DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES In English, as in Russian, ...
Basic concepts and terms on the topic: economic and social geography of the world, geographic information system, geographic map cartographic generalization, statistics, GPS (Global Positional System).
Topic study plan (list of questions to be studied):
1. Geography as a science.
2. Traditional and new methods of geographical research.
3. Geographic map - a special source geographic information.
4. Statistical materials as a source of geographic information.
5. Other ways and forms of obtaining geographic information.
Geoinformation systems
Brief summary of theoretical issues:
1. Geography is a spatial discipline. This means that geographers are interested not only in the objects themselves, but also in how, where, and why these objects are placed in space. Economic and social geography of the world is a social geographical science that studies the territorial organization of human society.
2. Obtaining geographic information is of real practical importance. The world today is permeated with a huge number of information, transport, social and economic ties, ignorance of which inevitably leads to your own isolation. Modern young professionals, getting into the global political or economic environment, must have a set of knowledge about the countries of the world, their culture and way of life. Geography uses different methods research: traditional- cartographic, sociological, statistical, mathematical historical, comparative, modern− aerospace, geoinformation, geographic forecast, etc.
3. Maps are the main tools of the geographer. Maps exist for every type of information relating to our planet (and not only). Geographic map (first year was created in ancient Greece about 2500 years ago by the scientist Anaximander) - a reduced mathematically defined, generalized, figurative-sign image of the Earth's surface on a plane, showing the location, state and interrelationships of natural and social phenomena. When the scale is reduced, the generalization of the objects plotted on the map, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics occurs.
Helps here cartographic generalization- selection and generalization of objects and phenomena depicted on the map in accordance with the purpose and scale of the map. To depict various objects on a map, a wide variety of methods of cartographic representation are used: methods of high-quality background, areas, signs of movement, isolines, localized diagrams, icons, scatter. According to the content of the card are divided into: general geographical and thematic.
The former include topographic maps (M 1:200,000 and larger), survey-topographic (M from 1:200,000 to 1:1,000,000), survey (M smaller than 1:1,000,000). General geographic maps show all elements of topographic content ( settlements, individual buildings, roads, industrial, agricultural and socio-cultural facilities, hydrography, relief, vegetation, etc..), i.e. everything that "lies" on the ground and can serve as a guide.
In contrast to general geographic maps, thematic maps usually reveal one plot (soil, geological structure, population, vegetation, etc.). All thematic maps are divided into two sections - maps of nature (physical-geographical, geological, climatic, etc.) and maps of social phenomena (political, population, historical, economic, etc.).
4. Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information. Statistics is a science that studies various phenomena and processes in order to take into account and identify the patterns of their development using statistical indicators. In the course of geographical research, statistics solves the following scientific tasks: collecting statistical data, processing the collected information, analyzing and interpreting data, presenting statistical information in text, tabular, graphic or cartographic form. Statistical information includes absolute and relative values, as well as various coefficients.
5. Modern sources of geographic information also include aerospace and geoinformation sources: aerial photography, space photography, remote sensing, satellite monitoring. A modern satellite system for high-precision determination of the coordinates of static and moving objects is called GPS (Global Positional System).
It was developed by the US Department of Defense. The project started in 1978 and the final commissioning of GPS took place in 1995. A fundamentally new approach to working with spatial data is associated with the emergence Geographic Information Systems10 (GIS) is a system of hardware for collecting, storing and processing spatial data. It can be said that GIS is a complex computer program. GIS capabilities: quick search for the necessary information, cartographic ability of GIS, the ability to model phenomena on the earth's surface.
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Text content of presentation slides:© Balass, 2012 Our Earth 1st geography lesson in 5th grade Section I Geographic information sources www.school2100.ru What do we learn from the pages of the textbook "Our Earth"? There is one garden planet In this cold space. Only here the forests make noise, Calling birds of passage, Only on it alone Lilies of the valley bloom in green grass, And dragonflies only here In the river look in surprise. Take care of your planet - After all, there is no other, similar. Akim www.school2100.ru The source of information is a system whose components ensure the placement, availability and integrity of information in accordance with its purpose. Geographic map, printed publication, television or radio broadcast, written or oral message of a specific person, computer file, Internet address, etc. www.school2100.ru Remember what is shown on: a) plan; b) map.2. What do the colors on the hemisphere map mean? PLAN (from lat. planum - plane) - a drawing depicting in conventional signs on a plane part of the earth's surface. MAP - an image of the earth's surface by conventional signs on a plane in a reduced form. Blue color on the map indicates water (seas, rivers, lakes), yellow and brown - land. Green and yellow - plains, brown - mountains. www.school2100.ru It is believed that there are no more "white spots" on the map of the globe - unknown seas and lands. Who was involved in the discovery of new lands? Do you agree with this statement? What question do you have? Why do we need geography? www.school2100.ru Why do we need geography? What does the word "geography" mean in translation into Russian? When did this science originate? What great geographers do you know? What is their contribution to science? www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Define the topic of the lesson. What are your hypotheses? Why do we need geography? www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Read the text and answer the question: Who can be considered geographers? To answer, use the algorithm on page 5 Leif Eriksson Happy Scandinavian navigator and ruler of Greenland. The son of the Viking Eric the Red, the discoverer of Greenland. Before his trip to America, Leif made a trading expedition to Norway. Upon his return, Leif met a Norwegian named Bjarni Herjulfsson in Greenland, who said that he saw the outline of the earth in the west, far out to sea. Leif became interested in this story and decided to explore new lands. Around the year 1000, Leif Eriksson sailed west on a ship with a crew of 35. They discovered three regions of the American coast. Several settlements were also founded there. According to the stories of Leif and his people, the first maps of Vinland were drawn up. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Sir Francis Drake English navigator, corsair, vice admiral. First Englishman to circumnavigate the world (1577–1580). Active participant in the defeat of the Spanish fleet. At the age of 12 he became a cabin boy on a merchant ship (barque). He was so fond of the owner of the ship, his distant relative, that after his death he bequeathed the ship to Drake, and at the age of 18 he became a full captain. In 1567, Mr.. set sail for Guinea and the West Indies, commanding a ship in the slave expedition of his relative. In 1577, Drake was sent by Queen Elizabeth on an expedition to the Pacific coast of America. The official purpose of the trip was to discover new lands. In fact, Drake was supposed to loot as much Spanish gold as possible and return to England with this cargo. After passing through the Strait of Magellan, Drake was driven back by a storm to the south of Tierra del Fuego, thereby figuring out that it was not part of the Southern Continent. The strait south of Tierra del Fuego was later named after him. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Afanasy Nikitin Russian traveler, writer, merchant, author of the famous travel notes, known as "Journey Beyond the Three Seas". Born in the family of a peasant Nikita. Traveled through Persia, India and Turkey; compiled a description of this journey in the book "Journey Beyond the Three Seas". This was the first description in Russian literature not of a pilgrimage, but of a commercial trip, full of observations about the political structure, economy and culture of other countries. In his book, Nikitin describes the beauty of southern nature, and the wealth of landowners and nobles, and the splendor of their palaces, and poverty. rural population, and mores, and the appearance of the inhabitants of India. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev An outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack chieftain, and also a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648 - 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering - passed the Bering Strait, separating Alaska from Chukotka. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Continue: geography is the science of ... What is characteristic of science? Formulate the tasks of the science of geography. purpose, subject of study, methods "Geography" - in the literal translation "land description" description of the territory; explanation of the processes taking place on it; geographic forecast www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Using the drawing, define the structure of geography. What does modern geography study? Why is she increasingly studying various areas of human activity? www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Determine the object of study of the science of geography. the earth's surface with all its natural and social content www.school2100.ru Why is it necessary to study geography? What methods can be used to study it? Choose one of the methods and evaluate its role in the development of modern geography. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? What can be considered a source of geographic information? What is the significance of this information for a person? How will you answer the question of the lesson? www.school2100.ru Who first discovered America? Is it correct to call him a geographer? Why are physical and social geography so called? Can a person, armed with geographical knowledge and skills, have a beneficial effect on the future of the planet? www.school2100.ru §1, task 4, p. 12 Homework:
Sources of geographical knowledge
The sources of information are textbooks, gazetteers and encyclopedias, maps and atlases.
Information-rich geographic magazines and newspapers.
Many new, useful and interesting things can be learned from radio and television programs: weather forecasts, reports of natural phenomena, natural curiosities, the culture of the population of different countries, etc.
Now, to obtain the necessary geographical knowledge, they use the services of the Internet - the worldwide computer network. With its help, you can exchange geographic information in a matter of minutes - cartographic, text, video, sound.
To obtain geographical information and knowledge, various research methods are used.
The most ancient is the descriptive method of research. It consists in describing the object (where it is located, how it has changed over time, how it affects other objects, etc.). The description is based on observations of phenomena and processes.
This method is still one of the main ones. The expeditionary method is also ancient. The word "expedition" means "campaign". An expedition is a business trip of a group of people to study certain objects or phenomena. The material collected on expeditions forms the basis of geography.
Based on it, science develops.
The historical method allows you to find out how objects and phenomena arose and developed in time. The literary method consists in studying literature - everything that has already been written on a given topic. The cartographic method of research consists in determining the location of objects and plotting them on a map.
Skillfully reading geographical maps, the researcher can obtain a lot of necessary information. The new methods include aerospace - the study of the Earth's surface from images from aircraft and spacecraft. Using the modeling method, using computer technology, provide for changes in the environment.
The globe.
Primary sources of knowledge
The primary sources of socio-geographical knowledge are associated with socio-geographical field research, when objects are studied directly on the ground due to direct acquaintance with them, thanks to observations, instrumental measurements, as well as a survey, questioning, etc.
These are usually studies of individual farms and enterprises (agricultural, industrial, construction, recreational, etc.), as well as settlements and places of concentration of production and infrastructure (a set of structures and services that ensure the functioning of industries and the living conditions of society).
The primary source of socio-geographical knowledge can also be field special (thematic) mapping of the territory under study - the actual use of land, population resettlement, levels of technogenic pressure on the territory, its ecological state, etc.
e. For the needs of such mapping, topographic maps or plans for land use or land-economic structure of administrative-territorial units, individual farms, cities are usually used as a basis.
Primary sources usually provide socio-geographical knowledge about their own state, because it is not often that researchers are given the opportunity to carry out the necessary field research abroad.
Therefore, the main sources of socio-geographical knowledge about the world are secondary sources. Secondary sources of socio-geographical knowledge are those that are mined and sorted in a certain way by other researchers. A classic example is various literary sources - historical, geographical, environmental literature.
Now, thanks to the Internet, it is possible to "visit" the largest libraries in the world without leaving home.
Among such institutions are the CELA Library of Congress, the German National Library of Economics, the National Library of Russia, the National Library of Ukraine. IN AND.
Vernadsky similar.
For the acquisition of knowledge in the field of social and economic geography, various sources containing ordered statistical information are very important. In Ukraine, such sources are state administration bodies - regional and district state administrations, as well as state administrative structures - environmental safety and natural resources, sanitary and epidemiological service, water management, forestry, railway and water transport, electricity and gas supply, etc.
Important geographic data is often held by local authorities as well. Just as useful are often individual enterprises, farms, institutions with their operational accounting and reporting and statistical information.
Useful as research and design institutions and organizations that accumulate stock information and scientific?
design developments in their field. Public organizations and movements — ethno-cultural, confessional, political (party), professional, etc., can also have interesting socio-geographical information.
Regarding information about different states, regions or the world in general, it is available on the websites of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Tourism Organization and other well-known international organizations.
The cartographic method is the traditional method of research, and the creation of maps is one of their end results.
Geographic maps contain information about various phenomena and processes, the boundaries of their distribution. A huge number of thematic maps (navigation, soil, climate, synoptic, geological, hydrological, etc.) contain information necessary not only for people of different professions: geologists and navigators, military and agronomists, builders and architects. Without good detailed map it is impossible to hike in unfamiliar (and especially sparsely populated) places. Maps are used in planning and conducting field research.
They are also the basis for compiling new maps with different information content.
However, not all geographic data can be displayed on a map.
The most important source of information about the nature and natural resources of various territories are geographical descriptions in the form of scientific and popular science publications, journal articles, scientific reports on expeditionary and other studies, encyclopedias, dictionaries, statistical collections, etc.
But who said that we get knowledge about the world around us only from scientific publications?
The richest source of information, including geographical information, are photo albums, documentaries and feature films, weather forecasts, as well as materials from periodicals about earthquakes, droughts, floods, discoveries, travel, political and economic events.
Even postage stamps can tell a lot about the nature and economy of different countries.
And of course, modern research is impossible without the widespread use of information technology. Computer systems designed to collect, store, process and disseminate data linked to a geographic coordinate system are called geographic information systems (GIS).
This is an extensive database that digitally accumulates a variety of information relating to any territory, and can be quickly supplemented, updated, processed and be in any form, most often in the form of maps.
The GIS structure can be represented as a system of information layers. The first layer is the cartographic base: coordinate grid, terrain contours.
The subsequent layers reflect the administrative division of the territory, the structure of the road network, the nature of the relief, hydrography, settlements, the type of soil, vegetation, agricultural land, the age composition of the population, etc.
In essence, a GIS is an electronic atlas. But not only. Layers in a GIS can be displayed and viewed separately, like pages of a regular atlas, but also combined in a variety of combinations, compared with each other, and data analysis allows you to create derivative layers. That is, on the basis of the existing amount of information, new information arises.
Russia - a state located on two continents, in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The largest country in the world - 17,125,422 sq / km or 1/9 of the total land area of the Earth, which is twice as much as that of Canada, which ranks second.
Russia borders on 19 countries(the largest figure in the world), of which by land with the following states: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania - in the northwest, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine - in the west, Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan - in the south, China, Mongolia, North Korea - in the southeast; and by sea with Turkey - in the southwest, with Japan and the USA - in the east.
In addition, the Kaliningrad region, a Russian enclave on the Baltic Sea, borders Poland and Lithuania with east side.
Russia belong also the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, Vaigach, the Franz Josef Land archipelago, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Kuril Islands (some of which are still disputed by Japan) and Sakhalin Island in the Pacific Ocean in the east.
In the east, Russia is washed by the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Bering Sea and the Bering Strait; in the north - by the Laptev Sea and the White, Barents, Kara, Chukchi and East Siberian Seas; in the west - by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland; in the south - the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas.
After the collapse of the USSR At the end of 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized by the international community as a federal republic and admitted to the UN Security Council and a number of other international organizations.
The independence of the Russian Federation was declared on August 24, 1991. The head of state is the President (elected once every 6 years), executive power belongs to the government headed by the Prime Minister (appointed by the Parliament on the proposal of the President).
The State Duma and the Federation Council form a bicameral Parliament.
The lower house of the State Duma - 450 deputies, elections are held once every 5 years.
Upper House Federation Council - 170 senators are appointed by regional parliaments.
Part The Russian Federation includes 22 republics, one autonomous region (Jewish), 4 autonomous regions, 9 territories and 46 regions.
Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol have direct federal subordination and are federal cities. In total for 2015 in the Russian Federation there are 85 subjects.
From a demographic point of view in the Russian Federation, the most significant event in March 2014 was the actual reunification of the Crimean peninsula with the territory of the Russian state.
Capital of Russia- Moscow.
The largest city in Russia with a population of 12,197,596 people.
Heart of Russia- Moscow Kremlin.
In total, there are 15 million-plus cities in Russia, the largest cities with a population of over 1 million people. These are Moscow, St. Petersburg (more than 5 million people).
human); Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg (more than 1.5 million people); Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Volgograd, Voronezh.
Total Russia covers 11 time zones with a difference of +2 to +12 hours in relation to GMT.
Population- 146,293,111 people (for 2014).
Most of the inhabitants of Russia (about 80%) live in the European part (Central, Southern, North Caucasian, Northwestern, Volga, Ural federal districts). The remaining 20% - in the Asian part of Russia (Siberian, Far Eastern districts). Most of the population lives in cities - 75%.
live in Russia representatives of more than 200 nationalities. The largest ethnic group - Russians - makes up 80% of the country's population.
Tatars - 4%, Ukrainians - 3%, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians, Chechens, Armenians, Avars and other nationalities - 1% or less.
Peoples of Russia more than 100 languages and dialects are spoken. Russian is the mother tongue of approximately 130 million citizens (92% of the Russian population). It is also the state language of the Russian Federation. Also, Ukrainian, Tatar, Armenian and other languages are widespread.
Christians live in Russia(mainly Orthodox), Muslims, Buddhists (mainly in Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva-Siberia), Jews, pagans and representatives of other religious denominations.
The share of Russian citizens who are Orthodox Christians is 70% of all residents of the country. The number of Muslims is 15% of the population.
Convinced atheists make up 6% of the population.
State currency— Russian ruble (~60 RUB = 1 USD).
Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, large reserves of various minerals, the most important of which are oil, gas, coal, gold and other strategic minerals. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of forest area, which covers 45% of the country's territory, and has about 1/5 of the world's timber reserves.
Also, in Russia there is the largest number of lakes containing about a quarter of the world's reserves of unfrozen fresh water.
Despite the vastness of the territory, a relatively small part of the land is used in agriculture - arable land occupies only 8% of the country's territory. A significant part of the territory falls on the permafrost zone.
About 3/4 of the territory the countries make up the plains.
In the west stretches the East European Plain - one of the largest plains in the world, on which almost the entire European part of Russia is located. In the south of the country are the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains, where the most high point countries and Europe - Mount Elbrus (5.642 meters). In the east, the plain is bounded by the low old Ural Mountains up to 2,000 meters high.
And to the east of the Urals lies the West Siberian Plain with vast wetlands, bordered in the southeast by the Altai Mountains up to 4,500 meters high. Closer to the Pacific coast in the east is the region of mountain ranges and plateaus of Northeast Asia. So, the eastern part of the country, with the exception of the valleys of large rivers, is a mountainous area.
There are 120 volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula, 23 of which are active. The highest of them is Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a height of 4,750 meters. The largest rivers of the country are the Volga, the Northern Dvina, the Don, the Irtysh, the Ob, the Angara, the Yenisei, the Lena, and the Amur. The largest lakes: Baikal (in the southeast) - the deepest and largest in the world in terms of volume, Lake Ladoga, Onega (in the northeast).
Most of the country located within the temperate climate zone.
The extreme regions of the north and the northern islands belong to the arctic zone, and some southern regions are close to the subtropics. The climate is continental almost throughout the country, which is especially evident in the large amplitude of seasonal temperatures and the scarcity of precipitation.
Winters are long in most parts of the country. Especially severe frosts are observed in Eastern Yakutia (-45..-50 degrees). In the European part of Russia, the temperature in winter reaches from 0 to -10 degrees. In summer, average temperatures are +15..+25 degrees. In the warm half of the year - from May to October - the bulk of the precipitation falls.
The difference in climatic zones characterizes the diversity of natural areas.
Mosses, polar poppies, buttercups grow in the arctic deserts of the Far North; in the tundra, dwarf birch, willow, and alder are added to these species. Spruce, fir, cedar, and larch are typical for the taiga. To the south and west, a zone of broad-leaved forests of oak, maple, linden, and hornbeam begins.
Also, on the territory of the country you can find many rare species: Mongolian oak, Manchurian maple, elm, walnut. In the forest-steppe and steppe parts of the country there are oak forests, forbs, and cereals.
In the Black Sea subtropics, forests of fluffy oak, junipers, boxwood, and black alder predominate. On the coast - eucalyptus, palm.
rich and varied fauna countries. In the arctic and tundra zones: arctic fox, reindeer, polar hare, seals, walruses, polar bear. Bear, lynx, red deer, wolverine, elk, sable, ermine, chipmunk, squirrel live in the taiga; capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, woodpecker, nutcracker nest. In addition, the taiga is characterized by the presence of a huge number of mosquitoes.
In deciduous forests there are wild boar, deer, mink, numerous birds, lizards. In the forests of the Far East - rare Ussuri tigers, bears, deer. Among the animals of the steppe zone, small rodents predominate, there are many saigas, badgers, foxes, large steppe birds (bustard, crane, little bustard).
In the desert there are goitered gazelles, jackals, dune cat, numerous rodents. Lots of reptiles and turtles. The mountain goat, Caucasian deer, porcupine, leopard, hyena, bear, as well as a large number of reptiles live in the Caucasus region.
Abstract: Introduction. Sources of geographic information
The student must know :
Ø the main milestones in the formation of economic geography in Russia;
Ø the subject of study and the main issues of economic and social geography;
Ø the main sources of geographical knowledge and methods of geographical research;
Ø analyze Internet resources and other means mass media in order to obtain up-to-date information about the population and economy of countries and regions of the world;
have an idea:
Ø about the role and place of geography in the tree of geosciences;
Ø about the structure of the subject;
Ø about geographic information systems.
The concept of economic and social geography of the world.
Geography as a science. The subject of the discipline. The main questions of geography. Prominent scholars of economic geographers. The place of geography in the system of earth sciences. Course structure. Traditional and new methods of geographical research. The main sources of geographic information. The use of geographic information in people's lives. Geoinformation systems.
Topic 1.
Political map of the world (PKM)
The student must know :
Ø the main historical stages in the formation of the political map of the world;
Ø typology of countries by level of socio-economic development, by area, by population;
Ø forms of government and administrative-territorial structure of the states of the world;
be able to:
Ø give examples of integration blocs of various directions (economic, military, geopolitical, etc.);
Ø determine the economic-geographical and political-geographical position of the countries of the world (see.
Annex I);
have an idea:
Ø about areas of regional conflicts;
Ø about the main directions of international economic relations;
Ø about the economic and political-geographical position of Russia on the modern political map of the world;
Ø on sovereign states and non-self-governing territories.
Stages of PCM formation.
Changes on the PKM in the latest period. The main methods for classifying the states of the world (by population, area, level of socio-economic development, etc.).
The main blocks of international integration of the countries of the world (EU, OPEC, the Big Seven, APEC, CIS, EurAsEC, LAAI, etc.).
Forms of government and administrative-territorial structure. Sovereign States and Non-Self-Governing Territories.
Political and geographical position of countries. geopolitical interests. regional conflicts.
Answers to GIA tickets by geography
Methods of geographical research - ways of obtaining geographic information. The main methods of geographical research are:
1) cartographic method. The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of Russian economic geography - Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky - is the second language of geography. The map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of the relative position of objects, their size, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more.
2) historical method.
Everything on Earth develops historically. Nothing arises from scratch, therefore, for the knowledge of modern geography, knowledge of history is necessary: the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind.
3)Statistical method. It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of the territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative indicators of production, etc.
4) Economics and Mathematics.
If there are numbers, then there are also calculations: calculations of population density, birth rate, mortality and natural population growth, migration balance, resource endowment, GDP per capita, etc.
5) Geographic zoning method.
The allocation of physical-geographical (natural) and economic regions is one of the methods for studying geographical science.
6) Comparative geographical. Everything is comparable:
more or less, profitable or disadvantageous, faster or slower.
Only comparison makes it possible to more fully describe and evaluate the similarities and differences of certain objects, as well as explain the reasons for these differences.
7)Method of field research and observations. Geography cannot be studied only sitting in classrooms and classrooms. What you see with your own eyes is the most valuable geographical information. Description of geographical objects, collection of samples, observation of phenomena - all this is the factual material, which is the subject of study.
8) remote observation method.
Modern aerial and space photography are great helpers in the study of geography, in the creation of geographical maps, in the development National economy and nature protection, in solving many problems of mankind.
9) Geographic modeling method. The creation of geographic models is an important method for the study of geography. The simplest geographic model is the globe.
10) Geographic forecast. Modern geographical science should not only describe the studied objects and phenomena, but also predict the consequences that humanity can come to in the course of its development.
A geographic forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, rationally use resources, and solve global problems.
Methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographic information wikipedia
Site search.
Discipline: Geography
Topic: « Introduction. Sources of geographic information.
Practical lesson number 1.
Topic: Familiarization With geographic cards various topics. Drafting kart (scheme), reflective various geographic phenomenaand processes. Usage statistical materials and geoinformation systems.
Lesson type: Learning new
Class type: Lecture - visualization
Number of hours: 2 hours
Purpose of the lesson: Formation of an idea of the sources of geographical
information.
Tasks:
To give an idea of the role and place of modern geographical information in solving the problems of the development of human civilization.
To form students' ideas about various sources of geographic information, which are designed to help in the development of a new training course.
Continue to develop skills in testing and taking notes of lectures.
Assess the volume and level of students' residual geographical knowledge to determine the degree of readiness of the audience to learn new material.
Equipment, visibility, TCO– laptop, plasma TV, presentation, contour map, atlas,
Lesson progress:
Geography as a science.
The geographic map is a special source of information about
Organizing time.
Setting goals and objectives.
Requirements for the organization of the educational process.
Lecture visualization.
reality.
Statistical materials.
Geography as a science.
Geography is one of the most interesting and important sciences. It studies the territory (territorial complexes of different levels), the conditions and patterns of its formation and development. Economic and social geography as a branch of geography explores the place and role of man and his versatile activities in a given territory. From how competently a person settles in and develops his habitat, his comfortable living on it depends. Geography allows you to deeply scientifically and most importantly comprehensively take into account all factors of the development of the territory - natural (geological structure, climatic features, features of inland waters and natural complexes), economic (features of doing business) and social (human behavior). It is for this reason that it makes such wide use of the achievements of a wide variety of sciences.
Traditional and new methods of geographical research.
Methods (methods) of research are specific methods for studying geographical objects and phenomena.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is an information system that provides collection, storage, processing, access, display and analysis of spatial (spatially coordinated) data.
GIS structure:
Data (spatial data):
Positional (geographic): the location of the object on the earth's surface, its coordinates in the selected coordinate system;
Non-positional (attribute, or metadata) - descriptive text, electronic documents, graphic type data, including photographs of objects, three-dimensional images of objects, video materials, etc.
Hardware (computers, computer networks, drives, scanners, digitizers, etc.);
Software (OS, application and add-ons to it);
Technologies (methods, procedures, etc.);
Operators, administrators, users.
Types of geographic information, its role and use in people's lives.
Task number 1 ( Read the text. Make a diagram "Sources of geographic information")
Geography is a science, studying which one should not be afraid to get too much information. There are many sources of geographic information.
First, a geographical map. It provides a one-time broad and complex view of the study area. It is no coincidence that the well-known geographer N. N. Baransky, the founder of Soviet economic and social geography, called the geographical map the “language” of geography. True, one must be able to read a geographical map, that is, one must have the skill of obtaining all the necessary information from it. Secondly, this is literature, and the most diverse - reference, scientific, popular science and even fiction. Thirdly, these are the mass media (newspapers, magazines, television and radio programs, films). Fourth is the Internet. Fifth, these are personal impressions. When studying the features of the territory, no information will be superfluous. It is necessary to "absorb" it from everywhere - read books, newspapers and magazines, watch television programs and movies, use the Internet, go on tourist trips.
The modern world is on the threshold of globalization. At present, goods, money, any information easily overcome great distances and state borders that once seemed like impregnable bastions. In this regard, there is an inevitable averaging, or unification, of models of human behavior. Of course, this process is not easy. But he is objective. The colossal differences in the cultural traditions of various peoples exacerbate even more, it would seem, the already acute interstate and interethnic contradictions. Geography can help to understand their nature, to understand all their intricacies.
A geographical map is a special source of information about reality.
Geographic map- models with on in a reduced form.
Statistical materials.
Statistical data- this is component global information system, which is formed in accordance with the concept of informatization developed in the Russian Federation.
Statistical materials- this is massive quantitative data on important indicators of life and the relationship between them. Statistical is the data of population censuses, tax collection, calculation of land.
Starting testing in the economic and social geography of Russia
Countries with land borders with Russia:
Norway
Lithuania
Mongolia
Finland
China
Belarus
Turkmenistan
A city in Russia with a population of more than 1 million people:
Serpukhov
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Murmansk
Nizhny Novgorod
Largest coking coal basin in Russia:
Kansko-Achinsk
Kuznetsky
Podmoskovny
Donetsk
4. Full cycle ferrous metallurgy center in Russia:
Magnitogorsk
Murmansk
St. Petersburg
5. Fine-wool and semi-fine-wool sheep breeding is most developed in
economic region:
Northern
North Caucasian
Central
Central Black Earth
6. The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the territory
economic regions of Russia:
North Caucasian
Ural
Far Eastern
Northern
7. Arrange the stages of textile production in technological order - from raw materials to the production of finished fabric
Harsh production
Fiber production
Yarn production
Answer: 3,4,2,1
8.Three centers of the oil refining industry,
located on the Volga:
Saratov
Yaroslavl
Smolensk
Khabarovsk
Volgograd
Arkhangelsk
9. Define the subject of the Russian Federation by its brief description:
“This subject is located in the eastern part of the country, its territory is not washed by the waters of the oceans. One of the largest rivers in Russia flows through its territory with its largest tributary. There are no hydroelectric power plants on these rivers. There are no nuclear power plants in the subject, but powerful thermal power plants operate on fuel produced in the same subject.
Primorsky Krai
Murmansk region
Irkutsk region
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
10. Establish a correspondence between the economic regions of Russia and the centers for the production of cars and trucks:
Economic regions Production centers
Russian cars and trucks
Volgo-Vyatsky A. Serpukhov
Povolzhsky B. Naberezhnye Chelny
Central V. Izhevsk
Uralsky city Nizhny Novgorod
D. Taganrog
Answer: 1-D, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C
Evaluation criteria: 0 errors - "5", 1-3 errors - "4", 4-5 errors - "3", 6 or more - "2".
Question number
Answer
1-D, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C
6. Frontal survey.
List the traditional methods of geographical research known to you.
Answer:
Expeditionary
Descriptive
Cartographic
Comparative
Mathematical
Statistical
Historical
Does the cartographic method belong to traditional methods and what is its role in understanding the world around us?
Answer:
Yes, this is the leading method in geography, with the help of maps we can get a lot of various information.
What role do space research methods play in modern geographical research?
Answer:
Space research methods serve to monitor and study economic components in the world, predict their changes.
List the modern methods of geographical research known to you.
Answer:
experimental
Modeling
Remote (aerospace)
Geographic forecast
Geoinformation systems
Does the geographic forecast refer to modern methods geographical research and what is the purpose of its implementation:
Answer:
Yes, the prediction of the future state of geosystems.
Geosystems - these are natural-geographical units of all possible categories, from the planetary geosystem (geographical shell) to the elementary geosystem (physical-geographical facies)
definition by V. B. Sochava
PRACTICE #1
Topic: Acquaintance with geographical maps of various subjects. Drawing up maps (schemes) reflecting various geographical phenomena and processes. Use of statistical materials and geographic information systems.
1. Analysis of maps of various subjects.
As a result of completing tasks practical work each of you must study the stages of formation of the modern political map of the world; modern processes changes in the political map of the world, the main international organizations of countries, to learn the features of the distribution of certain types of natural resources by region.
You must consolidate and develop the following skills:
Make maps (maps), diagrams according to the proposed simple or complex tasks using traditional or your own designations;
Select the necessary information to complete the task; - identify and explain the political and geographical aspects of current events and situations;
Evaluate and explain the information obtained during the selection and analysis;
Equipment: Internet resources, a geographical atlas of the world for grade 10, a contour map of the world, colored pencils, a pen.
Tasks for work:
Exercise 1.
Consider the Atlas of Geography (Grade 10). List the topics of the map.
Answer:
Human Development Index
Gross domestic product (GDP)
Structure of the economy
Extractive industry
Power industry
Manufacturing industry
Agriculture
Transport
Foreign economic relations
Integration associations
Territorial structure of the economy
Political and economic maps of countries
global demographic problem
global environmental problem
global food problem
Areas of political instability
World Heritage of Humanity
political map
State structure
Land Mineral Resources
Agro-climatic resources
Land and forest resources
Hydrosphere resources
Population
Population placement
Task 2.
To complete the task, use various sources of geographical information, as well as your knowledge from the school history and geography course. You can also get the necessary information with the help of Internet resources.
Insert the missing names of some new countries (or their capitals) that appeared on the political map of the world in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. as a result of the division of larger federal states.
States that emerged on the territory of the former Soviet Union, and their capitals: Russia - Moscow; Ukraine, Kyiv; Belarus - Minsk; Moldova– Chisinau; Georgia - Tbilisi; Azerbaijan- Baku; Armenia - Yerevan; Kazakhstan - Astana; Kyrgyzstan– Bishkek; Turkmenistan - Ashgabat; Tajikistan - Dushanbe; Uzbekistan - Tashkent; Estonia - Tallinn; Latvia– Riga; Lithuania - Vilnius.
States that emerged on the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) and their capitals: Serbia - Belgrade; Croatia - Zagreb; Montenegro - Cetinje; Macedonia– Skopje; Slovenia - Ljubljana; Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo.
States that emerged on the territory of the former Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovakia) and their capitals: Czech Republic - Prague; Slovenia - Bratislava.
Task 3.
Draw a map of the pre-existing Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) showing the borders of the newly formed countries. Write the names of these countries and their capitals.
Answer:
Thus, today in the territory that belonged to the former Yugoslavia, there are six independent states:
Republic of Serbia (capital Belgrade)
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (capital Sarajevo)
Republic of Slovenia (capital Bratislava)
Republic of Macedonia (capital Skopje)
Republic of Montenegro (capital Cetinje, Podgorica)
Republic of Croatia (capital Zagreb)
(There is a little confusion with the capitals in Montenegro. In the country's constitution, the city is named its official capital . It has historically been the center of faith and statehood, the royal residence was located here. In 1946, the capital was moved to Titograd, which in 1992 was returned to its former name - . After Montenegro gained independence in 2006, the title of the capital again passed to Cetinje, but most of the state institutions remained in Podgorica. In order not to transport the government of the country, it was decided to make appropriate changes to the status of cities.
So now there are two capitals in Montenegro, for which new definitions have been invented. The official and cultural capital of Cetinje, in which the president and metropolitan of the country live, and the actual business and political capitals Podgorica).
Task 4.
To complete the task, use the contour map of the world.
On the contour map of the world, find the states that are part of the "Big Seven". Highlight their borders, shade their territories, fill in the hatching in the legend of the contour map, sign the names of the countries and their capitals.
Answer:
G7 countries - USA (capital - Washington), Japan (capital - Tokyo), Germany (capital - Berlin), France (capital - Paris), Great Britain (capital - London), Italy (capital - Rome), Canada ( capital - Ottawa), (since 1994 Russia has been participating in the meetings of the group).
Task 5.
To complete the task, use the data in table No. 1.
Construct a pie chart of the ratio of iron ore reserves in the top five countries. To do this, the sum of the top five iron ore reserves should be taken as 100%, and then calculate the share of each country and mark the corresponding sector in the pie chart. Separate sectors must be highlighted with certain colors or types of hatching. Write a legend for the chart.
Table number 1. Explored reserves of iron ore in the countries of the world (2005)
Place in the world
Country
Region
stocks,
bn t
Brazil
Latin America
Russia
Europe Asia
Canada
North America
China
Asia
Australia
Australia
Ukraine
Europe
USA
North America
Kazakhstan
Asia
India
Asia
South Africa
Africa
Answer:
Iron ore reserves in the countries of the world (2005)
Task 5.
Suggest options for dividing the ten countries indicated in Table 1 into groups according to the volume of explored reserves of iron ore. Write down your suggestions.
Answer:
The following criteria can be defined:
The country with the largest iron ore reserves
The country with the smallest iron ore reserves
Countries with the same amount of iron ore reserves
Which region has the largest iron ore reserves?
Which region has the smallest iron ore reserves
7. Homework.
Buy an atlas and a contour map in Geography for grade 10, colored pencils.
Learn the notes in your notebook.
8. Summing up.
9. Extracurricular independent work
Message "Statistical materials", "Types of geographical maps".
Lesson #1
Topic: Introduction. Sources of geographic information.
Questions to study
1. Economic and social geography as a science.
2.Traditional and new methods of geographical research.
3. Types of geographic information, its role and use in people's lives.
5. A geographical map is a special source of information about reality. Statistical materials. Other ways and forms of obtaining geographic information: the use of satellite images, modeling.
1. Economic and social geography as a science, its place in the system of geographical sciences.
Geography is one of the oldest sciences on Earth and takes pride of place among the favorite school disciplines. The course of economic and social geography of the world is the final stage of the study of geography in the framework of the school curriculum. The subject of study of economic and social geography is the study development of the economy and the distribution of the population in the world as a whole, in certain regions and countries. Economic geography combines elements of geography, economics and sociology; it widely uses not only economic, but also sociological research methods. You know that sociology is the science of society and people's behavior, and economic and social inequality are closely related, so you can not consider the economy without people - the main production force, without the human factor. Thus, by putting man at the center of attention, economic geography became related to social geography. The main direction of the current stage of development is the strengthening of the social, political, and environmental focus of research. The main direction is the rational use and transformation of the natural environment. The long development of geography has led to a deepening of its internal differentiation. In economic geography: geography of the population, industry, agriculture, transport, services and services. Today, geography has turned from a descriptive and cognitive science into a constructive science.
In modern geography are known various methods geographical research. The most popular are traditional geographical research methods:
I.Traditional methods-
a) descriptive - the study and description of any territory is carried out according to a specific plan. The description can be either single-element (when only one component is considered, for example, the hydrological network, relief, landscapes), or complex (when the entire territorial complex is considered: nature - population - economy).
b) comparative- when studying various territories and geographical objects, comparative analysis is often used. The objects of study can be located close to each other (for example, the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas) or remote (for example, the mountain systems of the Cenozoic folding regions of South America and Europe) and similar features are analyzed. As a result, elements of similarity and differences are highlighted and appropriate conclusions are drawn.
c) cartographic- special maps or a series of thematic maps are created for the study area in order to understand a certain phenomenon. Certain elements of the territory under consideration (relief, climate elements, landscapes, etc.) are applied to the cartographic base with the help of certain conventional signs developed in advance. The cartographic method is usually used with other research methods: interpretation of aerial photographs, mathematical methods, etc.
d) retrospective (historical approach). The study of any geographical object, territory: its landscapes, its individual components, natural and social phenomena - is considered in time, which makes it possible to make a forecast for the future.
e) typological - According to the selected criteria, reference sites (key) are allocated in the study area in order to further disseminate the findings to other sites.
II. Modern methods of geographical research:
a) Geographic forecast– prediction of the future state of geosystems. b) Geoinformatics. We live in an era of "information explosion", when the amount of scientific knowledge and the number of sources of information are growing very rapidly. Informatics allows you to apply economic and mathematical modeling. The development of geoinformatics led to the creation GeoInformation Systems (GIS). GIS is an information system that provides the collection, storage, processing, analysis and display of spatial data and related non-spatial data, as well as obtaining information and knowledge about geographic space based on them.
It is believed that geographic or spatial data make up more than half of all circulating information used by organizations involved in different types activities in which it is necessary to take into account the spatial distribution of objects. GIS is focused on providing the possibility of making optimal management decisions based on the analysis of spatial data.
The introduction of GIS technologies in geography has affected many industries and, first of all, pictography. (Example: world electronic maps have already been created, differing in character and language. National electronic atlases: USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden, China, etc.)
c) Space research methods of our planet, these are climatic and space resources - the resources of the future.
Types of geographic information
Geographic information (GI) includes any information related to objects, phenomena and processes localized in geographic space. A significant proportion of geographic information is found in sources that are not maps. Examples of this are addresses in phone books, road mile markers in incident reports, place names in a gazetteer, Internet portals. The completeness of the information presented on cartographic works is determined by the set of map sheets with relatively simple themes - thematic cartographic layers linked to one base map. To depict various objects, there is a special system of geographical symbols. Consider the most used:
Linear signs– borders, roads, rivers, etc. . Contours- connection of points with the same parameters (isobars - atmospheric pressure, isotherms t 0 air) Areals- areas of distribution of certain phenomena. traffic signs are traffic flows, sea currents, winds, etc. Quality background- used to display the national and religious composition (without quantitative indicators) Cartogram– different intensity of phenomena within territorial units. Cartogram- a map with a certain territorial division and diagrammatic figures corresponding to these divisions. Schematic map– a schematic map without a precise basis (map of travel routes, etc.) Mapping data is currently received via satellites. Thus, there is a real opportunity to present geographical information of any volume and complexity, and for people's lives the role of GI is enormous. This is the most accurate and prompt receipt of information about the weather forecast, the degree of development of various extreme events, as well as obtaining special information, for example, the thickness of the snow cover (this is important for agriculture), the degree of coverage of cereal crops by insect pests, the degree of aridity of the region, the degree of deforestation plantings, etc.
Sources of geographic information.
1. Maps, atlases, topographic plans.
2. Geographic descriptions different territories.
3. Encyclopedias, reference books, statistical materials, etc.
4. Space and aerial photographs.
5. Geographic information systems (GIS). Currently, all of the listed sources of information can be digitized and transferred from paper to electronic form, an example of a GIS.
A geographical map is a special source of information about reality.
general geographic maps display various elements of the earth's surface - relief, vegetation, rivers, settlements, transport networks, etc.
Thematic maps characterize geographical objects and phenomena on a specific topic: vegetation, relief, industry.
For example, a political map will first of all give an idea of the location of countries, their borders, etc.
Homework:
1. Show parts of the world and continents on a contour map.
2. Indicate the role of economic and social geography as a science, its place in the system of geographical sciences.
3. Determine the types of geographic information, its role and use in people's lives.
4. Geoinformation systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting spatially coordinated geographic data.
5. Study the geographical map as a special source of information about reality and statistical materials. Study the features of the legend (symbols) on the political map of the world. Specify other methods and forms of obtaining geographic information: the use of satellite images, modeling.
Lesson #2 A political map of the World
Questions to study
1.Countries on the modern political map of the world. Their grouping by area, by population, elements of the political map of the world.
2. Quantitative and qualitative changes on the world map.
3. The main periods of formation of the political map of the world.
4. Typology of the countries of the world. Political system. Forms of government.
The political map of the world is a geographical map that reflects countries peace , as well as form of government and state structure . The political map of the world reflects the main political and geographical changes: the formation of new independent states, the change in their status, the merger and separation of states, the loss or acquisition of sovereignty, the change in the area of states, the replacement of their capitals, the change in the names of states and capitals, the change in the forms of government and the form of government. devices. The political map of the world has characteristic elements by which it can be determined, this is
State borders
State territories
Territories with international regime
Mixed territories
Sovereign States
· Non-Self-Governing Territories
Forms of government
What is usually denoted in the economic geography of the world by the terms: State, Country, Territory? The concept of the state refers primarily to the political system of power established in a certain territory, while the concept of the country rather refers to cultural, geographic (community of territory) and other factors. The concept of a country is less official than the concept of a state. Territory or trust territories- dependent territories included as a result of the Second World War in the UN International Trusteeship System. These are mainly colonies of Germany and its allies in Africa (Cameroon, Rwanda, Burundi, Somalia, Tanzania, Southwest Africa) and islands in the Pacific Ocean (Western Samoa, Nauru, New Guinea, Marianas, Marshalls and Carolines) with a population about 20 million people. Their management, by agreement with the UN and under the control of its Council of Trustees, was given to the former colonial powers - Great Britain, Belgium, France. By 1997, almost all territories became independent states. Before modern states were formed on the planet, there was a long period of formation of the political map of the world.
The main periods of the formation of the political map of the world
1. ancient period(until the 5th century AD)
2. Medieval period (V-XV centuries)
3. New period (the turn of the XV-XVI centuries - 1914)
4. The newest period (from 1914 to the present)
First stage (from 1914 to 1945)
Second stage (1945-1990)
Third stage (from 1990 to the present)
According to various sources (November 2015), there are 230 territories in the world, including:
193 independent states (recognized by the UN)
14 unrecognized states
3 Territories with undetermined status
1 quasi-state formation Order of Malta - has observer status at the UN.)
62 dependencies
The process of the birth and disappearance of states is endless, this process is called changes on the political map of the world. There are changes on the political map quantitative(accession to the state of newly discovered lands, territorial gains and losses after wars, unification or disintegration of states, exchange of territories by states, etc.) and quality(the acquisition of sovereignty, a change in the form of government and state structure, the formation of interstate unions, etc.). Currently, quantitative changes are declining and mainly qualitative changes are taking place on the political map of the world.
At present, taking into account the level and nature of socio-economic and political development, there are the following groups of countries in the world:
The countries of the world are grouped according to different criteria
. For example, sovereign, independent countries and dependent countries and territories are distinguished. Dependent countries and territories may have different names: possessions - the term "colonies" has not been used since 1971 (there are very few of them left), overseas departments and territories, self-governing territories. So, Gibraltar is a possession of Great Britain; the country of Guiana in South America is a department of France; the island nation of Puerto Rico has been declared a "state freely affiliated with the United States."
Grouping countries by area:
VERY LARGE COUNTRIES: (area over 3 million sq. km): Russia (17.1 million sq. km), Canada (10 million sq. km), China (9.6 million sq. km), USA (9.4 million sq. km), Brazil (8.5 million sq. km), Australia (7.7 million sq. km), India (3.3 million sq. km)
MICRO STATES: Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican. They also include Singapore and the island states of the Caribbean and Oceania.
COUNTRIES BY POPULATION:
In terms of population, 10 largest countries of the world are distinguished: China (1318 million people), India (1132 million people), USA (302 million people), Indonesia (232 million people), Brazil (189 million people). people), Pakistan (169 million people), Bangladesh (149 million people), Russia (146 million people from the Crimean River Nigeria (144 million people), Japan (128 million people) (data for 2014-2015)
THE SMALLEST POPULATION COUNTRIES - microstates. For example, 1,000 people live in the Vatican.
ECONOMICLY HIGHLY DEVELOPED STATES BUT characterized by a mature level of development of market relations. Their role in world politics and the economy is great, they have a powerful scientific and technical potential. They differ from each other in the scale and level of economic development, population. USA, UK, Japan, etc.
POOR COUNTRIES - Mostly former colonies, which, having gained political independence, became economically dependent on their former metropolises. These are most of the countries of Africa south of the Sahara, countries such as Angola, Ghana, Zambia, as well as the Asian countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, etc. They are very far behind developed world for all major socio-economic indicators. (see list at the end of the topic)
state forms of government.
The form of government characterizes the organization of state power, the system of higher government agencies. There are two forms of government: republican and monarchicalRepublic – a form of government in which the supreme legislative power belongs to the elected representative body of the parliament, and the executive - to the government. Republics are divided into parliamentary and presidential. AT presidential republics, the president is endowed with very large rights, he heads the government. (USA, Iran, Argentina, etc.) AT parliamentary the main figure is the head of government. (Germany, Italy, Israel, etc.) monarchical form of government A government in which the monarch is the head of state. This sovereignty is hereditary. Monarchies are divided into absolute, constitutional, theocratic .
Absolute monarchy - the power of the monarch is practically unlimited (Bhutan, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, etc.)
Theocratic monarchy - The monarch simultaneously represents secular and spiritual power. (Vatican, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain).
A constitutional monarchy The power of the monarch is limited by Parliament. On the modern political map, 30 countries of the world have a monarchical form of government.
Forms of administrative-territorial structure
Countries subdivided into unitary (in which the country has a single legislative and executive power ). Federated - under which, along with uniform laws, there are separate self-governing territorial units with their own legislative, executive and judicial authorities.
Homework:
1. Give a brief description of the state (of your own choice in any form).
2. Using reference materials, maps, fill in the table, marking the countries
world with a federal administrative-territorial structure. Explain what
is the difference between unitary and federal forms of administrative
territorial device.
Lesson #3
Topic: Typology of the countries of the world. Political system. Forms of government.
Questions to study
1. Differences in the countries of the modern world in terms of territory, population, population characteristics, geographical location.
2. Types of countries. Economically developed and developing countries (main; highly developed countries of Western Europe; countries of the resettlement type; key countries; countries of outward-oriented development; new industrial countries and other groups).
3. The UN and its main structural units
The political map of the world is represented by individual countries and regions. For full study It is customary for countries to consider it from different points of view: by the size of the territory, geographical location, the nature of the social system, the level of socio-economic development, historical and geographical areas, etc. GDP is used to rank countries by socio-economic development. Gross domestic product is one of the great inventions of the 20th century, almost equal in importance to the automobile. GDP - the sum of all goods produced in the territory of a given country for the year, and GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP) - the volume of goods produced according to the national principle: GDP minus the profits of foreign companies transferred abroad and wages foreign workers, plus similar receipts from abroad. The countries of the world use different methods for calculating GDP and GNP, so the data provided by national and international statistics are almost always different. In order to enable cross-country comparisons, in international statistics, data on GDP is given in a single monetary measurement - US dollars. They are calculated by UN experts using special methods - at official exchange rates or at purchasing power parities of currencies. Therefore, these data, depending on the calculation method, differ significantly from each other.
There is a classification adopted by the UN - the division of the countries of the world into "industrialized", "developing" and countries with "centrally planned economies". But at the same time, this division unites extremely different countries. Obviously, such countries as, for example, the United States and Switzerland, classified as "economically developed countries", or Kuwait and Papua New Guinea (falling into the group of developing countries) certainly have common features, but there are even more differences between them. The group of industrialized countries includes about 30 states. They are distinguished by a high level of economic development, the predominance of manufacturing and service industries in GDP, and a high quality and standard of living of the population. These countries create the bulk of world industrial production. They account for more than 70% of the world foreign trade turnover, including about 90% of exports of machinery and equipment.
The economically developed countries are approximately 60 countries in Europe, Asia, North America, Australia and Oceania. All of them are characterized by a higher level of economic and social development and, accordingly, GDP per capita. However, this group of countries is characterized by rather significant internal heterogeneity and four subgroups can be distinguished in its composition.
G7 countries "Big Seven" (GDP per capita 20-30 thousand dollars) - Japan, USA, Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada.
Privileged highly developed countries of Western Europe: Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, Norway, etc.
Countries of "settlement" capitalism: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Israel.
Nafta countries USA, Canada, Mexico.
"IMF" in the number of developed countries includes Western Europe, including the EU. The unification of the EU causes a lot of controversy, the second and third wave of countries that joined the EU gives rise to many doubts. Simply put, all EU member states, although independent, are subject to the same rules: they have the same rules for education, health care, pensions, the judiciary, and so on. In a word, EU laws are valid in all EU countries.
For 2013: there are 28 countries in the European Union.
- Austria (1995)
- Belgium (1957)
- Bulgaria (2007)
- UK (1973)
- Hungary (2004)
- Germany (1957)
- Greece (1981)
- Denmark (1973)
- Ireland (1973)
- Spain (1986)
- Italy (1957)
- Cyprus (2004)
- Latvia (2004)
- Lithuania (2004)
- Luxembourg (1957)
- Malta (2004)
- Netherlands (1957)
- Poland (2004)
- Slovakia (2004)
- Slovenia (2004)
- Portugal (1986)
- Romania (2007)
- Finland (1995)
- France (1957)
- Croatia (2013)
- Czech Republic (2004)
- Sweden (1995)
- Estonia (2004)
Candidates Iceland
- Macedonia
- Serbia
- Turkey
- Montenegro
All of them are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
The group of developing countries includes the largest number of states in the world (about 150). These countries are extremely different - this group includes Brazil and Tuvalu, India and South Korea, Somalia and Burkina Faso, etc. However, all of them have such common features of socio-economic development as: raw material specialization of the economy.
Features of participation in the international division of labor; unequal position in the world economy, dependence on foreign capital; huge external debt; the presence of the most acute problems - demographic, environmental and food, as well as the low standard of living of the majority of the population and others. Nevertheless, among the developing countries there are countries and territories that, in terms of socio-economic development, have already approached the level of industrialized ones. Consider in detail the major economic associations:
1. Countries with "transitional economies" (post-socialist) and socialist countries. This group includes the countries of the Center, and the East. Europe (including all republics former USSR) and Mongolia are "countries with economies in transition"; as well as the socialist countries - Cuba, China,
2. Key countries: Mexico, Argentina, India, China, Brazil
3. " Newly industrialized countries or "Yellow Tigers": Singapore, Taiwan and the Republic of Korea, as well as R/V "second wave" - Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Taiwan. Their economic performance is largely in line with that of industrialized countries, but there are also features common to all developing countries.
four. " Oil exporting countries» or OPEC ( Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE Algeria, Venezuela, Gabon, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Libya, Nigeria, Ecuador)
5. BRICS countries Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa.
6. SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization
SCO Member States
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Poor countries- Mostly former colonies, which, having gained political independence, became economically dependent on their former metropolises. This is most of the countries of Africa south of the Sahara, countries such as Angola, Ghana, Zambia. As well as the Asian countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh and others. They are very far behind the developed world in all major socio-economic indicators.
Poor countries GDP per capita (2015 data)
1 Malawi $226.50
2 Burundi $267.10
3 Central African Republic $333.20
4 Niger $415.40
5 Liberia $454.30
6 Madagascar $463.00
7 Congo $484.20
8 Gambia $488.60
9 Ethiopia $505.00
10 Guinea $523.10
UN structure.
For self-study:
Typology of the countries of the world:
“Typology of countries - the allocation of groups of countries of the world similar in level, nature and type of socio-economic and historical development.
The first step in any typology is classification of countries according to a set of demographic, economic, social and other indicators of development.
Second phase identification of typological features of countries with a similar level of development and their grouping. The typologies of developing countries of B. M. Bolotin, V. L. Sheinis, V. V. Velsky, Ya. G. Mashbits and other geographers and economists are widely known.
Country, state - the main object of the political map of the world. The total number of countries on this map during the 20th century. increased noticeably. Firstly, as a result of changes associated with the results of the First World War. Secondly, as a result of the changes that followed the Second World War, expressed in the collapse of the colonial system of imperialism, when during the years 1945-1993. 102 countries have achieved political independence. Third, in the early 1990s as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia. There are about 230 countries on the modern political map. This quantitative growth is followed by important qualitative changes. This is manifested in the fact that out of 230 states, 193 are sovereign states. The rest falls on the so-called non-self-governing territories.
With such large numbers countries, there is a need for their grouping, which is carried out primarily on the basis of different quantitative criteria. The most common grouping of countries according to the size of their territory and population. Often used grouping of countries according to the peculiarities of their geographical location.1. Grouping of countries according to the size of the territory - the largest countries (territory more than 3 million km 2) These include states of different regions. Half of the dozen participants, delegated New World, four countries are located in Eurasia, one - in Africa. At the same time, only Russia can be considered a European country. 2. Grouping by the prevalence of means of communication. The most widely spoken language in the largest countries of the world is English. It is spoken in the USA, Canada, Australia and some in India. The Russian language is widely used in Russia and Kazakhstan. The top ten is dominated by multinational countries. The country with the most diverse ethnic composition is India. More than 500 peoples, nationalities and tribes live here. Many ethnic groups live on the territory of Sudan, Russia, Canada, Kazakhstan, China, and the USA. But the population of Argentina, Brazil and Australia mainly belongs to the same ethnic group.2. Grouping according to the state system, forms of government and the administrative-territorial structure of the countries of the world. The countries of the world also differ in the forms of government and in the forms of territorial and state structure. Allocate two main forms government: a republic where legislative power is usually vested in parliament and executive power is usually vested in the government. Another form is a monarchy, where power belongs to the monarch and is inherited. Most countries in the world have a republican form of government. In the republics, the highest state power belongs to an elected representative body; the head of state is elected by the people of the country. There are presidential republics, where the president heads the government and has great powers (USA, Guinea, Argentina, etc.) and parliamentary republics, where the role of the president is less, and the prime minister appointed by the president is the head of executive power. There are currently 30 monarchies. Among the monarchies are constitutional and absolute. Under a constitutional monarchy, the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution and the activities of the parliament: the real legislative power usually belongs to the parliament, and the executive power to the government. The monarch at the same time "reigns, but does not rule", although his political influence is quite large. Such monarchies include Great Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, Japan, etc. Under an absolute monarchy, the power of the ruler is not limited in any way. There are only six states in the world with this form of government: Brunei, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia, United United Arab Emirates, Vatican. The so-called theocratic monarchies, i.e., countries where the head of state is also its religious head (Vatican and Saudi Arabia), are especially singled out. There are countries that have a specific form of government. These include states that are members of the so-called Commonwealth (until 1947 it was called the "British Commonwealth of Nations"). The Commonwealth is an association of countries that includes Great Britain and many of its former colonies, dominions and dependent territories (a total of 50 states). It was originally created by Great Britain to preserve its economic and military-political positions in previously owned territories and countries. In 16 Commonwealth countries, the British Queen is formally considered the head of state. "The largest of them include Canada, Australia, New Zealand. In them, the head of state is the Queen of Great Britain, represented by the Governor General, and the legislature is Parliament. 3. According to the forms of government distinguish between unitary and federal countries.In a unitary state there is a single constitution, a single executive and legislative power, and administrative-territorial units are endowed with minor powers and report directly to the central government (France, Hungary).In a federal state, along with uniform laws and authorities, there are others state formations - republics, states, provinces, etc., which adopt their own laws, have their own authorities, i.e. members of the federation have a certain political and economic independence.But their activities should not contradict federal laws (India, Russia, USA). Most countries of the world are unitary, there are now a little more than 20 federal states in the world. The federal form of the state is characteristic of both multinational (Pakistan, Russia) countries and countries with a relatively homogeneous national composition of the population (Germany). 4. By population of the world by population China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, and Pakistan Russia.
4. By geographical location.
Maritime countries;
Peninsular;
Island;
Archipelago countries;
Countries occupying an inland position. In other words, when grouping countries by geographic location, they usually distinguish countries that do not have access to the sea (Chad, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Slovakia, etc. - a total of 42 countries of the world) and coastal ones (India, Colombia). Among the seaside, there are island (Sri Lanka), peninsular (Spain) and archipelago countries (Japan, Indonesia) ”about the grouping of countries into subgroups and their role in the world economy.
Until the beginning of the 90s. all countries of the world were divided into three types: socialist, developed capitalist and developing. After the actual collapse of the world socialist system, this typology was replaced by others. One of them, also three-term, divides all countries of the world into economically developed, developing and countries with economies in transition, i.e. carrying out the transition from a planned-centralized to a market economy. A two-term typology is widely used with the subdivision of all countries into economically developed and developing ones. The main criterion for such a typology is the level of socio-economic development of the state, expressed through the indicator of gross domestic product per capita.
Lesson number 4
Questions for preparation:
1. What is usually denoted in the economic geography of the world by the terms: State, Country, Territory?
2.Countries on the modern political map of the world.
3. Orient yourself and know the main periods of the formation of the political map of the world
4. Know the number of countries on the political map of the world.
5. Quantitative and qualitative changes on the world map.
6. Grouping of countries according to various characteristics and characteristics.
7. Typology of the countries of the world. Political system. Forms of government.
8. Forms of administrative-territorial structure
9.Historical and geographical regions of the world
10. Understand the abbreviation of GDP and NVP
11. Be able to find economically developed countries on the map.
12. Know the member states of the European Union
13. Know the member states of the G7 Political Club, Privileged highly developed countries of Western Europe, Countries of “settlement” capitalism,
Basic methods of geographical research.
Descriptive. The study and description of any territory is carried out according to a specific plan. The description can be either single-element (when only one component is considered, for example, the hydrological network, relief, landscapes), or complex (when the entire territorial complex is considered: nature - population - economy).
Comparative. When studying various territories and geographical objects, comparative analysis is often used. The objects of study can be located close to each other (for example, the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas) or remote (for example, the mountain systems of the Cenozoic folding regions of South America and Europe) and similar features are analyzed. As a result, elements of similarity and differences are highlighted and appropriate conclusions are drawn.
Cartographic. For the study area, special maps or series of thematic maps are created in order to understand a certain phenomenon. Certain elements of the territory under consideration (relief, climate elements, landscapes, etc.) are applied to the cartographic base with the help of certain conventional signs developed in advance. The cartographic method is usually used with other research methods: interpretation of aerial and satellite images, mathematical methods, etc.
Retrospective (historical approach). The study of any geographical object, territory: its landscapes, its individual components, natural and social phenomena - is considered in time, which makes it possible to make a forecast for the future.
Typological. According to the selected criteria, reference sites (key) are allocated in the study area in order to further disseminate the findings to other sites.
Sources of geographic information.
1. Maps, atlases, topographic plans.
2. Geographical descriptions of different territories.
3. Encyclopedias, reference books, statistical materials, etc.
4. Space and aerial photographs.
5. Geographic information systems (GIS).
Currently, all of the listed sources of information can be digitized and transferred from paper to electronic form, an example of a GIS.
End of work -
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The role of geographical science in solving important problems of the country's development
Ticket methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographical.. geographical differences in the economic activity of the population of Russia.. a consequence large area Russia was a rather diverse nature of our country, which led to differences ..
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