What sources of geographic information do you know. Countries that have land borders with Russia. Determination of the route

Geographic maps can be classified according to various criteria.

Thematic maps show only one or a few phenomena in detail. Examples of thematic maps: vegetation map, climate map, geological map, soil map, political map, etc.

General geographical maps ah with the same detail depict both natural objects and phenomena (relief, rivers, lakes, vegetation), and socio-economic ( settlements, roads, industrial enterprises). Names are signed on them: oceans, rivers, seas, bays, straits, lakes, rivers; continents, islands, capes; plains, mountains, ranges; settlements, etc. The names of settlements are displayed to the right of the symbol, parallel to the southern frame or along the nearest parallel. The names of the rivers are placed in the middle of the channel or along its axis, and the names of the seas, islands and states - inside the contours, located in the direction of greater length.

Rice. Classification of geographical maps

The cards also distinguish by area coverage. The classification of maps according to the size of the territory depicted on them includes the following groups: 1) maps of the starry sky; 2) maps of the planets and the Earth; 3) maps of the hemispheres; 4) maps of continents and oceans; 5) maps of the seas, bays, straits; 6) maps of countries; 7) maps of large natural regions; 8) maps of republics, territories, regions, administrative regions; 9) maps of cities; 10) maps of urban areas.

There is a classification of cards by appointment, taking into account the diversity of spheres of human activity. For example, scientific reference maps are designed to carry out scientific research and obtain reference information, tourist maps - to obtain information about interesting objects in the area, cafes, hotels, technical maps - to solve engineering problems. Educational maps are the main visual aid in the study of geography, as well as economics, history and other academic disciplines.

Divide cards into groups by scale. There are small-scale maps with a scale smaller than 1:1,000,000 intended for studying large areas, medium-scale maps with a scale from 1:200,000 to 1:1,000,000, and large-scale maps with a scale of 1:200,000 and larger.

Large-scale maps are topographic maps.

Let us remind you that by its content cards can be:

• general geographical;
• thematic.

Thematic maps

Vegetation maps, for example, depict the distribution and composition of vegetation different territories. There are also mineral maps, forest maps, relief maps, synoptic maps, industry maps, which show large cities - industrial centers and their specialization. All these maps characterize geographical objects and phenomena on a specific topic: vegetation, relief, industry. That is why they are called thematic. For example, a political map will first of all give an idea of ​​the location of countries, their borders.

General geographic maps

General geographic maps display various elements of the earth's surface - relief, vegetation, rivers, settlements, transport networks, etc. For example, a physical map of Russia.

By area coverage distinguish between maps of the world, individual continents, countries and their parts (regions).

A political map of the World

A political map of the World- one of the most important cartographic sources in the world geography course, as this map shows different countries, their capitals, routes of communication and other useful information.

Let's look at the political map. In addition to the borders of states, on the political map you see the largest cities and capitals of countries, communication routes and seaports, the largest hydrographic objects (seas, rivers, lakes, bays, straits). Some other geographic features, such as relief, may also be shown.

On the political map of the world you will find more than 230 countries and territories.

The borders of the state are formed for a long time. They can change for various reasons: historical, political, economic, cultural, natural.

In order to know the political map of the world or individual continents and their parts, it is necessary to constantly refer to it, train in determining the geographical position of certain countries or regions, and follow the changes taking place in the world.

The most complex is the political map of Western Europe. Let's determine the geographical position of the countries of this region together (Table 1).

Table 1. Countries of Western Europe

		Population (2007)	Capital(s)
	84 thousand km 2	8.3 million people
		70 thousand people	Andorra la Vieja
	30.5 thousand km 2	10.6 million people	Brussels
		1 thousand people
Great Britain	244 thousand km 2	61 million people
Germany	356 thousand km 2	82.3 million people	Bonn, Berlin
	132.0 thousand km 2	11.2 million people
	43 thousand km 2	5.5 million people	Copenhagen
Ireland	70 thousand km 2	4.4 million people
Iceland	103 thousand km 2	290 thousand people	Reykjavik
	504 thousand km 2	45.3 million people
	301 thousand km 2	59.3 million people
Liechtenstein (Principality of Liechtenstein)		34 thousand people
Luxembourg (Grand Duchy of Luxembourg)	2.6 thousand km 2	463 thousand people	Luxembourg
		397 thousand people	Valletta
		33 thousand people
Netherlands	41 thousand km 2	16.4 million people	Amsterdam
Norway	324 thousand km 2	4.7 million people
Portugal	92 thousand km 2	10.7 million people	Lisbon
San Marino		28 thousand people	San Marino
Finland	337 thousand km 2	5.3 million people		552 thousand km 2	61.7 million people
Switzerland	41 thousand km 2	7.5 million people
	450 thousand km 2	9.1 million people	Stockholm

Map of time zones- an interesting, and most importantly, useful map (Fig. I).

For the convenience of counting time, the entire surface of the Earth was divided into 24 time zones. The time of each time zone differs from the next one by one hour. The numbering of zones from 0 to 23 is carried out from west to east from Greenwich meridian. In all points located within the same zone, the same standard time. Moscow, for example, is in the second time zone.

However, in Moscow we live not according to the belt, but according to maternity time(from lat. decretum - decree, decree). In addition, you know that in Russia the clock hands move forward (summer time) or backward (winter time) by one hour in order to rational use daylight hours and energy savings. Therefore, Moscow, being in the 2nd time zone, practically lives according to the time of the 3rd time zone. In other words, when it is 13 o'clock in Moscow (Moscow time), then in Paris it is 11 o'clock (Central European time), in London it is 10 o'clock (Greenwich time).

Rice. 1. Map of time zones of the world

Look at the hag of time zones. The boundaries of time zones are not drawn exactly along the meridians. For convenience, the borders of states, regions, states and other administrative-territorial entities within the same country are taken into account. In Russia, for example, the 11th and 12th time zones are combined into one.

And air transport, telephone and telegraph communications on the territory of the country work, as a rule, according to a single time. In Russia, for example, according to Moscow time.

If you take a close look at the map of time zones, you will notice how remarkable the 180th meridian is. Conditional passes through it date line. Its zigzag in the area of ​​the Chukotka Peninsula is not accidental. The fact is that on both sides of this line, the hours and minutes are the same, and the calendar dates differ by one day. If the date line crossed Chukotka, its inhabitants would have to maintain their own calendar, one day ahead of the national one.

If you ever decide to make a trip around the world and go from Cape Dezhnev to the east, crossing the international date line, do not forget to count the same day twice. And vice versa, moving from east to west - skip one day.

Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information

is a science that studies the totality of mass phenomena in order to take into account and identify the patterns of their development using quantitative (statistical) indicators. The population is just such a mass phenomenon. Statistical indicators include absolute and relative values, as well as various coefficients.

Absolute values are informative and show the size of geographical phenomena. For example, Russia has the largest territory in the world - more than 17 million km 2, which is almost twice the territory of countries such as China, USA or Canada. However, in terms of population, Russia is inferior to many countries. In 2007, the total population was 142 million people. - eighth place in the world.

Table 2. Population of the largest countries of the world (million people)

Relative value expresses the result of comparison (comparison) of statistical indicators with each other. They allow you to detect certain changes in geographical phenomena, their trend.

Coefficients - indicators reflecting characteristics individual phenomena, such as the coefficient of specialization or natural population growth.

In order to learn how to work with statistical materials, one must first of all imagine how they are organized and built (ordered).

Statistical table is a system of vertical and horizontal graphs (columns and rows), provided with headings and filled in a certain order with digital data. It contains the statistical data necessary to characterize the studied geographical phenomenon and its constituent parts. The headings of the horizontal rows of the statistical table correspond to the statistical "subject", and the top headings of its vertical columns correspond to the statistical "predicate".

Let's look, for example, at the statistical table. 3 "Changes in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the data of the 1926-2002 censuses."

Table 3. Change in the share of economic regions in the population of Russia according to the 1926-2002 census data, %

Russian Federation, including areas:
Northern
Northwestern
Central
Volga-Vyatka
Central Black Earth
Volga region
North Caucasian
Ural
West Siberian
East Siberian
Far Eastern
Kaliningrad region

In the statistical subject, an enumeration of those parts and groups of the phenomenon under study, which are quantitatively characterized in the predicate, is given. AT this case are the economic regions of Russia. In the predicate of the table, the values ​​of the phenomenon under study are given - the proportion of the population living in the economic regions of the Russian Federation for a number of years.

Thus, any statistical table includes three mandatory elements:

• general table header;
• statistical subject;
• statistical predicate.

Statistical materials can be presented not only in statistical tables, but also in a visual form: in diagrams, graphs, maps, maps.

Statistical maps These are primarily cartograms and cartograms. Let's go with you, using the table. 4, compose on contour map a cartogram showing the population density of the economic regions of Russia:

• write down the name of the cartogram (“Population density of the economic regions of Russia”);
• write out the name of the source, on the basis of which we will build a cartogram (statistical table "Population density of economic regions of Russia");
• we write down the relative statistical indicators that we will depict, having previously rounded their values ​​to integers;
• Let's divide the indicators into groups according to the principle of equal intervals. The easiest way to break it down is to divide the difference between the largest (63) and smallest value (1) indicator by 5. In our case (63 - 1 = 62 * 60: 5 = 12), the interval will be 12, and the groups of indicators will be as follows: 1 - 12; 12-24; 24-36; 36-48; 48-60 and more than 60 people / km 2;
• compile a cartogram legend in a notebook, where darker tones of color (or denser shading) depict a greater intensity of the phenomenon; light shades (or rare shading) - smaller. For a color image, it is better to take shades of one paint: from lighter to darker;
• we will show on the contour map the boundaries of the economic regions of Russia;
• transfer the legend of the cartogram to the contour map in the "Legends";
• Let's make a chart.

Construction of graphs and charts based on statistical indicators has a mathematical basis that is well known to you.

Based on their graphs, we can conclude that up to the 90s. 20th century in the resettlement of the population of Russia, the historical trend of developing new lands and Russian outskirts was preserved.

Since the 1990s there is a reverse trend of population decline in the northern and eastern regions of Russia, primarily the Far East and North.

Diagrams show the volume and structure of geographical phenomena. They can be circular, point, linear, areal, volumetric, etc. (Fig. 2). Recall that when constructing pie charts the initial radius is considered to be directed upwards on a sheet of paper, i.e. "northern". It is from him, clockwise, that indicators are plotted by eye (based on I% \u003d 3.6 degrees), characterizing a geographical phenomenon, for example, the resettlement of the Earth's population, depending on the proximity of the seas.

Rice. 2. Settlement of the Earth's population depending on the proximity of the coast of the seas and oceans

The scale of the diagram depends on: a) the size of the sheet; b) the value of the initial indicators; c) the difference between the highest and lowest values ​​of indicators; d) the number of diagram signs.

To determine the scale bar chart, for example, you must first establish what the largest and smallest bars can be. The basis of the diagram is determined by the formula X = A: M, where X is the basis of the diagram; And - the statistical indicator used by us; M is the scale base, which shows how many units of this indicator fall on 1 square. mm chart area. It is composed like this. First, an axial line is drawn - the base of the diagram, and then the perpendiculars are restored, taking into account the scale.

Mapping on a contour map is reduced to the construction of diagrams within the boundaries of a certain territory, for example, within the boundaries of large regions of Russia, economic regions, subjects of the Russian Federation.

Gender and age pyramid allows you to visually analyze the sex ratio by age groups of the population. It is built as follows. On the vertical axis, age is plotted at regular intervals (in the form of age intervals; for example, 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, etc.), and on the horizontal axis - to the left - the number (or proportion) of men, and to the right - women (in the same scale). For each age group, they build their own linear diagram and, as it were, “string” them one after another from bottom to top - from the base of the pyramid to its top (Fig. 3). The shape of such a pyramid can be used to determine the features of the age structure of the population, to identify the features of the sex ratio in different age groups. Read from age and sex pyramids Quantitative data on the ratio of sexes and age groups of the population can be used for further calculations of generalizing demographic indicators (for example, dependency ratios of the population), their analysis and comparison.

Rice. 3. Gender and age pyramids

The question arises of how to update statistical materials, because they become outdated pretty soon. To do this, there are statistical collections, reference books, periodicals, Internet resources.

Geographic information systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting geographic information

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a computer database that stores geo-information in the form of maps of various content, digital and textual information on objects plotted on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of the information blocks.

By spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished. By purpose, they are divided into resource-cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.

Thus, geographic information systems (GIS) are special systems capable of collecting, systematizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and distributing data on a new technical level and obtaining new geographic information on this basis. Very effective, for example, is the use of educational GIS when comparing thematic maps of different content for the same territory, whether it be a country or a region; when establishing various geographic links.

Let us pay special attention to opportunities and resources of the Internet, which can be used by you in the process of studying the course. They include:

• educational resources WWW (World Wide Web);
• E-mail (electronic mail);
• teleconferences.

Educational resources on the World Wide Web can be helpful:

• to search for additional and updated (including statistical) information for lessons in the process of preparation;
• to search for information in the process of preparing various kinds of creative works (reports, abstracts, business games, educational conferences, etc.).

Email can be used:

• to exchange educational creative works with their peers from other schools, regions of our country;
• for mutual exchange of information in the process of solving problems of distance learning and telecommunication projects.

Teleconferencing can be helpful:

• with participation in various kinds of educational and informative telecommunication projects.

There are the following sources of geographic information.
1. Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GIS are computer-generated "archives" of geographic knowledge about territorial organization and interaction between society and nature. The GIS includes:

COMPUTER;
software;
spatial information in the form of cartographic data on natural components, farms, lands, roads, etc.
The functioning of the GIS is carried out in the following sequence:
collection and automated processing of geographic information;
spatial reference of geographic information and its presentation in the form of an electronic map on the display screen;
transfer of this map, if necessary, into paper form (for example, the creation of atlases).
An important component of GIS is aerospace information, data from aero-visual observations, ground-based sensors, etc.
The Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is developing a multi-purpose National GIS of Ukraine, the purpose of which is to create a geographic-cybernetic model of the country.
2. Geographic research:
field studies;
travels;
local history excursions
tourism, mountaineering.
Field studies are expeditionary and stationary. Expeditionary includes the study of individual natural components, branches of the economy, etc. Natural and economic complexes are known in the process of complex geographical research (natural-geographical, landscape studies, economic-geographical, etc.). Expeditionary research is divided into three periods:
preparatory;
field forwarding;
cameral (processing the collected materials, writing a report, compiling maps).

During expeditionary research, aerospace images of the earth's surface are used. They are decrypted, i.e. recognize objects reflected on them by their shape, color, tone of the image.
Artificial satellites provide an opportunity to study the dynamics and periodicity of natural processes, unique phenomena and objects (volcanic eruptions, fires, snow avalanches, landslides, faults in the earth's crust, air pollution, etc.).
In 1995, the first Ukrainian satellite "Sich-1" was launched, equipped with instruments for remote exploration of the Earth, inventory and evaluation of land, prospecting for minerals, meteorological forecasting, and environmental monitoring. In Ukraine, there are the Center for Aerospace Research of the Earth, the Center for Radiophysical Sounding of the Earth, and the Marine Hydrophysical Institute.

Now geographic information is obtained on natural and man-made processes, changes in the natural environment, geochemical anomalies, cities and suburban areas, air pollution, flooding, the state of vegetation, areas of radioactive contamination, emissions from wastewater treatment plants.
Stationary geographic research has been carried out regularly for many years at specially equipped geographical stations. They study in detail the changes in natural complexes over time. Stationary geographical research is carried out on the basis of the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Lvov, Odessa, Kharkov and Taurida universities.

Ukraine is a member of the World Weather Service, the World Meteorological Organization. Hydrometeorological conditions are important economic and social factors: the social and economic state of the state, the ecological situation, the agro-industrial complex, energy, transport, utilities, and military security depend on them.
3. Sources of geographical information are local history studies and descriptions of the native land, cities and other settlements. They also include descriptions of travel, tourist and climbing routes, excursions.

4. Maps and atlases are important sources of geographic information. Cartographic images reproduce the dimensions and properties of geographical objects using geographic means and signs (lines, figures), as well as color tone. Combinations of geographical signs and background are means of cartographic modeling, creating cartographic images (geoimage). To understand the natural and economic objects displayed on the map, the components of natural conditions, processes, as well as the patterns of their distribution, legends are attached to the maps. The text of the legend, geographical names, terms and concepts allow you to "read" the map, use it.
Maps are the most important components of the information building blocks of geographic atlases. National atlases are of exceptional importance. According to the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated 01.08.2000 “On the National Atlas of Ukraine”, an atlas is being created, which will reflect the spatial characteristics of natural conditions and resources, population, economy, environmental conditions, science and culture of Ukraine.

Geographic information is produced by:
Institute of Geography;
Institute of Geological Sciences;
Institute of Botany;
Institute of Zoology;
Council for the Study of the Productive Forces of Ukraine;
regional natural science and socio-economic divisions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

A variety of geographical information is kept by the National Natural Museum of Ukraine, regional, district, city museums of local lore.
6. A variety of geographical information is available in textbooks, manuals, statistical reference books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific journals, and periodicals. Means filled with geographic information mass media: newspapers, radio and television broadcasts. Geographic popular science, documentary and educational films are being created. Geographic information can be found in fiction, paintings, landscape architecture, etc. The Internet provides great opportunities for obtaining and using up-to-date geographic information.

Source study.

Classification of sources.

Legislative acts and normative documents.

Documents are Russian (federal) and regional level. These documents allow us to reveal which problems were more pronounced at any given time, and how these problems were regulated at any level.

Regulatory documents help to develop the policy of the state, as well as ways to implement it on the ground.

Normative act- This is an official document of a law-making body, which contains legal norms.

Normative acts are created mainly by state bodies that have the right to make normative decisions on those issues that are referred to them for resolution.

In doing so, they express the will of the state. From this stems their imperiousness, officiality, authoritarianism, obligation.

Normative acts are characterized by the following features.

First, they have a law-making character: in them, the rules of law are either established, or changed, or canceled. Regulations are carriers, storages, dwellings legal regulations from which we draw knowledge about legal norms.

Secondly, normative acts should be issued only within the competence of the law-making body, otherwise there will be several normative decisions on the same issue in the state, between which contradictions are possible.

Thirdly, normative acts are always clothed in documentary form and must have the following details: type of normative act, its name, body that adopted it, date, place of adoption of the act, number. Written form contributes to the achievement of a uniform understanding of the requirements of legal norms, which is very important, since sanctions may be applied for their non-compliance.

Fourthly, each normative act must comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and not contradict those normative acts that have greater legal force in comparison with it.

Fifthly, all normative acts must be brought to the attention of citizens and organizations, i.e.

Geographic research methods and main sources of geographic information

Regulatory act- an official document of the established form, adopted within the competence of the authorized state body (official), other social structures(municipal bodies, trade unions, joint-stock companies, partnerships, etc.) or by referendum in compliance with the procedure established by law, containing generally binding rules of conduct, designed for an indefinite circle of persons and repeated application.

Documentation of various bodies and institutions.

Documents are of a different nature - orders, penalties, organizational - constituent, informational (reports, correspondence, etc.). They can be both public and private.

business documents- the most numerous type of historical sources. In a broad sense, they include the entire complex of documentation generated as a result of the activities of any governing body, regardless of the scale and form of ownership of management objects.

Statistical materials.

Statistics- a branch of knowledge that outlines the general issues of collecting, measuring and analyzing mass statistical (quantitative or qualitative) data; the study of the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in numerical form.

Statistics develops a special methodology for the study and processing of materials: mass statistical observations, the method of groupings, averages, indices, the balance method, the method of graphic images and other methods for analyzing statistical data.

There are three types of statistics grouping:

Analytical grouping- allows you to identify the relationship between groups.

Typological grouping- division of the studied population into homogeneous groups.

Structural grouping- in which there is a division of a homogeneous population into groups, according to a certain attribute.

Groupings are primary and secondary. Primary groupings are obtained in the course of statistical observations. And the secondary ones are carried out on the basis of the primary one.

Statistical Methods- methods of analysis of statistical data. There are methods of applied statistics that can be used in all areas of scientific research and any sectors of the national economy, and other statistical methods, the applicability of which is limited to a particular area. This refers to methods such as statistical acceptance control, statistical control of technological processes, reliability and testing, and design of experiments.

Statistical methods of data analysis are used in almost all areas of human activity. They are used whenever it is necessary to obtain and substantiate any judgments about a group (objects or subjects) with some internal heterogeneity.

There are three types of scientific and applied activities in the field of statistical methods of data analysis (according to the degree of specificity of methods associated with immersion in specific problems):

a) development and research of general purpose methods, without taking into account the specifics of the application area;

b) development and research of statistical models of real phenomena and processes in accordance with the needs of a particular field of activity;

c) the use of statistical methods and models for the statistical analysis of specific data in solving applied problems, for example, for the purpose of conducting sample surveys.

Applied Statistics is the science of how to process data of an arbitrary nature. The mathematical basis of applied statistics and statistical methods of analysis is the theory of probability and mathematical statistics.

Government statistics- this is an activity carried out by the state statistics body and its services. This activity is aimed at the implementation of functions for the formation of official statistical information on the social, economic, demographic and environmental situation of the country.

Provision of statistical information is the main task of state statistics bodies and the products of their activities. Like any product, it has a cost. Especially expensive is the information, the receipt of which goes beyond the program of work of the state statistics.

The structure of state statistics bodies corresponds to the administrative-territorial division of the country. In two cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg - there are local committees on statistics, the same - in the autonomous republics. Statistics committees also work in the territories and regions. The lower link is the district inspectorates of state statistics, which are available in the administrative districts of territories and regions, large cities.

The main functions of all statistical bodies are to collect, process, analyze and present data in a user-friendly way. Statistical services must promptly provide information to the governing bodies, exchange information with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and its local offices, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and its local bodies, the State Property Committee of the Russian Federation and its services. Committee on Labor and Employment of the Russian Federation, etc.

Periodical press.

Correspondence notes in local and central newspapers.

Periodicals- a type of historical sources, represented by long-term periodicals, the functions of which are organization (structuring) public opinion, implementation of the ideological influence of the state, information service economic activity in the field of private entrepreneurship, establishing feedback in the management system.

Periodical press is divided into three types: newspapers, magazines, time-based publications of scientific societies.

Basic methods of geographical research.

Descriptive. The study and description of any territory is carried out according to a specific plan. The description can be either single-element (when only one component is considered, for example, the hydrological network, relief, landscapes), or complex (when the entire territorial complex is considered: nature - population - economy).

Comparative. When studying various territories and geographical objects, comparative analysis is often used. The objects of study can be located close to each other (for example, the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas) or remote (for example, the mountain systems of the Cenozoic folding regions of South America and Europe) and similar features are analyzed. As a result, elements of similarity and differences are highlighted and appropriate conclusions are drawn.

Cartographic. For the study area, special maps or series of thematic maps are created in order to understand a certain phenomenon. Certain elements of the territory under consideration (relief, climate elements, landscapes, etc.) are applied to the cartographic base with the help of certain conventional signs developed in advance. The cartographic method is usually used with other research methods: interpretation of aerial and satellite images, mathematical methods, etc.

Retrospective (historical approach). The study of any geographical object, territory: its landscapes, its individual components, natural and social phenomena - is considered in time, which makes it possible to make a forecast for the future.

Typological. According to the selected criteria, reference sites (key) are allocated in the study area in order to further disseminate the findings to other sites.

Sources of geographic information.

1. Maps, atlases, topographic plans.

2. Geographical descriptions of different territories.

3. Encyclopedias, reference books, statistical materials, etc.

4. Space and aerial photographs.

5. Geographic information systems (GIS).

Currently, all of the listed sources of information can be digitized and transferred from paper to electronic form, an example of a GIS.

End of work -

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The role of geographical science in solving important problems of the country's development

Ticket methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographical.. geographical differences in the economic activity of the population of Russia.. a consequence large area Russia was a rather diverse nature of our country, which led to differences ..

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Population density is one of the most important categories of geography. The average population density is defined as the quotient of the number of people living in a given area divided by the area.

Comparative characteristics of the Urals and the Far East
Ural is a territory that includes Cis-Urals, Trans-Urals and the mountain ranges of the Ural Mountains, stretching in the meridional direction for more than 2000 km. The Far East is predominantly mountainous

Statistical definition and comparison of population growth rates in different parts of the country (at the choice of the teacher) and their explanation
Population growth can be natural or mechanical. Natural population growth depends on the ratio of births and deaths. If the birth rate is greater than the death rate, then natural increase

Mineral resources of Russia. Provision, patterns of placement, problems of rational use
Mineral resources are all types of minerals. There are three types: combustible (fuel), metallic (ore) and non-metallic (non-metallic). Combustible minerals are timed

Distribution of the population throughout the country. The main strip of settlement, factors affecting the distribution of the population
The distribution of the population is influenced by natural (climate, topography, soil), socio-economic (availability of jobs, living conditions), historical and environmental conditions. Out of 145 million

Determination on the map of the factors that influenced the location of engineering enterprises (at the choice of the teacher)
The location of machine-building enterprises is influenced by the following factors: - the availability of highly qualified labor resources and scientific institutions (high-tech science-intensive and labor-intensive

Variety of climatic conditions in Russia. climate-forming factors
The type of climate is influenced by the following factors: geographic latitude and, accordingly, the amount of incoming solar radiation; atmospheric circulation - the direction of movement of air masses; co

The composition of the economy. Problems of the economic development of Russia and indicators characterizing the level of economic development
The national economy of Russia consists of several dozen large and more than a hundred small industries. An industry is a set of enterprises producing homogeneous products. dependent

Definition on statistical materials and comparison of the ratio of urban and rural population in different parts of the country (at the choice of the teacher)
The ratio of urban and rural population is influenced by such factors as: - natural conditions and resources; the history of settlement and development of this territory; - dominance

Comparative characteristics of the climate of Central Russia and Eastern Siberia, the reasons for the differences
Central Russia and most of Eastern Siberia are located in the temperate climate zone, but in different sectors: Central Russia is in the temperate zone, and Eastern Siberia (with the exception of

Comparison based on statistical materials of the provision of labor resources of two territories (at the choice of the teacher)
In fact, all regions of Russia are provided with labor resources to varying degrees. The quantity and quality of labor resources are influenced by natural population growth, migration

Comparative characteristics of the climate of the North Caucasus and Primorye, the reasons for the differences
Almost the entire flat territory of the North Caucasus and the territory of Primorye are located in the temperate climate zone, only the North Caucasus is in the temperate continental climate subzone,

Determination of the geographical coordinates of geographical objects on the map (at the choice of the teacher)
Geographic coordinates are quantities that determine the position of an object on the earth's surface relative to the prime meridian (longitude is measured from 0 to 180 °) and the equator (latitude from 0

Agro-climatic resources of Russia. Reasons for the differences
Agro-climatic resources are certain climatic conditions necessary for the normal functioning of agricultural production. They are determined by the amount of precipitation and the amount of those

Comparative economic and geographical characteristics of the European and Asian parts of Russia
The European part (western economic zone, or western macroregion) is characterized by: high population density (78% of the total population of Russia, the European part is a historical center

Internal waters of Russia. major rivers and lakes. Distribution by pools. Differences in river regimes
Inland waters include: rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers, swamps, permafrost, canals and reservoirs. Rivers. In Russia, the rivers are predominantly of the flat type. Thanks to the general

Comparative characteristics of the economy of two large geographical regions of Russia (at the choice of the teacher)
Comparative analysis of the economy of the European North (Northern economic region) and the European South (North Caucasian economic region). similarity. 1. Both of these territories are approximately the same

Solving problems to determine the differences in standard time on the territory of the country (at the choice of the teacher)
The territory of Russia is located in 11 time zones. The 1st and 12th zones are combined into one, and in fact there are ten time zones in Russia. To determine the time in different geographical locations

Water and hydropower resources of Russia. Security, distribution across the country, problems of rational use
Water is the most important of all natural resources. The existence of all living organisms on Earth depends on its presence. Water is necessary for many sectors of the economy: chemical, pulp and paper, textiles

Drawing up, using maps and statistical materials, a comparative description of two areas of oil, gas or coal production (at the choice of the teacher)
An approximate plan for comparing two areas of extraction of a mineral resource (if necessary statistics and maps are available): 1. Location. 2. Position in relation to consumers and important

Zonal natural complexes of Russia. Characteristics of one natural zone (at the choice of the teacher)
A natural zone is a large natural complex with a common temperature conditions and moisture, soil, flora and fauna. Due to the large extent of the territory of Ross

Assessment on maps and statistical materials of natural conditions and resources of one of the geographical regions of Russia (at the choice of the teacher)
When answering this, it is necessary to identify and name the main types of natural resources: mineral, water, forest, land, agro-climatic, and also name the industries that can develop on

Forest resources of Russia. Security, distribution across the country, problems of rational use
Russia is located in the northern forest belt of the Earth. The forest cover of the territory is 45%. Russia accounts for 20% of the world's timber reserves. The forest zone stretches all over the

The ratio of urban and rural population in Russia. Major cities and urban agglomerations
The ratio of urban and rural population is an important indicator of the level of development of the country. Russia is a typical urban (urbanized) country. According to the latest population census (2002

Determination of the main articles of export and import of Russia based on statistical materials
Statistics show that Russia's main export items are: mineral raw materials, mainly oil and gas (about 40% of the total export value); different metals and rolled products; wood and cell

Altitudinal zonation. Characteristics of the nature of one of the mountainous regions of the country (at the student's choice)
Altitudinal zonality is a successive change of natural zones with altitude in the mountains from the foot to the top, due to directed changes in climatic elements when rising to a certain

Map assessment of agro-climatic resources of the area
Agro-climatic resources are those climatic conditions that are necessary for the cultivation of certain crops in a particular area. To assess the agroclimatic

Characteristics of the main types of soils in Russia
Soil is a special natural formation; the topmost fertile layer of the earth on which certain plants grow. V.V. Dokuchaev established that the main types of soils on the globe are located in

Definition based on statistical materials of the main foreign economic partners of Russia
According to statistical data, it can be established that in recent years the importance of foreign trade for the Russian economy has increased significantly. The share of exports in GDP increased. Changed a lot

Soil and land resources of Russia, their economic assessment and problems of rational use. Land reclamation
Land resources are the earth's surface, on which various objects of both natural origin and anthropogenic objects are located, i.e., created as a result of economic activity of any

Comprehensive geographical characteristics of their area
A comprehensive geographical description of your area includes the following approximate plan: 1. Name, area, population, official symbols. 2. Geographical

Determining the type of climate according to the climate diagram. Algorithm for determining the type of climate from a climate diagram
1. Carefully consider all the designations on the diagram, while the months of the year on it are indicated through one, with letters on the x-axis. 2. Find out the annual course of temperatures (temperatures are indicated

Comparison with the help of maps of the regime of two rivers (at the choice of the teacher) and an explanation of the reasons for the differences
Comparison of the regime of two rivers is carried out according to climatic maps, since different climatic conditions determine the river regime. Under the river regime is meant: a change in the water level in the river, volume

Labor resources characterizing their indicators. The problem of employment of the population and ways to solve it
Labor resources - this is the part of the population that has the necessary physical development, health status, knowledge to work in the national economy. The potential of labor resources is determined by: numerical

Designation on the contour map of geographical objects, the knowledge of which is provided by the program (at the choice of the teacher)
With the help of conventional signs, real objects are depicted on the map - for example, settlements, with the help of a punch (circle, square, etc.) and abstract ones - for example. Population density, distributed

Geographic differences in occupations and employment levels. Labor resources of the locality
Geographical differences in occupations and the level of employment of the population are primarily determined by the composition and structure of the economy in a given territory - branches of specialization. The share of persons working in

The main trends in changing nature under the influence of the production activities of people in Russia
Under the influence of the production and economic activities of people, the environment natural environment changes. In different regions of the country, depending on the sectoral structure of the economy and sustainability or x

Comparison of specialization maps of two industrial units, explanation of similarities and differences (at the choice of the teacher)
An industrial hub is a localized production-territorial combination of a complex nature, where enterprises located relatively close to each other are united among themselves.

Sectoral and territorial structure of the Russian economy and its changes in recent decades
The national economy of Russia, like any other country, is divided into two areas: production and non-production. In turn, the manufacturing sector is subdivided into intersectoral sets.

Ecological problems of the area and possible solutions
The environmental problems that arise in different regions of the country are different and depend primarily on the composition and structure of the national economy in a particular locality. So if it's what

Comparative characteristics of the EGP of two districts (at the choice of the teacher)
Comparative characteristics economic and geographical position of the European North (Northern economic region) and the European South (North Caucasian economic region). From the title

To view a presentation with pictures, design, and slides, download its file and open it in PowerPoint on your computer.
Text content of presentation slides:© Balass, 2012 Our Earth 1st geography lesson in 5th grade Section I Geographic information sources www.school2100.ru  What do we learn from the pages of the textbook "Our Earth"? There is one garden planet In this cold space. Only here the forests make noise, Calling birds of passage, Only on it alone Lilies of the valley bloom in green grass, And dragonflies only here In the river look in surprise. Take care of your planet - After all, there is no other, similar. Akim www.school2100.ru The source of information is a system whose components ensure the placement, availability and integrity of information in accordance with its purpose. Geographic map, printed publication, television or radio broadcast, written or oral message of a specific person, computer file, Internet address, etc. www.school2100.ru Remember what is shown on: a) plan; b) map.2. What do the colors on the hemisphere map mean? PLAN (from lat. planum - plane) - a drawing depicting in conventional signs on a plane part of the earth's surface. MAP - an image of the earth's surface by conventional signs on a plane in a reduced form. Blue color on the map indicates water (seas, rivers, lakes), yellow and brown - land. Green and yellow - plains, brown - mountains. www.school2100.ru It is believed that there are no more "white spots" on the map of the globe - unknown seas and lands.  Who was involved in the discovery of new lands? Do you agree with this statement? What question do you have? Why do we need geography? www.school2100.ru Why do we need geography?  What does the word "geography" mean in translation into Russian?  When did this science originate?  What great geographers do you know?  What is their contribution to science? www.school2100.ru Why study geography?  Define the topic of the lesson.  What are your hypotheses? Why do we need geography? www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Read the text and answer the question: Who can be considered geographers? To answer, use the algorithm on page 5 Leif Eriksson Happy Scandinavian navigator and ruler of Greenland. The son of the Viking Eric the Red, the discoverer of Greenland. Before his trip to America, Leif made a trading expedition to Norway. Upon his return, Leif met a Norwegian named Bjarni Herjulfsson in Greenland, who said that he saw the outline of the earth in the west, far out to sea. Leif became interested in this story and decided to explore new lands. Around the year 1000, Leif Eriksson sailed west on a ship with a crew of 35. They discovered three regions of the American coast. Several settlements were also founded there. According to the stories of Leif and his people, the first maps of Vinland were drawn up. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Sir Francis Drake English navigator, corsair, vice admiral. First Englishman to circumnavigate the world (1577–1580). Active participant in the defeat of the Spanish fleet. At the age of 12 he became a cabin boy on a merchant ship (barge). He was so fond of the owner of the ship, his distant relative, that after his death he bequeathed the ship to Drake, and at the age of 18 he became a full captain. In 1567, Mr.. set sail for Guinea and the West Indies, commanding a ship in the slave expedition of his relative. In 1577, Drake was sent by Queen Elizabeth on an expedition to the Pacific coast of America. The official purpose of the trip was to discover new lands. In fact, Drake was supposed to loot as much Spanish gold as possible and return to England with this cargo. After passing through the Strait of Magellan, Drake was driven back by a storm to the south of Tierra del Fuego, thereby figuring out that it was not part of the Southern Continent. The strait south of Tierra del Fuego was later named after him. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Afanasy Nikitin Russian traveler, writer, merchant, author of the famous travel notes, known as "Journey Beyond the Three Seas". Born in the family of a peasant Nikita. Traveled through Persia, India and Turkey; compiled a description of this journey in the book "Journey Beyond the Three Seas". This was the first description in Russian literature not of a pilgrimage, but of a commercial trip, full of observations about political structure, economy and culture of other countries. In his book, Nikitin describes the beauty of southern nature, and the wealth of landowners and nobles, and the splendor of their palaces, and the poverty of the rural population, and the customs and appearance of the inhabitants of India. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev An outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack chieftain, and also a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648 - 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering - passed the Bering Strait, separating Alaska from Chukotka. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Continue: geography is the science of ... What is characteristic of science? Formulate the tasks of the science of geography. purpose, subject of study, methods "Geography" - in the literal translation "land description" description of the territory; explanation of the processes taking place on it; geographic forecast www.school2100.ru Why study geography? Using the drawing, define the structure of geography.  What does modern geography study?  Why is she increasingly studying various areas of human activity? www.school2100.ru Why study geography?  Determine the object of study of the science of geography. the earth's surface with all its natural and social content www.school2100.ru Why is it necessary to study geography? What methods can be used to study it?  Choose one of the methods and evaluate its role in the development of modern geography. www.school2100.ru Why study geography? What can be considered a source of geographic information? What is the significance of this information for a person?  How will you answer the question of the lesson? www.school2100.ru  Who first discovered America? Is it correct to call him a geographer?  Why are physical and social geography so called? Can a person, armed with geographical knowledge and skills, have a beneficial effect on the future of the planet? www.school2100.ru §1, task 4, p. 12 Homework:

Sources of geographical knowledge

The sources of information are textbooks, gazetteers and encyclopedias, maps and atlases.

Information-rich geographic magazines and newspapers.

Many new, useful and interesting things can be learned from radio and television programs: weather forecasts, reports of natural phenomena, natural curiosities, and the culture of the population different countries etc.

Now, to obtain the necessary geographical knowledge, they use the services of the Internet - the worldwide computer network. With its help, you can exchange geographic information in a matter of minutes - cartographic, text, video, sound.

To obtain geographical information and knowledge use various methods research.

The most ancient is the descriptive method of research. It consists in describing the object (where it is located, how it has changed over time, how it affects other objects, etc.). The description is based on observations of phenomena and processes.

This method is still one of the main ones. The expeditionary method is also ancient. The word "expedition" means "campaign". An expedition is a business trip of a group of people to study certain objects or phenomena. The material collected on expeditions forms the basis of geography.

Based on it, science develops.

The historical method allows you to find out how objects and phenomena arose and developed in time. The literary method consists in studying literature - everything that has already been written on a given topic. The cartographic method of research consists in determining the location of objects and plotting them on a map.

Skillfully reading geographical maps, the researcher can get a lot necessary information. The new methods include aerospace - the study of the Earth's surface from images from aircraft and spacecraft. Using the modeling method, using computer technology, provide for changes in the environment.

The globe.

Primary sources of knowledge

The primary sources of socio-geographical knowledge are associated with socio-geographical field research, when objects are studied directly on the ground due to direct acquaintance with them, thanks to observations, instrumental measurements, as well as a survey, questioning, etc.

These are usually studies of individual farms and enterprises (agricultural, industrial, construction, recreational, etc.), as well as settlements and places of concentration of production and infrastructure (a set of structures and services that ensure the functioning of industries and the living conditions of society).

The primary source of socio-geographical knowledge can also be field special (thematic) mapping of the territory under study - the actual use of land, population resettlement, levels of technogenic pressure on the territory, its ecological state, etc.

e. For the needs of such mapping, topographic maps or plans for land use or land-economic structure of administrative-territorial units, individual farms, cities are usually used as a basis.

Primary sources usually provide socio-geographical knowledge about their own state, because it is not often that researchers are given the opportunity to carry out the necessary field research abroad.

Therefore, the main sources of socio-geographical knowledge about the world are secondary sources. Secondary sources of socio-geographical knowledge are those that are mined and sorted in a certain way by other researchers. A classic example is various literary sources - historical, geographical, environmental literature.

Now, thanks to the Internet, it is possible to "visit" the largest libraries in the world without leaving home.

Among such institutions are the CELA Library of Congress, the German National Library of Economics, the National Library of Russia, the National Library of Ukraine. IN AND.

Vernadsky similar.

For the acquisition of knowledge in the field of social and economic geography, various sources containing ordered statistical information are very important. In Ukraine, such sources are government bodies - regional and district state administrations, as well as state management structures - environmental safety and natural resources, sanitary and epidemiological service, water management, forestry, rail and water transport, electricity and gas supply, etc. .

Important geographic data is often held by local authorities as well. Just as useful are often individual enterprises, farms, institutions with their operational accounting and reporting and statistical information.

Useful as research and design institutions and organizations that accumulate stock information and scientific?

design developments in their field. Public organizations and movements — ethno-cultural, confessional, political (party), professional, etc., can also have interesting socio-geographical information.

Regarding information about different states, regions or the world in general, it is available on the websites of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Tourism Organization and other well-known international organizations.

The cartographic method is the traditional method of research, and the creation of maps is one of their end results.

Geographic maps contain information about various phenomena and processes, the boundaries of their distribution. A huge number of thematic maps (navigation, soil, climate, synoptic, geological, hydrological, etc.) contain information necessary not only for people of different professions: geologists and navigators, military and agronomists, builders and architects. Without good detailed map it is impossible to hike in unfamiliar (and especially sparsely populated) places. Maps are used in planning and conducting field research.

They are also the basis for compiling new maps with different information content.

However, not all geographic data can be displayed on a map.

The most important source of information about the nature and natural resources of various territories are geographical descriptions in the form of scientific and popular science publications, journal articles, scientific reports on expeditionary and other studies, encyclopedias, dictionaries, statistical collections, etc.

But who said that we get knowledge about the world around us only from scientific publications?

The richest source of information, including geographical information, are photo albums, documentaries and feature films, weather forecasts, as well as materials from periodicals about earthquakes, droughts, floods, discoveries, travel, political and economic events.

Even postage stamps can tell a lot about the nature and economy of different countries.

And of course, modern research is impossible without the widespread use of information technology. Computer systems designed to collect, store, process and disseminate data linked to a geographic coordinate system are called geographic information systems (GIS).

This is an extensive database that digitally accumulates a variety of information relating to any territory, and can be quickly supplemented, updated, processed and be in any form, most often in the form of maps.

The GIS structure can be represented as a system of information layers. The first layer is the cartographic base: coordinate grid, terrain contours.

The subsequent layers reflect the administrative division of the territory, the structure of the road network, the nature of the relief, hydrography, settlements, the type of soil, vegetation, agricultural land, the age composition of the population, etc.

In essence, a GIS is an electronic atlas. But not only. Layers in a GIS can be displayed and viewed separately, like pages of a regular atlas, but also combined in a variety of combinations, compared with each other, and data analysis allows you to create derivative layers. That is, on the basis of the existing amount of information, new information arises.

Russia - a state located on two continents, in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The largest country in the world - 17,125,422 sq / km, or 1/9 of the total land area of ​​​​the Earth, which is twice as much as that of Canada, which ranks second.

Russia borders on 19 countries(the largest figure in the world), of which by land with the following states: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania - in the northwest, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine - in the west, Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan - in the south, China, Mongolia, North Korea - in the southeast; and by sea with Turkey - in the southwest, with Japan and the USA - in the east.

In addition, the Kaliningrad region, a Russian enclave on the Baltic Sea, borders Poland and Lithuania with east side.
Russia belong also the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, Vaigach, the Franz Josef Land archipelago, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Kuril Islands (some of which are still disputed by Japan) and Sakhalin Island in the Pacific Ocean in the east.

In the east, Russia is washed by the Sea of ​​Japan, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Bering Sea and the Bering Strait; in the north - by the Laptev Sea and the White, Barents, Kara, Chukchi and East Siberian Seas; in the west - by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland; in the south - the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas.

After the collapse of the USSR At the end of 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized by the international community as a federal republic and admitted to the UN Security Council and a number of other international organizations.

Independence Russian Federation was announced on August 24, 1991. The head of state is the President (elected once every 6 years), executive power belongs to the government headed by the Prime Minister (appointed by the Parliament on the proposal of the President).
The State Duma and the Federation Council form a bicameral Parliament.
The lower house of the State Duma - 450 deputies, elections are held once every 5 years.
Upper House Federation Council - 170 senators are appointed by regional parliaments.
Part The Russian Federation includes 22 republics, one autonomous region (Jewish), 4 autonomous regions, 9 territories and 46 regions.

Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol have direct federal subordination and are federal cities. In total for 2015 in the Russian Federation there are 85 subjects.

From a demographic point of view in the Russian Federation, the most significant event in March 2014 was the actual reunification of the Crimean peninsula with the territory of the Russian state.

Capital of Russia- Moscow.

The largest city in Russia with a population of 12,197,596 people.
Heart of Russia- Moscow Kremlin.
In total, there are 15 million-plus cities in Russia, the largest cities with a population of over 1 million people. These are Moscow, St. Petersburg (more than 5 million people).

human); Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg (more than 1.5 million people); Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa, Krasnoyarsk, Perm, Volgograd, Voronezh.

Total Russia covers 11 time zones with a difference of +2 to +12 hours in relation to GMT.

Population- 146,293,111 people (for 2014).

Most of the inhabitants of Russia (about 80%) live in the European part (Central, Southern, North Caucasian, Northwestern, Volga, Ural federal districts). The remaining 20% ​​- in the Asian part of Russia (Siberian, Far Eastern districts). Most of the population lives in cities - 75%.
live in Russia representatives of more than 200 nationalities. The largest ethnic group - Russians - makes up 80% of the country's population.

Tatars - 4%, Ukrainians - 3%, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Belarusians, Mordovians, Chechens, Armenians, Avars and other nationalities - 1% or less.
Peoples of Russia more than 100 languages ​​and dialects are spoken. Russian is the mother tongue of approximately 130 million citizens (92% of the Russian population). It is also the state language of the Russian Federation. Also, Ukrainian, Tatar, Armenian and other languages ​​are widespread.
Christians live in Russia(mainly Orthodox), Muslims, Buddhists (mainly in Buryatia, Kalmykia and Tuva-Siberia), Jews, pagans and representatives of other religious denominations.

The share of Russian citizens who are Orthodox Christians is 70% of all residents of the country. The number of Muslims is 15% of the population.

Convinced atheists make up 6% of the population.
State currency— Russian ruble (~60 RUB = 1 USD).

Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, large reserves of various minerals, the most important of which are oil, gas, coal, gold and other strategic minerals. Russia ranks first in the world in terms of forest area, which covers 45% of the country's territory, and has about 1/5 of the world's timber reserves.

Also, in Russia there is largest number lakes containing about a quarter of the world's unfrozen fresh water.
Despite the vastness of the territory, a relatively small part of the land is used in agriculture - arable land occupies only 8% of the country's territory. A significant part of the territory falls on the permafrost zone.

About 3/4 of the area the countries make up the plains.

In the west stretches the East European Plain - one of the largest plains in the world, on which almost the entire European part of Russia is located. In the south of the country are the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains, where the most high point countries and Europe - Mount Elbrus (5.642 meters). In the east, the plain is bounded by the low old Ural Mountains up to 2,000 meters high.

And to the east of the Urals lies the West Siberian Plain with vast wetlands, bordered in the southeast by the Altai Mountains up to 4,500 meters high. Closer to the Pacific coast in the east is the region of mountain ranges and plateaus of Northeast Asia. So, the eastern part of the country, with the exception of the valleys of large rivers, is a mountainous area.

There are 120 volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula, 23 of which are active. The highest of them is Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a height of 4,750 meters. The largest rivers of the country are the Volga, the Northern Dvina, the Don, the Irtysh, the Ob, the Angara, the Yenisei, the Lena, and the Amur. The largest lakes: Baikal (in the southeast) - the deepest and largest in the world in terms of volume, Lake Ladoga, Onega (in the northeast).

Most of the country located within the temperate climate zone.

The extreme regions of the north and the northern islands belong to the arctic zone, and some southern regions are close to the subtropics. The climate is continental almost throughout the country, which is especially evident in the large amplitude of seasonal temperatures and the scarcity of precipitation.

Winters are long in most parts of the country. Especially very coldy observed in Eastern Yakutia (-45..-50 degrees). In the European part of Russia, the temperature in winter reaches from 0 to -10 degrees. In summer, average temperatures are +15..+25 degrees. In the warm half of the year - from May to October - the bulk of the precipitation falls.
The difference in climatic zones characterizes the diversity of natural areas.

Mosses, polar poppies, buttercups grow in the arctic deserts of the Far North; in the tundra, dwarf birch, willow, and alder are added to these species. Spruce, fir, cedar, and larch are typical for the taiga. To the south and west, a zone of broad-leaved forests of oak, maple, linden, and hornbeam begins.

Also, on the territory of the country you can find many rare species: Mongolian oak, Manchurian maple, elm, walnut. In the forest-steppe and steppe parts of the country there are oak forests, forbs, and cereals.

In the Black Sea subtropics, forests of fluffy oak, junipers, boxwood, and black alder predominate. On the coast - eucalyptus, palm.
rich and varied fauna countries. In the arctic and tundra zones: arctic fox, reindeer, polar hare, seals, walruses, polar bear. Bear, lynx, red deer, wolverine, elk, sable, ermine, chipmunk, squirrel live in the taiga; capercaillie, hazel grouse, black grouse, woodpecker, nutcracker nest. In addition, the taiga is characterized by the presence of a huge number of mosquitoes.

In deciduous forests there are wild boar, deer, mink, numerous birds, lizards. In forests Far East- rare Ussuri tigers, bears, deer. Among the animals of the steppe zone, small rodents predominate, there are many saigas, badgers, foxes, large steppe birds (bustard, crane, little bustard).

In the desert there are goitered gazelles, jackals, dune cat, numerous rodents. Lots of reptiles and turtles. The mountain goat, Caucasian deer, porcupine, leopard, hyena, bear, as well as a large number of reptiles live in the Caucasus region.

Abstract: Introduction. Sources of geographic information

The student must know :

Ø the main milestones in the formation of economic geography in Russia;

Ø the subject of study and the main issues of economic and social geography;

Ø the main sources of geographical knowledge and methods of geographical research;

Ø analyze Internet resources and other media in order to obtain up-to-date information about the population and economy of countries and regions of the world;

have an idea:

Ø about the role and place of geography in the tree of geosciences;

Ø about the structure of the subject;

Ø about geographic information systems.

The concept of economic and social geography of the world.

Geography as a science. The subject of the discipline. The main questions of geography. Prominent scholars of economic geographers. The place of geography in the system of earth sciences. Course structure. Traditional and new methods of geographical research. The main sources of geographic information. The use of geographic information in people's lives. Geoinformation systems.

Topic 1.

Political map of the world (PKM)

The student must know :

Ø the main historical stages in the formation of the political map of the world;

Ø typology of countries by level of socio-economic development, by area, by population;

Ø forms of government and administrative-territorial structure of the states of the world;

be able to:

Ø give examples of integration blocs of various directions (economic, military, geopolitical, etc.);

Ø determine the economic-geographical and political-geographical position of the countries of the world (see.

Annex I);

have an idea:

Ø about areas of regional conflicts;

Ø about the main directions of international economic relations;

Ø about the economic and political-geographical position of Russia on the modern political map of the world;

Ø on sovereign states and non-self-governing territories.

Stages of PCM formation.

Changes on the PKM in the latest period. The main methods for classifying the states of the world (by population, area, level of socio-economic development, etc.).

The main blocks of international integration of the countries of the world (EU, OPEC, the Big Seven, APEC, CIS, EurAsEC, LAAI, etc.).

Forms of government and administrative-territorial structure. Sovereign States and Non-Self-Governing Territories.

Political and geographical position of countries. geopolitical interests. regional conflicts.

Answers to GIA tickets by geography

Methods of geographical research - ways of obtaining geographic information. The main methods of geographical research are:

1) cartographic method. The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of Russian economic geography - Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky - is the second language of geography. The map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of ​​the relative position of objects, their size, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more.

2) historical method.

Everything on Earth develops historically. Nothing arises from scratch, therefore, knowledge of history is necessary for the knowledge of modern geography: the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind.

3)Statistical Method. It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of ​​​​the territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative indicators of production, etc.

4) Economics and Mathematics.

If there are numbers, then there are also calculations: calculations of population density, birth rate, mortality and natural population growth, migration balance, resource endowment, GDP per capita, etc.

5) Geographic zoning method.

The allocation of physical-geographical (natural) and economic regions is one of the methods for studying geographical science.

6) Comparative geographical. Everything is comparable:
more or less, profitable or disadvantageous, faster or slower.

Only comparison makes it possible to more fully describe and evaluate the similarities and differences of certain objects, as well as explain the reasons for these differences.

7)Method of field research and observations. Geography cannot be studied only sitting in classrooms and classrooms. What you see with your own eyes is the most valuable geographical information. Description of geographical objects, collection of samples, observation of phenomena - all this is the factual material, which is the subject of study.

8) remote observation method.

Modern aerial and space photography is a great help in the study of geography, in the creation of geographical maps, in the development of the national economy and nature protection, in solving many problems of mankind.

9) Geographic modeling method. The creation of geographic models is an important method for the study of geography. The simplest geographic model is the globe.

10) Geographic forecast. Modern geographical science should not only describe the studied objects and phenomena, but also predict the consequences that humanity can come to in the course of its development.

A geographic forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, rationally use resources, and solve global problems.

Methods of geographical research and the main sources of geographic information wikipedia
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Methods of geographical research - ways of obtaining geographic information. The main methods of geographical research are:

1) cartographic method. The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of the Russian - Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky - is the second language of geography. The map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of ​​the relative position of objects, their size, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more.

2) historical method. Everything on Earth develops historically. Nothing arises from scratch, therefore, knowledge of history is necessary for the knowledge of modern geography: the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind.

3)Statistical Method. It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of ​​​​the territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative indicators of production, etc.

4) Economics and Mathematics. If there are numbers, then there are calculations: calculations of population density, mortality and population, balance, GDP per capita, etc.

5) Geographic zoning method. The allocation of physical-geographical (natural) and economic regions is one of the methods for studying geographical science.

6) Comparative geographical. Everything is comparable:
more or less, profitable or disadvantageous, faster or slower. Only comparison makes it possible to more fully describe and evaluate the similarities and differences of certain objects, as well as explain the reasons for these differences.

7)Method of field research and observations. Geography cannot be studied only sitting in classrooms and classrooms. What you see with your own eyes is the most valuable geographical information. Description of geographical objects, collection of samples, observation of phenomena - all this is the factual material, which is the subject of study.

8) remote observation method. Modern aerial and space photography are great helpers in the study of geography, in the creation, development of the national economy and nature protection, in solving many of the problems of mankind.

9) Geographic modeling method. The creation of geographic models is an important method for the study of geography. The simplest geographic model is .

10) Geographic forecast. Modern geographical science should not only describe the studied objects and phenomena, but also predict the consequences that humanity can come to in the course of its development. A geographic forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, rationally use resources, and solve problems.