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Light industry- a set of specialized industries producing mainly consumer goods from various types of raw materials.
Light industry carries out both the primary processing of raw materials and the release of finished products. Light industry enterprises produce products for industrial, technical and special purposes, which are used in furniture, aviation, automotive, chemical, electrical, food and other industries, in agriculture, in law enforcement agencies, in transport and health care.
One of the features of light industry is the quick return of funds... The technological features of the industry allow for a quick change in the range of products at a minimum cost, which ensures high mobility of production.
Light industry unites a group of industries that provide the population with fabrics, clothing, footwear and other consumer goods.
Features of light industry:
Industry products affect people's living standards;
Labor-intensive industry, which employs mainly women (75% of workers);
The size of the factories is small and does not require a lot of energy and water.
The main raw materials of light industry are agricultural products of both plant growing (cotton, flax, etc.) and animal husbandry (leather, wool, natural silk, etc.).
Scientific and technological progress plays a significant role in the expansion and spatial orientation of the raw material base for light industry. On the basis of organic synthesis in the regions where petrochemical enterprises are located, the production of synthetic materials has significantly increased: fibers and threads, plastics, rubber, rubber, artificial leather. As a result, there was a kind of approach of raw materials to the places of production and consumption of finished products of light industry, since the chemistry of organic synthesis, as is known, is located in areas of concentration of productive forces. The share of the use of chemical fibers in the total volume of processed raw materials is more than 30%. The degree of use of chemical raw materials in the light industry of economically developed countries is much higher and continues to increase.
Branches of light industry (with the exception of primary processing of raw materials) according to their attraction to sources of raw materials and areas of consumption are divided into the following groups shown in Figure 11.1.
Figure 11.1 - Branches of light industry
The importance of light industry in the future should increase, which will undoubtedly be influenced by the sociologization of the economy in the conditions of market relations, the available raw materials, as well as the availability of qualified personnel.
However, it can be assumed that in general, the products of the light industry of Kazakhstan in the near future will not become competitive in the world market. This is due, firstly, to the fact that the country, due to climatic conditions, does not have enough of its own natural raw materials in the form of cotton and silk; a significant number of raw materials and labor resources (China, India), as well as economically developed and traditionally trendsetters (Italy, France).
The main problems of the industry:
- low level of wages;
- use of outdated equipment. Since 2005, the annual renewal of equipment in the industry has not exceeded 3-4%, in economically developed countries - 14-16%;
- a high share of illegal imported goods in the consumer market. Most of the businesses are concentrated in the provinces;
- Lack of enterprises' own funds for the development of production.
2. Problems of light industry:
Flax growing
The main supplier of natural raw materials for light industry is agriculture. Flax farming is in a very difficult situation. From year to year, the sowing of fiber flax is decreasing, its yield is falling. Flax growing is unevenly distributed. At present, the issue of reviving the domestic flax-growing instead of the purchased cotton is being resolved.
Wool. Natural wool is produced mainly by sheep, a very small share (less than 1.5%) - by goats, etc. The quality of the supplied wool has sharply deteriorated, the bulk of which does not meet world standards:
Only 8% of the domestic clothing market in Kazakhstan is provided by domestic products (in the related shoe industry this figure is 1%). And even then - these are mainly uniforms and footwear for the armed forces and the police;
The first months of this year again showed a decline in the light industry. The tax burden in the light industry continues to be the highest in comparison with other spheres of the economy of Kazakhstan.
Under easy industry the set of industries for the production of consumer goods is understood. Light industry provides a full cycle of goods, from work on the extraction of primary raw materials and ending with the sale of finished products. The main task of the light industry is to provide such a supply of consumer products that could meet the growing demand for them.
Sectoral composition of light industry
The following groups of industries are commonly referred to as light industry:
So, raw materials production includes, for example, the extraction of cotton and the processing of hides, semi-product production - textile and spinning works, the production of final products - the production of carpets, footwear and others. At present, the emphasis towards the latter group is clearly visible (this is especially true in the clothing and footwear industry), since the sale of finished products brings much more than the extraction of raw materials for it.
Features of light industry
Light industry has a number of specific features:
- 1. Enterprises of the first category (production of raw materials) are necessarily located in the immediate vicinity of the source of raw materials.
- 2. Each of the stages of the product can pass at different enterprises - one factory, as a rule, does not deal with the transformation of raw materials into a finished product (that is, the implementation of a full cycle).
- 3. Finishing stages are of utmost importance - for light industry products, appearance is of great importance.
- 4. The workforce has special requirements, such as taste.
- 5. Light industry enterprises are usually small and mostly women work for them.
Regarding the light industry, it should be noted that they are dynamic - the range of final products changes very quickly and is determined by the fashion and tastes of consumers.
Factors in the location of light industry enterprises
Experts do not adhere to a unanimous opinion about the factors in the location of light industry enterprises, however, among the wide variety, the following main ones can be distinguished:
- 1. Raw materials... This factor is associated with the first of the above features. light industry should be able to provide itself with raw materials, therefore, for such organizations, geographical location is important. For example, leather processing factories are located next to meat processing plants.
- 2. Population (aka consumer)... The enterprise should be located in the geographical area where there will be demand for its products.
- 3. Labor resources... The company must provide where it will take on a workforce of the necessary qualifications before choosing a location.
Light industry in Russia, its weaknesses
It is possible to make a quantitative analysis of the state of the light industry in Russia using such an indicator as the contribution of pharmaceuticals to Russia's GDP. A very rapid decline in light industry manifested itself in the 1990s, when the international, and, therefore, cheap one opened up for the country. Domestic producers turned out to be uncompetitive in comparison with foreign ones (in particular, with China). Thus, over the 90s, the contribution to GDP fell from 11.9% to 1.4%.
The dynamics of the general development of light industry can be reflected by the growth dynamics of the backbone industry, namely, the production of fabrics:
Despite the fact that the dynamics is positive, the fact that the products of domestic manufacturers in the total turnover of light industry in Russia are only 20% (according to Rosstat) should cause concern. The factors that hinder the development of the domestic light industry are the following:
- 1. Low wages unattractive for young professionals.
- 2. A high proportion of obsolete equipment... At the moment, more than 50% of all equipment used in the domestic light industry has been in operation for over 10 years. It is worth catching up with developed countries, where this figure does not rise above 15%.
- 3. Lack of funds... Light industry enterprises are mainly small provincial factories that simply do not have the funds for development and expansion.
- 4. ... Each of the main branches of the light industry has a strong player occupying more than ¼ of the market - it is inexpedient for new players to fight it. In the clothing industry, such a company is Gloria Jeans, in the textile industry - Russian Textile.
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Factors of location of light industry. The location of light industry enterprises is influenced by various factors: at the stage of primary processing of raw materials, production tends to the raw material bases, therefore wool washing factories were built in the North Caucasus, and flax processing factories in the west and north-west of Russia. Shoe and apparel industries are located with a consumer focus. The industries with a simultaneous focus on both raw materials and the consumer include the cotton, woolen, silk and knitwear industries.
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In the complex, the light industry does not take the last place. This industry specializes in the production of fabrics, clothing, footwear, etc. In addition to ready-to-use products, the light industry produces semi-finished products, semi-finished products and materials for other enterprises. For example, it can be tires, steel rope cores.
Those existing in Russia are located in different cities. Several large centers of similar industries stand out. Scientific developments are constantly being carried out here, numerous new sub-sectors appear.
general characteristics
Modern light industry is an industry, which ensures the production of goods for mass consumption. This sphere of human activity includes a full cycle of product manufacturing. It starts with the extraction of raw materials and ends with the sale of ready-to-use products.
This branch of industry functions to ensure the required level of indicators of the supply of products that are massively consumed by the people. The number of finished products must fully satisfy the demand of the population for them.
All industries that are part of the light industry can be conditionally divided into 3 groups. The first of them includes enterprises for the production of raw materials. The second group includes industries that produce blanks and semi-finished products. They function with the aim of providing both light industry enterprises and other industries with their products. The third group includes the production of final products.
Raw materials light industry branches of Russia processing of skins, extraction of cotton, and semi-product production includes spinning, textile work. The branches of the final production of products specialize in the production of footwear, clothing, carpets, etc. The enterprises of this group occupy the majority of all light industry production.
Peculiarities
They occupy the lion's share in the production of consumer goods. They have a significant impact on the entire economy of the country.
The light industry has a number of features. Its production facilities of the first group, which specialize in the extraction of raw materials, are located close to the centers of its concentration. In the process of making the final product, the individual stages of the cycle can take place in different factories. Full cycle enterprises are rarely found here.
Much attention is paid to the finishing processes. Product appearance plays an important role. Therefore, appropriate requirements are imposed on the selection of personnel (for example, the presence of taste).
Enterprises in this field of activity are usually small in size. They work dynamically, constantly changing their assortment. This is due to constant changes in fashion, consumer preferences. Women are predominantly employed in such industries. The final consumer is predominantly individuals. These features are taken into account in the process of organizing production cycles.
Investment prospects
Our country has great potential for investment. This is due to the presence of a large amount of unused production capacity. It is also profitable for investors to invest their funds in such industries due to the high turnover of investments and their quick return. In addition, the represented industries do not require significant capital investments. More than two full turnaround cycles are completed per year. This also speaks of the benefits of investing.
Equipment can be assembled in just a few months. Therefore, in the first year of operation, such enterprises can be profitable. Investors can invest their temporarily surplus funds in more than 30 different subsectors. Many of them are quite new and very promising.
The raw material base for light industry in our country is well developed. It fully satisfies the needs of enterprises in wool, flax, man-made threads and fibers, leather and fur. The raw materials are supplied by agricultural and chemical enterprises. Its cost is acceptable. This allows us to manufacture products that are affordable for different categories of consumers.
provides a number of opportunities for investors. Doing business in this direction is promising.
Structure
Main branches of light industry include more than 30 different sub-sectors. They are conventionally grouped into 3 main groups. The first of these is the textile industry. This group includes cotton and linen production. It also includes enterprises in the woolen, knitted and silk sub-branches. The enterprises of this group specialize in the primary processing of raw materials, the production of materials of various types (woven, non-woven).
Refers to the second group of industries. It specializes in the processing of fabrics and other materials of the textile industry, leather, fur, etc. This category includes both enterprises with a stable assortment (production of workwear) and more complex, dynamic production (tailoring of designer clothes). This is a rather heterogeneous group. Its enterprises are very diverse and have different principles of placement.
The third group includes fur, leather, footwear subsectors. Productions of this direction closely cooperate with each other.
Accommodation features
They do not have a clearly defined specialization in terms of territoriality. Certain industries of this group are present in almost all regions. However, in the textile industry, it is still possible to identify the main areas of concentration of enterprises.
So, the Tver and Ivanovo regions produce a fairly large number of cotton products. If we consider the Central Economic Region, we can draw conclusions about the concentration of these industries here.
More than 55% of all cotton fabrics are produced in the Ivanovo region. Much less of these industries are concentrated in the Moscow (11%) and Vladimir regions (7%). 6% of all cotton fabrics in this region are produced directly in Moscow.
The main factors of location of light industry branches practically no different from other areas of activity. They most often complement the complex of the national economy, and also satisfy the needs within the regions.
Accommodation factors
There is no unanimous opinion on the location of production facilities in the represented industry. However, there are three main groups of factors influencing this process. can be placed taking into account the concentration of raw materials, consumers or labor resources. Earlier, enterprises in this sector of the national economy were highly dependent on the location of energy enterprises. Today, thanks to the availability of this resource, this factor has become a secondary factor.
The consumer factor influences the enterprises for the production of raw materials. Their products are sometimes poorly transported over long distances. Therefore, such enterprises are concentrated near the factories processing raw materials.
Also, primary processing enterprises are located near cotton production centers, livestock farms, etc. This significantly reduces production costs and increases its profitability.
Labor resources are also an important factor in the location of enterprises. The overwhelming majority of these industries are women. Therefore, it is advisable to build factories of the represented specialization in areas with heavy industry enterprises. They mainly use the labor of men. This makes it possible to use the labor resources of the region as efficiently as possible.
Textile industry
Textile production is the largest of the light industry... It specializes in the production of fabrics for the population and other industries (footwear, clothing, food processing, mechanical engineering, etc.).
The leading sub-industry here is the cotton industry. It is focused on imported natural raw materials (supplied by the countries of Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Syria).
The linen industry is also an important component of the textile industry. In its structure, the production of technical fabrics is of greater importance than household products.
The first place in the textile industry in terms of gross production is occupied by wool processing enterprises. This is due to the high cost of raw materials. The value of fixed assets is higher only in the cotton industry. Such enterprises produce both threads, fabrics and finished products.
¾ of the silk industry consists of factories. They specialize in cocoon-winding, weaving, spinning, finishing operations. Fabrics and threads can be made from natural, artificial fibers, as well as mixtures of different types of threads.
Garment industry
Sewing industry of light industry is considered one of the most material-intensive industries. Here, raw material costs can be up to 80%. Further processing of fabrics, fabrics, knitwear, artificial leather and fur takes place here.
This industry processes about 4/5 of all materials for household consumption. This is a heterogeneous industry. In its structure, simple industries are distinguished, the assortment of which does not change for a long time. They specialize in the production of workwear. More complex industries are concentrated in large cities. Their assortment is constantly changing under the influence of fashion trends.
In recent years, enterprises of the domestic clothing industry have been cooperating with foreign companies. The high level of professional training and low cost of labor contributes to the attraction of foreign manufacturers. Domestic manufactures improve the quality of their own products. Taking over the experience of world manufacturers, garment factories began to produce competitive products that can be supplied to the world market.
The industries are evenly distributed across the territory of Russia. They are determined in almost every region. Such products usually provide for clothing and other products.
Leather and footwear industry
Light industry products would be incomplete without leather and footwear and fur products. Processing of natural and artificial leather, fur, sheepskin, film materials is carried out here. The company produces footwear, leather goods, clothing, etc.
In terms of the number of products manufactured, our country ranks 8th in the world. This indicator has slightly decreased in recent years. Fur production has no analogues in the world. It is export oriented.
Leather finishing also plays a leading role in the industry. Also in this area of management, artificial materials are used. In this direction of production, the North-West and Central economic regions are in the lead. The largest enterprises of the sub-industry are concentrated here. Most of them are located in Moscow and St. Petersburg.
The footwear industry is characterized by high material and labor intensity. It is important for this sub-industry to strengthen its own raw material base. The cost of imported semi-finished products and materials is constantly increasing. This entails the production of expensive, non-competitive products on the world market.
Leather goods are presented in the form of bags, gloves, cases, as well as balls and other products.
Industry problems
Has several constraints. While the dynamics of production growth is positive, the products of domestic enterprises account for only 20% of the total turnover. This is due to several factors.
The wages of qualified specialists are quite low. This entails a loss of interest among young people in the professions of the industry. As a result, the quality of the final product decreases, which becomes uncompetitive even on the domestic market.
Outdated equipment accounts for more than 50% of the structure of fixed assets. It has been in operation for over 10 years, which does not allow increasing the turnover of products, making modern products. In developed countries, the rate of obsolescence of fixed assets does not exceed 15%.
Lack of investment does not allow enterprises in the industry to expand and develop new technologies. These are most often small factories that manufacture products for a small number of consumers.
In almost every significant light industry there is monopolization. It is extremely difficult for new enterprises to deal with them. Without proper support from the government, the development of light industry in our country is extremely problematic. It is required to allocate subsidies and subsidies to new enterprises, to prevent the emergence of a monopoly in all sub-sectors. The increase in investment will contribute to the renewal of equipment and production technologies. This will help domestic enterprises enter the world market and produce competitive products.
Having considered the main light industry, as well as their features, it is possible to draw conclusions about the development of this sphere of national production. The existing problems and constraints should be eliminated by law and by attracting investment capital from domestic and foreign investors.
Light industry is part of the complex of industries for the production of consumer goods and produces over 40% of all non-food products in this group. Light industry plays a significant role in the interstate relations of the CIS countries: there is a constant exchange of raw materials, semi-finished products, and finished products. More than 2 million people are employed in the light industry in Russia (mostly women). Light industry products are used to meet the needs of people, and are also used in other industries in the form of raw materials and auxiliary materials (in food, mechanical engineering, etc.).
Light industry is a complex industry that includes more than 20 sub-sectors, which can be grouped into three main groups:
leather, fur, shoe.
textile, including linen, cotton, woolen, silk, knitted. This group also includes the primary processing of flax, wool, etc., the production of nonwovens, the net knitting industry, felting and felt, the production of textile haberdashery, etc .;
The largest specific weight in the structure of light industry is taken by the products of the clothing and textile subsectors.
At present, goods produced by Russian light industry enterprises are significantly inferior in quality to products of developed countries, labor productivity is relatively low, and production costs are higher compared to the world level.
The rise in prices for raw materials imported into the country and raw materials of its own production leads to a sharp increase in prices for finished products, which narrows the effective demand of the population and buying sectors, makes domestically produced goods less competitive compared to imported ones.
The light industry found itself in a difficult situation as a result of morally and physically obsolete equipment at its enterprises. Thus, in textile factories, the share of such equipment is about 60%. The technical re-equipment of enterprises through imports from developed countries is practically impossible today due to the lack of foreign exchange funds, since the industry as a whole is not export-oriented. All this leads to a constant growth of both latent and real unemployment in light industry. The situation has become especially aggravated at the city-forming enterprises, which provide the social sphere of small towns and villages.
In the light industry of the country, there was a constant increase in the concentration of production, which was expressed in the predominance of large enterprises, "washing out" of small ones. Concentration is closely related to the combination of production, which is most typical for enterprises in the textile, footwear and leather industries. Concentration, up to certain limits, makes it possible to increase the scale of production, increase labor productivity, reduce the cost per unit of output, and improve the tools of labor. However, the specificity of light industry is such that smaller enterprises can more flexibly respond to changes in demand for products, take into account market conditions. It is no coincidence that in the most developed countries, small enterprises predominate in this industry.
The factors for the location of light industry enterprises are varied, but the main ones can be distinguished:
raw material, affecting mainly the location of enterprises for the primary processing of raw materials: for example, flax processing factories are located in the areas of flax production, wool washing enterprises - in the areas of sheep breeding, enterprises for the primary processing of leather - near large meat processing plants;
population, i.e. consumer. Finished products of light industry are less transportable than semi-finished products. For example, it is cheaper to supply compressed raw cotton than cotton fabrics;
labor resources, providing for their significant number and qualifications, since all branches of light industry are labor-intensive. Historically, the light industry uses mainly female labor, therefore, the regions need to take into account the possibilities of using both female and male labor (i.e., develop light industry in areas where heavy industry is concentrated, create appropriate production in regions where light industry is concentrated) ...
The raw material base of the light industry in Russia is quite developed, it provides a significant part of the needs of enterprises in flax fiber, wool, chemical fiber and threads, fur and leather raw materials. The main supplier of natural raw materials for light industry is agriculture. Flax growing, a traditional branch of agriculture in Russia, is in a very difficult situation. From year to year, the sowing of fiber flax is decreasing, its yield is falling. Already in the 1980s, Russia did not provide itself with raw materials for the linen industry, which it imported mainly from Ukraine. Flax growing is extremely unevenly distributed: over 60% of the harvested raw materials are in the Central Region, 25% in the North-West and Vologda Regions of the Northern Region, and only 15% in all the rest (Volgo-Vyatka, Uralsky, West Siberian and East Siberian) ... At present, the issue of reviving the domestic flax-growing instead of the purchased cotton is being resolved.
Natural wool is provided mainly by sheep, a very small proportion (less than 1.5 / o) - by goats, etc. By the beginning of 1994, compared with 19 ^ 0, the sheep population decreased by 25 / o, wool production - by 28 / o , the quality of the supplied wool has sharply deteriorated, the bulk of which does not meet world standards. Currently, the needs of the wool industry for natural raw materials are not being met. The main regions are suppliers of raw materials: North Caucasian, Volga and East Siberian.
The light industry could be fully provided with natural leather raw materials, but a significant part of it is exported from Russia. In exchange, semi-finished products are purchased for the production of footwear and other products, which increases the price of finished products. Affects the price and the growth of costs for the production of raw hides due to the rise in the cost of keeping livestock (costs of feed, equipment, fertilizers).
In addition to natural raw materials, synthetic and artificial fibers, artificial leather supplied by the chemical industry are widely used in light industry. The feedstock for their production is oil refining waste, natural gas, coal tar. The main regions supplying chemical fibers are the Center and the Volga region, as well as the West Siberian, North Caucasian, Central Black Earth economic regions. Some types of artificial leather, synthetic fibers, etc. are not produced in Russia. For example, the production of high-quality artificial leather for the production of bags and gloves, traditionally supplied from Uzbekistan, Moldova and Ukraine, has hardly been mastered. Currently, many suppliers for Russia are lost.
Consider the development and location of the main branches of the light industry in Russia.
Main products textile industry- fabrics - goes to meet the needs of the population, and is also used as raw materials and auxiliary materials in the garment, footwear, food industry, mechanical engineering, etc. including more than 28 m per capita.
Main focus area cotton industry- Central, where 83% of all cotton fabrics produced in Russia are produced. The location of the industry in this region is due to historical reasons: many years of experience in the development of the linen, silk and cloth industry, the availability of skilled labor, equipment, the earlier development of capitalist relations in comparison with other regions, the presence of a consumer, the provision of transport led to the rapid growth of cotton production in Moscow. and Vladimir provinces at the beginning of the XX century.
At present, the main factors in the location of the industry include: the availability of a consumer, a qualified labor force, and the provision of employment for women in areas of heavy industry. Within the Central Economic Region, Ivanovskaya Oblast occupies the first place in the production of cotton fabrics, followed by Moscow Oblast and Vladimirskaya Oblast (over 90% of the district's production). In Ivanovo and Ivanovo oblasts there are over 40 enterprises of the cotton industry (Rodniki, Vichuga, Navoloki, Kineshma, Shuya, etc.); more than 50 enterprises are concentrated in Moscow (the Trekhgornaya Manufactory, a finishing plant, a cotton-printing factory, etc.) and the Moscow region (Glukhovsky combine, Orekhovsky combine. Serpukhov spinning and weaving factory, etc.); in Vladimir and the Vladimir region (Karabanovo, Aleksandrov, Kovrov, Murom, etc.) - more than 20. In the Central economic region, cotton enterprises are also in the Tver, Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Kaluga and Smolensk regions.
Among other economic regions in this industry, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region stand out. There are enterprises in the Volga region (the largest center is Kamyshin in the Volgograd region), in the North Caucasus (mainly in the Krasnodar Territory), NS Volgo-Vyatka region (Cheboksary cotton mill - one of the largest in the country), in the Urals and Western Siberia (a large enterprise - Barnaul cotton mill).
In the structure of production linen industry the share of fabrics for household use is much lower than in other sectors of the textile industry, and the share of fabrics and products for industrial purposes is higher. It should be noted that in developed countries flax is not used for the production of container fabrics, the corresponding needs there are satisfied with jute fabrics and fabrics made from chemical fibers. In our country, flax is also used to make waterproof overalls, canvas canvas for sheltering equipment, agricultural and other products, tents, fire hoses, etc.
Initially, the linen industry was tied only to the flax-producing regions. Currently, the raw material factor plays a lesser role in placement, since even with a relatively low transportability of flax fiber, the cost of transporting it is low in the cost of yarn. The provision of qualified labor resources is of paramount importance. The primary processing of flax is always concentrated in flax-growing regions.
The main area for the cultivation of fiber flax and the production of linen fabrics is Central, but the industry is unevenly located in the region. The main enterprises are concentrated in four regions: Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kostroma and Yaroslavl. There are also large flax-processing plants in Smolensk and Vyazma of the Smolensk region. At the same time, the crops of fiber flax are located mainly in the Tver and Smolensk regions (almost 70% of the sown area of the Central Economic Region), and in the indicated main areas of the flax industry - only 25%.
Also of great importance in the production of linen fabrics are the Northern (Vologda and Vologda Oblast) and North-Western (Pskov and Pskov Oblast) regions. There are also enterprises in the Volgo-Vyatka, Povolzhsky, Uralsky and West Siberian economic regions. The largest of them are located in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Kirov, Yekaterinburg and Biysk.
Woolen industry produces a variety of products: household fabrics, carpets, blankets, technical cloth, etc. The bulk of woolen fabrics are used for personal consumption of the population and only 5% - for technical purposes (in printing, chemical and other industries). This is one of the oldest branches of production that appeared in Russia in the 17th century.
Primary processing of wool is a very material-intensive process, unwashed wool is economically poorly transportable (up to 70% of the mass of unwashed wool goes to waste, eliminated by washing the wool). The costs of transporting washed wool and chemical semi-finished products are relatively low. Therefore, it is most effective to locate the production of woolen fabrics in areas where the population is concentrated, and the primary processing of wool - in areas of developed sheep breeding. The woolen industry, like other branches of the textile industry, is concentrated within the Central Economic Region, where the main enterprises are located in Moscow and the Moscow Region: cloth factories, worsted spinning, wool spinning, weaving and finishing factories, worsted plant and others (in Moscow ); Kupavinskaya fine cloth factory, Pavlovo-Posad worsted plant, Novo-Noginsk wool spinning factory, Moscow carpet production associations in Lyubertsy and Obukhovo and others (in the Moscow region). The production of woolen fabrics is developed in Bryansk and the Bryansk region (Klintsy), Ivanovo and Ivanovo region (Shuya), Tver and Tver region (Zavidovo), Kaluga region (Borovsk), Ryazan region (Murmino).
The second place in the production of woolen fabrics is occupied by the Volga region, however, several times behind the Center in this indicator. The main enterprises are concentrated in the Ulyanovsk and Penza regions. In third place is the Central Black Earth Economic Region, where the Tambov Region (Rasskazovo, Morshansk) stands out.
In the balance of raw silk industry the proportion of natural fibers is negligible. Silk fabrics are mainly made from artificial and synthetic fibers. Historically, the main production of silk fabrics is concentrated in the Central Economic Region, and initially it was based only on imported natural raw materials of animal origin, produced by silkworm caterpillars, which came from Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Moldova and Ukraine. The location of the silk industry in the Center was determined not by raw materials, but by other factors: favorable transport and geographical location, high population density, professional skills of workers, etc. At present, in the Central Economic Region, there is a territorial convergence of the production of raw materials (since this is a developed region of the chemical industry) and finished products.
The silk industry is located mainly in Moscow and the Moscow region (Naro-Fominsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Pavlovsky Posad, etc.). There is a silk factory and a silk factory in the town of Kirzhach, Vladimir region, a silk-weaving factory in Tver, and a silk fabric factory in Korablino, Ryazan region.
Garment industry distributed more evenly throughout the country than textile. Its enterprises are located in almost every region and mainly provide for domestic needs. The main factor in the location of the garment industry is consumer, since fabrics are economically more transportable than finished products. Ready-to-wear factories are usually concentrated in large industrial centers.
In recent years, the domestic clothing industry has been quite successfully cooperating with foreign countries, using an international cooperation firm, i.e. placing orders at Russian enterprises for the production of clothing according to models and materials from firms of foreign countries. Foreign manufacturers are attracted in our country by a high level of professional training of workers at a low labor cost, a high level of technology (and at the same time low quality of design), territorial proximity to the western market. Cooperation with developed countries in garment, leather and footwear production allows improving the quality of products, making them more competitive in the domestic and world markets.
V leather and footwear industry the leaders are the Central and North-Western economic regions, where the largest factories for the production of footwear and leather goods are located. The main centers are Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Shoe production- mass, diversified, with a quick change of assortment, focused on the mass consumer. It is characterized by a relatively high level of concentration and specialization. Another distinctive feature is increased labor intensity and consumption of materials. An important task for the industry is to strengthen its own raw material base. Currently, for the production of footwear at domestic enterprises, 1/3 of all consumed domestic raw materials were imported from abroad, the prices for footwear are growing, however, a decrease in demand for it is not expected, since now shoes are produced on average 1.7 pairs per capita in year (including slippers).
In general, the tasks of the country's light industry are not so much in increasing production volumes as in preserving the industrial potential and qualified personnel, introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress, new technologies. The development of light industry, primarily knitwear, footwear, and clothing, is expected primarily in the eastern regions, while the share of the Central and Northwestern regions in the total volume of production will slightly decrease. In Siberia and the Far East, internal reserves are far from being fully used to create the appropriate industries necessary to increase the complexity of the development of these regions.
An important problem of the light industry is the lack of a developed trade infrastructure, a lack of information on sales markets. The main method of obtaining raw materials and materials for most light industry enterprises is direct communications or barter. Exchanges are used very little, although raw materials for the textile, leather and footwear industries are a classic exchange commodity.
