Denis Valentinovich Manturov Minister of Industry and Trade of the Russian ...
Bacterial infections are a huge group of diseases. They are united by one reason - bacteria. They are the oldest and most numerous microorganisms.
There are several signs by which you can determine if a bacterial or viral infection is present in the body:
Signs of a bacterial infection depend on which part of the body it has affected. Bowel diseases in this case are manifested by the following symptoms:
Bacterial infections in the upper respiratory tract are also often manifested after the transferred virus, when immunity decreases. Infection is expressed in the following symptoms:
A bacterial infection in women affecting the genitourinary system has the following symptoms:
Laboratory research is the main direction in the diagnosis of bacterial infections. In some cases, additional examinations are required:
Let us summarize what has been said. There are a lot of bacterial infections, and the effectiveness of their treatment directly depends on the identification of the causative agent of the disease. Most people are carriers of certain bacteria, but the development of infection is provoked only by certain factors. This can be avoided with preventive measures.
- Airways;
- intestines;
- blood;
- skin covering.
Bacterial Respiratory Tract Infections often develop after a cold, as a complication. Immunity becomes weaker, and pathogenic bacteria, which previously did not manifest themselves in any way, begin to multiply. Respiratory bacterial infections can be caused by the following pathogens:
Prevention assumes an impervious and clean skin. When a cut or scratch occurs, the lesion should be washed with soap and water and covered with a sterile dressing. Petroleum jelly can be applied to exposed areas to keep the fabric moist and prevent bacterial invasion. Doctors recommend not using antibiotic ointments or ointments on small, uninfected wounds because of the risk of antibiotic allergy. However, an antibacterial ointment or ointment is used if there is an infection. Treatment of large areas requires oral or injectable antibiotics.
- staphylococci;
- pneumococci;
- streptococci;
- whooping cough;
- meningococci;
- mycobacteria;
- mycoplasmas.
To bacterial infectious diseases of the lower respiratory tract include bacterial bronchitis and.
Abscesses must be opened by a doctor and drained, and any dead tissue must be surgically removed. Diseases caused by bacteria. Bacterial diseases that are related to the sugar cane industry include leaf scalding, red streaks, and rickets, which are detailed below. Other diseases are also damaging, depending on the region and environmental conditions.
It manifests itself in different ways in different places, that is, the symptoms of the disease vary depending on the local conditions. Leaf shards represent a high destructive potential, especially in susceptible cultivars. In Brazil, its significance was ignored due to errors in identification and confusion of its losses with the causes caused by rickets rickets. When the disease manifests itself in extremely susceptible varieties, it can lead to losses of up to 100%. It can also cause stem formation, stunted growth, loss of production and sucrose saturation.
Bacterial intestinal infections often caused by unwashed hands, the use of products with poor heat treatment, improper storage or expired shelf life. In most cases, the problem is caused by:
- shigella;
- staphylococci;
- cholera vibrios;
- typhoid stick;
- salmonellosis.
Intestinal bacterial infections are more often manifested by the following diseases:
The three types of disease symptoms are known to be quite complex. In some situations, discoloration of the knots is observed in the stems, reminiscent of the symptoms of rickets rickets. The appearance of several external symptoms, the most characteristic of which are white streaks on the leaf, which can reach their base. Acute symptom observed in the most susceptible cultivars under conditions favorable to bacteria, is characterized by general burning of the leaves, as if the plant had been scalded. Hence the origin of the name of the disease, scalding of the leaves. ... The bacterium penetrates the wounds of the stems and remains on the plant throughout its life.
- salmonellosis;
- typhoid fever;
- dysentery.
In children most often viral infections, which are complicated by bacterial due to the weakening of the body during the period of illness. In most cases, in childhood the following viral diseases are observed:
Thus, the disease spreads easily when harvesting with cutting tools such as machetes or even harvesters. With the increase in mechanized harvesting, concerns about the disease have intensified. Therefore, it is important to keep the reed field healthy at all times.
Winds and rains can spread disease over long distances when they spread bacteria present in dead zones of affected plants. Stress conditions trigger the onset of the acute phase of the disease. The main form of leaf plastering control is a hardy and tolerant variety. The use of tolerant varieties requires some caution, for example: avoid planting seedlings from fields with diseases; prepare playgrounds to eliminate soil bacteria and plant debris; disinfect equipment and tools used in crop management.
- measles;
- rubella;
- piggy;
- chicken pox.
How to distinguish a viral infection from a bacterial one
Very often, infections of a bacterial and viral nature are confused. They can have the same symptoms and even similar results in diagnostic tests.It is imperative to differentiate these infections, since the drugs for their treatment require completely different ones.
It is known that there is no product, chemical or biological, that satisfactorily controls leaf scalding. The bacterium that causes the disease is of Asian origin and is present in the main sugarcane regions of the world. In Brazil, its presence is limited as it requires specific climatic and soil conditions such as high fertility. Red streak is considered a secondary disease, but it has some economic impact in the states of São Paulo and Parana.
The disease manifests itself in the appearance of thin and long stripes in the leaves and rotting of the top of the stem. In the leaves, symptoms develop to a reddish brown color. As the disease progresses, the strata reach the top of the plant. Subsequently, this area moisturizes and rots. If conditions are favorable, the top rot spreads over the rest of the stem, causing cracks through the dirty liquid.
There are several signs by which you can determine if a bacterial or viral infection is present in the body:
- Duration. Symptoms of a viral infection usually subside quickly (in about 7-10 days), and a bacterial disease can last more than a month.
- Slime color. If the disease is accompanied by sputum discharge or nasal mucus discharge, then you should pay attention to their color. The virus is usually accompanied by secretions of a transparent color and liquid consistency. For bacterial infections, discharge of a dark greenish or yellow-green color is more characteristic. You should not rely completely on this sign.
- Temperature. Infections of both types are usually accompanied by a fever, but in bacterial diseases it is higher and is characterized by a gradual increase. With a virus, this indicator behaves the other way around - it gradually decreases.
- Infection routes. Among bacterial infections, only some diseases are transmitted by contact, and for the virus this is the main route of spread.
- Development and localization. Bacterial infections are characterized by slow development, and the virus immediately manifests itself brightly. In the first case, the lesion focus is highlighted, that is, the disease is localized in a certain area. A viral disease affects the entire body.
- Test results. One of the main indicators is the level of leukocytes and lymphocytes. Leukocytes increase with infection of any etiology, but with a bacterial infection, it is the neutrophils that are increased(this is a special type of leukocytes). With a viral infection, leukocytes can be increased, but most often they are lowered (including neutrophils) (for example, with influenza, viral hepatitis, measles, rubella, mumps, typhoid fever, leukocytes are necessarily below normal), but here with a viral infection, an increase in the number of lymphocytes is necessarily observed, and an increase in monocytes can also be observed (for example), therefore, the result of a general blood test is evaluated in a complex manner. Another analysis is bacteriological examination of biological fluid (discharge of the eye, ear, sinuses, wounds or sputum, for example). This test will identify the causative agent of the bacterial infection.
Symptoms of bacterial infections
There are many possible bacterial infections. Each is different in its own characteristics, therefore, the set of symptoms is different.The incubation period for bacterial infections is wide. Some pathogens actively multiply in a few hours, while others take several days.
Bacteria are spread by splashing rain and wind, and high temperature and high humidity are favorable for its development. Infections also favor injuries to plants when one leaf hits another. The use of resistant varieties is the most effective method of dealing with red thread.
Rhypitism can lead to prejudice from 5 to 30% performance and infect up to 100% of dogs. There is no external symptom specific to the disease that can be visualized for diagnosis. Therefore, in some cases, the producer may not know that his field is infected. The producer will only know about rickets, observing the underdevelopment of the peaks, which, after harvest, are re-selected from the mollusc.
Signs of a bacterial infection depend on which part of the body it has affected. Bowel diseases in this case are manifested by the following symptoms:
- elevated temperature and fever;
- pain in the abdomen;
- vomiting;
- diarrhea.
Children's bacterial infections have a wider range of symptoms. The fact is that almost always a bacterial infection is a continuation of a viral one. For example, a child becomes ill, but under certain conditions he develops a bacterial infection as a complication of the initial disease, therefore the clinical picture is erased.
The disease results in delayed growth of small clumps and collomas, which makes the canine disassembled. In hospital lumps, however, the thinnest and shortest internodes are observed, which leads to a decrease in productivity. If you do not have enough water for the plants during the onset of rickets, your effects will be more intense and leaf winding will occur.
The intensity of the symptoms and, moreover, the losses are variable. We are both dependent on cultivation, the age of the rock, and climatic conditions such as drought. Similar to these factors, we can also be associated with the following aspects: the intensity of stress caused by herbicides; the simultaneous appearance of other diseases; Unacceptable cultivation practices such as excessive competition for weeds, excess or lack of nutrients, and soil compaction.
But nevertheless, diseases are expressed by the following symptoms:
- high temperature (over 39 ° C);
- nausea and vomiting;
- plaque on the tongue and tonsils;
- severe intoxication.
If, after improving health, a deterioration in the patient's condition is observed, then most often this indicates the development of complications of a bacterial nature after a viral illness.
The disease manifests itself more clearly in the more susceptible varieties, in which we can observe another symptom that is internal to the plant: the development of an orange-clear, dark red color in the vessels that we spend on water in the plant in part but the veil of mature hills.
There is evidence that the bacteria survives beyond harvest to re-infect healthy plants. The main way to control rickets of some of them is varietal resistance. However, the greatest difficulty lies in the selection of resistant varieties as a function of the difficulty of a quick and effective diagnosis of the disease. Easily transmitted by equipment, disinfection is an important method of preventing disease.
Bacterial infections in the upper respiratory tract are also often manifested after the transferred virus, when immunity decreases. Infection is expressed in the following symptoms:
- deterioration of health;
- pronounced lesion;
- purulent discharge;
- white bloom in the throat.
A bacterial infection in women affecting the genitourinary system has the following symptoms:
- vaginal discharge - the color and consistency depends on the causative agent of the infection;
- itching and burning;
- unpleasant odor;
- painful urination;
- pain during intercourse.
- pathological discharge from the urethra;
- unpleasant odor of discharge;
- painful urination, itching, burning;
- discomfort during intercourse.
Diagnostics
For bacterial infections, specific research is needed. They are used to differentiate bacterial from viral lesions, as well as to identify the pathogen. The course of treatment depends on the test results.Bacterial infections are diagnosed mainly through laboratory tests. The following techniques are usually used:
All equipment used to cut cane must be disinfected like chemicals or heat. Clean water and good sanitation prevent the spread of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Contaminated water is one of the transmission routes of the disease.
Disease and its impact on populations
Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract and bloodstream. Most people develop symptoms 1–3 weeks after exposure. Paratyphoid fever has similar symptoms to typhoid fever, but is usually less severe. The embryos of typhoid and paratyphoid fever pass into the stool and urine of infected people. People become infected after eating food or drink that has been treated by an infected person or drinking water has been contaminated with sewage containing bacteria.
- A blood test with a leukocyte formula. With a bacterial infection, an increased number of neutrophils is observed. When the number of stab neutrophils is increased, then they speak of an acute infectious disease. But if metamyelocytes, myelocytes are found, then the patient's condition is characterized as dangerous, and requires doctors. With the help of such a diagnosis, it is possible to identify the nature and stage of the disease.
- Analysis of urine. Shows whether the urinary system is affected by bacteria, and is also necessary to determine the severity of intoxication.
- Bacteriological examination with antibioticogram. With the help of this analysis, it determines the type of pathogen of the infection, and by what means it can be killed (the so-called sensitivity of the pathogen to antibiotics is determined). These factors are important in order to prescribe the correct therapy.
- Serological research. Based on the detection of antibodies and antigens that interact in a specific way. For such studies, venous blood is taken. This method is effective when it is impossible to isolate the pathogen.
Once bacteria enter the human body, they multiply and spread from the intestines into the bloodstream. Even after typhoid or paratyphoid fever has been cured, a small number of individuals continue to carry bacteria that can be a source of infection for others. Transmission of syphilis or paratyphoid fever in less industrialized countries can be associated with food or contaminated water. In some countries, shells from seabed contaminated with sewage are the main route of contamination. When the water quality is good and home-supplied chlorinated water is widely available, transmission is more likely to occur through food that has been contaminated by food carriers.
Laboratory research is the main direction in the diagnosis of bacterial infections. In some cases, additional examinations are required:
- X-ray. Perform to differentiate specific processes in individual organs.
- Instrumental diagnostics. Ultrasound or laparoscopy is used more often. These methods are needed to study internal organs for specific lesions.
Appointment of the correct treatment, its effectiveness and the risk of complications directly depend on the timeliness of the diagnosis. You should consult a doctor at the first alarming symptoms - at the reception, the patient is always prescribed tests.
Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers are common in less developed countries, mainly due to the problem of unsafe drinking water, insufficient drainage and flooding. It is estimated that the annual incidence of typhoid fever is around 17 million worldwide.
Activities in the area public health for the prevention of typhoid or paratyphoid fever include. Personal hygiene education, including washing hands after using the toilet and before preparing food; ensuring a safe water supply, adequate sanitation systems; keeping holders away from food handling. Typhoid control measures include health education and antibiotic treatment. A vaccine is available, although it is generally not recommended, except for those with prolonged exposure to food or potentially contaminated water in high-risk areas.
General approach to treating bacterial infections
In the treatment of bacterial infections, they are guided by general principles... This implies a specific therapy algorithm:- Eliminate the cause of the disease.
- Cleanse the body of toxins.
- Heal organs affected by infection.
- Reduce the severity of symptoms and alleviate the condition.
With regard to taking medications, antibiotics of the penicillin group and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation are classified as broad-acting drugs. For more information about antibiotics prescribed for genitourinary infections - read), for intestinal -, but basically the treatment is carried out with the same drugs, just the dosage, duration and frequency of taking the medicine can be different.
The vaccine does not provide complete protection against infection. Prepared for World day water, which was reviewed by staff and experts from the Organic Infectious Diseases Group and the Water, Sanitation and Health Service of the World Health Organization.
"Fin-rot"
Attention! If your fish often suffers from bacterial diseases, this should make you think about the living conditions in the aquarium: the slightest imbalance can contribute to these infections. This is very often one of the first signs of a bacterial infection in the aquarium: it is an alarm that signals an imbalance in the ecological balance of the pool. The disease begins with the appearance of a whitish line on the fins, which then becomes empty and the rays break. The fin, as if gnawing, worn out. The infection can reach the base of the fins and then the muscles and blood at an advanced stage.
There are a lot of antibiotics, each group of such drugs has its own mechanism of action and purpose. Self-medication, at best, will not bring an effect, and at worst, it will lead to neglect of the disease and a number of complications, therefore, treatment should be prescribed by a doctor, depending on the nature of the disease. The patient is only obliged to follow all the doctor's prescriptions and not to arbitrarily reduce the course of taking antibiotics and the prescribed dosage.
The chances of survival are lower. First, we must look for the cause of the disease and correct it, if possible. High-risk fish should be separated and processed separately in a quarantine tank. The addition of antiseptics to the pools can regulate the proliferation of these microbes and treat sick animals.
The prevention of this disease is mainly based on the hygienic conditions of the pool. It should be noted that many fish present early infection at the time of purchase. It occurs in animals injured or raised in poor conditions. Skin Reservoirs. often accompanied by purulent rot, exophthalmia, or sometimes internal organs such as the liver. It can also manifest as breakouts.
Let us summarize what has been said. There are a lot of bacterial infections, and the effectiveness of their treatment directly depends on the identification of the causative agent of the disease. Most people are carriers of certain bacteria, but the development of infection is provoked only by certain factors. This can be avoided with preventive measures.
The main modes of transmission of viral and bacterial diseases are basically the same, so it is more convenient to consider this issue together. All methods of transmission of infection are described below, and in table. 2.6 and 2.7 are corresponding examples.
Drip infection
Droplet infection is the most common way respiratory diseases spread. When you cough and sneeze, millions of tiny droplets of liquid (mucus and saliva) are thrown into the air. These drops, together with the living microorganisms in them, can be inhaled by other people, especially in places where a large number of people gather, and besides, they are also poorly ventilated. Standard hygiene practices for droplet infection are proper use of handkerchiefs and airing rooms.
Some microorganisms, such as smallpox virus or tubercle bacillus, are very resistant to drying out and remain in dust containing dried droplet residues. Even when talking, microscopic splashes of saliva fly out of the mouth, so this kind of infection is very difficult to prevent, especially if the microorganism is very virulent.
Contagious transmission (through direct physical contact)
Relatively few diseases are transmitted through direct physical contact with sick people or animals. This primarily includes venereal(i.e., sexually transmitted diseases) such as gonorrhea and syphilis. In tropical countries, a disease called yaws is very common. This disease, very similar to syphilis, is transmitted through the skin through direct contact. Contagious viral diseases include trachoma (an eye disease very common in tropical countries), common warts, and herpes simplex - a "fever" on the lips. Leprosy and tuberculosis are caused by bacteria from the genus Mycobacterium; these are also contagious bacterial diseases.
Carriers of infections
Carrier is any living organism that carries an infection. It receives an infectious origin from an organism called reservoir or carrier... For example, fleas are carriers of bacterial diseases such as endemic typhus and plague (bubonic plague, or "black death"), and rats are the reservoir. The rabies virus persists and is transmitted by the same animal, such as a dog or a bat.
2.5. Who is a) a carrier and 6) a reservoir of: 1) typhus and 2) yellow fever (see Tables 2.6 and 2.7)?
In these cases, the carrier acts as a second host, in the body of which the pathogenic microorganism can multiply. Insects can carry pathogens on the outer covers of the body. Flies, for example, crawling and eating on the stool of patients with intestinal diseases, such as cholera, typhoid fever or dysentery, mechanically transfer the causative agents of these diseases to foods that very likely can be consumed by healthy people.
Fecal contamination
In infectious diseases of the digestive tract, pathogens enter the excrement. Hence the three simplest ways of transmitting these diseases.
Waterborne... The classic examples of such diseases are cholera, typhoid fever (in both cases, the causative agents are flagellated bacteria) and dysentery. If the basic rules of hygiene and sanitation are constantly violated, the feces of patients often fall directly into sources of drinking water or are deposited in river sediments. In this way, these diseases spread rapidly among the population.
Foodborne... Food can get dirty if it is washed in unclean water, handled with dirty hands, or if flies are allowed to land on it.
Contamination of objects... All kinds of things can be contaminated with dirt as a result of direct pollution or improper handling. When such things are passed from hand to hand, the disease can, figuratively speaking, be passed from hand to mouth.
Transmitted directly with food
Undercooked or undercooked meat often causes food poisoning. This is the result of salmonella contamination of meat. Clostridium botulinum (Fig. 2.6) is a bacterium that causes botulism... This food poisoning is often fatal because C. botulinum toxin is one of the most toxic known toxins (lethal dose for mice is 5 · 10 -5 µg). This bacterium thrives in protein-rich foods, particularly canned meats.
Contamination of wounds
In addition to infections transmitted by animal vectors through bites, a number of diseases can be mentioned that are associated with the entry of pathogenic bacteria into wounds. These are primarily infections of deep wounds such as gas gangrene and tetanus. Both diseases are caused by different kinds Clostridium, usually entering wounds from the soil. Many superficial wounds and burns are easily infected with staphylococci and streptococci.
Back forward
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Target:
- to acquaint students with information about the main bacterial human diseases,
- continue the formation of the concept and rules of a healthy lifestyle
Tasks:
- Find out how pathogenic bacteria enter the human body
- What are the most dangerous diseases caused by bacteria?
- What are the main measures to combat disease-causing bacteria
- How to protect your body from disease-causing bacteria
- Equipment: media projector, ppt presentation
Plan
1. Human bacterial diseases
2. Botulism - the causative agent, routes of infection, control measures
3. Dysentery - the causative agent, routes of infection, control measures
4. Tetanus - the causative agent, the possibility of infection, preventive control measures
5. Anthrax - the causative agent of the disease, ways of infection and preventive measures
6.Tuberculosis - the causative agent of the disease, ways of infection, preventive measures
8. Cholera - the causative agent of the disease, ways of infection, control measures
9. Plague is the causative agent of the disease, possible routes of infection, control measures
1. Human bacterial diseases (slide 2)
The number of human bacterial diseases is enormous. To date, diseases caused by bacteria are the most dangerous, since they can not only aggravate the quality of human life, but also lead to death. Therefore, we need to know not only the causative agents and symptoms of human bacterial diseases, but also possible reasons of these diseases and possible control measures. Bacterial diseases include: plague, cholera, anthrax, tuberculosis, botulism, tetanus, tonsillitis, meningitis, diphtheria, dysentery, whooping cough, scarlet fever, gastritis, stomach ulcer, and the list goes on and on.
2. Botulism - causative agent, routes of infection, control measures (slides 3-4)
The causative agent is Clostridium botulism; it is widespread in nature with a permanent habitat in the soil. It can also be found in manure, fruits, vegetables, fish, excrement of warm-blooded animals. It is capable of forming spores that are very resistant to chemical and physical factors. The spores can withstand boiling for 5 hours at 120 degrees Celsius. In an environment with a low oxygen content, they multiply rapidly and form a dangerous toxin (poison). Botulinum toxin is one of the most famous and powerful poisons. The pathogen itself does not cause disease in humans, only its toxin is dangerous. For the occurrence of poisoning, the reproduction of the pathogen with the accumulation of botulinum toxin in the body is necessary.
It develops as a result of ingestion of food products: ham, sausages, salted fish, as well as canned vegetables, fruits, and especially mushrooms. In recent years, cases of botulism in Russia have been associated with homemade canned foods. The safety of "jars" sometimes cannot be established by eye, botulinum toxin does not lead to a change in the color, smell and taste of food. Bloated cans must be destroyed.
Botulism is a severe toxic-infectious disease that affects the central nervous system, mainly the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Botulinum toxin is absorbed into the bloodstream in the intestines and selectively affects different parts nervous system... There is a paralysis of the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, pharynx. Fatal poisoning has been reported.
Poisoning develops very quickly, there is nausea, vomiting, cramping abdominal pain, loose stools... At the first sign of poisoning, immediately consult a doctor.
In order not to become infected with botulism, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene; for canning, use only vegetables and fruits, mushrooms thoroughly cleaned of dirt from dirt. Canning jars and lids should be washed, scalded with boiling water, and dried. Vegetables, and especially mushrooms, rolled up in jars, cooked at home are strictly forbidden to buy from strangers.
3. Dysentery - causative agent, routes of infection, control measures (slides 5-6)
Dysentery is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium dysentery bacillus.
Infection occurs when the pathogen enters the body through the mouth with food, water, or through dirty hands. Flies can be carriers of dysentery bacillus. Only people get sick with dysentery. The source of infection can be a sick person. The infection can spread very quickly.
Dysentery is a disease characterized by increased stool frequency, an admixture of mucus and blood in the stool, cramping abdominal pain, an increase in body temperature to 39 degrees or more. Stool frequency can be up to 15-25 times a day or more. The disease is especially difficult in children. the child's body dehydrates faster than adults. Earlier, when there were no antibiotics for dysentery, people died.
Treatment of dysentery is aimed at destroying the pathogen and it is carried out in a hospital with an infectious profile.
Preventive measures: regular and thorough washing of hands after using the toilet, walking and before eating, raw vegetables and fruits, get rid of flies in the room, do not allow them to come into contact with food. It is not for nothing that dysentery is called "the disease of dirty hands."
4. Tetanus - the causative agent, the possibility of infection, preventive measures (slides 7-8)
Tetanus bacillus is a microscopic bacterium that lives in the gastrointestinal tract of herbivores. Tetanus is an acute infectious disease in humans, as a result of which the nervous system is affected, the innervation of skeletal muscles is disrupted. Together with the fecal masses of sick animals, a huge number of pathogen spores are released. Spores are very resistant to environmental factors, they can maintain their ability to live for years, being in a state of spore with the soil.
The disease begins acutely. The disease is accompanied by spasms of skeletal muscles: muscles of the body, limbs, facial muscles, muscles of the pharynx. As a result of the strongest tone and painful condition of the back muscles, the patient's back arches in an arc. Muscle spasm is so severe that bone fractures and their separation from the bones are possible.
The tetanus bacillus enters the human body through wounds, scratches and other damage to the skin. In some regions, tetanus is called Bare Feet Disease, as even a splinter in the foot or a rusty nail can be a gateway to infection.
Preventive measures: Reducing injuries, especially when working with the ground (working with gloves or gloves), get preventive vaccinations, every 10 years
5. Anthrax - the causative agent of the disease, routes of infection, preventive measures (slides 9-10)
Anthrax has been known since ancient times. It is called a malignant carbuncle. The causative agent is a bacterium in the form of a rod, it has the ability to sporulate. It is able to survive for decades in the soil or in the tanned skin of sick animals. Under favorable conditions, the bacterium passes from the spore into an active state. The causative agent of anthrax was first identified by Robert Koch. Until now, anthrax is found in the countries of Central Asia, Africa and South America. It got its name because of its distribution in the past in some regions of Siberia. Now in Russia it is very rare.
The source of infection is sick herbivores: sheep, horses, camels, deer, pigs. Excavation work, soil water during heavy rains and floods promote the penetration of bacterial spores into the upper layers of the soil, creating conditions for infecting people and animals. When the disease is affected more often skin... Diagnosis of the disease is not difficult.
Disease-causing bacteria are excreted into the external environment with animal urine, saliva, feces, milk and discharge from wounds. After their death, their organs remain infectious, even their skin, wool and bones. The most common method of infection is contact with sick animals.
With anthrax, exposed areas of the body - hands and face are more often affected. At the site of introduction of the pathogen, a red spot first appears, in its place, over time, a papule of a red-cyanotic color appears, which begins to burn and itch, then a bubble with liquid appears, and when combed, it bursts. The resulting ulcer quickly becomes covered with a black scab. Lymph nodes are enlarged. The process is accompanied by symptoms of intoxication.
Disease prevention is carried out in close contact with the veterinary service.
6. Tuberculosis - the causative agent of the disease, routes of infection, preventive measures (slides 11-12)
The causative agent of the disease is the bacterium tubercle bacillus (Koch's sticks). Tuberculosis rods are resistant to environmental factors. They can be stored in water for up to six months. Stable for a long time in the dark and damp. and at high temperatures and illumination by the sun they quickly die. Until the 20th century, tuberculosis was incurable. The main source of infection - a bacillus-releasing agent - is a sick person. The greatest danger is posed by patients with an open form of tuberculosis. The disease often develops in people who abuse alcohol, and tuberculosis is also widespread in people in places of detention (prisons, colonies), or recently released. It is transmitted by airborne droplets, intrauterine infection is also possible.
The main organ of the lesion is the lungs. There are signs by which you can suspect tuberculosis - cough, chest pains, and hemoptysis. Tuberculosis is diagnosed with fluorography.
The basis of treatment is the use of anti-tuberculosis drugs. The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the disease. In some cases, they resort to surgical intervention. Earlier, when antibiotics were not known, people died of tuberculosis and called this disease "consumption." Now there is a whole area of medicine dealing with tuberculosis - phthisiology, and its specialists are doctors who are phthisiatricians.
Prevention of tuberculosis consists in the timely passage of fluorography, give up bad habits - smoking, especially alcohol, eat right, lead a healthy lifestyle.
7. Helicobacter pylori - the causative agent of the disease, the possibility of infection, prevention
(slides 13-14)
Helicobacter pylori bacteria are by far the most common. More than half of the world's population can be considered carriers of this bacterium, which is now the most studied bacterium in the world. It is necessary to know what the main signs of infection with the Helicobacter bacterium look like so that treatment begins in a timely manner. The bacterium lives in the gastrointestinal tract. It feels good in the stomach and is well adapted to the aggressive acidic environment of the stomach.
The exact mechanism of infection is still unknown. There is only an assumption that infection can occur - through dirty hands and contaminated food or water. The disease can be considered familial. Should one of the family members become infected with the bacterium, then the symptoms of the disease will appear in all other family members.
Signs of illness: problems with stool (either constipation or diarrhea, heartburn, unreasonable nausea or vomiting, bad breath). The disease leads to stomach and duodenal ulcers, gastritis, predisposition to stomach cancer.
Diagnostic methods: gastroscopy with biopsy of the gastric mucosa, stool analysis, blood test for antibodies. There are many diagnostic methods, but none of them can be considered absolutely reliable.
Preventive measures: personal hygiene products should be individual, wash hands before eating, do not smoke, do not abuse alcohol. Vaccination against the bacteria Helicobacter pylori has not yet been created. It is very difficult to create a vaccine that works in the acidic environment of the stomach.
8. Cholera - the causative agent of the disease, routes of infection, control measures (slides 15-16)
The causative agent of cholera is the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Found in open water waste water, can develop in meat products and milk. According to the World Health Organization, 3-5 million people fall ill with cholera in the world every year. Highly contagious, cholera kills up to 1.5 million children every year. It has been proven that cholera epidemics occur in countries with low living standards. More than 2.5 billion people on Earth do not know what a toilet is, they do not even have the ability to wash their hands. Flies are carriers of infection. Cholera is a terrible disease that at one time claimed millions of lives. Vibrio cholerae affects the organs of the gastrointestinal intestinal tract, mainly the walls of the small intestine.
Water is the main route of transmission. Infection occurs through infected food, household items, dirty water. The disease begins suddenly. Abdominal pain, frequent acts of defecation, thirst, dry mouth, loss of strength, drop in body temperature, the patient freezes, vomiting appears, blood pressure drops. The result is severe dehydration. The disease is treated with antibiotics.
Preventive measures: do not drink water from unverified sources, observe the rules of personal hygiene, thoroughly wash raw vegetables and fruits.
9. Plague is the causative agent of the disease, possible routes of infection, control measures(slides 17-18)
10. Conclusion(slide 19)
Yes, a person is everywhere in danger, he has a lot of invisible enemies who seek to get into the human body. Therefore, we must learn to protect ourselves from them, using the most elementary rules of personal hygiene - to wash our hands thoroughly after using the toilet, before eating, after the street, washing vegetables and fruits before eating, observing all the rules of heat treatment when preserving food, fighting insect carriers of bacterial infections and rodents, do preventive vaccinations.
Compliance with these basic life rules will help you maintain health from a young age and for many years to come. After all, it is not bought or sold. Take good care of your health!
SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
1.http: //diagnos.ru
2.http: //mymedicalportal.net
3.http: //womanadvice.ru.ru
4.www. mikrobak.ru
5.www.provizor.com
6.www.factorpop.ru
7.http: //medicina.ua
8.http: /www.skalpil.ru
9.www.jobsmediciner.ru
10. Photos and pictures - www.yandex.ru
Diseases caused by bacteria are the most common.
There are the following types of bacterial infections:
- respiratory tract;
- intestinal;
- blood;
- outer covers.
Bacteria and their classification
Bacteria are microscopic, unicellular organisms, the species of which differ in several ways.
Depending on the form, the following are known:
- cocci - have a spherical shape;
- sticks - have a cylindrical shape;
- spirochetes - characterized by a spiral shape.
Rod-shaped bacteria that can form thermotolerant endospores are called bacilli.
In relation to oxygen, bacteria can be aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic microorganisms are microorganisms that need oxygen for life. Anaerobic bacteria are bacteria that do not need oxygen.
All known bacteria can be divided into 3 groups:
- pathogenic - always lead to the development of the disease (bacillus Luffner, bacillus anthracis, salmonella, gonococcus, treponema pale);
- conditionally pathogenic - they live on the body or in the intestine of a person, without causing any harm to him, but under certain conditions they become a source of infections (E. coli, staphylococcus, streptococcus);
- non-pathogenic - never cause disease.
Variety of bacterial diseases
What diseases can be caused by bacteria?
The list of human bacterial diseases is huge. We list only the most common: angina, diphtheria, scarlet fever, whooping cough, salmonellosis, tetanus, tuberculosis, typhus, plague, cholera, anthrax, meningitis, otitis media, gonorrhea, syphilis.
Let's present in the form of a table the most common human diseases that are caused by bacteria and their pathogens.
| Disease | Causative agent |
| diphtheria | bacillus luffner |
| salmonellosis | salmonella |
| anthrax | bacillus anthracis |
| gonorrhea | gonococcus |
| syphilis | pale treponema |
| typhoid fever | typhoid stick |
| dysentery | shigella |
| cholera | cholera vibrio |
| plague | plague wand |
| leptospirosis | leptospira |
| tuberculosis | mycobacterium, or Koch's bacillus |
| erysipelas, pyoderma, tonsillitis, scarlet fever | purulent streptococcus |
| rheumatism | beta-hemalytic streptococcus |
| pneumonia, bronchitis, otitis media, sinusitis, osteomyelitis | staphylococcus |
Respiratory bacterial infections
Respiratory diseases are diseases that are transmitted through the respiratory tract. Among respiratory infections, the most common are pneumonia, rhinitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, or acute tonsillitis.
The causative agents of respiratory bacterial infections are pneumococci, staphylococci, streptococci, meningococcus, mycoplasma, mycobacteria, whooping cough.
Causes of bacterial diseases and methods of infection
Bacterial diseases often affect people with weakened immune systems and lead to infections.
The causative agents of the disease enter the human body in several ways:
- airborne droplets - through the air, in this way, the spread of respiratory infections (diphtheria, scarlet fever, whooping cough) mainly occurs;
- dusty - bacteria can be in the dust for a long time without losing their viability (diphtheria, scarlet fever, tuberculosis);
- contact and household - through everyday items: dishes, books, phones, toys (scarlet fever, diphtheria, dysentery, tuberculosis);
- alimentary, or fecal-oral - with contaminated water and contaminated products (typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery);
- through sexual contact - pathogens are in the body during sexual contact (syphilis, gonorrhea);
- transplacental - infection of the fetus occurs from the mother through the placenta (tuberculosis, syphilis, leptospirosis).
Is infection always tantamount to illness?
In order for a person to develop a disease from pathogenic bacteria, several conditions must coincide:
- a sufficiently large number of bacteria;
- the usefulness of pathogens, the presence of all pathogenic properties in them (weakened microorganisms that are used for vaccination will not cause illness, but only help to develop immunity);
- the ingress of bacteria into a place where their development is possible (salmonella can live only in the gastrointestinal tract, it will die on the skin);
- an unprepared or weakened immune system (if the body has developed immunity to a certain type of pathogen, then the person will not get sick).
The incubation period and its features
Any infection is characterized by the presence of an incubation period. Its duration can vary greatly: from several hours (with food poisoning) to several years (with leprosy, or leprosy). During this time, pathogens adapt to new living conditions, multiply and spread throughout the body. During the infectious period, no signs of the disease are found and the person most often does not even suspect that it is infected.
The appearance of the first symptoms of the disease indicates the end of the incubation period and the beginning of the disease.
How to detect bacterial diseases?
All human diseases caused by bacteria are accompanied by fever and symptoms of intoxication of the body: nausea, vomiting, pain in the abdomen, joints and muscles, headache, apathy, and a general deterioration in well-being.
But apart from common features there is characteristic symptoms for each type of disease.
Diagnosis of bacterial infections
To establish which bacteria are the causative agents of infections, the patient is referred for diagnosis.
For her, they resort to several methods:
- staining microscopy;
- sowing;
- analysis of antibodies and antigens;
- infecting animals.
Treatment of infectious diseases
Before antibiotics were developed, bacterial diseases were a serious threat to human life. Now, with a timely visit to a doctor, it is possible to effectively get rid of insidious diseases.
Antibiotics are synthesized by plant and animal cells. They are used to prevent infections.
Antibiotics are divided into 2 groups:
- have bactericidal properties (tetracycline, chloramphenicol) - they destroy bacteria;
- have a bacteriostatic effect (rifampicin, penicillin, aminoglycosides) - they inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms.
Antibiotics are prescribed to patients in tablets or injections (intramuscular or intravenous).
But before using antibiotics, an infected person is sent for diagnosis in order to determine exactly which pathogens caused the infection and find the best medicine.
With some types of bacterial diseases, the human immune system is able to cope on its own. To deal with especially dangerous pathogens, she will need the help of a doctor.
All patients need to drink plenty of water (at least 2 liters per day). It will lower the concentration of toxic substances and remove some of them in the urine.
What is the danger of antibiotics?
The use of antibiotics should be approached with caution, as pathogenic microorganisms get used to them and stop responding to them. Therefore, we have to resort to more strong drugs, and over time, species of bacteria appear that completely stop responding to antibiotics.
In connection with this situation, it became possible for the appearance of infections that are not affected by standard antibiotics. Previously, they were called hospital-acquired (HI) or nosocomial (NOS), and now they are called health care-associated infections (HCI).
Does treatment always lead to complete recovery?
Recovery from infectious diseases can be complete, laboratory and clinical.
Full recovery occurs when all pathogens are removed from the body.
In laboratory recovery, tests show no signs of illness.
Clinical cure is diagnosed if there are no symptoms of the disease at all.
But unfortunately, treatment does not always end with recovery. In some cases, an acute infectious process becomes chronic or leads to death.
How to prevent infection?
To prevent infectious agents from entering the body, it is necessary:
- avoid contact with sick people;
- handle food correctly;
- wash vegetables and fruits thoroughly;
- get vaccinated.
Despite the huge variety of species, all bacteria can be divided into three groups:
1. Non-pathogenic - do not cause disease.
2. Conditionally pathogenic - are constantly in the human body, without harming his health, but under certain conditions (decreased immunity, hypothermia, and so on) can cause the development of diseases. The most famous opportunistic bacteria are streptococci, staphylococci, Escherichia coli.
3. Pathogenic. Always cause the development of disease.
According to the localization of the pathogen, the following bacterial human diseases are distinguished:
- respiratory;
- bacterial diseases of the outer integument;
- blood;
- intestinal bacterial diseases.
Causes of bacterial diseases
Viral and bacterial diseases often affect people with weakened immune systems.
Pathogens can enter the body in the following ways:
- airborne - the most quick way distribution, most often the penetration of respiratory infections (whooping cough, scarlet fever, diphtheria) occurs along this path;
- fecal-oral or alimentary - with contaminated food or dirty water (cholera, typhoid fever);
- dust - pathogenic microorganisms can live in dust particles for quite a long time without losing their properties (tuberculosis, diphtheria);
- transplacental - when the fetus becomes infected through the placenta from the mother (leptospirosis, syphilis, tuberculosis);
- sexual - the pathogen enters the body during unprotected intercourse (gonorrhea, syphilis);
- contact and household - through toys, books, tablets, phones, dishes (tuberculosis, dysentery).
The penetration of pathogenic microorganisms does not always lead to disease. In order for a person to develop diseases of a bacterial nature, several conditions must coincide at once:
- a weakened or unprepared immune system (if the body has immunity to a certain type of pathogen, then the person will not get sick);
- must enter the body big number bacteria;
- microorganisms should get exactly where their further development is possible (for example, salmonella feels great in the gastrointestinal tract, and when it gets on the skin it dies);
- pathogens have pathogenic properties (weakened bacteria that are used for vaccination do not cause illness, but help the body develop immunity against them).
Any diseases of a bacterial nature have an incubation (latent) period of development. Its duration depends on the type of pathogen and can range from several hours (with food poisoning) to several years (leprosy).
During the incubation period, bacteria adapt to the new habitat, after which they begin to actively multiply and spread throughout the body.
There are no visible symptoms at this time, and the person may not even suspect that he is already sick. The incubation period ends with the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease.
Symptoms of bacterial diseases
Despite the variety of pathogens, all pathologies caused by bacteria proceed according to the same pattern. The entire process of the development of the disease can be divided into several main stages:
1. Incubation period. It is asymptomatic. At this time, bacteria adapt in the body, actively multiply and are carried with the blood stream throughout the body.
2. Prodromal period. General symptoms appear, the patient complains of weakness, fatigue, general malaise, the temperature rises.
3. The height of the disease. The development of the infection reaches its peak.
4. Stage of recovery. The symptoms of the disease begin to gradually subside and after a while the person recovers.
The clinical picture in bacterial diseases can be different. The appearance of certain symptoms depends on the type of pathogen, its localization, the state of the patient's body, the degree of development of the pathological process.
It so happens that a microorganism enters the human body, but does not immediately cause the development of pathological processes. The patient may be a carrier of the infection for many years and not even suspect about it.
But at some point in time, under the influence of provoking factors (stress, hypothermia, viral infections, and so on), the activation of the pathogen can occur and then the disease will enter the open phase.
In children, bacterial infections are often more severe and may present with the following symptoms:
- heat(39 degrees Celsius and above);
- the appearance of a skin rash;
- severe intoxication;
- nausea, vomiting;
- headache;
- the appearance on the tongue and tonsils of white plaque.
Diagnosis of bacterial diseases
In order to diagnose and prescribe treatment, the doctor conducts a survey and examination of the patient, after which he can prescribe additional studies aimed at identifying the causative agent of the infection.
Bacteriological method. The sowing of material taken from the patient (this can be scraping from the throat and nose, sputum, pus, blood) is performed on special nutrient media. After that, the microorganisms obtained as a result of growing are isolated and identified by biochemical and cultural properties and their sensitivity to antibiotics is determined. This helps to prescribe the correct and effective treatment.
Serological method. It is used to diagnose diseases such as tularemia, salmonellosis, syphilis, typhoid fever.
PCR method. With its help, the DNA of the pathogen is isolated in the test material. This is a high-precision technique that detects bacteria that do not grow well on nutrient media (causative agents of whooping cough, gonococcus, and a number of others).
In some cases, a biological method can be used to identify and study pathogens. Its essence lies in the fact that healthy animals are infected with the isolated pathogen, after which they study how it behaves in the body and, on the basis of this, develop methods of treating certain diseases.
Treatment of bacterial diseases
Just a hundred years ago, a huge number of people died from bacterial infections. That all changed when antibiotics were created. After that, the mortality rate dropped significantly. A modern person, in the case of a timely visit to a doctor, as a rule, recovers rather quickly without any special consequences for the body.
All antibacterial drugs are divided into two types:
- bacteriostatic - their action is aimed at stopping the growth, spread and reproduction of bacteria;
- bactericidal - completely destroy microorganisms.
Depending on the severity of the disease, antibiotics can be administered to the patient orally (in the form of tablets) or intravenously (in the form of injections).
It should be remembered that quite often antibiotics cause the development of an allergic reaction, therefore it is advisable to prescribe antihistamines in parallel with their intake.
If this does not help and a severe allergy develops, then the antibiotic should be replaced. The same must be done during development. side effects... It should be remembered that there is a possibility of developing antibiotic resistance when the causative agent of the disease adapts to the antibiotic and the drug stops working.
This is a huge problem in modern medicine. After all, if bacteria adapt to all types of antibiotics, then people will return again to that terrible time when death came from the most insignificant infections for a modern person.
Therefore, you do not need to self-medicate and start taking antibiotics for any reason. Only a doctor can prescribe them!
Together with antibiotics, the treatment of bacterial diseases includes the appointment of prebiotics and probiotics, which help to restore the composition of the beneficial intestinal microflora and prevent the development of dysbiosis. In addition, the intake of multivitamin complexes and agents for strengthening the immune defense is shown.
In order for the toxins to be washed out of the body faster, the patient is recommended to drink plenty of warm drinks.
If the treatment was prescribed correctly, and the patient fully followed all the recommendations of the attending physician, then the outcome of infectious diseases is usually favorable. Everything ends in full recovery, without any serious consequences for the body.
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- Pulmoclins;
- Novomegin;
- Ivlaksin;
- Artemisin-M;
- Holegon;
- Probinorm;
- Fitosorbovit;
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You can purchase all of the above funds by going to the page of the desired drug and making a purchase in any convenient way.
Prevention of bacterial diseases
Infectious diseases can be avoided or the risk of developing them can be reduced to a minimum. Prevention of bacterial diseases includes:
1. Timely vaccination. This is an extremely important procedure by which you can avoid the development of many bacterial infections that are difficult to treat or even fatal (whooping cough, scarlet fever, diphtheria, tetanus, and a number of others).
2. Compliance with the rules of hygiene and sanitary standards:
- wet cleaning and airing the room in which the patient is located;
- timely destruction of sick animals that can cause human disease;
- compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;
- proper storage of food;
- refusal to use expired and spoiled products;
- avoiding promiscuity and so on.
3. Strengthening immunity (hardening, walking in the fresh air, proper nutrition, quitting bad habits, playing sports, avoiding stress, and so on).
