Actively and fun to shoot the game "Dangerous weapons". How clear from ...
To portray the conflict of personality and state, the confrontation of the black spot background - for Surikov artistic tasks of the same importance. "Boyari Morozova" generally could not be if it were not for a crow in the winter landscape.
"... since the crows on the snow saw. Sits a crow on the snow and the wing one assted. Black spot in the snow sits. So this stain I could not forget for many years. Then "Boyaryna Morozov" wrote "- recalled Vasily Surikov about how the picture design appeared. At the creation of "Morning strike execution", the canvas, who made him famous, Surikov inspired interesting reflexes on a white shirt from a flame of a lit candle in daylight. The artist, whose childhood passed in Siberia, a similar way recalled the executioner who conducted public executions on the city square of Krasnoyarsk: "Black Eshafot, Red Shirt - Beauty!"
At the picture of Surikov, events are depicted on November 29 (by n. Art. - Approx. "Around the world") 1671, when Feodosia was taken from Moscow to conclusion.
An unknown contemporary of the heroine in the "Tale of the Boyaryn Morozova" says: "And the miracle was lucky (the monastery in the Kremlin, where she had previously convened for interrogation. - approx." Around the World ") under the royal transitions. The hand is shooting my gums ... and I clearly depicted the addition of finger, the High Ridge, the cross, I often fencing, Chepia is often stabulous ".
1. Feodosia Morozova. "Your fingers are thin ... Your photos of your lightning", - spoke about the frost her spiritual mentor Protopop Avvakum. Surikov first wrote the crowd, and then began to look for a suitable type for the main character. The artist tried to write Morozov from his aunt of Avdoti Vasilyevna Targoshina, which was interested in old-handedness. But her face was lost against the background of a multicolor crowd. The search continued until once to the Old Believers did not come from the Urals some Anastasia Mikhailovna. "In the kindergarten, in two hours"According to Surikov, he wrote from her etude: "And how inserted it into the picture - she won all".
Having drongged to opals in luxury crews, haruging is carried in the peasant sleigh so that the people see her humiliation. Figure Morozova - a black triangle - is not lost against the background of surrounding her motley human gathering, it seems to break this crowd into two unequal parts: excited and sympathizing - to the right and indifferent and mummy - on the left.
2. Two hundred. So folded the fingers, in the chair, the Old Believers, while Nikon was planted triple. Breeding with two fingers in Russia was made long. Two fingers symbolize the unity of the double nature of Jesus Christ - Divine and human, and curved and connected three remaining - Trinity.
3. Snow. Interested in painting by what changes, enriches the color of the objects on it. "To write in the snow - everything is different, - Surikov said. - Won write on snow silhouettes. And in the snow everything is saturated with light. All in the reflexes of purple and pink, won like clothes of the booring frost - top, black; and shirt in the crowd ... "
4. Watches. "In the woodcuts, what beauty: in shorts, in knitting, in the sauna, - the painter adopted. - And in the bends of the poloz, how they pegs and shine, like wrought-iron ... After all, the Russian woods need to take! .. " In the alley near the Moscow apartment of Surikov in the winter, the drifts were embroidered, and there were often peasant sleighs. The artist walked behind the woods and sketched the grooves left them in the fresh snow. Surikov was looking for a long time between the sleigh and the edge of the paintings, which will give them the dynamics, will make it "go."
5. Fake clothing. At the end of 1670, Morozova began to be secretly in the nuns under the name of Theodore and therefore wearing strict, albeit expensive, black clothes.
6. Lesstovka (Fearing on the hand and the wanderer on the right). Leather old-supplied rosages in the form of stairs - the symbol of spiritual climb, hence the name. At the same time, the flatter is closed in the ring, which means incessant prayer. Each Christian-Old Christian should have its own flattering for prayer.
7. Laughing pop. Creating characters, the painter chose the brightest types from the people. The prototype of this priest is a deception of Wrçonophogs of the Caucoins. Surikov recalled, as at the age of eight years he had to rule all night with horses on a dangerous road, since the deceka, his fellow traveler, as usual, got drunk.
8. Church. It was written from the temple of Nicholas the Wonderworker in the new Sloboda on Dolgorukovskaya Street in Moscow, not far from the house where Surikov lived. Stone Temple built in 1703. The building has survived to this day, but requires restoration. The outlines of the church in the picture are foggy: the artist did not want it to be recognizable. Judging by the first sketches, Surikov was at first, in accordance with the sources, to portray the Kremlin building in the background, but then decided to transfer the place of action to the generalized Moscow street of the XVII century and focus on the heterogeneous crowd of citizens.
9. Princess Evdokia Urusova. The native sister of Morozova under its influence also joined the splitters and eventually divided the fate of Feodosia in Borovsky Ostrog.
10. Old woman and girls. These types of Surikov found in the Old Believer community at the Preobrazhensky cemetery. There they knew him well, and women agreed to pose. "I liked it that I am the Cossack and do not smoke", "the artist told.
11. Written handkerchief. The random find of the artist is still at the stage of etude. Having rolled up the edge makes it clear that the hallee has just bowed to the convict lowestly, to the earth, in a sign of deep respect.
12. Nun. Her Surikov wrote from a friend, the daughter of the Moscow priest who was preparing to accept the victim.
13. Staff. Surikov saw such in her hand at the old woman pilgrimage, which was on the tract on the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra. "I grabbed the watercolor so for her - recalled the artist. - And she has already moved away. Shouting to her: "Grandma! Grandmother! Give the staff! " And she and the staff threw - thought, the robber I ".
14. Wanderer. Similar types of Skaltsev-Bogomoltsev with streams and Kotomokov met at the end of the 19th century. This wanderer is the ideological ally of Morozova: he removed the cap, accomplishing the convicted person; He has the same as she, old-supplied rosary. Among the etudes there are self-portraits to this image: when the artist decided to change the title of the character's head, the pilgrim, who posted him initially, was no longer found.
15. Outer in Verigas. Soking Morozova, he baptizes her in the same split two and not afraid of punishment: they didn't touch the whiskers in Russia. The artist found a suitable simulator on the market. A peasant traded with cucumbers agreed to pose in the snow in one canvas shrub, and the painter rubbed his chopped legs with vodka. "I gave him three rubles, - told Surikov. - It was big money for him. And he was the first duty of Likhach for the ruble seventy five kopeck hired. That's what kind of person was ".
16. Icon "Our Lady Mention". The Feodosia Morozova looks at her on top of the crowd. The rebellious boyfriend intends to keep the answer only in front of the sky.
For the first time, I heard the rebellious boyfriend of Surikov for the first time in childhood from the godfather Olga Durange. In the XVII century, when King Alexey Mikhailovich supported the reform of the Russian Church, held by the Patriarch Nikon, Feodosiya Morozova, one of the most born and influential women at the court, was opposed to innovations. Her open irregularity caused the wrath of the monarch, and in the end, the boyar was sharpened in the underground prison in Borovsk near Kaluga, where she died of exhaustion.
The opposition of an angular black spot background - for the drama artist, the same exciting as the conflict of a strong person with the monarch of power. To transfer the game of color reflexes on clothes and faces to the author is equally important than to show the spectrum of emotions in a convicted crowd. For Surikov, these creative tasks did not exist separately. "Distractions and conventions are birds of art", "he argued.
 ARTIST
1848
- Born in Krasnoyarsk in the Cossack family. |
Fear of Morozova Feodosia Prokopyevna (Born 21 (31) of May 1632 - Death 2 (12) November 1675) - Supreme Palace Boyfriend. It was arrested for commitment to the "old faith", exiled to the Paftyevo-Borovsky monastery and planted to the monastery prison, where he died from hunger.
What is known about Feodosia Prokopyevna
The appearance of the boarants of Morozova in the national memory is connected with the Pattern of V.Surikov's favorite people. Another writer V. Garshan, seeing 100 years ago at the exhibition of the artist's cloth, predicted that the descendants would not be able to "imagine the Feodosia Prokopyevna otherwise, as it is depicted in the picture." Contemporary is difficult to be impartial, but we understand Garin as it turned out to be a good prophet. Many people imagine afraid of Morozov harsh, an elderly woman, as in the picture, which fanatically pulled the hand in two-time. Well, Surikov knew the story well and did not come against the truth in the main thing, well, the details of the fiction were necessary for him for the sake of symbolic generalizations.
Boyfriend Morozova was not old - look at the dates of her life. They were arrested by haweling 4 years before death, then she was not forty, but the martyr for the idea of \u200b\u200bpeople's memory could capture only lived, wise and alien to any frivolity.
Why did the glory of the boyar of Morozova crossed the century? Why among thousands of sufferers for faith of this woman was destined to become a symbol of the struggle of solvers against Nikonians?
On the canvas of the artist Feodosia Prokopyevna refers to the Moscow crowd, to the versators - to a wanderer with a staff, to the old woman-bent, to the oborudy, to all those who actually represented the social layer of fighters against new rites. However, Morozova was not an ordinary sludge. The miracles of the monastery, where she was lucky, was in the Kremlin. It is not known whether the king was watched with palace transitions, as the people had accompanied his favorite, as she was led by AnaFee "Unholytivs", but the fact that the thought of Morozova pursued him, did not give him peace, no one had to doubt.
Picture V. Surikova "Boyarnya Morozova"
Rod Morozovaya
Boyfriend stood too close to the throne, knew the king too well, and besides that, the genus Morozova was one of the most significant. This kind of high-ranking families in Russia was less than ten, at least Romanov, to whom Alexey Mikhailovich belonged, had no more rights to the throne than any of the frost. It can be guessing, to what extent the king felt uncomfortable, giving an order about the arrest of the boyari. However, there were also other circumstances for concern.
Brothers Morozov, Boris and Gleb, had to relatives to the father of Tsar Mikhail and in the young years served in the senior Romanov's bedtops, it was an exceptional court with the court. When in 1645, 17-year-old Alexey was married to the throne, Boris Morozov became his closest advisor. It was Boyarin who chose to the sovereign to his wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya and played the first role at the wedding - he was at the sovereign "on fathers". After 10 days, Boris Morozov, a widower and a man already elderly, married a second marriage at the Tsaritsy Sister Anna and became a royal sister.
From his exclusive position, he was able to extract everything that was possible. And if the possession of 300 peasant yards was considered a good fortress for the Barina, then Morozov had more than 7000. Unheard of wealth!
Career Gleb Ivanovich, a person is very ordinary, completely depended on the success of his brother. Junior Morozov married a 17-year-old Beauty of Feodosia of the Floor, which was very friendly with the queen. Boris Ivanovich died without leaving the heirs, and all his great condition moved to the youngest brother, who also soon passed away, making his widow and the hotel Ivan Glebovich the most rich people of the Russian state.
1) Tsar Alexey Mikhailovich Romanov
2) Boyfriend Morozov visits Avvakum Protopopa
Boyfriend Morozova life
Baruning Morozov was surrounded by not just wealth, but luxury. Contemporaries remembered that she went to the karet of gold-plated, which was carried 6-12 the best horses, and behind the man 300 servants fled. In Morozovsky estate, Zyuzino was broken by a huge garden, where Peacocks were walking. Given all this - a successful marriage of Morozova, a luxurious life, personal friendship with the royal family, - can understand the Avvakum Protopopa, who saw something absolutely exceptional in the fact that Theodosius of Prokopyevna renounced "earthly glory". The boyfriend actually became an ardent opponent of church reforms. In it, the temperament of the public figure was raging, and she could safely realize themselves, defending the old faith.
The house of rich and influential boyars turned into headquarters of opponents of innovations, critics of making corrections to church books, came here, lived for a long time, receiving shelter and protection, the leader of the Raskolnikov. All day, Morozov took the wanderers, whiskers, priests, expelled from monasteries, creating a kind of opposition party to the Tsarist Yard. The boyfriend itself and her native sister of Princess Evdokia Urusov were blindly devoted to Avvakum and listened to the flame preacher in everything.
But it would be wrong to assume that Morozov's boyfriend was a fanatic and "blue stock". Even Avvakum noticed that she was heard a cheerful and friendly character. When died old husbandShe was only 30 years old. The widow "Tomila" the body of the Obranias, but also the Oblant did not always help to pacify the flesh. Avvakum in the letters advised her pupil to flick her eyes to get rid of the love temptation.
Oces of the protopop boyfriend and in boring in relation to their common cause, but, most likely, it was not just a stupidity, but the laundry of the hostess. Morozova was unless he loved his only son Ivan and wanted to give him all the Morozovskaya wealth as possible and preservation. Fishing letters to the Opt Protopope, in addition to reasoning about faith, filled with purely female complaints on their people, reasoning about the suitable bride for the Son. In a word, Feodosia Prokopyevna, having an enviable nature of character, had quite human weaknesses, which, of course, makes its mobility even more significant.
Boyfriend, being a close friend of the sovereign, had a strong influence on it. Maria Ilinichna, of course, did not oppose the man's reforms of the Church, but the soul still sympathized with the rites of their parents and listened to the chipping of the Feodosia Prokopyevna. Alexey Mikhailovich was unlikely to like it, but the king, who loved his wife, did not allow the attacks against the boyfriend, although the latter was becoming more intolerable towards innovations and openly supported royal enemies.
1669 - the queen died. For another two years, Alexey Mikhailovich feared to touch the recalcitrant boyfriend. As can be seen, the sadness has affected the untimely left spouse, but the sovereign of the disturbances of old boyars of birth, which could see the precedent of reprisals with high-ranking families in encroachment on Feodosia, was more worried. Meanwhile, Morozoav accepted the victim and became referred to as the Inokine of Theodore, which, of course, strengthened her fanaticism and "standing for faith." And when in 1671, comforted, in the end, the king played a wedding with Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkina, the boyar of Morozova did not want to appear in the palace, referring to the disease that Alexey Mikhailovich considered an insult and disregard.
Morozova's torture torture - Figure V. Pereova
Arrest
Here is the sovereign and remembered the boyfriend of the frost all the old resentment; It was affected, as can be seen, and the fact that the king, as a simple mortal, disliked the girlfriend of his beloved spouse and, like any man, jealous to her. The autocrats wrapped all his despotic power on the recalcitable boyfriend.
On the night of November 14, 1671, Morozov in chains were transmitted to the monastery in the miracles, where she began to persuade them to come along with a new rite, but the aneg of Feodorus responded firmly: "Not coming!" After torture, they were sent away from Moscow to the Pechersk Monastery away from Moscow. There was a relatively tolerable content there. At least a boyfriend could support communication with his friends. She could visit servants, bring food and clothing.
Protopop Avvakum still passed the instructions of his spiritual daughter. And she was just needed warm, compassionate support - the haulant died her the only one, a hot beloved son. The grief increased also by the fact that she could not say goodbye to him, and what she was, the nun Theodore was to know that the son was involved and buried on new "wicked" rites.
The new Patriarch Pitirim Novgorodsky, who sympathized with the supporters of Avvakum, turned to the autocrat with a request to let go of Morozov and her sister. In addition to the considerations of humanity, in this proposal there was a proportion of political intent: the conclusion of a firm in his faith of the booring, her sisters and their girlfriend Mary Danilova made a strong impression on Russian people, and their liberation would soon attract the new rite than the disappearance. But the sovereign, not cruel in nature, this time turned out to be adamant. The version appears again that it was horrified by some personal resentment on Morozov, and perhaps he felt awkwardly before the Feodosia Prokopyevna, because of the marriage on the young beauty of Naryshkina and wanted to forget about the past. However, what to guess? ..
Death of Boyari.
Thinking about the circumstances of the execution of a hated boairny, Alexey Mikhailovich decided that he should not betray the Uznitz burning at the fire, because "on the world and death of Krasnaya," and ordered the driving of the anti-hunger, throwing them into the cold pit of the Borovsky Monastery. All the property of the boyar of Morozova confiscated, the brothers should at first sour, and then they were executed.
Dramism last days Morozova is not amenable to description. Poor women brought by hunger to despair, asked for jailers at least a piece of bread, but received a refusal. The first September 11 died Princess Urusov, for her, she died on the exhaustion of Feodosia Prokopyevna. Before his death, she found the strength to ask the jailer to wash in the river her shirt to die in the Russian custom in a clean shirt. The longest, another month, Mary Danilova suffered.
The great one has ceased to exist.
In the photo: Painting V. I. Surikova "Boyaryna Morozova".
Gleb Ivanovich Morozov, a notable boyar, approached by the court of Mikhail Fedorovich, and then Alexei Mikhailovich. He knows, however, not his court career and not by hearing one of richest people In the Russian kingdom, and the fact that after the death of the first spouse married the 17-year-old beauty of the Feodosia of the Sockovnina, which entered Russian history under the name boyfriend Morozova.
Women who called the surname of Morozov in the centuries-old history of the kind was quite a lot. But historically she secured at the Feodosia Prokofievna, the famous splitter, the spiritual daughter of the Avvakum Protopopa, barefooting Morozovawho became the heroine of the famous cloth of the artist Vasily Surikov.
Boyfriend Morozova in family life
The family life of Gleb Ivanovich Morozov with the first wife of Avdota Alekseevna could be called happy - they lived a soul in the soul of thirty years, - if it were not for one sad circumstance: they had no children. That is why when young fear of Morozov Son gave birth, Gleb Ivanovich was extremely happy. The beloved brother Boris, who copied a considerable state, also did not have children, Gleb Ivanovich himself was by no means a poor man, so the newborn Ivan Morozov became the rich heir from infancy.
In the family of Morozov, the real luxury reigned. Moreover, not only in their Moscow home, but also in the near Moscow estates, which was perceived by contemporaries with surprise and distrust. In those days, the boyar victobs had only economic purpose, to decorate and landscaping them was not accepted.
For the first time, the old tradition violated: having been in Europe and seeking the luxurious country estates, first of all Polish, he arranged his estate of Izmailovo near Moscow and, the last foreign guests called the eighth miracle of the world.
Advisor Alexei Mikhailovich, who was in his childhood "uncle" and mentor, also equipped with a lush, where he invited the king himself. An example of Brother followed Gleb Morozov, who also participated in foreign hits among the royal suite and looked at the estates of Polish magnates. In the village of Zyuzino, on the preserved testimonies, Pavlins and Pavlins were walking along the Barskaya court, and the boyar of Morozov went out in a silver carriage, harvested by six purebred horses, accompanied by hundreds of servants.
Widow
Boyfriend Morozova and Protopop Avvakum
Morozov's care and sadness, Morozov, was shared with his long-standing friend, a mentor and spiritual father - Protopopov Avvakum, a famous representative of old-believe, who did not accept church reform, for which he was subsequently exell and executed. Morozova's boyfriend fully separated his views and also suffered and took martyrdom for her faith.
It was deliberately strict with his spiritual daughter, although in the depths of the soul loved her, he was happy to stay in her big hospitable house in and called "wife fun-shaped and kind." Feodosia Prokopyevna remained a young widow - she was only thirty years old, and nothing human was alien to her. She wore Vse. to get rid of temptations, but it didn't always help, and Protopop wrote to her in response to complaints: "Stupid, insane, ugly, glazing challenges those their shuttle!" He reproached the spiritual daughter and in the misfortune, learning that she donated the church eight rubles - the amount of considerable at that time, when everything was calculated on a penny and half, but Avvakum knew about gold and jewels hidden by hawkering from the authorities: "The alms from you expires as a sea small drop from the puchin, and that with the conservation"- he writes angrily.
Thanks to the correspondence preserved in the ancient literary literary monuments, we can imagine the character of the boyfriend of Morozova - it was not at all a religious fanatic, which often paints a legend, and the ordinary woman and mother taking care of his son and about the economy, with their weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages.
Opala
The advantages of Feodosia Prokopyevna should be attributed primarily to the strength of the Spirit - despite the habit of living in luxury, she voluntarily renounced all the earthly goods, "tightened the dust" of wealth and equal to simple people, tightening the nuns under the name of Theodore.
Less than a year after the adoption of the Towing to the Morozova's house by order of the king, Archimandrite Miracle of the Monastery was, and afterwards the Patriarch of Moscow Joachim. He interrogated Feodosia and her sister Evdokia Urusov and at first left them under house arrest, but in two days he was afraid of Morozov, they were driving in custody. It was this moment that Surikov was captured at the immortal picture - but the artist portrayed his heroine proud, harsh and irreconcilable, and he was also peculiar to suffering and doubts.
Already in the prison of Morozov, he learned about the death of his beloved son and was killed on him so that the Avvakum Protopop in the letter again made her suggestion: "Do not twist about Ivan, and I will not marry". From the sufferness for faith, they tried to make the holy, and the chronicler, in favor of the Zhivan canon, says that with underfunny boyfriend "victoriously denounced" his tormentors. However, so much more believable is the moment when the boyfriend I cried and said one of the executioners: "Is Christianity, if a person is tormented?"
Mountain Death of Morozova
After torture, the unfortunate boyfriend was tormented by hunger, and she appealed to her guardian: "Overall, slave of Christ! Pommuyui, gone to Kalachik! " Then she asked at least "little crackers", at least an apple or cucumber - but everything is in vain.
The king did not want to organize the public execution of the boylaws of Morozova and Evdokia Urusova, because he was afraid that the people would be on their side, and the obsolete women on a slow, painful death from hunger. Even after death, they were in custody - from the fear that the Old Believers dig up their bodies "With the Great Cement, Yako of the Holy Martyrs of Power".
Sisters buried secret, without funeral, wrapped in Roogozh, inside the Borovsky Ostrog. Morozova's boyfriend died on the night of November 1-2 on November 2, 1675. After her death, all unpretentious wealth and estates of Morozov moved away the state.
Sasha Mitrahovich 14.11.2018 20:37
In the photo: Painting Vasily Perov "Torture of Boyari Morozova".
The fate of Feodosia Prokofievna Floor -nahnina makes a steep turn for the first time in 1649, when she, a 17-year-old girl, becomes the wife of the royal bedroom Gleb Ivanovich Morozov.
In 1653 began. The essence of them (except for changes in church books and the order of worship) was reduced to the following innovations: the criticism was prescribed to create three fingers, and not two, the congestion around the church is not on the sun, but against the sun, in some cases the earthly bows were replaced by the waist, cross It was revered not only eight - and the six-pin, but also the four-spin, and the "Hallelujah" would be charged to sing three times, and not two.
Innovations split russian Society of that time - from known to the townspeople and peasants - for two camps. The government consistently supported church reforms, and at the first pores of the repression were sent only against the splits of the split. A decade later, when after the conflict with the king, the departments were deleted and deleted from cases, one of the leaders of the splitters, returned to Moscow for a while and tried to attract the official church to the side. Avvakum refused to accept the reforms, but during this time a lot of new famous supporters fought in the ranks of the Old Believers.
Sisters - Feodosia Morozova and Evdokia Urusova became the most famous spiritual daughters of the Protopopa. And at this moment the fate of the boaranty makes a steep turn for the second time. Morozova's house becomes the center of Old Believers: here they come and secretly live by the king of the Raskolniki, from here there is a huge number of letters in support of the "Fathers' faith", some of whom he writes the boyar herself.
The role of Morozova as one of the leaders of the splitness and persistent reluctance to submit to the reforms by the reforms to make its position with shaky. In 1665, the king made an attempt, without resorting to the extreme measures, to fasten the fearfulness of Feodosia, and she confiscates considerable land ownership, which remained after the death of her husband. But after the intercession of the queen, most of the Votchin Morozova returned.
In January 1671, King Alexey Mikhailovich married the second time - on the young Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkin. Feodosia Morozova in its position one of the most significant women at the court was obliged to be present on wedding. However, she deliberately ran away from participation in the wedding, which was the last straw for the king.
In November 1671, Bearing Morozov and her sister Princess Urusov was arrested. All attempts to force the sisters to take church reforms of Patriarch Nikon and cross on the new rules of three fingers they rejected. In the imprisonment, Morozova learned about the death of his only son.
The royal drivers offered to burn splitters, but the boyars did not agree on the execution of noble devils. Then they began to syntitate. Women raised to the pub, and then threw naked backs on the ice. Exhausted by torture, a woman rejected with tears in the eyes of the executioners: "Is it a Christianity, hedgehog by the Sita man to hurt?"
Without breaking the commitment of the old faith, the prickly king concluded Morozov to the Novodevichy Monastery. The whole to know Moscow reached out to see with her eyes to see the "strong patience" of the boait. The king decides to remove the sisters of the coupon away from the capital, excluded them in Borovsk.
But there they did not accept: they continued to correspond with like-minded people, their famous old supplies were often visited. In the end, King Alexey Mikhailovich decided to put a point in this protracted confrontation. Morozov and sister were thrown into the pit and began to starve hunger. Fedos of Prokopyevna Morozova became widely known primarily thanks to the historic picture of Vasily Surikov "Boya Morozova". The image on this canvas is largely collective: the artist wrote it from familiar Siberian Women's Old Believers. In Russian history, Fedosya Morozova, in the Maiden Socketon, the character is ambiguous: some see the martyr's martyr for faith, others - obsessed fanatic. Following the split and his leader, the spiritual mentor, played in the life of one of the richest women in Moscow, who did not accept the reform, a decisive and tragic role. Formerly lived in fabulous luxury, a court boa, which became a relationship with the queen Maria Ilinichnaya and owned by a huge fortune, thousands of serfs and many villages, Fedosy Prokopyevna, under the influence of Avvakum, died in the Obrania, packed by the flesh, and sacrificed the money to splitters. At the same time, the spiritual teacher pledged her for visiting the temples, where they served in a new way, and even called on the boorande to blind himself, so that it was obviously striving to make it completely manageable. Until the time before the time, the queen defended the rebellious Morozov, but this flatly refused to renounce the old faith, deliberately committed himself to hunger, poverty and opal, and hence the ambulance. The patience of the king was dried up, and by his order Fedosus deprived of all lands and places and sent from Moscow. Later, she was placed in an earthen pit-prison, where he died from full exhaustion in 1675. It is noteworthy that the scene on the famous Picture of Surikov, where the splitter falls around the people around it with a symbol of old-believe - a two-way cross, is not true: the arrested Fedosu was hidden connected, and she could not move. The artist gave this picture sense, rather, symbolic, for which he was repeatedly accusing critics in historical inaccuracy and even propaganda of the split.
IN AND. Surikov. Fear of Morozov
Theodosa Prokopyevna Morozova (1632-1675) - Worker of Old Believers, Support of the Avvakum Protopopa. Thanks to the picture, Surikov became known just as a boyfriend of Morozov.
The first sketches to the "Boyaryn Morozova" belong to 1881. The final version of 3.04 at 5.86 m Surikov graduated in 1887. The contemporaries said that Surikov recreated "Genuine Starin, as if her eyewitness."
The image of the boyars The artist gave a frantic feature: a hand raised in a bobbers, a bloodless fanatical face reflects the Avvakum said about it: "You throw on the enemy, Aki Leo."
The picture is depicted "shame following the fear of the feodosya Prokopyevna Morozova for interrogation to the Kremlin for commitment to the split into the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich." Some characters in the picture are curious, individuals - mock, but most of the people look at her with reverence and puts it. Among the crowds of Surikov also depicted himself as a wanderer with a staff standing in deep thoughtfulness.
There are in large quantities. This is one of the few species female of the Doperer Times, whose name entered the story. After all, then there are noble and rich women who have made by the customs of the housework, most often sat in Terem, like the inhabitants of Eastern harem.
It is known, first of all, the fact that he was a fiery protector of old-supplied traditions, having entered into martial arts with the king himself Alexey Mikhailovich, who conducted church reforms. Today speech will go About lived in the 17th century, Boyaryna Morozova, whose biography we will look at.
Rich and notable
Brief biography Morozova's boasy is advisable to start with her origin, which largely determined her further fate, as it was quite high. She was born in 1632 in the family of the procopy of the Sokovnina, Moscow Nobleman, being his eldest daughter. Her name was given in honor of the Holy Martyrs - Feodosia Tirskaya.
Among her distant ancestors - representatives of the genus of the German Knights Meyendorfov. One of them, Baron von Ikskul, arrives from Livonia to John Grozny in 1545, was baptized and took the name of Fedor Ivanovich. He had a son of Vasily on nicknamed "Schokhnoye", which became the twin-bar of the juicer.
Father Feodosia at different times served as a governor in various cities, was a messenger in Crimea, sentenced in the Zemsky Cathedral, headed a stone order. He was a rather wealthy person and had several houses in Moscow. From Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he received the court office of the Ocolichnoye, belonging to the second twumman, after Boyarsky. In addition to Feodosia, there were still three children in the family, including one sister, Evdokia, who divided her tragic death with her. This will be further told about the biography of Morozova's biography.
Influence of the famous painting
As a rule, when it comes to the biography of Morozova, the photo of Morozova's "Fear of Morozova" Vasily Surikova, describing the scene from the history of the church split in the XVII century, immediately gets up his eyes. She was first shown at the exhibition of Mobile in 1887 and purchased for the Tretyakov Gallery for 25 thousand rubles. And today it is there among the main exhibits.
Thanks to the big popularity of this work of art, the image of the malawic of Morozova is mistakenly seen as an image of an elderly, harsh, fanatical woman. However, it seems that such a concept is explained, rather, an artistic intent.
Not quite a true view?
The canvas depicts a martyr, an sufferer for faith, which addresses the crowd of commoners - to the bench old woman, to the wanderer with a staff in his hand, to the oborudy, - embodying representatives of those layers that fought against the planting of new church rites.
It is this aspect of the biography and fate of Morozova and wanted to emphasize the artist, so it appears in the picture as a woman who lived, wise, deprived of any frivolity. In many ways, thanks to the picture of Feodosia Prokopyevna and remained in the memory of people as a symbol of the struggle of the splitters.
But was it definitely everything really was? Was Morozov harsh and uncompromising fanatic, alien to all earthly, because during his arrest she was not still 40 years old? To find out this, we will return to the consideration of the interesting biography of the booring Morozova.
Family Morozovaya
In 1649, Feodosia Sokovnina, 17 years old, married 54-year-old Boyaroz Morozova Gleb Ivanovich, one of the richest people in the country. His genus was not inferior at the meaningality of the genus of the silent, both of them were the elite of Moscow society. With Tsar, Alexei Mikhaylovic Morozov was one of the 16 most noble names, whose representatives immediately became boyars, bypassing the roundabout rank.
Morozov were approached by the young king of the yard. So, Gleb Morozov, a former Romanov's relative, was a royal sleeping bag and uncle Tsarevich. He was the owner of the estate of Zyuzino's estate and many other estates. His brother, Boris Ivanovich, possessed a huge fortune, died childless, leaving all the wealth of Gleb. As for Feodosia, it was the top haweling, very close to the queen, constantly accompanying it, which has repeatedly used.
Young widow
In the biography of the booring Morozova, few facts relating to her life with her husband. It is known only that for a long time They did not have children. But after they appealed to the prayers to St. Sergey Radonezh, he appeared before the Feodosia Prokopyevna, and the Son named Ivan appeared at the pair.
In 1662, Gleb Ivanovich Morozov died, leaving the inheritance of the 12-year-old son, but on the fact he managed by Feodosia's money. In the same year, the father of a 30-year-old woman died. The second time she married did not come out and calmly lived in audience and wealth.
Fabulous wealth
According to Morozova K. Kozinin in the biography of Morozova, her chambers in Moscow were among the first, in the royal court they were respected and loved, Alexey Mikhailovich himself allocated her among other boyars. She wore the title of "Great Power Kravichi" (the tank of the courtyard was responsible for the health of the king, his table and dishes). According to Protopopa Avvakum, Feodosia Morozova was listed in the "fourth boyfriends".
Feodosia Morozova was surrounded by not just wealth, but an unprecedented luxury. Her manor in Zyuzino was equipped in accordance with the best Western samples among the very first in the Russian state. It was broken here big gardenfor which peacocks were raised.
According to contemporaries, her coach cost tremendous money, being gilded and decorated with silver and mosaic, hardened twelve selected horses with rat chains. At the same time, it was followed by more than a hundred servants, taking care of the honor and health of the Baryni.
The house had about three hundred people who were serviced by boa. The peasant courtyards were about 8 thousand, while the landowners were already considered rich, who had about 300 yards.
Big change
However, it became even more interesting biography Fake Morozova after an unexpected change occurred in her life. Staying in luxury while in friendly relations With the royal family, Feodosia Prokopyevna, according to Avvakum, decided to renounce "earthly glory". It turned into a fierce opponent of church reforms after met him. Throughout the history of the Old Believers, Avvakum was a sign and very authoritative figure, the leader of the splitters.
The House of Boyari turns into essence, at the headquarters of fighters with innovations, opponents of corrections in the sacred books. She lived for a long time and the Protopopov Avvakum himself, receiving here shelter and protection. Feodosia and her sister Evdokia Urusov, Princess, were very devoted and had heard in all.
In addition, Morozova constantly accepted the priests in his home, which were expelled from monasteries, numerous wanderers, as well as the oborudes. Thus, she created a kind of opposition to the Tsarist Yard and Alexey Mikhailovich, who supported the church reform.
Human weaknesses
However, even after such fundamental changes in the biography of Boyajna Morozov did not turn into a religious fanatic, did not become a "blue stock". She was not alien to human weaknesses and care.
So, the Avvakum Protopop noticed that her character was distinguished by greeliness. When her husband died, Feodosia Prokopyevna was only 30 years old, and in order not to fall into sin, she wore the flesh to kill the flesh.
In his letters, Avwakum, most likely, in figurative sense, I advised her to buy eyes, in order not to succumb to a love temptation. And he was barely bakingly on the fact that it does not always show generosity in the allocation of funds for the common cause.
Morozova loved her son Ivan very much, who was her only child, and dreamed of conveying his condition in preservation. She was very worried about choosing a decent bride for the heir, about which, in addition to discussing the issues of faith, reported to the Obligar Protopope in letters.
Thus, despite the power of the character, which helped her in its robotics, Morozova had quite everyday weaknesses and problems.
Temptation
Alexey Mikhailovich, being supporters of church reforms, repeatedly made attempts to influence the rebellious lady through her relatives and the nearest environment. At the same time, he chose the estate from her, he returned them, and Morozova periodically walked for concessions.
In the biography of Bohruny Darya Morozova there is still such an interesting fact. According to the available historical records, he was subsected by the Solnichy Rtishchev, who persuaded it to cross in three fingers, for which the king promised her to return the "Hals and Votchin."
The boyfriend succumbed to temptation and crossed himself, and she was returned selected. But at the same time she allegedly immediately fell ill, she was not in his mind three days and very weakened. In the life of the Avvakum Protopopa, it is said that Morozova recovered when he crossed his true, a bobbed cross. The return of the same Votchin is often explained by the patronage of the queen.
Mystery post
Because of taking the most decisive actions, the king held two factors: the patronage of the queen and the high position of the coaguration of the old faith. Under his pressure, Morozova had to be present at the worship services carried out on a new rite. Her supporters considered it as a "small hypocrisy", which is forced step.
But after the boyfriend accepted in 1670 the secretly tonsure in the nun, taking church name Feodora, she stopped participating in church, and in secular events.
In January 1671, a new wedding was held several years ago, the king with Natalia Naryshina, from whom Morozov refused to be a pretext of the disease. This act caused an anger of the autocratic person.
A little cooled, Alexey Mikhailovich sent to the evil at first Boyarov Troceryov, and then Prince Urusov (her sister's husband), who tried to persuade her for the adoption of church reform. However, Morozova did not change his "standing for faith" and in both cases expressed a decisive refusal.
Arrest and cum
In November 1671, Morozova and her sister were interrogated, after which they were caught in the shackles and left at home, under arrest, and then transported to the monastery miracles. Interrogations were continued here, after which the sisters were sent to the foundation of the Pskovo-Pechersk Monastery.
Shortly after arrest, misfortune happened, as the biography of Morozova, with the son of Bohruy. He died a little more than 20 years old. The property of the boyars confiscated, and her brothers were sent to the link.
Alexey Mikhailovich gave an order about the expulsion of the sisters to the city of Borovsk, where they were placed in an earthen prison in the local prison. The 14 people who served him in June 1675 burned, locked them in Srub. In September 1675, Evdokia Urusova died from the famine of the princess.
The boyfriend, Morozova, also died from full exhaustion. The last minutes of slave were full of drama. Before death, unfortunate women asked to give them at least a crust of bread, but in vain.
There are information according to which Feodosia Morozova, feeling close to death, asked the jailer to rinse her shirt in the river to take death in a decent form. She died in November 1675, having survived his sister for a while. In the place where sisters were allegedly concluded, as well as other Old Believers, a chapel was erected.
