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SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96
SANITARY RULES AND REGULATIONS
2.2.4. PHYSICAL FACTORS OF THE INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
Hygienic requirements for microclimate
production facilities
Hygienic requirements to occupational microclimate
Date of introduction: from the date of approval
1. DEVELOPED: Research Institute of Occupational Medicine RAMS (Afanasyeva R.F., Repin G.N., Mikhailova N.S., Bessonova N.A., Burmistrova O.V., Losik T.K.); Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman (Ustyushin B.V.); with the participation of the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases (Sinitsina E.V., Chashchin V.P.); Goskomsanepidnadzor of Russia (Lytkin B.G., Kucherenko A.I.).
2. APPROVED AND INTRODUCED INTO ACTION by the Resolution of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia of October 1, 1996, N 21.
3. SUBSTITUTED "Sanitary standards for the microclimate of industrial premises", approved by the USSR Ministry of Health of 03.31.86., N 4088-86.
1. General provisions and scope
1. General provisions and scope
1.1. These Sanitary Rules and Regulations (hereinafter - Sanitary rules) are intended to prevent the adverse effects of the microclimate of workplaces, industrial premises on the well-being, functional state, working capacity and human health.
1.2. These Sanitary Rules apply to microclimate indicators at workplaces of all types of industrial premises and are mandatory for all enterprises and organizations. References to the mandatory compliance with the requirements of these sanitary rules should be included in regulatory and technical documents: standards, building codes, technical specifications and other regulatory and technical documents governing the operational characteristics of production facilities, technological, engineering and sanitary equipment that determine hygienic standards of microclimate.
1.3. In accordance with Articles 9 and 34 of the Law of the RSFSR "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-Being of the Population", organizations must carry out production control over compliance with the Sanitary Rules and preventive measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of diseases in industrial premises, as well as monitoring compliance with working conditions and rest and the implementation of collective and individual protection of workers from the adverse effects of the microclimate.
1.4. The heads of enterprises, organizations and institutions, regardless of ownership and subordination, in order to ensure production control, are obliged to bring jobs in accordance with the microclimate requirements provided for by these Sanitary Rules.
1.5. The state sanitary and epidemiological supervision and control over the implementation of these Sanitary Rules is carried out by the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation, and the departmental sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and control is carried out by the bodies and institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological profile of the respective ministries and departments.
1.6. State sanitary and epidemiological supervision of the construction of new and reconstruction of existing production facilities is carried out at the stages of project development and commissioning, taking into account the nature of the process and the compliance of engineering and sanitary equipment with the requirements of these Sanitary Rules and Building Norms and Rules "Heating, Ventilation and air conditioning. "
1.7. Design documentation for the construction and reconstruction of industrial premises should be agreed with the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of Russia.
1.8. The commissioning of production facilities in order to assess the compliance of the hygienic microclimate parameters with the requirements of these Sanitary Rules should be carried out with the mandatory participation of representatives of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Russian Federation.
2. Normative references
2.1. Law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population."
2.2. The Regulation on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation and the Regulation on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Regulation approved by the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 5, 1994, N 625.
2.3. Manual "General requirements for the construction, presentation and execution of sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological regulatory and methodological documents" dated February 9, 1994 P1.1.004-94.
3. Terms and definitions
3.1. Industrial premises - enclosed spaces in specially designed buildings and structures in which people work continuously (on shifts) or periodically (during the working day).
3.2. Workplace - a section of the premises on which labor activity is carried out during a shift or part of it. The workplace may be several sections of the production room. If these sites are located throughout the room, then the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe room is considered a workplace.
3.3. The cold period of the year is the period of the year characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature of +10 ° C or lower.
3.4. The warm period of the year is the period of the year characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature above +10 ° С.
3.5. Daily average outdoor temperature - the average value of the outdoor temperature, measured at certain hours of the day at regular intervals. It is taken according to the meteorological service.
3.7. The thermal load of the medium (HPS) is the combined effect on the human body of the microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity, air velocity, thermal radiation), expressed as a single-digit indicator in ° C.
4. General requirements and microclimate indicators
4.1. Sanitary rules establish hygienic requirements for microclimate indicators of workplaces of industrial premises, taking into account the intensity of energy consumption of workers, time of work, periods of the year and contain requirements for methods of measuring and controlling microclimatic conditions.
4.2. The microclimate indicators should ensure the preservation of the thermal balance of a person with the environment and the maintenance of an optimal or acceptable thermal state of the body.
4.3. The indicators characterizing the microclimate in industrial premises are:
Air temperature;
Surface temperature *;
Relative humidity;
Air speed;
The intensity of thermal radiation.
_______________
* The temperature of the surfaces of building envelopes (walls, ceilings, floors), devices (screens, etc.), as well as process equipment or devices enclosing it, is taken into account.
5. Optimal microclimate conditions
5.1. Optimal microclimatic conditions are established according to the criteria of the optimal thermal and functional state of a person. They provide a general and local sensation of thermal comfort during an 8-hour shift with minimal stress of thermoregulation mechanisms, do not cause deviations in the state of health, create the prerequisites for a high level of working capacity and are preferred at workplaces.
5.2. The optimal values \u200b\u200bof microclimate indicators must be observed at the workplaces of industrial premises where operator-type work is carried out, associated with neuro-emotional stress (in cabins, on control panels and process control posts, in computer rooms, etc.). The list of other jobs and types of work at which optimal microclimate should be ensured are determined by the Sanitary Rules for certain industries and other documents agreed upon with the bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision in the established manner.
5.3. The optimal microclimate parameters at workplaces should correspond to the values \u200b\u200bgiven in Table 1, as applied to the performance of work of various categories in the cold and warm periods of the year.
Table 1
Optimum microclimate indicators
at workplaces of industrial premises
|
Period of the year |
Air temperature ° C |
Surface temperature, ° С |
Relative humidity, % |
|
|
|
Cold |
Ia (up to 139) |
||||
|
IB (140-174) |
|||||
|
III (over 290) |
|||||
|
III (over 290) |
5.4. The air temperature differences in height and horizontally, as well as changes in air temperature during the shift, while ensuring optimal microclimate values \u200b\u200bat workplaces, should not exceed 2 ° C and go beyond the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Table 1 for individual categories of work.
6. Permissible microclimate conditions
6.1. Permissible microclimatic conditions are established according to the criteria of an admissible thermal and functional state of a person for a period of 8-hour work shift. They do not cause damage or disruption to the state of health, but can lead to the appearance of general and local sensations of thermal discomfort, tension of the mechanisms of thermoregulation, deterioration of well-being and a decrease in working capacity.
6.2. Permissible values \u200b\u200bof microclimate indicators are established in cases where, due to technological requirements, technical and economically sound reasons, optimal values \u200b\u200bcannot be provided.
6.3. Permissible values \u200b\u200bof microclimate indicators at workplaces should correspond to the values \u200b\u200bgiven in Table 2 as applied to the performance of work of various categories in the cold and warm periods of the year.
table 2
Permissible values \u200b\u200bof microclimate indicators at workplaces
production facilities
|
Air temperature ° C |
Air velocity, m / s |
||||||
|
Period of the year |
range below optimal values |
range above optimal values |
Tempe |
Relative |
for air temperature range below optimal values, no more |
for air temperature range above optimum values, no more ** |
|
|
Cold |
Ia (up to 139) |
||||||
|
IB (140-174) |
18,0-25,0 An error has occurred The payment was not completed due to a technical error, funds from your account | ||||||
Utility fees are increasing every year, especially during times of crisis for the economy. Unfortunately, nothing like this can be said about their quality. When citizens give a significant part of their means of blood to ensure comfortable living conditions, utilities strive to show dishonesty on all fronts of their work.
Dear readers! Our articles talk about typical ways to resolve legal issues, but each case is unique.
If you want to know how to solve your problem - contact the online consultant form on the right or call free consultation:
Room temperature standards
The standard setting the acceptable temperature values \u200b\u200bfor residential premises in the cold season is "GOST R 51617-2000. Housing and communal services. General specifications. " He requires compliance with the temperature range of 18-25 degrees Celsius. Within this range, the norm for each type of room in the room is established.
So, in the living room the temperature should not be lower than 18 ° C, and in the bathroom - below 25 ° C. Deviations to the lower side are permissible only at night (0.00 - 5.00) by no more than 3 ° C. SanPiN, in turn, declares the upper limit of temperature. For example, for a living room it is 24 ° C.
The minimum temperature in a corner apartment is an indicator of 20 ° C. For the stairwell at the entrance of a residential building, the temperature norm is set in the range of 14-20 ° C, and for the interroom corridor - 16-22 ° C.
More detailed standards for all types of premises are set out in the Sanitary Rules and Norms of SanPiN. So, at workplaces of industrial premises, a temperature of 16 ° C to 24 ° C is requireddepending on the energy consumption of the work. In the attics and basements of apartment buildings, the temperature should not fall below 4 ° C.
Heating season
The timing of the heating season is determined by an autonomous heating system by the residents themselves, with centralized heating - by local authorities, but not arbitrarily, but subject to certain conditions.
According to the rules heating season starts at an average daily temperature below 8 ° C for 5 consecutive days, ends at a temperature above this number for the same time.
Measurement of heat in the room
In order for the temperature measurement to be objective, a number of preconditions must be observed:
- Do not measure on a warm sunny day, since in such weather the room warms up additionally from the street;
- Necessary carefully check the tightness of the room, if there are sources of heat leakage (for example, through slots), the measurement will not reflect the state of heat supply.
So, temperature should be measured in at least two rooms. The exception is one-room apartments with a window, which occupies 30% of the wall area. The measurement distance should exceed half a meter from the outer wall and heating devices, and its height should exceed 60 centimeters.
Sample Verification Act temperature condition can download.
If during the independent measurement you found that the temperature has been lowered, you should inform the Emergency Dispatch Service about this. If the heat supply disruption is not caused by natural factors (for example, an accident on a heating main), the dispatcher calls an emergency crew to the house, which constitutes the official measurement act.
Measurement should be carried out by a registered device that has all the necessary technical documents. The following information shall be indicated in the act:
- date of its compilation
- characteristics of the apartment,
- composition of the commission
- device data
- temperature values
- signatures of all members of the commission.
The act is drawn up in two copies, one of which remains with the owner of the apartment, and the other with the employees of housing and communal services, performing measurements.
Air exchange rate
Air temperature is not the only parameter that directly affects the comfort and safety of people in the house. Air exchange is important for the body: the presence of fresh air, ventilation of the residential and non-residential premises.
This parameter is also regulated by regulatory documents of SanPiN. So, the required rate of air exchange rate for a living space of 18 m² is 3 m³ / h per square meter, for the kitchen - three times more.
The rate of air exchange is a characteristic determined by the ratio of the air removed or supplied from the room in an hour to the volume of this room.
How to measure the coolant?
The heating medium in the central heating system is hot waterflowing from the tap.
You can measure its temperature in various ways, but the simplest is thermometer measuring tap water temperaturepoured into a glass.
It is also possible to measure the temperature of the pipes. The value of this parameter should be equal to 50-70 ° С.
Responsibility of utilities for temperature violation
If the room temperature in winter is below normal, what should I do?
By law, citizens have the right to demand 0.15% reduction in heat charges for each hour your utilities do not comply with your temperature standard. After simple calculations, it can be established that for 4 weeks of providing low-quality heating services at home, the fee for it is reduced by more than 90%. Of course, public utilities will not voluntarily agree to such a recalculation, and therefore we must go to court.
Statement on recalculation of heating charges in Management company can download.
History knows examples when citizens managed to defend their rights. So, in 2014, a resident of the Perm Territory exacted 136 thousand rubles from utilities for non-compliance by the utilities with their obligations to provide heat for her home.
Temperature Standards in the apartment. Watch the video:
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State system of sanitary and epidemiological
regulation of the Russian Federation
Federal Sanitary Rules, Norms and Hygiene
standards
2.2.4. PHYSICAL FACTORS
WORKING ENVIRONMENT
Hygienic requirements for microclimate
production facilities
Sanitary rules and regulations
SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96
Ministry of Health of Russia
Moscow 1997
1 . Developed by: Research Institute of Occupational Medicine RAMS (Afanasyeva R.F., Repin G.N., Mikhailova N.S., Bessonova N.A., Burmistrova O.V., Losik T.K.); Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman (Ustyushin B.V.); with the participation of the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases (Sinitsina E.V., Chashchin V.P.); Goskomsanepidnadzor of Russia (Lytkin B.G., Kucherenko A.I.).
2 . Approved and enforced by Resolution of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia of October 1, 1996, No. 21.
3 . Introduced instead of " Sanitary standards microclimate of industrial premises ”, approved by the Ministry of Health of the USSR dated 03/31/86, No. 4088-86.
The RSFSR Law “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-Being of the Population”
“Sanitary rules, norms and hygienic standards (hereinafter referred to as sanitary rules) - regulatory acts that establish criteria for the safety and (or) harmlessness to a person of environmental factors and requirements to ensure favorable living conditions.
Sanitary rules are binding on all state bodies and public associations, enterprises and other business entities, organizations and institutions, regardless of their subordination and forms of ownership, by officials and citizens ”(Article 3).
“An unlawful, guilty (intentional or reckless) act (action or inaction) related to non-compliance with the sanitary legislation of the RSFSR, including the applicable sanitary rules, is recognized as a sanitary violation
¼Officials and citizens of the RSFSR who committed a sanitary offense may be brought to disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability ”(Article 27).
APPROVED
Decree of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia of October 1, 1996 No. 21
Date of introduction: from the date of approval
2.2.4
. PHYSICAL FACTORS
WORKING ENVIRONMENT
Hygienic requirements for microclimate
production facilities
Hygienic requirements to occupational microclimate
Sanitary rules and regulations
SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96
1. General provisions and scope
1.1 . These Sanitary Rules and Norms (hereinafter referred to as the Sanitary Rules) are intended to prevent the adverse effects of the microclimate of workplaces, industrial premises on the well-being, functional state, working capacity and human health.
1.2 . These Sanitary Rules apply to microclimate indicators at workplaces of all types of industrial premises and are mandatory for all enterprises and organizations. References to the mandatory compliance with the requirements of these sanitary rules should be included in regulatory and technical documents: standards, building codes, technical specifications and other regulatory and technical documents governing the operational characteristics of production facilities, technological, engineering and sanitary equipment that determine hygienic standards of microclimate.
1.3 . In accordance with Articles 9 and 34 of the Law of the RSFSR “On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-Being of the Population”, organizations must carry out production control over compliance with the Sanitary Rules and preventive measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of diseases of workers in industrial premises, as well as monitoring compliance with working conditions and rest and the implementation of collective and individual protective measures for workers from the adverse effects of the microclimate.
1.4 . The heads of enterprises, organizations and institutions, regardless of ownership and subordination, in order to ensure production control, are obliged to bring jobs in accordance with the microclimate requirements provided for by these Sanitary Rules.
1.5 . The state sanitary and epidemiological supervision and control over the implementation of these Sanitary Rules is carried out by the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation, and the departmental sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and control is carried out by the bodies and institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological profile of the respective ministries and departments.
1.6 . State sanitary and epidemiological supervision of the construction of new and reconstruction of existing production facilities is carried out at the stages of project development and commissioning, taking into account the nature of the process and the compliance of engineering and sanitary equipment with the requirements of these Sanitary Rules and Building Norms and Rules “Heating, Ventilation and conditioning".
1.7 . Design documentation for the construction and reconstruction of industrial premises should be agreed with the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of Russia.
1.8 . The commissioning of production facilities in order to assess the compliance of the hygienic parameters of the microclimate with the requirements of these Sanitary Rules should be carried out with the mandatory participation of representatives of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Russian Federation.
2. Normative references
2.1 . The law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population."
2.2 . The Regulation on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation and the Regulation on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Regulation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 5, 1994, No. 625.
2.3 . Guide "General requirements for the construction, presentation and execution of sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological regulatory and methodological documents" dated February 9, 1994R 1.1.004-94.
3. Terms and definitions
3.1 . Production premises - enclosed spaces in specially designed buildings and structures, in which people constantly work (on shifts) or periodically (during the working day).
3.2 . Working a place - a section of the premises on which labor activity is carried out during a shift or part of it. The workplace may be several sections of the production room. If these sites are located throughout the room, then the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe room is considered a workplace.
3.3 . Cold period of the year - the period of the year, characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature of +10 ° C and below.
3.4 . Warm period of the year - the period of the year, characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature above +10 ° C.
3. 5 . Daily average temperature outdoor air - the average outdoor temperature measured at certain hours of the day at regular intervals. It is taken according to the meteorological service.
3.6 . Demarcation works by categories carried out on the basis of the intensity of the total energy consumption of the body in kcal / h (W). Characteristics of certain categories of work (I a, Ib, II a, II b, III ) is presented in the appendix .
3.7 environment (TNS) - the combined effect on the human body of the microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity, air velocity, thermal radiation), expressed by a single-digit indicator in ° C.
4. General requirements and microclimate indicators
4.1 . Sanitary rules establish hygienic requirements for microclimate indicators of workplaces of industrial premises, taking into account the intensity of energy consumption of workers, time of work, periods of the year and contain requirements for methods of measuring and controlling microclimatic conditions.
4.2 . The microclimate indicators should ensure the preservation of the thermal balance of the person with the environment and the maintenance of the optimal or permissible thermal state of the body.
4.3 . The indicators characterizing the microclimate in industrial premises are:
· air temperature;
· surface temperature *;
· relative humidity;
· air speed;
· intensity of thermal radiation.
* The temperature of the surfaces of building envelopes (walls, ceilings, floors), devices (screens, etc.), as well as process equipment or devices enclosing it, is taken into account.
5. Optimal microclimate conditions
5.1 . Optimal microclimatic conditions are established according to the criteria of the optimal thermal and functional state of a person. They provide a general and local sensation of thermal comfort during an 8-hour shift with minimal stress of thermoregulation mechanisms, do not cause deviations in the state of health, create the prerequisites for a high level of performance and are preferred at workplaces.
5.2 . The optimal values \u200b\u200bof the microclimate indicators must be observed at the workplaces of industrial premises where operator-type work is performed related to neuro-emotional stress (in cabins, on control panels and process control posts, in computer rooms, etc.). The list of other jobs and types of work at which optimal microclimate should be ensured are determined by the Sanitary Rules for certain industries and other documents agreed upon with the bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision in the established manner.
5.3 . Optimum microclimate parameters at workplaces should correspond to the values \u200b\u200bgiven in table. , in relation to the performance of work of various categories in the cold and warm periods of the year.
5.4 . Differences in air temperature in height and horizontally, as well as changes in air temperature during a shift while ensuring optimal microclimate at workplaces should not exceed 2 ° C and go beyond the values \u200b\u200bspecified in table. for certain categories of work.
Table 1
Optimum microclimate indicators at workplaces of industrial premises
|
Air temperature, ° FROM |
Surface temperature ° FROM |
Relative humidity, % |
Air velocity, m / s |
||||||||
|
Cold |
|||||||||||
|
Ib (140 - 174) |
|||||||||||
|
IIa (175 - 232) |
|||||||||||
|
IIb (233 - 290) |
|||||||||||
|
III (over 290) |
|||||||||||
|
Ib (140 - 174) |
|||||||||||
|
IIa (175 - 232) |
|||||||||||
|
IIb (233 - 290) |
|||||||||||
|
III (over 290) |
Air temperature, ° FROM |
Surface temperature ° FROM |
Relative humidity , % |
Air velocity, m / s |
|||||||
|
range below optimal values |
range above optimal values |
for air temperature range below optimal values , no more |
for air temperature range above optimal values , no more** |
||||||||
|
Cold |
20,0 - 21, 9 |
0, 1 |
|||||||||
|
Ib (140 - 174) |
23,1 - 24, 0 |
||||||||||
|
IIa (175 - 232) |
|||||||||||
|
IIb (233 - 290) |
15,0 - 16, 9 |
||||||||||
|
III (over 290) |
0, 4 |
||||||||||
|
21, 0 - 22,9 |
25, 1 - 28,0 |
||||||||||
|
Ib (140 - 174) |
|||||||||||
|
IIa (175 - 232) |
18,0 - 19, 9 |
22,1 - 27, 0 |
|||||||||
|
IIb (233 - 290) |
|||||||||||
|
III (over 290) |
|||||||||||
* When temperatures air 25 ° FROM and higher maximum values relative humidity air should be accepted in compliance from requirements p. .
** At temperatures air 26 - 28 ° FROM speed movements air in warm period of the year must be accepted in compliance from requirements p. .
6.4 . While ensuring acceptable microclimate values \u200b\u200bat workplaces:
· the air temperature difference in height should be no more than 3° FROM ;
· horizontal air temperature difference, as well as its changes during the shift should not exceed:
In this case, the absolute values \u200b\u200bof the air temperature should not go beyond the values \u200b\u200bspecified in the table. for certain categories of work.
Number of measurement sites
100 to 400
The number of sites is determined by the distance between them, which should not exceed 10 m.
measurement range
Marginal deviation
Dry air temperature, ° С
from -30 to 50
± 0, 2
Air temperature using a wet thermometer ° FROM
± 0,2
Surface temperature ° FROM
± 0,5
Relative humidity, %
± 5,0
Air velocity, m / s
± 0, 05
± 0,1
The intensity of thermal radiation, W / m 2
from 10 to 350
± 5,0
± 50,0
7.14 . Based on the results of the study, it is necessary to draw up a protocol in which general information about the production facility, the location of technological and sanitary equipment, sources of heat, cooling and moisture should be reflected, the layout of microclimate parameters measuring sections and other data are given.
7.15 . In the conclusion of the protocol, an assessment of the results of the measurements made should be given for compliance with regulatory requirements.
Annex 1
(informative)
Characteristics of certain categories of work
1 . Categories of work are distinguished on the basis of the intensity of energy consumption in kcal / h (W).
2. Category I and includes work with an intensity of energy consumption of up to 120 kcal / h (up to 139 W), performed while sitting and accompanied by insignificant physical stress (a number of professions at the enterprises of precision instrument-making and machine-building, watchmaking, clothing, in the field of control, etc.) .
3. Category I b include work with an intensity of energy consumption of 121 - 150 kcal / h (140 - 174 W), performed while sitting, standing or associated with walking and accompanied by some physical stress (a number of professions in the printing industry, in communications, controllers, craftsmen in various types of production etc.).
4 . Category II a includes work with an intensity of energy consumption of 151 - 200 kcal / h (175 - 232 W) associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring a certain physical stress (a number of professions in mechanical assembly shops machine-building enterprises, in spinning and weaving, etc.).
5 . Category II b include work with an intensity of energy consumption of 201 - 250 kcal / h (233 - 290 W), associated with walking, moving and carrying heavy loads of up to 10 kg and accompanied by moderate physical stress (a number of professions in mechanized foundry, rolling, forging, thermal, welding shops machine-building and metallurgical enterprises, etc.).
6. Category III include work with an intensity of energy consumption of more than 250 kcal / h (more than 290 W), associated with constant movement, movement and carrying of significant (over 10 kg) heavy loads and requiring great physical effort (a number of professions in blacksmith shops with manual forging, foundries with manual stuffing and filling the flasks of engineering and metallurgical enterprises, etc.).
Determination of the thermal load index of the medium (Tns index)
1 . The index of the thermal load of the medium (TNS-index) is an empirical indicator characterizing the combined effect of the microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity, air velocity and thermal radiation) on the human body.
2 . The TNS index is determined based on the temperature of the wetted thermometer of an aspiration psychrometer (t ow ) and the temperature inside the blackened sphere (t w).
3 . The temperature inside the blackened ball is measured by a thermometer, the reservoir of which is placed in the center of the blackened hollow ball;t w reflects the effects of air temperature, surface temperature, and air velocity. The blackened sphere should have a diameter of 90 mm, the smallest possible thickness and an absorption coefficient of 0.95. Accuracy of temperature measurement inside the ball± 0.5 ° C.
4 . The TNS index is calculated by the equation:
5 . The TNS-index is recommended to be used for the integral assessment of the thermal load of the medium at workplaces where the air velocity does not exceed 0.6 m / s and the intensity of thermal radiation is 1200 W / m 2.
6 . The method of measuring and monitoring the HPS index is similar to the method of measuring and monitoring air temperature (p.p. - IIb (233 - 290)
19,5 - 23, 9
III (over 290)
18,0 - 21, 8
Operating time at tempera tworkplace air level above or below acceptable values
1 . In order to protect workers from possible overheating or cooling, when the air temperature at the workplace is higher or lower than the permissible values, the time spent at the workplace (continuously or in total for a shift) should be limited to the values \u200b\u200bindicated in table. and table of this application. At the same time, the average shift in air temperature at which workers are at workplaces and places of rest during the shift should not go beyond the allowable air temperature for the corresponding categories of work indicated in Table.1
5, 5
Mid-shift air temperature (t c) calculated by the formula:
Where
t in1, t in2, ... t in n - air temperature (° C) in the relevant areas of the workplace;
τ 1, τ 2, ..., τ n - time (h) of the work on the relevant sections of the workplace;
8 - the duration of the work shift (h).
Other indicators of the microclimate (relative humidity, air velocity, surface temperature, intensity of thermal radiation) at workplaces should be within the permissible values \u200b\u200bof these Sanitary Rules.
Bibliographic data
1 . P Guide 2.2.4 / 2.1.8. Hygienic assessment and control of the physical factors of production and the environment (under approval).
2 SNiP 2.01.01 . "Construction climatology and geophysics."
3 . Guidelines “Assessment of a person’s thermal state in order to justify hygienic requirements for the microclimate of workplaces and measures for the prevention of cooling and overheating” No. 5168-90 of 03.03.90. In: Hygienic basis for the prevention of the adverse effects of industrial microclimate on the human body. V. 43, M. 1991, p. 192 - 211.
4 . Guide P 2.2.013-94. Occupational health. Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions by indicators of harmfulness and danger of factors of the working environment, severity and intensity of the labor process. Goskomsanepidnadzor of Russia, M., 1994, 42 pp.
5 . GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for air in the working area."
6 . Building regulations.SNiP 2.04.05-91 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning."
Cosiness and Comfort are subjective assessments of a person’s feelings from the perception of the environment. The concept of “comfortable temperature” is so broad that it does not exist in technical vocabulary and regulatory documentation. The term "optimum temperature" is used here. Big difference.
- The value of “comfortable” air temperature is a subjective assessment of the acceptability of environmental conditions, which is determined solely by human sensations
- The value of the “optimal” air temperature is determined on the basis of complex physiological experiments and calculations. The value of this value depends on many factors and, most importantly, takes into account the needs of the average static human body. Each value of the “optimal” temperature for various conditions is supported by many years of research and observation. All information on the "optimal" air temperature is official legislative nature and recorded in the requirements of sanitary standards - SanPiN
SanPiN
SanPiN - Sanitary Rules and Norms
(not to be confused with SNiP - Building Norms and Rules)
SanPiNs -the general name of the collection of Russian sanitary standards.
Already by one name it is clear that this is sanitary normative documentation that defines sanitary and hygienic standards for all spheres of human life and life.
SanPiNs (along with GOST, OST, SNiP, etc.) have the status of medical technical legislative documentation, mandatory. Failure to comply with SanPiN requirements is punishable by law.
In the case of determining the optimal air temperature, the Sanitary Rules are most interesting, which establish optimal and maximum temperature ranges for working, residential and children's rooms.
- work room
SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises." A similar document can be found in Ukraine, it is called - ДСН 3.3.6.042-99 "Sanitary norms and microclimates of viral primitives"
- Determining the optimum temperature for living quarters
SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and premises"
- Determining the optimum temperature for preschool organizations
SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the device, content and organization of the mode of work in preschool organizations"Download in .zip format:
SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 (downloads: 124)
SDS 3.3.6.042-99 (downloads: 119)
SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 (downloads: 138)
SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 (downloads: 54)Download in .doc format:
SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 (downloads: 184)
SDS 3.3.6.042-99 (downloads: 145)
SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 (downloads: 132)Download in .pdf format:
SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 (downloads: 102)Note The documentation offered for download is for guidance only. All regulatory documents are periodically updated by their publishers. See updates on the official websites of the Russian Federation or the required country
Optimum temperature for workrooms
The optimum temperature at the workplace is established in an administrative procedure, according to SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises"
The value of air temperature for workrooms should ensure the preservation of the thermal balance of the working person with the environment and the maintenance of the optimal or permissible thermal state of the body. For this, in Sanitary Rules, all types of work are divided into energy costs. At the same time, for each category its own temperature and its maximum deviations are indicated. And also, the time a person stays at the workplace, in case of non-compliance with the indicated temperature range.
Characteristics of certain categories of work
According to SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 all types of work are divided into five categories (depending on labor intensity). At the same time, the amount of energy consumption of the employee’s body in kcal / h (W) is taken as the determining equivalent
- Category Ia
Work with an intensity of energy consumption to 120 kcal / h (139 W)
This is a job that is performed while sitting and is accompanied by minor physical stress. For example, a number of professions in the field of management and services, at the enterprises of watch and sewing industries, etc. - IB category
Work with the intensity of energy consumption 121 - 150 kcal / h (140 - 174 W)
This is work that is performed while sitting, standing, or is associated with walking and is accompanied by some physical stress. For example, a number of professions in the printing industry, in communications, controllers, craftsmen in various types of production, etc. - Category IIa
Work with the intensity of energy consumption 151 - 200 kcal / h (175 - 232 W)
This is work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring a certain physical stress. For example, a number of professions in mechanical assembly shops of machine-building enterprises, in spinning and weaving, etc. - Category IIb
Work with the intensity of energy consumption 201 - 250 kcal / h (233 - 290 W)
This is work related to walking, moving and carrying weights up to 10 kg and is accompanied by moderate physical stress. For example, a number of professions in mechanized foundry, rolling, forging, thermal, welding workshops of engineering and metallurgical enterprises, etc. - Category III
Work with an energy intensity of more than 250 kcal / h (more than 290 W)
This is work associated with constant movement, movement and carrying of significant (over 10 kg) weights and requiring great physical effort. For example, a number of professions in blacksmith shops with manual forging, foundries with manual stuffing and filling the flasks of machine-building and metallurgical enterprises, etc.
Optimum workplace temperature
Depending on the intensity of labor, SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 sets the following optimum temperature in the working room:
(Excerpt from SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96)
Optimal microclimate indicators at workplaces
production facilitiesLimitation of temperature and time spent at the workplace
In addition to the optimum temperature in the working room, SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 sets the maximum deviations for the air temperature at the workplace, and also imposes a limitation on the operating time if it (temperature) is higher or lower than the maximum permissible. It is noteworthy that the temperature gradation above the permissible (26 ° C) goes through 0.5 ° C.
Table continuationDuration of stay in the premises, no more with categories of work, h Ia Ib IIa IIb III 6 1 7 2 8 1 3 9 2 4 10 1 3 5 11 2 4 6 12 1 3 5 7 13 1 2 4 6 8
Table continuationAir temperature at the workplace, ° С Ia Ib IIa IIb III 14 2 3 5 7 15 3 4 6 8 16 4 5 7 17 5 6 8 18 6 7 19 7 8 20 8 26,0 8
Table continuationAir temperature at the workplace, ° С Duration of stay, no more with categories of work, h Ia Ib IIa IIb III 26,5 7 27,0 8 6 27,5 7 5,5 28,0 8 6 5 28,5 7 5,5 4 29,0 6 5 3 29,5 5,5 4 2,5 30,0 5 3 2 Optimum temperature for living quarters
The optimum temperature for residential premises is established, according to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and premises." Setting the optimum temperature in residential buildings and premises seems to be a simpler procedure, since in a residential building the person’s energy activity is stable and minimal.
The value of air temperature for residential premises should ensure the preservation of the person’s thermal balance at rest and maintain the optimal or permissible thermal state of the body.
(Excerpt from Appendix 1. SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00)
Optimal and acceptable standards
temperature and relative humidity in residential premisesName of premises Air temperature ° C Relative humidity% Optimal Permissible Optimal Permissible Living room 20-22 18-24 45-30 60 Interroom corridor 18-20 16-22 Kitchen 19-21 18-26 not standardized Restroom 19-21 18-26 Bathroom, combined bathroom 24-26 18-26 Lobby, stairwell 16-18 14-20 Pantries 16-18 12-22 Optimal temperature for preschool organizations
The optimum temperature for the premises of preschool organizations is established, according to SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the design, maintenance and organization of the mode of work in preschool organizations." Setting the optimum temperature for the premises of preschool organizations seems to be the most responsible thing, since children are most susceptible to temperature changes.
The value of air temperature for the premises of preschool organizations should ensure the preservation of the child’s heat balance with the environment and the maintenance of the optimal or permissible heat state of his body.
Unlike the optimum temperature in work and residential premises,
the optimum air temperature in the premises of preschool organizations is set very rigidly and has virtually no intervals for maximum deviations(Excerpt from Appendix 3. to SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10)
Air temperature in the main rooms
preschool educational institutionsTable continuation
Comfortable temperature of 18 ° C?
As mentioned earlier, a comfortable temperature in residential and domestic premises is not regulated by any national regulations or documents. The definition of comfort is not standardized. The amount of comfort is not measured in numbers and is pronounced purely individual in nature.
Comfort is a comprehensive assessment of a person regarding the acceptability of his sensations from the perception of the environment
One, comfortable in felt boots, at -18 ° C,
and the second - not comfortable in slippers, at + 18 ° CSometimes, some value from the tables of optimal temperature is taken as the value of comfortable temperature, but this is not entirely true. The most famous example of such an error is the famous value of 18 ° C, issued by heat engineers as a comfortable temperature in the apartment.
At a temperature of 18 ° C it is comfortable, except for pets
In fact,
- 18 ° C is the lower limit for the temperature in the living room according to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00
- 18 ° C is the temperature at which the average person can stay for a long time without outerwear and damage to health
Thus, it turns out that the temperature of 18 ° C has nothing to do with comfort. This is simply the lower limit of the safe temperature for the living area.
- Category Ia
Every Muscovite remembers the hot summer of 2010, when for a couple of months the column of thermometers went off scale 30 degrees above Celsius, and Moscow was covered in a thick curtain of smoke. Ventilation and air conditioning systems did not cope with the situation in all offices. Things are not better this winter, when when the batteries are "spar" at maximum. The temperature at the workplace is like a desert during the day, and the employer does not blow a mustache?
It’s good to recall article 379 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, which states: “In order to protect labor rights, the employee, having notified the employer or his immediate supervisor or other representative of the employer in writing, may refuse to perform work not provided for by the labor contract, and also refuse performance of work that directly threatens his life and health, with the exception of cases provided for by this Code and other federal laws. At the time of refusal of the specified work, the employee retains all rights stipulated by labor legislation and other acts containing labor law standards ", SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96" Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises ", which establishes acceptable levels of air temperature at workplaces, Appendix No. 7 of the Manual R 2.2.2006.05, which regulates the protection of time when working in a heating microclimate.
Now in more detail: SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 normalizes the air temperature at the workplace depending on the category of work, based on the intensity of the total energy expenditure of the body in kcal / h (W). Without going into details, you can roughly determine the category of work under Appendix No. 1 GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT General sanitary and hygienic requirements for air in the working area as follows:
- category Ia includes work performed while sitting and accompanied by insignificant physical stress (a number of professions at the enterprises of precision instrument-making and machine-building, watchmaking, sewing, management, etc.).
- ib category includes work performed while sitting, standing, or associated with walking and accompanied by some physical stress (a number of professions in the printing industry, at communications enterprises, supervisors, craftsmen in various types of production, etc.)
- category IIa includes work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring a certain physical stress (a number of professions in mechanical assembly shops of machine-building enterprises, spinning and weaving, etc.)
- category IIb includes work related to walking, moving and carrying heavy loads up to 10 kg and accompanied by moderate physical stress (a number of professions in mechanized foundry, rolling, forging, thermal, welding shops of engineering and metallurgical enterprises, etc.)
- category III includes work associated with the constant movement, movement and carrying of significant (over 10 kg) heavy loads and requiring great physical effort (a number of professions in blacksmith shops with manual forging, foundries with manual stuffing and filling the flasks of machine-building and metallurgical enterprises, etc.) .P.)
If the air temperature and / or thermal radiation at the workplace exceeds the upper limit of permissible values \u200b\u200baccording to SanPiN 2.2.4.548–96, the microclimate is evaluated according to the THC index.
For open areas in the warm season and air temperature of 25 ° C and below, the microclimate is assessed as permissible (class 2). If the temperature exceeds this value, the class of working conditions is established by the TNS index, which is recommended to be determined at noon in the absence of cloud cover.
The class of working conditions in terms of the THC index (° C) for workrooms with a heating microclimate, regardless of the season and open areas in the warm season (upper limit)
The HPS index is an empirical integral indicator (expressed in ° C), reflecting the combined influence of air temperature, its speed, humidity and thermal radiation on the heat exchange of a person with the environment. It is calculated by the formula: TNS \u003d 0.7 tvl. + 0.3 tш, where tvli tш - temperature of the wet thermometer and the black ball (for more details see Appendix No. 2 SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96)
In accordance with Appendix No. 7 of Guidance R 2.2.2006.05, time protection is provided when working in a heating microclimate:
1.1. In order to ensure the average shift thermal stress of workers at an acceptable level, the total duration of their activity under the conditions of a heating microclimate during a work shift should not exceed 7, 5, 3, and 1 hour, respectively, according to the hazard classes of working conditions (see table).
How workers of the Ford Motor Company from Vsevolozhsk struggled with heat
The trade union committee of AvtoVAZ OJSC Unity, together with specialists from the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, has developed a methodology for self-protection of workers in accordance with Article 379 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation in the event that the air temperature at the workplace exceeds the maximum permissible standards. Ford Motor Company employees in Vsevolozhsk are already using this technique. Since such actions of the employee will entail or may result in a simple one, the specialists of the Ministry of Health and Social Development consider that the employee should notify their employer in writing, while sending him the corresponding act drawn up by the employee in the presence of witnesses in order to record a violation of labor protection requirements, which consists in exceeding the permissible air temperature at the workplace. Also, the employee must be informed of the circumstances of his immediate supervisor.
We suggest using the advice of ministerial experts and, in the event that you decide to suspend work in order to protect your right to safe working conditions, write an act and a notice on the reasons for the suspension of work based on the examples below.
(The act is written in duplicate, signed by at least three employees, one copy is given to the boss along with notifications of suspension of work, and the second copy with the boss’s signature on the receipt of the bill remains with the employee) ABOUT IDENTIFICATION OF VIOLATIONS LABOR PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS We, the undersigned, confirm the fact that ____________________ 2006 at ____ hours ____ minutes at the workplace No. ______ of the team No. _______ of the workshop _______ of AvtoVAZ OJSC, the air temperature was ___________ degrees Celsius.
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(The notification is written individually by each employee in two copies, one copy is given to the boss along with the act on the violation of the temperature regime, and the second copy with the boss’s signature on the receipt of the notice remains with the employee) To the head of the workshop _____________ ____________________________. from __________________________. ____________________________. Notification. I inform you that the air temperature at my workplace exceeds the maximum permissible level provided by SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96. In this regard, on the basis of Article.Article. 219, 220, 379 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, I refuse to perform work in conditions that threaten my health until the danger is eliminated. Please inform me in writing about the moment of elimination of this danger. Since the obligation to ensure safe working conditions lies with the employer (Article 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), I ask you to pay all the downtime due to my refusal to work, according to part 1 of Article 157 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation - in the amount of at least 2/3 of my average earnings. I enclose a copy of the act. ___________________/_________________/ Recommended reading
Each apartment, like every family, has its own characteristics, so it is difficult ... 
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