributed extremely unevenly. In the countries of Southeast Asia, Iran, the provision is average or excessive, and in the rest of the territory - insufficient. Agroclimatic resources also have their own characteristics. There are enough heat reserves everywhere, the humidification regime varies greatly. Hydropower resources are quite large in mountainous areas. The countries of East and Southeast Asia and India are rich in forest resources, although their per capita supply is low.

The reproduction of the population is characterized by a "population explosion", especially in the Arab countries, although there is a tendency for the natural increase to decline. In most countries, it ranges from 20 to 30 people. per 1000 inhabitants. The ethnic composition of the population is extremely complex: more than 1000 peoples belonging to 9 linguistic groups live here. Among them, the largest in the world are the Chinese and Hindus. Small peoples are scattered in the mountainous areas. Most of the countries are multinational (Afghanistan, India, Sri Lanka) - interethnic conflicts still do not subside here. Foreign Asia is the homeland of all religions in the world, whose influence on people's lives is very great. The distribution of the population is extremely uneven: in Bangladesh the population density is 900 people / km 2, and in Mongolia and the countries of South-West Asia - within 1 person / km. The level of urbanization is lower than in other regions of the world (Bangladesh - 17%, Pakistan - 33%, Iran - 57%), but its rate is growing rapidly, especially the number of large cities is increasing.

Differences in the level of development and specialization of individual countries are more pronounced in Asia than in Europe. Therefore, six groups of countries can be distinguished. The first includes Japan, which in many important indicators occupies a leading position among the economically developed countries of Europe. The second group is formed by China and India, which have achieved great success in economic and social development. However, in terms of per capita indicators, they are still far behind most countries in the world. The third group is the newly industrialized countries (Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore), they have made a rapid economic leap. As a result of the restructuring of the economies of these countries on the Japanese model, a large automobile, oil refining, petrochemical, and electronic industries arose in them. The fourth group includes the oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf. Receiving huge revenues from the sale of oil, these states have become important industrial areas with large oil and gas production and other industries. The fifth group consists of countries mainly with mining or light industries (Mongolia, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Jordan). The sixth group of countries is the least developed (Laos, Cambodia, Nepal, Bhutan, Yemen).

The economy of most countries is dominated by agriculture and mining. In many of them, the food problem has not yet been resolved. Agricultural specialization varies greatly. Rice sowing is developed in South, East and Southeast Asia, in the monsoon climate region, where there is a surplus of labor resources and a shortage of agricultural land. China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka specialize in growing tea; on the border of Burma, Laos, Thailand, there is a "golden triangle" of opium poppy crops. In Southwest Asia, the leading grain crop is wheat in irrigated land; grazing livestock is widespread here.

The mining industry, developed in countries rich in mineral resources, is largely controlled by large Western companies. In MGRT, developing countries of Asia act as suppliers of oil, gas, manganese, tin, and iron ore.

Timber industry groups	Extraction and production	The main factors determining the location of companies
forestry	first To come in; 2. Use of low-value wood and waste	Raw materials and supplies
woodwork	Production: 1. sawdust; 2. details of the building; 3. plywood; 4. containers; 5. joinery; 6.furniture	Raw materials, transport and consumers, working assets
Pulp and paper	Production: 1. cellulose; second paper; 3.products of them	Raw materials, water, electricity
Wood chemistry	Production: 1. hydrolysis; 2. artificial fibers; 3. plastics; 4. cellophane; 5. Ethers; 6. varnishes; 7.linoleum, etc.	Raw materials, water, electricity

Countries for which forestry and woodworking. World timber industry. Timber and woodworking industry: composition, placement. Geographic differences

Timber industry. 1. Determine the industry composition and complete the table. Branches of the forest

Topic 1.5. The geography of the branches of the world economy.

Timber and woodworking industry

Woodworking industry in the world

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Lecture 50. Woodworking and woodworking industry in the world. Textile industry in the world

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