The harm of industrial enterprises to the environment. Ecology for business. What harm does the enterprise bring to nature

Air pollution is caused by the release of harmful substances. There are more cars on the roads every year, and the exhaust fumes generated by cars every day pollute the air. Industry also has a strong negative impact on the atmosphere. Huge quantities of harmful emissions are released into the atmosphere every day from factories and plants. The cement, coal and steel industries pollute the atmosphere the most, which leads to the destruction of the ozone layer, which protects the planet from aggressive ultraviolet rays.

Contamination with radioactive elements

This type of environmental pollution causes the most serious damage. Accidents at nuclear power plants, nuclear waste stored in the ground for decades, the development of nuclear weapons and work in uranium mines affect both human health and the pollution of the entire planet.

Soil pollution

Pesticides and harmful additives that are commonly used in agriculture strongly pollute the soil. Waste from agricultural enterprises, which is dumped into sewers, also has an extremely negative effect on its condition. Deforestation and mining also damage the soil.

Water pollution

Water bodies are exposed to severe toxicity due to the discharge of garbage into rivers. Tons of human waste are released into the water every day. In addition, plastic bottles and plastic products are very harmful to nature, which pose a great danger to the inhabitants of the fauna. Rivers and other bodies of water in large cities with developed industry are especially affected.

Noise pollution

This type of pollution is specific. Unpleasant, loud, harsh sounds that factories, cars, trains make every day cause noise pollution. Natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and hurricanes also cause noise pollution. In humans, these processes cause headaches and other health problems.

In terms of its scale, pollution can be global, regional and local. However, any of them leads humanity to health problems, as well as a reduction in life by about 8-12 years. Unfortunately, every year environmental pollution progresses, and only humanity itself can cope with this problem.

Air pollution in cities during the day is uneven, which is determined by the uneven operation of transport and industrial enterprises. [...]

Cadmium contamination of food products and food raw materials, as a rule, occurs together with wastewater and other waste from industrial enterprises associated with the production and use of special alloys, automation, semiconductors. nuclear and rocket technology, anti-corrosion coatings, polymers, as well as when using phosphorus fertilizers and pesticides. Air pollution with cadmium occurs when plastic waste is burned. In the air of rural areas, the concentration of cadmium is 10 times higher than the levels of the natural background, and in the urban environment, in the presence of the above enterprises, the amount of cadmium increases.

The building materials industry uses waste and by-products from other industries (ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, thermal power plants, chemical industry, etc.) as a valuable raw material for the production of high-quality building materials, products and structures, which has a positive effect on the economy of enterprises in various industries. and very significantly reduces the harmful effect of industry on environment... Recycling of waste makes it possible to free up scarce land plots allotted for dumps, and very significantly reduce environmental pollution. At present, technologies for using waste from gypsum production of lightweight concrete have been developed and are being implemented. At the same time, technologies of non-autoclave production of large blocks and other wall materials are spreading, which significantly reduces the energy consumption of production and thermal pollution of the environment. [...]

Among the causes of atmospheric air pollution, those associated with radioactivity are becoming increasingly important. This is explained by the increase in the number of industrial enterprises using radioactive isotopes and the emergence of nuclear reactors (both for industrial and research purposes), which leads to the formation of fission products, decontamination of radioactive waste, etc. [...]

Industrial enterprises, urban transport and heat generating installations are the cause of the emergence (mainly in cities) of smog: unacceptable pollution of the outdoor air inhabited by humans due to the release of harmful substances into it by the specified sources of harmful substances under adverse weather conditions (no wind, temperature inversion, etc.). [...]

Pollution of the environment (air, water, soil, vegetation) by hydrocarbons of petroleum origin is closely related to the wastewater of industrial enterprises and dumps of household and industrial (chemistry, petrochemistry) waste. [...]

Industrial ecology studies the impact of industrial emissions on the environment and the possibility of reducing this impact and preventing pollution through better technologies, better organization of environmental activities and more rational use resources of raw materials and energy. [...]

Contamination by its origin can be organic and mineral. Organic pollution is capable of breaking down to the end product of decomposition, turning into mineral salts. Organic matter is a good breeding ground for various bacteria, including disease-causing (pathogenic) bacteria that cause infectious diseases. Therefore, organic waste should not be allowed to accumulate on the surface or in the depths of the soil and in water bodies. It is necessary to promptly remove these wastes from the territory of a populated place or industrial enterprise and render them harmless. Wastewater before descending into the reservoir, it should be cleaned and neutralized, otherwise the reservoir becomes polluted at a considerable distance from the place of their discharge. [...]

And thirdly, when assessing and standardizing the level of atmospheric pollution, the passivity of the emitted harmful substances and their practical non-reactiveness are postulated in advance. In fact, many gaseous pollutants (L? X, 30g, CO2, hydrocarbons, etc.), entering the atmosphere and interacting with other substances, or under the influence of solar energy, are transformed into new chemical compounds, or initiate their formation. Secondary pollutants formed in this way are often more toxic and, falling together with atmospheric precipitation on the soil and vegetation, have a more destructive effect on them than the primary gaseous pollutants. Moreover, such an effect is manifested, as a rule, not near the sources of primary pollutants emitted into the atmosphere, but at distances that are sufficiently remote from them. This circumstance allows us to believe that the achievement of cleanliness of atmospheric air within the boundaries of an industrial enterprise and its sanitary protection zone can actually be ensured by increasing environmental risk in other areas, which is essentially immoral when it comes to the habitat of all living things. [.. .]

In industry, the largest volumes of contaminated wastewater are discharged by enterprises of the pulp and paper, chemical and petrochemical industries, electric power industry, ferrous metallurgy, coal industry and mechanical engineering. [...]

In the industrial part of the city, where oil refining, petrochemical, chemical and other industrial enterprises form a gigantic source of environmental pollution, abnormally high concentrations of many chemical compounds (organic and inorganic) are found in groundwater, as indicated. Research shows that the geological environment is most intensely affected from the surface to a depth of 15-20 m. Dioxins and heavy metals in soil on the territory of industrial enterprises are concentrated in the near-surface zone (up to 5-7 m). In the depth interval from 5-7 m to 20 m, their content decreases significantly. Liquid organic pollutants and water-soluble salts penetrate almost the entire active circulation zone. [...]

But even in this Handbook, the list of materials required for design is very limited, presented in an overly general form and not always correctly. So, when indicating the need for water analysis, the importance of industrial pollution indicators is not emphasized and to which sections of the reservoir they should be tied; the data of the hydraulic characteristics of the reservoir are insufficient for calculating the dilution of wastewater; mention is made of the self-cleaning capacity of the reservoir, which can be determined by calculation only in relation to organic pollution of domestic wastewater, but there is no indication of data on the possible dilution of wastewater. Along with this, the importance of data on the composition of specific industrial pollution and the obligation to identify the possibility of technological rationalization of production processes when it comes to wastewater from industrial enterprises is not indicated; among the normative data on which the design assignment is based, the standards of the "Rules for the protection of surface waters from pollution by waste waters" are not indicated. [...]

The seas and oceans play a critical role in the preservation of habitats, influence the Earth's climate and balance its ecological system. Currently, the body of water has become a repository of various waste. As a result of the discharge into rivers and then into the ocean of sewage from various industrial enterprises, their runoff from the fields and forests treated with chemicals, and the loss of liquid fuel during transportation by tankers, the pollution of the oceans and seas with substances harmful to life, such as oil, heavy metals, is constantly increasing. pesticides, radioisotopes, etc. [...]

Removal of pollution - 1) transfer of enterprises and even a significant part of industrial sectors in business that adversely affect the human environment from their own country or from an industrially developed region within the country to another country or region, often less polluted; 2) export of hazardous waste from one country or region of the country to other countries and regions, usually less industrialized. V.Z. - a form of ecological expansion. [...]

The geography of environmental pollution is directly related to the economic geography of the location of industry and the settlement of people, and pollution from large industrial centers and associations spreads over great distances. Thus, emissions of sulfur dioxide by enterprises in England and Germany have a negative effect on forests and lakes in Sweden and Norway. Air and water pollution do not recognize borders. Mexico, for example, has claims against the United States that damage their economy. Scientists' studies show that pollution spreads over tens, hundreds, and in some cases thousands of kilometers from the source of their formation. Under appropriate climatic and geographical conditions in certain regions of our planet, a sharp increase in the level of atmospheric pollution is possible, sometimes to a critical one. [...]

Local pollution of the biosphere. Environmental pollution is very uneven. The main centers of anthropogenic impact on nature are located in regions with developed industry, maximum population concentration and intensive agricultural production. Such pollution, usually observed around any industrial enterprise, large mine, settlement, are called local. Their chemistry is determined, on the one hand, by the sectoral affiliation of the pollution source, and on the other, by the relief, climatic features and other natural conditions of the pollution site. Thus, the soil around the mines of polymetallic ores and plants for smelting non-ferrous metals always contains an increased amount of heavy metals - copper, zinc, lead, cadmium. The same local lead contamination of the soil is observed along highways with heavy traffic. [...]

The total pollution of the territories of the Russian Federation is determined by emissions from stationary (enterprises using lead in production) and mobile sources (vehicles). Urban areas are the most contaminated with lead, since industries and vehicles are concentrated in cities. In 1995, in 20 cities of Russia, the average monthly concentrations of lead in the air exceeded the MPC values. According to Roshydromet data, in 120 cities of Russia, in 80% of cases there are significant excess of lead content in the soil. In a number of cities, the average concentration of lead in the soil is more than 10 times higher than the OEC: Revda and Kirovograd of the Sverdlovsk Region, Rudnaya Pristan, Dalnegorsk and Vladivostok in the Primorsky Territory, Komsomolsk-on-Amur in the Khabarovsk Territory, Belovo in the Kemerovo Region, Svirsk, Cheremkhovo in Irkutsk Oblast, etc. Many cities, having a favorable average picture, are significantly contaminated with lead in a significant part of the territory. So, in Moscow, according to the target program "Protection of the environment from lead pollution and reduction of its impact on public health" (1995), more than 86 km2 of the territory (8%) is contaminated with lead in concentrations exceeding the OEC. [... ]

Japan, the USA and the Federal Republic of Germany are among the countries with the highest levels of air pollution. The main sources of air pollution are road transport, heating systems, industrial enterprises. [...]

Chemical pollution of the environment, i.e. pollution of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, soil as a result of the activities of industrial enterprises and mining companies (pollution with industrial waste), the agro-industrial complex (pollution with pesticides, mineral and organic fertilizers, pesticides), transport complex (pollution with industrial waste and oil products ), housing and communal services (pollution with domestic wastewater), military facilities (pollution with rocket fuel and fuels and lubricants, untreated wastewater and emissions), as well as as a result of man-made accidents and global transport of pollution (oil spills, "acid rain" and etc.).[ ...]

Sources of environmental pollution with dioxins on the territory of Russia are a variety of industrial enterprises. The main dioxin-hazardous facilities include: pulp and paper mills and combines (Svetogorsk, Novodvinsk, Isakogorka, Kaliningrad, Sovetsk, Baikalsk, Amursk, etc.); chemical plants (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Ufa, Tomsk, etc.), as well as many other enterprises, including the radio industry, woodworking, paint and varnish, etc. In total, there are about 150 objects in Russia that can be classified as dioxin-hazardous. [...]

The impact of industrial pollution on vegetation is largely modified by edaphoclimatic environmental conditions. In particular, in waterlogged habitats on depressions of the microrelief, the leading factor determining the parameters of phytocenoses is soil salinity, while in habitats with insufficient and normal moisture, soil drainage and the direct effect of high concentrations of technogenic impurities in the atmosphere are more pronounced. In general, even intense industrial pollution, as a rule, is inferior in strength to the impact on vegetation of such environmental factors as moisture regime, microrelief, mechanical disturbance of soils and vegetation cover, which is typical not only for research objects, but also for other industrial enterprises [Shilova , Kapelkina, 1988; Kapelkina, 1993]. [...]

The ministries and departments of the USSR do not ensure that at all the enterprises under their jurisdiction located in the basins of the Black and Azov Seas, the necessary set of measures to minimize the amount of untreated wastewater and reduce their pollution, are poorly introducing advanced production technology at industrial enterprises that prevents environmental pollution, slowly resolve issues of complex processing of raw materials and waste disposal. [...]

Bacterial and biological pollution is mainly characteristic of domestic wastewater and wastewater from some industrial enterprises. Among the latter are slaughterhouses, tanneries, factories for the primary processing of wool, fur production, biofabrication factories, enterprises of the microbiological industry, etc. [...]

Ministries and departments in charge of enterprises and organizations that discharge untreated wastewater into rivers and other water bodies of the Black and Azov Seas basins have been assigned tasks to carry out measures by the specified date in order to completely stop the discharge of untreated wastewater into these rivers and water bodies by progressive production technology that prevents environmental pollution, complex processing of raw materials, disposal of industrial waste and the construction of effective treatment facilities and neutralization plants. [...]

Hazardous emissions from industrial enterprises and other sources of pollution have a negative impact not only on the environment, but in a number of cases also significantly affect the operation of technical equipment. For example, outdoor power plant equipment and overhead power lines are highly exposed to emissions from fossil fuel combustion. [...]

Along with the control of industrial enterprises, it is necessary to control the content of persistent organochlorine compounds (PCBs, DDT, HCH, etc.) in agricultural landscapes. The latter are one of the main secondary sources of environmental pollution with these substances. The accumulation of COS in agricultural landscapes is the result of large-scale and long-term use of OCPs in agriculture. Thus, a survey of agricultural areas of the Kuban lowland showed that the pressure on the soil cover of residual quantities of OCPs is comparable to the load of industrial pollutants. Particular attention should be paid to the increased content of PCBs and DDT residues in soils under certain agricultural crops and perennial plantations, as well as evaporation fields, where municipal and industrial wastewater containing COS, G1AU, carcinogenic metals is discharged. After evaporation of water, dirty soil layers are formed on them, which are easily blown away in the form of dusty powder even by a slight wind. Under such conditions, dust particles can enter the lungs and esophagus of people living in the area and contribute to the occurrence of cancer.[ ...]

In our country, great attention is paid to combating environmental pollution. In recent years, air pollution has significantly decreased in Moscow, Leningrad, Kemerovo, Tbilisi, Gorky and in many other cities. Thus, in Moscow, the air has become five to six times cleaner due to the gasification of boiler houses, industrial enterprises and power plants, the installation of gas and dust collecting facilities, and a change in the technology of some production facilities 2. [...]

From the point of view of the multifaceted effect on human health, the presence of PCDD / Fs in water is unacceptable, since, due to their high toxicity, biological activity and stability in environmental objects, they are classified as hormone-like superecotoxicants. It has now been established that one of the main sources of pollution of natural objects with PCDD / F is wastewater from organochlorine synthesis enterprises. However, in the inventory of PCDD / F emission sources, predominant attention is paid to gas-air emissions, since it is believed that the main sources of dioxins are thermal processes. Meanwhile, studies show that up to 90% of dioxin emissions from organochlorine synthesis plants, including toxic waste incinerators, occurs with wastewater that enters biological treatment plants (BFW) and further into natural water bodies. Thus, the biofeedback system is practically the only barrier between the source of pollution and the environment. However, at present, the problem of dioxin distribution in the biofeedback system remains practically unexplored. [...]

Protection of groundwater from pollution should include both general measures aimed at protecting the natural environment as a whole (implementation of technical and technological measures to reduce waste and create waste-free production facilities, repeated use of water, prevention of waste water leaks, controlled and limited use of pesticides and fertilizers), and special events. The latter include the organization of sanitary protection zones for water intakes, the identification of existing and forecasting potential sources of pollution, the implementation of protective measures to eliminate and localize existing foci of pollution and prevent their formation in the future, the choice of locations for new industrial enterprises and agricultural facilities, a detailed hydrogeological substantiation of the possibility of underground disposal industrial effluents, etc. [...]

Anthropogenic sources of pollution are very diverse. Among them are not only industrial enterprises and the heat-and-power complex, but also household waste, animal husbandry, transport waste, as well as chemicals that are certainly introduced by humans into ecosystems to protect useful producers from pests, diseases, weeds. [...]

The state of the outdoor air in different places of the site of an industrial enterprise and the microdistrict of a populated place is not the same. The cleanest air is found in well-aerated places, where pollution from technological, ventilation, unorganized (accidental) and transport emissions gets to a lesser extent. It is in such places that air intake devices for supply ventilation should be located. According to the standards existing in the USSR (SN 245-71), the concentration of harmful substances in the air intake points at industrial enterprises should not exceed 0.3 MPC for internal air. [...]

Studies to assess the impact of pollution on the health of the population should be comprehensive and cover large contingents of the population. The huge amount of information obtained in this process requires widespread use of electronic computers. The need for the latter is also associated with the fact that the established quantitative relationships between environmental conditions and the state of health of the population will allow mathematical modeling of the processes under study. At the same time, studies carried out on a limited population contingent, whose main task is to establish sanitary protection zones for industrial enterprises in specific climatic and other conditions, do not lose their significance. [...]

Our country has accumulated a large and positive experience in conducting health-improving activities. Practice shows that the most significant role in the long-term transformation of the urban environment and the improvement of living conditions is played by a system of national measures aimed at further improving the location of productive forces and curbing the growth of large cities, at solving issues of protecting atmospheric air, water bodies and soil from pollution by industrial emissions and vehicles. [...]

At the same time, the size of the interest rate of payments for environmental pollution in the cost structure for the oil and gas industry is very small. Calculations show that they are only a fraction of a percent of the total cost (calculations in Chapters 4 and 5). [...]

This approach seems to be very promising and economically very important. For the destruction of solid waste, powerful waste incineration plants (up to 900 tons / day or more) are being built abroad in order to obtain energy. At the beginning of the 90s of the XX century. the share of waste incinerated is up to 4% for the USA; Japan -26%; Germany - 35%; Sweden - over 52%; Switzerland -75%, etc. Some of these factories produce electricity, but mainly steam is generated, which is used in industrial plants or in residential buildings. The most important distinguishing feature of incineration in European countries, the USA, Japan is the highest degree of purification of emissions into the atmosphere and other possible sources of environmental pollution in the used incineration technology. In 1990, a little more than 1,420 thousand tons of household waste was removed to waste processing plants in our country. [...]

The organizing principle in ensuring the cleanliness of the environment is the scientifically and economically sound design of its protection, which allows finding optimal solutions to this issue. So, in a complex project of an industrial enterprise, it is necessary to develop sections on ensuring the cleanliness of the air, hydrosphere, acoustic environment from pollution, as well as protecting the environment from pollution with solid industrial wastes. [...]

It is especially important for a specialist in the field of environmental quality management to know that wind flows are the most important factor in the transfer, dispersion and fallout of pollutants entering the atmosphere from industrial enterprises, heat power engineering, and transport. The strength and direction of the wind determine the modes of environmental pollution. For example, calm in combination with air temperature inversion is considered as unfavorable meteorological conditions (NMC), contributing to long-term severe air pollution in industrial areas and in human habitation. [...]

Currently, there is no unified system of environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation, and this greatly complicates the activities of various management bodies responsible for ensuring environmental safety. According to the State Report "On the State of the Natural Environment of the Russian Federation in 1996", the process of soil degradation continues as a result of their pollution with harmful substances emitted into the environment by industrial enterprises and vehicles. In addition, despite the decline in production and a decrease in the volume of industrial emissions, the tendency for the accumulation of toxic substances in soils persists. [...]

Water bodies are polluted mainly as a result of the discharge of wastewater from industrial enterprises and settlements into them. As a result of wastewater discharge, the physical properties of the water change (the temperature rises, the transparency decreases, color, tastes, odors appear); floating substances appear on the surface of the reservoir, and sediment forms at the bottom; the chemical composition of water changes (the content of organic and inorganic substances increases, toxic substances appear, the oxygen content decreases, the active reaction of the environment changes, etc.); the qualitative and quantitative bacterial composition changes, pathogenic bacteria appear. Contaminated water bodies become unsuitable for drinking, and often for technical water supply; lose their fishery value, etc. [...]

The monograph gives a complete picture of the possibilities of ecoanalytical chemistry in the control of environmental pollution (including in the monitoring mode) and the assessment of the ecological state of regions and territories. On real examples of environmental analyzes carried out at different times in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic republics, as well as in the United States and European countries, the effectiveness of analytical control in determining air pollution (atmosphere, city air, air of the working area of \u200b\u200bindustrial enterprises and office buildings, emissions from factories and factories, etc.), water (waste and natural waters, spring and tap water, rain and snow water, etc.), soil and bottom sediments (determination of heavy metals, organometallic compounds, toxic substances and supertoxicants in landfills, in places of burial of chemical waste, in the waters of seaports, etc.). [...]

The functions of generalized state environmental monitoring are entrusted to the State Committee for Nature Protection for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the Ministry of Health. In large industrial cities, environmental monitoring is carried out by automated air quality control systems (ANKOS-AG). Thus, the availability of continuous information about the state of the environment in large cities allows you to quickly take the necessary measures to eliminate excessive pollution by reducing emissions from industrial enterprises and (or) reducing the traffic density of vehicles. Regulation of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere due to their short-term reduction during periods of unfavorable meteorological conditions must be carried out in accordance with RD 52.04.306-92. (Guiding document: Nature protection. Atmosphere: Guidelines for forecasting air pollution (RD 52.04.306-92). [...]

The main component of the structure of communities of terrestrial animals is animal soils, reaching 90-95% in biomass, the number of animal species inhabiting the landscape [Krivolutskiy, 1994; Krivolutsky et al., 1985]. This group of organisms forms a sedentary population, is in close contact with the soil, in which all types of pollutants are deposited and sorbed, therefore any anthropogenic impact on the environment ultimately affects soil animals. The traditional assessment of the impact of industrial pollution on the soil fauna is carried out by assessing the bioaccumulation of pollutants by representatives of different groups of invertebrates living in the soil, comparing the abundance and biomass, as well as the degree of variability of these indicators. An important indicator value is attached to the change in the species composition of various groups of organisms and the structure of the complex of pedobionts in the zone of industrial enterprises and in the background territory [Khot'ko et al., 1982; Ryabinin et al. 1988]. It is possible to analyze the state of the environment at the level of large taxa of soil organisms and spectra of life forms. [...]

The expediency of using small-sized mobile gas-gasoline units (MGBU) in the utilization of flares is shown. The construction of the MGBU will allow, with the maximum extraction of valuable components, to achieve a reduction in environmental pollution and the senseless destruction of valuable raw materials. The products obtained locally will significantly reduce transport costs to provide consumers (nearby settlements, industrial enterprises and vehicles) with liquefied gases and gasoline. Describes the technical solutions incorporated in the MGBU, which make it possible to increase the profitability of using the installation when disposing of flares. [...]

The global processes of the 20th century, which had a decisive impact on the state of ecology on Earth, include the scientific and technological revolution, to a certain extent, directed by industrialization. Industrialization is the process of creating large-scale industrial production in all sectors of the national economy. On the one hand, it improved the quality of life of people, which led to a sharp increase in the population of the planet, and on the other, it resulted in the uncontrolled use of natural resources and pollution of the environment by waste of human economic activity. The greatest harm to the environment is caused by industrial enterprises and means of transport, which are integral attributes of urbanized areas.

The urgency of the problem of the impact of industry on the environment is frightening. The activities of metallurgical, energy, chemical and other plants cause serious harm to the environment. In view of this, a new direction has appeared - industrial ecology. She studies the relationship between industry and the natural environment. It considers the state of the atmosphere, water, soil and other characteristics in a particular area. It also examines how the enterprise affects the environment of nearby settlements.

Modern problems of ecology and human activity

In terms of its impact on the environment, production is considered one of the most dangerous. The main reason is outdated work technologies and a large concentration of enterprises within small areas or one territory.

Some of the large factories do not have an environmental safety system (or it is greatly simplified).

A significant proportion of industrial waste enters the natural environment in the form of garbage. For finished products 1-2% of raw materials are needed, the rest goes into the biosphere, polluting it.

Negative impact by industry

The environmental impact is distributed depending on the specific industry.

Energy

Energy facilities are becoming sources of risk for the population and nature. Energy is involved in the development of all industries, agriculture and transport, therefore it is of great importance.

The extent to which thermal power plants generate electricity varies with the type and amount of fuel burned. Solid fuels emit fly ash (sometimes containing arsenic), nitrogen oxides, anhydrides, fluorine compounds and other hazardous substances into the atmosphere.

During the combustion of fuel oil with smoke emissions, nitrogen oxides, vanadium elements, sulfurous and sulfuric anhydrides, sodium salts are released into the atmosphere.

During the decomposition of natural gas, nitrogen oxide is a serious air pollutant. In the energy sector, all factories that burn fuel are considered sources of environmental pollution. Their emissions are responsible for the formation of the greenhouse effect, as well as the destruction of the protective layer of the earth. Compounds are deposited from the atmosphere into soil and water in the form of acid rain.

Transport

It is a significant production unit. The work of modern industry is not possible without transport. There are two main forms of its influence on the surrounding world:

• vehicles;
• communication lines.

Transport networks include highways and railways, pipelines and airfields. Significant areas are needed to place communication lines. During construction, people destroy the soil.

The main current source of pollution is road transport. Exhaust gases include harmful elements: nitrogen and carbon oxides, lead, etc. Some of the substances emitted into nature are characterized by mutagenicity. To combat this pollution, scientists are trying to develop new technologies.

It is important to put into operation new modes of transport, which will have a much weaker impact on the environment. It also requires proper line management and switching to more environmentally friendly forms of fuel.

Industry

There are two main branches in the Russian Federation:

• mining;
• processing.

The first is based on the extraction of mineral raw materials, which are considered a non-renewable source. Enterprises of this branch are being built right at the field. The service life of such plants depends on the volume of mineral resources in the source.

Mining enterprises have a detrimental effect on nature. They violate the integrity of terrestrial sources, pollute the planet's surface (soil and water), and hazardous elements are released into the atmosphere.

The manufacturing industry is divided into the following types:

• chemical;
• engineering;
• woodworking;
• easy;
• food, etc.

Each species has separate technological features and the nature of the impact on the environment.

Necessary measures and future prospects

This situation leads to environmental disasters that occur due to human negligence or wear and tear of equipment.

The funds that could have been saved in preventing accidents can be used to restore the fuel and energy complex. This would help to greatly reduce the energy intensity of the economy.

The misuse of natural resources is damaging the planet. To analyze the main measures for combating pollution, it is necessary to compare the results of economic activity and the parameters of the environmental friendliness of industrial products, production technologies. This requires financial costs from the enterprise, which are important to include in the production plan. In factories, costs should be divided into 3 branches:

• production costs;
• environmental costs;
• spending on the production of a product of the appropriate level of safety or its replacement with a more environmentally friendly one

In the Russian Federation, the industry is based on oil and gas production. Production volumes are currently declining dramatically, and most of the pollution comes from the energy sector. Ecology suffers already at the stage of extraction and transportation of raw materials. More than 20,000 accidents are recorded annually, caused by oil spills and the ingress of substances into water bodies, because of this, flora and fauna die.

In addition, the Russian oil industry and accidents cause great economic damage. For maximum safety, oil should be transported through pipelines. This method includes not only the piping system, but also pumping stations, compressors and a lot of other equipment.

Despite the safety and reliability of pipeline transportation, accidents cannot be avoided even here. About 40% of the networks are worn out and have come to the end of their useful life. Over time, defects form on the pipes, the metal rusts.

The production forces and drilling equipment work under difficult conditions: overload, high stress and high pressure. As a safety measure, attention should be paid to outdated pumping equipment. A special role is given to multiphase pumps - they are more reliable and financially more efficient. In addition, it becomes possible to get rid of gas in a simpler and safer way. Today it is burned, although it is an important raw material for the chemical industry. According to scientists, the load on nature has grown exponentially over the past couple of years. This is due to the growth of production and agriculture. The lack of clean water is becoming a real problem for industry and cities.

Despite the dangerous forecasts, developing countries have become more serious about cleaning and controlling production safety. New plants are not permitted without the installation and operation of treatment plants. In matters of environmental protection, a special role is played by the issue of state control - without this, it will not be possible to cope with pollution.

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From elementary grades we are taught that man and nature are one, that one cannot be separated from the other. We learn about the development of our planet, the features of its structure and structure. These areas affect our well-being: the atmosphere, soil, water of the Earth - these are perhaps the most important components of a normal human life. But why, then, every year environmental pollution goes further and more and more? Let's take a look at the main environmental issues.

Environmental pollution, which also refers to the natural environment and the biosphere, is an increased content in it of physical, chemical or biological reagents that are not typical for this environment, brought in from the outside, the presence of which leads to negative consequences.

Scientists have been sounding the alarm about an imminent environmental disaster for several decades in a row. The studies carried out in various fields lead to the conclusion that we are already facing global climate and environmental changes under the influence of human activities. The pollution of the oceans due to the leakage of oil and oil products, as well as garbage has reached enormous proportions, which affects the decline in the populations of many animal species and the ecosystem as a whole. The growing number of cars every year leads to large emissions into the atmosphere, which, in turn, leads to land drainage, heavy rainfall on the continents, and a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the air. Some countries are already forced to bring in water and even buy canned air as production has damaged the country's environment. Many people have already realized the danger and are very sensitive to negative changes in nature and major environmental problems, but we still perceive the possibility of a disaster as something unrealizable and distant. Is this really so or the threat is close and something needs to be done immediately - let's figure it out.

Types and main sources of environmental pollution

The main types of pollution are classified by the sources of environmental pollution themselves:

• biological;
• chemical
• physical;
• mechanical.

In the first case, environmental pollutants are the activity of living organisms or anthropogenic factors. In the second case, there is a change in the natural chemical composition contaminated sphere by adding other chemicals to it. In the third case, the physical characteristics of the environment change. These types of pollution include thermal, radiation, noise and other types of radiation. The latter type of pollution is also associated with human activities and waste emissions into the biosphere.

All types of pollution can be present both separately on their own, and flow from one to another or exist together. Consider how they affect individual areas of the biosphere.

People who have come a long way in the desert will probably be able to name the price of every drop of water. Although most likely these drops will be priceless, because human life depends on them. In ordinary life, alas, we do not attach such great importance to water, since we have a lot of it, and it is available at any time. Only in the long term this is not entirely true. In percentage terms, only 3% of the world's fresh water supply remained unpolluted. Understanding the importance of water for people does not prevent a person from contaminating an important source of life with oil and oil products, heavy metals, radioactive substances, inorganic pollution, sewage and synthetic fertilizers.

Polluted water contains a large amount of xenobiotics - substances alien to the human or animal body. If this water enters the food chain, it can lead to serious food poisoning and even death for everyone in the chain. Of course, they are also contained in the products of volcanic activity, which pollute water even without human help, but the activities of the metallurgical industry and chemical plants are of predominant importance.

With the advent of nuclear research, nature has suffered quite significant harm in all areas, including water. Charged particles trapped in it are very harmful to living organisms and contribute to the development of oncological diseases. Wastewater from factories, ships with nuclear reactors, and simple rain or snow in a nuclear test area can contaminate water with decomposition products.

Sewer drains, which carry a lot of garbage: detergents, food residues, small household waste and others, in turn contribute to the multiplication of other pathogenic organisms, which, when ingested, give a number of diseases, such as typhoid fever, dysentery and others.

Perhaps it makes no sense to explain how the soil is an important part of human life. Most of the food that a person eats comes from the soil: from cereals to rare types of fruits and vegetables. For this to continue in the future, it is necessary to maintain the condition of the soil at the proper level for a normal water cycle. But anthropogenic pollution has already led to the fact that 27% of the planet's land is subject to erosion.

Soil pollution is the ingress of toxic chemicals and debris into it in high quantities, which impede the normal flow of the cycle of soil systems. The main sources of soil pollution:

• residential buildings;
• industrial enterprises;
• transport;
• agriculture;
• nuclear power.

In the first case, soil pollution occurs due to ordinary garbage that is thrown out in the wrong places. But the main reason should be called landfills. The incinerated waste leads to the clogging of large areas, and the combustion products spoil the soil irrevocably, contaminating the entire environment.

Industrial enterprises emit a variety of toxic substances, heavy metals and chemical compounds that affect not only the soil, but also the life of living organisms. It is this source of pollution that leads to technogenic soil pollution.

Transport emissions, hydrocarbon, methane and lead, getting into the soil, affect food chains - enter the human body through food.
Excessive plowing, pesticides, pesticides and fertilizers, which contain enough mercury and heavy metals, lead to significant soil erosion and desertification. Abundant irrigation also cannot be called a positive factor, since it leads to soil salinity.

Today, up to 98% of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants is buried in the ground, mainly uranium fission products, which leads to the degradation and depletion of land resources.

The atmosphere in the form of the gaseous shell of the Earth is of great value, since it protects the planet from cosmic radiation, affects the relief, determines the Earth's climate and its thermal background. It cannot be said that the composition of the atmosphere was homogeneous and only with the advent of man began to change. But it was after the beginning of the vigorous activity of people that the heterogeneous composition was "enriched" with dangerous impurities.

The main pollutants in this case are chemical plants, the fuel and energy complex, agriculture and cars. They lead to the appearance of copper, mercury, and other metals in the air. Of course, air pollution is felt the most in industrial areas.

Thermal power plants bring light and heat to our homes, however, in parallel, they emit huge amounts of carbon dioxide and soot into the atmosphere.
Acid rain is caused by wastes from chemical plants, such as sulfur or nitrogen oxide. These oxides can react with other elements of the biosphere, which leads to the appearance of more destructive compounds.

Modern cars are good enough in design and technical specifications, but the problem with the atmosphere has not yet been resolved. Ash and fuel products not only spoil the atmosphere of cities, but also settle on the soil and make it unusable.

In many industrial and industrial areas, use has become an integral part of life precisely because of the pollution of the environment from factories and vehicles. Therefore, if you are concerned about the state of the air in your apartment, with the help of a breather, you can create a healthy microclimate at home, which, unfortunately, does not eliminate glider problems of environmental pollution, but at least helps protect yourself and your loved ones.

Recently, the sphere of consumption, as well as the technologies of social production, have taken as a rule to move away from the use of natural materials, from cycles associated with the natural cycle of substances. Today's industry introduces into the environment a considerable number of substances and materials that are extremely alien to natural landscapes and ecological systems.

An ever-increasing mass of such xenobiotics (Greek "xenos" - alien, alien) - pesticides, herbicides, freons, synthetic plastics, heavy metals - enters the atmosphere, water bodies and soil in quantities that exceed the self-cleaning and assimilation capacity of natural systems. The complexity of the situation also lies in the fact that with the current scale and nature of human impact on the natural environment, it responds with a completely unexpected (for humans) reaction, which is due to the exhaustion of the ability of the environment to self-heal, the presence of a large number of interconnections in nature. Professional waste collection and subsequent disposal is extremely important in such a situation.

For example, all the metals scattered as a result of the production activities of mankind enter mainly the humus sphere. From the soil, they are assimilated by plants, with plant food and air they can pass into animal organisms. Therefore, as a measure of the scale of technogenic influences, the ratio of the expected total technogenic release of a given metal to its current content in soil and living matter (the amount of matter involved in the circulation) is very clear.

Calculations have shown that this ratio is the largest for arsenic - 470.2; antimony - 387.5; bismuth - 381.3; uranium - 297.5; cadmium - 50.6. These elements are contained in biota in trace amounts, but with each ton of ore and fuel mined, they are captured by the biosphere and enter the organic matter circulation for a long time. Part of the waste is subject to assimilation and biotic and geochemical neutralization in the process of destruction; the other part, containing xenobiotics, after biological and geochemical migration undergoes immobilization, dispersal and removal, act as technogenic pollution of the environment.

The cumulative harmful effect of their entry into the circuit depends on the hazard ratio of waste, their mass, productivity and sustainability of ecosystems, in particular, resistance to anthropogenic impacts.