Harm of industrial enterprises to the environment. Ecology for business. What harm does the enterprise bring to nature

Atmospheric pollution is caused by the emission of harmful substances. There are more and more cars on the roads every year, and the exhaust gases produced by cars every day pollute the air. Industry also has a strong negative impact on the atmosphere. Huge amounts of harmful emissions enter the atmosphere every day from plants and factories. The cement, coal, and steel industries pollute the atmosphere the most, which leads to the destruction of the ozone layer, which protects the planet from aggressive ultraviolet rays.

Contamination with radioactive elements

This type of environmental pollution causes the most serious damage. Accidents that occur at nuclear power plants, nuclear waste that is stored in the ground for decades, the development of nuclear weapons and work in uranium mines affect both human health and pollution of the entire planet.

Soil pollution

Pesticides and harmful additives that are commonly used in agriculture heavily pollute the soil. Waste from agricultural enterprises, which are dumped into the sewers, also has an extremely negative impact on its condition. Deforestation and mining also damage the soil.

Water pollution

Reservoirs are exposed to severe toxic effects due to garbage discharges into rivers. Tons of human waste enter the water every day. In addition, plastic bottles and plastic products, which pose a great danger to fauna, are very harmful to nature. Rivers and other bodies of water in large cities with developed industry are especially affected.

Noise pollution

This type of pollution is specific. Unpleasant, loud, harsh sounds that factories, cars, trains make every day cause noise pollution. Natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and hurricanes also cause noise pollution. Because of these processes, people develop headaches and other health problems.

In terms of scale, pollution can be global, regional and local. However, any of them leads humanity to health problems, as well as a reduction in life by about 8-12 years. Unfortunately, every year environmental pollution progresses, and only humanity itself can cope with this problem.

Air pollution in cities during the day is uneven, which is determined by the uneven operation of transport and industrial enterprises.[ ...]

Cadmium contamination of food products and food raw materials, as a rule, occurs along with sewage and other waste from industrial enterprises associated with the production and use of special alloys, automation, and semiconductors. nuclear and rocket technology, anti-corrosion coatings, polymers, as well as the use of phosphate fertilizers and pesticides. Atmospheric air pollution with cadmium occurs when plastic waste is burned. In the air of rural areas, the concentration of cadmium is 10 times higher than the levels of the natural background, and in the urban environment, in the presence of the enterprises listed above, the amount of cadmium increases almost and in

The building materials industry uses waste and by-products of other industries (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, thermal power plants, chemical industry, etc.) as a valuable feedstock for the production of high-quality building materials, products and structures, which has a positive impact on the economy of enterprises in various industries and significantly reduces the harmful effects of industry on environment. Recycling of waste makes it possible to free up scarce land allocated for dumps and to significantly reduce environmental pollution. Currently, technologies have been developed and are being implemented for the use of waste from gypsum production of lightweight concrete. At the same time, the technology of autoclave-free production of large blocks and other wall materials is gaining popularity, which significantly reduces the energy intensity of production and thermal pollution of the environment.[ ...]

Among the causes of atmospheric air pollution, those associated with radioactivity are becoming increasingly important. This is due to the increase in the number of industrial enterprises using radioactive isotopes, and the emergence of nuclear reactors (both for industrial and research purposes), which leads to the formation of fission products, decontamination of radioactive waste, etc.[ ...]

Industrial enterprises, urban transport and heat generating installations are the cause of smog (mainly in cities): unacceptable pollution of the outdoor air environment inhabited by humans due to the release of harmful substances into it by the specified sources under adverse weather conditions (lack of wind, temperature inversion, etc.). [...]

Pollution of the environment (air, water, soil, vegetation) by oil-derived hydrocarbons is also closely related to wastewater from industrial enterprises and dumps of household and industrial (chemistry, petrochemistry) waste.[ ...]

Industrial ecology studies the impact of emissions from industrial enterprises on the environment and the possibilities of reducing this impact and preventing pollution through better technologies, better organization of environmental activities and more rational use resources of raw materials and energy.[ ...]

Pollution by its origin can be organic and mineral. Organic contaminants are able to break down to the final decomposition product, turning into mineral salts. Organic matter is a good breeding ground for various bacteria, including pathogenic (pathogenic) ones that cause infectious diseases. Therefore, waste of organic origin should not be allowed to accumulate on the surface or deep in the soil and in water bodies. It is necessary to remove these wastes from the territory of a populated area or an industrial enterprise in a timely manner and neutralize them. Wastewater before descending into the reservoir, it should be cleaned and neutralized, otherwise the reservoir is polluted at a considerable distance from the place of their discharge.[ ...]

And thirdly, when assessing and normalizing the level of atmospheric pollution, the passivity of the emitted harmful substances, their practical non-reactivity, is postulated in advance. In fact, many gaseous pollutants (L?x, 30g, CO2, hydrocarbons, etc.), entering the atmosphere and interacting with other substances, or under the influence of solar energy, are transformed into new chemical compounds, or initiate their formation. Secondary pollutants formed in this way are often more toxic and, falling together with atmospheric precipitation on soil and vegetation, have a more detrimental effect on them than primary gaseous pollutants. Moreover, such an impact is manifested, as a rule, not near the sources of release of primary pollutants into the atmosphere, but at distances quite remote from them. This circumstance suggests that the achievement of clean air within the boundaries of an industrial enterprise and its sanitary protection zone can actually be ensured by increasing the environmental risk in other areas, which is inherently immoral when it comes to the habitat of all living things.[ .. .]

In industry, the largest volumes of polluted wastewater are discharged by pulp and paper, chemical and petrochemical industries, electric power, ferrous metallurgy, coal industry and mechanical engineering.[ ...]

In the industrial part of the city, where oil refining, petrochemical, chemical and other industrial enterprises form a gigantic source of pollution of the natural environment, groundwater, as noted, contains abnormally high concentrations of many chemical compounds(organic and inorganic). Studies show that the geological environment is most intensively affected from the surface to a depth of 15-20 m. Dioxins and heavy metals in soils on the territory of industrial enterprises are concentrated in the near-surface zone (up to 5-7 m). In the depth range from 5-7 m to 20 m, their content is significantly reduced. Liquid organic pollutants and water-soluble salts penetrate almost the entire zone of active circulation.[ ...]

But even in this Handbook, the list of materials necessary for design is very limited, set out in excessive general form and not always correct. Thus, when pointing out the need for water analysis, the importance of indicators of industrial pollution is not emphasized and to which sections of the reservoir they should be tied; data on the hydraulic characteristics of the reservoir are insufficient for calculating the dilution of wastewater; mention is made of the self-cleaning capacity of the reservoir, which can be determined by calculation only in relation to organic pollution of domestic wastewater, but there is no indication of data on possible dilution of wastewater. Along with this, the importance of data on the composition of specific industrial pollution and the obligation to identify the possibility of technological rationalization of production processes, when it comes to effluents from industrial enterprises, are not indicated; among the normative data on which the project assignment is based, the standards of the “Rules for the protection of surface waters from pollution by sewage” are not indicated.[ ...]

The seas and oceans play a crucial role in the conservation of habitats, influence the Earth's climate and ensure the balance of its ecological system. At present, the water space has become a receptacle for a variety of waste. As a result of the discharge into rivers and then into the ocean of wastewater from various industrial enterprises, their runoff from fields and forests treated with chemicals, and the loss of liquid fuel during transportation by tankers, pollution of the oceans and seas with such substances harmful to life as oil, heavy metals, pesticides, radioisotopes, etc.[ ...]

Removal of pollution - 1) the transfer of enterprises and even a significant part of industrial sectors in business that adversely affect the human environment from their own country or from an industrialized region within the country to another country or region, often less polluted; 2) export of hazardous waste from one country or region of the country to other countries and regions, usually less industrialized. V.z. - a form of ecological expansion.[ ...]

The geography of environmental pollution is directly related to the economic geography of the location of industry and the resettlement of people, and pollution from large industrial centers and associations spread over vast distances. Thus, emissions of sulfur dioxide by enterprises in England and Germany have a negative impact on forests and lakes in Sweden and Norway. Pollution of the atmosphere and water bodies do not recognize borders. Mexico, for example, has claims against the United States that damage their economy. Scientists' research shows that pollution spreads over tens, hundreds, and in some cases thousands of kilometers from the source of their formation. Under appropriate climatic and geographical conditions in certain regions of our planet, a sharp increase in the level of atmospheric pollution is possible, sometimes to a critical level.[ ...]

Local pollution of the biosphere. Environmental pollution occurs very unevenly. The main centers of anthropogenic impact on nature are located in regions with developed industry, maximum population concentration and intensive agricultural production. Such pollution, usually observed around an industrial enterprise, a large mine, or a settlement, is called local. Their chemistry is determined, on the one hand, by the sectoral affiliation of the pollution source, and, on the other hand, by the topography, climatic features and other natural conditions of the pollution site. So, the soil around the mines of polymetallic ores and plants for the smelting of non-ferrous metals always contains an increased amount of heavy metals - copper, zinc, lead, cadmium. The same local soil contamination with lead is observed along highways with heavy traffic.[ ...]

Total pollution of territories Russian Federation determine emissions from stationary (enterprises that use lead in production) and mobile sources (vehicles). Urban areas are most polluted with lead, as industrial enterprises and vehicles concentrated in cities. In 1995, in 20 cities of Russia, the average monthly concentrations of lead in the air exceeded the MPC values. According to Roshydromet, in 120 cities of Russia, in 80% of cases, there are significant excesses of the AEC in the content of lead in the soil. In a number of cities, the average concentration of lead in the soil is more than 10 times higher than the TEC: Revda and Kirovograd in the Sverdlovsk Region, Rudnaya Pristan, Dalnegorsk and Vladivostok in the Primorsky Territory, Komsomolsk-on-Amur in the Khabarovsk Territory, Belovo in the Kemerovo Region, Svirsk, Cheremkhovo in Irkutsk region, etc. Many cities, having a favorable average picture, are significantly polluted with lead in a significant part of the territory. So, in Moscow, according to the target program "Protection of the natural environment from lead pollution and reducing its impact on public health" (1995), more than 86 km2 of the territory (8%) is contaminated with lead in concentrations exceeding the OPC.[ ... ]

Japan, the USA and the Federal Republic of Germany are among the countries with the highest levels of air pollution. The main sources of air pollution are road transport, heating systems, industrial enterprises.[ ...]

Chemical pollution of the environment, i.e. pollution of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, soil as a result of the activities of industrial enterprises and mining companies (pollution with industrial waste), the agro-industrial complex (pollution with pesticides, mineral and organic fertilizers, pesticides), the transport complex (pollution with industrial waste and oil products ), housing and communal services (pollution with domestic sewage), military facilities (pollution with rocket fuel and fuels and lubricants, raw sewage and emissions), as well as as a result of man-made accidents and global pollution transfer (oil spills, "acid rain" and etc.).[ ...]

Sources of environmental pollution with dioxins in Russia are a variety of industrial enterprises. The main dioxin hazardous facilities include: pulp and paper mills and combines (Svetogorsk, Novodvinsk, Isakogorka, Kaliningrad, Sovetsk, Baikalsk, Amursk, etc.); chemical plants (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Ufa, Tomsk, etc.), as well as many other enterprises, including the radio industry, woodworking, paint and varnish, etc. In total, there are about 150 objects in Russia that can be classified as dioxin hazardous.[ ...]

The impact of industrial pollution on vegetation is largely modified by edaphoclimatic environmental conditions. In particular, in waterlogged habitats on microrelief depressions, soil salinization is the leading factor determining the parameters of phytocenoses, while in habitats with insufficient and normal moisture, soil drainage and the direct impact of high concentrations of technogenic impurities in the atmosphere are more pronounced. In general, even intense industrial pollution, as a rule, is inferior in terms of the impact on vegetation to such environmental factors as the moisture regime, microrelief, mechanical disturbance of soils and vegetation cover, which is typical not only for objects of study, but also for other industrial enterprises [Shilova , Kapelkina, 1988; Kapelkina, 1993].[ ...]

Ministries and departments of the USSR do not ensure that all enterprises under their jurisdiction located in the basins of the Black and Azov Seas carry out the necessary set of measures to minimize the amount of untreated wastewater and reduce their pollution, poorly introduce progressive production technology at industrial enterprises that prevents environmental pollution, slowly solve the issues of complex processing of raw materials and waste disposal.[ ...]

Bacterial and biological contamination is characteristic mainly of domestic wastewater and the effluents of some industrial enterprises. Among the latter are slaughterhouses, tanneries, primary wool processing factories, fur production, biofactories, microbiological enterprises, etc.[ ...]

The ministries and departments in charge of enterprises and organizations that discharge untreated wastewater into rivers and other water bodies of the Black and Azov Seas have been assigned tasks to take measures by the specified date in order to completely stop the discharge of untreated wastewater into these rivers and water bodies by introducing progressive production technology that prevents pollution of the external environment, complex processing of raw materials, disposal of industrial waste and construction of efficient treatment facilities and neutralizing plants.[ ...]

Harmful emissions from industrial enterprises and other sources of pollution have a negative impact not only on the environment, but in some cases also significantly affect the operation of technical equipment. For example, outdoor power plant equipment and overhead transmission lines are significantly affected by fossil fuel emissions.[ ...]

Along with the control of industrial enterprises, it is necessary to control the content of persistent organochlorine compounds (PCB, DDT, HCCH, etc.) in agricultural landscapes. The latter are one of the main secondary sources of environmental pollution by these substances. The accumulation of COS in agrolandscapes was the result of large-scale and long-term use of COPs in agriculture. Thus, a survey of agricultural areas of the Kuban lowland showed that the pressure on the soil cover of residual quantities of OCPs is commensurate with the load of industrial pollutants. High concentrations of PCBs and DDT residues in soils under certain agricultural crops and perennial plantings, as well as evaporation fields, where municipal and industrial wastewater containing CHOS, H1AU, and carcinogenic metals are discharged, deserve special attention. After the evaporation of water, dirty layers of soil form on them, easily blown away in the form of dust powder even by a small wind. Under such conditions, dust particles can enter the lungs and esophagus of people living in the area and contribute to the occurrence cancer.[ ...]

In our country, great attention is paid to the fight against environmental pollution. In recent years, air pollution has significantly decreased in Moscow, Leningrad, Kemerovo, Tbilisi, Gorky and many other cities. Thus, in Moscow, the air has become five to six times cleaner due to the gasification of boiler houses, industrial enterprises and power plants, the installation of gas and dust collection facilities, and a change in the technology of some industries 2.[ ...]

From the point of view of the multifaceted impact on human health, the presence of PCDD/F in water is unacceptable, since due to their high toxicity, biological activity and stability in environmental objects, they are classified as hormone-like superecotoxicants. It has now been established that one of the main sources of pollution of natural objects with PCDD/F is wastewater from organochlorine synthesis enterprises. However, the inventory of PCDD/F emission sources focuses primarily on air-gas emissions, as it is believed that thermal processes are the main sources of dioxins. Meanwhile, studies show that up to 90% of dioxin emissions from organochlorine synthesis plants, including toxic waste incinerators, occur with wastewater that enters biological treatment facilities (BTP) and further into natural water bodies. Thus, the biofeedback system is practically the only barrier between the source of pollution and the environment. However, at present, the problem of distribution of dioxins in the biofeedback system remains practically unexplored.[ ...]

The protection of groundwater from pollution should include both general measures aimed at protecting the natural environment as a whole (implementation of technical and technological measures to reduce waste and create waste-free industries, reuse water, prevent wastewater leaks, controlled and limited use of pesticides and fertilizers), as well as special events. The latter include the organization of zones of sanitary protection of water intakes, the identification of existing and forecasting potential sources of pollution, the implementation of protective measures to eliminate and localize existing sources of pollution and prevent their formation in the future, the choice of locations for new industrial enterprises and agricultural facilities, a detailed hydrogeological justification for the possibility of underground burial industrial effluents, etc.[ ...]

Anthropogenic sources of pollution are very diverse. Among them are not only industrial enterprises and a heat and power complex, but also household waste, animal husbandry, transport waste, as well as chemicals that humans invariably introduce into ecosystems to protect useful producers from pests, diseases, weeds.[ ...]

The state of the external air environment in different places of the site of an industrial enterprise and the microdistrict of a populated area is not the same. The cleanest air is in well-aerated places, where pollution from technological, ventilation, unorganized (accidental) and transport emissions gets to a lesser extent. It is in such places that air inlets for forced ventilation should be located. According to the standards existing in the USSR (SN 245-71), the concentration of harmful substances in air intake areas at industrial enterprises should not exceed 0.3 MPC for indoor air.[ ...]

Studies to assess the impact of pollution on the health of the population should be comprehensive and cover a significant number of populations. The huge amount of information obtained in this case requires the widespread use of electronic computers. The need for the latter is also related to the fact that the established quantitative relationships between environmental conditions and the state of health of the population will make it possible to carry out mathematical modeling of the processes under study. At the same time, studies conducted on a limited number of people, the main task of which is to establish sanitary protection zones for industrial enterprises in specific natural, climatic and other conditions, do not lose their significance.[ ...]

Our country has accumulated a large and positive experience in conducting recreational activities. Practice shows that the system of nationwide measures aimed at further improving the distribution of productive forces and curbing the growth of large cities, at addressing issues of protecting atmospheric air, water bodies and soil from pollution by emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicles.[ ...]

At the same time, the dimensions interest rate There are very few payments for environmental pollution in the cost structure for oil and gas industry enterprises. As the calculations show, they are only a fraction of a percent of the total cost (calculations in chapters 4 and 5).[ ...]

This approach seems to be very promising and economically very important. For the destruction of MSW abroad, powerful waste incineration plants (up to 900 tons / day and more) are being built in order to generate energy. At the beginning of the 90s of the XX century. the share of incinerated waste in the US is up to 4%; Japan -26%; Germany - 35%; Sweden - more than 52%; Switzerland -75%, etc. Some of these plants produce electricity, but mainly steam is produced, which is used in industrial enterprises or in residential buildings. The most important distinguishing feature of waste incineration in European countries, the USA, and Japan is the highest degree of purification of emissions into the atmosphere and other possible sources of environmental pollution in the waste incineration technology used. In 1990, slightly more than 1420 thousand tons of household waste were taken to waste processing plants in our country.[ ...]

The organizing principle in ensuring the cleanliness of the environment is the scientifically and economically sound design of its protection, which makes it possible to find optimal solutions to this issue. So, in a complex project of an industrial enterprise, it is necessary to develop sections to ensure the purity of the air, hydrosphere, acoustic environment from pollution, as well as the protection of the environment from pollution by its solid production waste.[ ...]

For a specialist in the field of environmental quality management, it is especially important to know that wind flows are the most important factor in the transfer, dispersion and precipitation of pollutants entering the atmosphere from industrial enterprises, thermal power plants, and transport. The strength and direction of the wind determine the modes of environmental pollution. For example, calm in combination with air temperature inversion is considered as unfavorable meteorological conditions (NMU), contributing to long-term severe air pollution in areas of industrial enterprises and human habitation.[ ...]

Currently, there is no unified system of environmental monitoring in the Russian Federation, and this greatly complicates the activities of various government bodies responsible for ensuring environmental safety. According to the State Report “On the State of the Environment of the Russian Federation in 1996”, the process of soil degradation continues due to contamination with harmful substances emitted into the environment by industrial enterprises and vehicles. In addition, despite the decline in production and a decrease in industrial emissions, the tendency to accumulate toxic substances in soils remains.[ ...]

Reservoirs are polluted mainly as a result of the discharge of sewage into them from industrial enterprises and settlements. As a result of wastewater discharge, physical properties water (temperature rises, transparency decreases, color, tastes, odors appear); floating substances appear on the surface of the reservoir, and sediment forms at the bottom; the chemical composition of water changes (the content of organic and inorganic substances increases, toxic substances appear, the oxygen content decreases, the active reaction of the environment changes, etc.); the qualitative and quantitative bacterial composition changes, pathogenic bacteria appear. Polluted reservoirs become unsuitable for drinking, and often for technical water supply; lose their fishery importance, etc.[ ...]

The monograph gives a complete picture of the possibilities of ecoanalytical chemistry in the control of environmental pollution (including monitoring) and the assessment of the ecological state of regions and territories. On real examples of environmental analyzes performed at different times in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic republics, as well as in the USA and European countries, the effectiveness of analytical control in determining air pollution (atmosphere, urban air, air working area industrial enterprises and administrative buildings, emissions from plants and factories, etc.), water (sewage and natural waters, spring and tap water, rain and snow water, etc.), soil and bottom sediments (determination of heavy metals, organometallic compounds, poisonous substances and supertoxicants in the territories of landfills, in places of burial of chemical wastes, in the waters of seaports, etc.).[ ...]

The functions of the generalized state environmental monitoring are assigned to the State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control and the Ministry of Health. In large industrial cities, environmental monitoring is carried out automated systems air quality control (ANKOS-AG). Thus, the availability of continuous information about the state of the environment in large cities allows you to quickly take the necessary measures to eliminate excessive pollution by reducing emissions from industrial enterprises and (or) reducing the density of vehicle traffic. Regulation of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere due to their short-term reduction during periods of adverse meteorological conditions must be carried out in accordance with RD 52.04.306-92. (Guiding document: Nature Protection. Atmosphere: Guidelines for forecasting air pollution (RD 52.04.306-92).[ ...]

The main component of the structure of terrestrial animal communities is animal soils, reaching 90-95% in terms of biomass, the number of animal species inhabiting the landscape [Krivolutsky, 1994; Krivolutsky et al., 1985]. This group of organisms forms a sedentary population, closely contacts the soil, in which all types of pollutants are deposited and sorbed, so any anthropogenic impact on the environment ultimately affects soil animals. The traditional assessment of the impact of industrial pollution on soil fauna is carried out by assessing the bioaccumulation of pollutants by representatives of various groups of invertebrates living in the soil, comparing abundance and biomass, as well as the degree of variability of these indicators. An important indicator value is attached to the change in the species composition of various groups of organisms and the structure of the pedobiont complex in the zone of action of industrial enterprises and in the background territory [Khotko et al., 1982; Ryabinin et al. 1988]. It is possible to analyze the state of the environment at the level of large taxa of soil organisms and spectra of life forms.[ ...]

The expediency of using small-sized mobile gas-and-gasoline installations (MGBU) for flare disposal is shown. The construction of the MGBU will allow, with the maximum extraction of valuable components, to reduce environmental pollution and the senseless destruction of valuable raw materials. Locally produced products will significantly reduce transport costs to provide consumers (nearby settlements, industrial enterprises and vehicles) liquefied gases and gasoline. The technical solutions incorporated in the MGBU are described, which make it possible to increase the profitability of using the installation for the disposal of flares.[ ...]

The global processes of the 20th century, which had a decisive influence on the state of ecology on Earth, include the scientific and technological revolution, to a certain extent directed by industrialization. Industrialization - the process of creating large-scale industrial production in all sectors National economy. On the one hand, it improved the quality of life of people, which led to a sharp increase in the population of the planet, and on the other hand, it resulted in the uncontrolled use of natural resources and pollution of the environment with waste from human economic activities. The greatest harm to the environment is caused by industrial enterprises and means of transport - integral attributes of urbanized territories.

The urgency of the problem of the impact of industry on the environment is frightening. The activities of metallurgical, energy, chemical and other plants cause serious harm to the environment. In view of this, a new direction appeared - industrial ecology. It studies the relationship between the activities of industry and the natural environment. Here they consider the state of the atmosphere, water, soil and other characteristics in a particular area. It also examines how the enterprise affects the ecology of nearby settlements.

Modern problems of ecology and human activity

In terms of the impact on the environment, production is considered one of the most dangerous. The main reason is outdated work technologies and a large concentration of enterprises within small areas or one territory.

Some large plants do not provide for an environmental safety system (or it is greatly simplified).

A significant proportion of industrial waste enters the natural environment in the form of garbage. For finished products 1-2% of raw materials are needed, the rest goes into the biosphere, polluting it.

Negative impact by industry

The environmental impact is distributed depending on the specific industry.

Energy

Energy facilities are becoming sources of risk for the population and nature. Energy is involved in the development of all industries, agriculture and transport, therefore it is of great importance.

The amount of influence of thermal power plants in generating electricity varies depending on the type and amount of fuel burned. solid fuel emits fly ash (sometimes contains arsenic), nitrogen oxides, anhydrides, fluorine compounds and other hazardous substances into the atmosphere.

During the combustion of fuel oils with smoke emissions, nitrogen oxides, vanadium elements, sulfurous and sulfuric anhydrides, and sodium salts go into the atmosphere.

When natural gas decomposes, nitrogen oxide is a serious air pollutant. In the energy sector, all plants that burn fuel are considered sources of environmental pollution. Their emissions are responsible for the formation of the greenhouse effect, as well as the destruction of the protective layer of the earth. From the atmosphere, the compounds settle into the soil and water in the form of acid rain.

Transport

It is a significant production unit. Without transport, the work of modern industry is not possible. There are two main forms of its influence on the world around us:

• vehicles;
• communication lines.

Transport networks include road and railways, pipelines and airfields. Large areas are needed to accommodate communication lines. During construction, people destroy the soil.

The main current source of pollution is road transport. Exhaust gases include harmful elements: oxides of nitrogen and carbon, lead, etc. Some of the substances emitted into nature are mutagenic. To combat this pollution, scientists are trying to develop new technologies.

It is important to put into operation new types of transport, which will have a much weaker impact on the environment. There is also a need to properly manage the lines and switch to more environmentally friendly forms of fuel.

Industry

In Russia, there are two main branches:

• mining;
• processing.

The first is based on the extraction of mineral raw materials, which is considered a non-renewable source. The enterprises of this branch are being built right on the field. The life of such plants depends on the amount of mineral resources in the source.

Mining enterprises have a detrimental effect on nature. They violate the integrity of terrestrial sources, pollute the surface of the planet (soil and water), and hazardous elements are released into the atmosphere.

The manufacturing industry is divided into the following types:

• chemical;
• machine-building;
• woodworking;
• light;
• food, etc.

Each species has separate technological features and the nature of the impact on the environment.

Necessary measures and future prospects

This situation leads to environmental disasters that occur due to human negligence or wear and tear of equipment.

Funds that could be saved by preventing accidents can be directed to the restoration of the fuel and energy complex. This would help to greatly reduce the energy intensity of the economy.

Due to misuse natural resources damaging the planet. To analyze the main measures to combat pollution, it is necessary to compare the results of economic activity and the parameters of environmental friendliness of industrial products and production technologies. From the enterprise, this requires financial costs, which are important to include in the production plan. In factories, costs should be divided into 3 branches:

• production costs;
• environmental costs;
• spending on the production of a product with an appropriate level of safety or its replacement with a more environmentally friendly one.

In the Russian Federation, the industry is built on the extraction of oil and gas. Production volumes today are greatly reduced, and most of the pollution comes from energy. Ecology suffers already at the stage of extraction and transportation of raw materials. Every year, more than 20,000 accidents are recorded caused by oil spills and the ingress of substances into water bodies, because of this, flora and fauna die.

In addition, Russia's oil industry and accidents cause great economic damage. For maximum safety, oil must be transported through pipelines. This method includes not only a pipe system, but also pumping stations, compressors and a host of other equipment.

Despite the safety and reliability of pipeline transportation, even here accidents cannot be avoided. Approximately 40% of the networks are worn out and their useful life has come to an end. Over time, defects form on the pipes, the metal rusts.

Production forces and drilling equipment work in difficult conditions: overloads, high voltage and high pressure. As a safety measure, attention should be paid to outdated pumping equipment. A special role is given to multiphase pumps - they are more reliable and financially efficient. In addition, it becomes possible to get rid of the gas in a simpler and safer way. Today it is burned, although it is an important raw material for the chemical industry. According to scientists, the pressure on nature has increased significantly over the past couple of years. This is due to the growth of production and agriculture. The lack of clean water is becoming a real problem for industry and cities.

Despite the dire forecasts, developing countries have become more serious about cleaning and controlling the safety of production. New plants do not receive a permit without the installation and operation of treatment plants. In matters of environmental protection, the issue of state control plays a special role - without this, it will not be possible to cope with pollution.

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From elementary grades, we are taught that man and nature are one, that one cannot be separated from the other. We learn the development of our planet, the features of its structure and structure. These areas affect our well-being: the atmosphere, soil, water of the Earth are, perhaps, the most important components of a normal human life. But why, then, every year, environmental pollution goes further and reaches an ever greater scale? Let's look at the main environmental problems.

Environmental pollution, which also refers to the natural environment and the biosphere, is an increased content of physical, chemical or biological reagents in it that are not typical for this environment, brought in from outside, the presence of which leads to negative consequences.

Scientists have been sounding the alarm about an imminent environmental catastrophe for several decades in a row. Conducted studies in various fields lead to the conclusion that we are already facing global changes in climate and the external environment under the influence of human activities. Pollution of the oceans due to leaks of oil and oil products, as well as debris, has reached enormous proportions, which affects the decline in populations of many animal species and the ecosystem as a whole. The growing number of cars every year leads to a large emission into the atmosphere, which, in turn, leads to the drying of the earth, heavy rainfall on the continents, and a decrease in the amount of oxygen in the air. Some countries are already forced to bring water and even buy canned air, as the production has spoiled the environment in the country. Many people have already realized the danger and are very sensitive to negative changes in nature and the main environmental problems, but we still perceive the possibility of a catastrophe as something unrealizable and distant. Is this really so or the threat is close and something needs to be done immediately - let's figure it out.

Types and main sources of environmental pollution

The main types of pollution classify the sources of environmental pollution themselves:

• biological;
• chemical
• physical;
• mechanical.

In the first case, environmental pollutants are the activities of living organisms or anthropogenic factors. In the second case, there is a change in the natural chemical composition contaminated sphere by adding other chemicals to it. In the third case, the physical characteristics of the environment change. These types of pollution include thermal, radiation, noise and other types of radiation. The latter type of pollution is also associated with human activities and waste emissions into the biosphere.

All types of pollution can be present both separately by themselves, and flow from one to another or exist together. Consider how they affect individual areas of the biosphere.

People who have come a long way in the desert will surely be able to name the price of every drop of water. Although most likely these drops will be priceless, because a person's life depends on them. AT ordinary life, alas, we do not attach such great importance to water, since we have a lot of it, and it is available at any time. But in the long run, this is not entirely true. In percentage terms, only 3% of the total world fresh water supply remained unpolluted. Understanding the importance of water for people does not prevent a person from polluting an important source of life with oil and oil products, heavy metals, radioactive substances, inorganic pollution, sewage and synthetic fertilizers.

Polluted water contains a large number of xenobiotics - substances that are alien to the human or animal body. If such water enters the food chain, it can lead to serious food poisoning and even death of all participants in the chain. Of course, they are also contained in the products of volcanic activity, which pollute water even without human help, but the activity of the metallurgical industry and chemical plants is of predominant importance.

With the advent of nuclear research, quite significant harm has been done to nature in all areas, including water. Charged particles that get into it cause great harm to living organisms and contribute to the development of oncological diseases. Waste water from factories, ships with nuclear reactors and just rain or snow in the venue nuclear testing can lead to contamination of water with decomposition products.

Sewerage, which carries a lot of garbage: detergents, food debris, small household waste, and more, in turn, contributes to the reproduction of other pathogenic organisms, which, when ingested, give a number of diseases, such as typhoid fever, dysentery and others.

Perhaps it does not make sense to explain how the soil is an important part of human life. Most of the food that people eat comes from the soil: from cereals to rare types of fruits and vegetables. For this to continue, it is necessary to maintain the condition of the soil at the proper level for a normal water cycle. But anthropogenic pollution has already led to the fact that 27% of the planet's land is subject to erosion.

Soil pollution is the ingress of toxic chemicals and debris into it in high quantities, preventing the normal circulation of soil systems. The main sources of soil pollution:

• residential buildings;
• industrial enterprises;
• transport;
• Agriculture;
• nuclear power.

In the first case, soil pollution occurs due to ordinary garbage that is thrown out in the wrong places. But the main reason should be called landfills. Burning waste leads to clogging of large areas, and combustion products spoil the soil irrevocably, littering the entire environment.

Industrial enterprises emit many toxic substances, heavy metals and chemical compounds that affect not only the soil, but also the life of living organisms. It is this source of pollution that leads to man-made pollution of the soil.

Transport emissions, hydrocarbon, methane and lead, getting into the soil, affect food chains- enter the human body through food.
Excessive plowing, pesticides, pesticides and fertilizers, which contain enough mercury and heavy metals, lead to significant soil erosion and desertification. Abundant irrigation also cannot be called a positive factor, since it leads to soil salinization.

Today, up to 98% of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants is buried in the ground, mainly products of uranium fission, which leads to degradation and depletion of land resources.

The atmosphere in the form of a gaseous shell of the Earth is of great value, since it protects the planet from cosmic radiation, affects the relief, determines the climate of the Earth and its thermal background. It cannot be said that the composition of the atmosphere was homogeneous and only with the advent of man began to change. But it was after the beginning of the vigorous activity of people that the heterogeneous composition was "enriched" with dangerous impurities.

The main pollutants in this case chemical plants, the fuel and energy complex, agriculture and automobiles are performing. They lead to the appearance of copper, mercury, and other metals in the air. Of course, in industrial areas, air pollution is felt most of all.

Thermal power plants bring light and heat to our homes, however, in parallel, they emit a huge amount of carbon dioxide and soot into the atmosphere.
Acid rain is caused by waste from chemical plants, such as sulfur oxide or nitrogen oxide. These oxides can react with other elements of the biosphere, which contributes to the appearance of more destructive compounds.

Modern cars are quite good in design and technical specifications, but the problem with the atmosphere has not yet been solved. Ash and fuel processing products not only spoil the atmosphere of cities, but also settle on the soil and make it unusable.

In many industrial and industrial areas, use has become an integral part of life precisely because of the pollution of the environment by factories and transport. Therefore, if you are concerned about the state of air in your apartment, with the help of a breather you can create a healthy microclimate at home, which, unfortunately, does not cancel the glider problems of environmental pollution, but at least allows you to protect yourself and loved ones.

Recently, the sphere of consumption, as well as the technologies of social production, have made it a rule to move away from the use of natural materials, from the cycles associated with the natural circulation of substances in nature. Today's industry introduces into the environment a considerable number of such substances and materials that are extremely alien to natural landscapes and ecological systems.

An ever-increasing mass of such xenobiotics (Greek "xenos" - alien, alien) - pesticides, herbicides, freons, synthetic plastics, heavy metals enters the atmosphere, water bodies and soil in such quantities that exceed the self-cleaning and assimilation capacity of natural systems. The complexity of the situation also lies in the fact that with the current scale and nature of human impact on the natural environment, it responds with a completely unexpected (for humans) reaction, which is due to the exhaustion of the environment's ability to self-heal, the presence of a large number of relationships in nature. In such a situation, professional waste collection and its subsequent disposal is extremely important.

For example, all metals dispersed as a result of the industrial activity of mankind enter mainly into the humus sphere. From the soil, they are absorbed by plants, with plant food and air they can pass into animal organisms. Therefore, as a measure of the scale of technogenic influences, the ratio of the expected total technogenic release of a particular metal to its current content in soil and living matter (the amount of matter involved in the circulation) is very clear.

Calculations have shown that this ratio is the highest for arsenic, 470.2; antimony - 387.5; bismuth - 381.3; uranium - 297.5; cadmium - 50.6. These elements are contained in biota in trace amounts, but with each ton of ore and fuel mined, they are captured by the biosphere and enter the circulation for a long time. organic matter. Part of the waste undergoes assimilation and biotic and geochemical neutralization in the process of destruction; the other part containing xenobiotics, after biological and geochemical migration, is subjected to immobilization, dispersal and removal, act as man-made pollution of the environment.

The cumulative harmful effect of their entry into the circulation depends on the hazard coefficient of waste, their mass, productivity and sustainability of ecosystems, in particular, resistance to technogenic impacts.