Severe frost. how to survive the low temperature? memo. How to behave in frost - expert recommendations What to do in severe frost

The specialists of the Minsk City Executive Committee have prepared a number of rules on how to behave during severe frosts, the correspondent of the Minsk-Novosti agency reports.

- A sharp increase in frost is expected over the weekend. On Saturday, January 6 - up to - 27 degrees (minimum temperature at night - 15 - 22 degrees, in some places - 23 - 27 degrees). Therefore, we strongly recommend that citizens follow the necessary rules. safe behavior in severe frosts, - said the press service of the Minsk City Executive Committee.

PREPARATION FOR EXITING FROST

Conditions dangerous for the body are created not only by subzero temperatures, but also by factors such as air humidity and wind strength. The higher the humidity, the stronger the wind, the more chances of getting frostbite. Therefore, do not relax if outside the window is 0 ° C or -5 ° C. Even this relatively warm weather does not guarantee safety.

CLOTHES

A simple rule of thumb: air retains heat. So the more air there are, the better. However, keep in mind that being dressed like a cabbage is also bad - it hinders movement (you move less - you freeze more). Contrary to popular myth, thick woolen things are not the best clothes in case of cold weather, choose any shaggy fabrics that are not too thick - they hold air well, and therefore heat.

SHOES

Shouldn't be tight. If the shoes are tight, then the blood circulation in the legs slows down, and this is a sure way to frostbite. The fingers should be free to move. Before leaving the house, clean your shoes with a greasy cream - it will not let the shoes get wet. Put on woolen socks, insert thick insoles - even if you get wet, they will absorb moisture.

ACCESSORIES

Do not forget to take gloves with you - through bare hands you can lose up to 17% of the heat! By the way, mittens will be a more advantageous option - they put your fingers together, they are warmer.

HEADDRESS

The style is up to you, at your discretion. Be guided by the following principle: the hat should not be tight, it should cover the ears. Protect your neck and even your face from frost with a loose knit scarf.

Tricks

Those areas of the skin that remain exposed or may become exposed in the process, for example, active rest, be sure to treat with a fat cream - it supports the skin's ability to retain moisture. Cover your lips with hygienic lipstick. Having lost moisture in the cold, the skin will become less elastic, during movement, microcracks form on it, it will begin to peel off.

If you are alone in the cold, then ask your friend to periodically examine your face and ears: if they are unnaturally white, it’s bad!

RATION

Remember that if you are hungry, you will freeze much faster than after a hearty meal. Proper nutrition- one of better ways prevention of frostbite and recovery of the body after a cold.

Food should be warm - this will provide an additional burst of energy immediately, as well as high-calorie - this will add energy afterwards. Drink only warm, warming drinks such as tea. It is impossible to bask with alcohol before going out into the cold, as well as during exposure to cold, contrary to the opinion of many. Warming up here is false, alcohol only worsens sensitivity and makes it impossible to objectively assess how cold you are. Smoking in the cold is also prohibited - this will cause a spasm of the capillaries on long time and will impair blood circulation.

FIRST AID FOR FROSTBITE

WHAT IS NOT WORTH TO DO

There is a generally accepted set of actions that in fact will only aggravate the negative consequences of the resulting frostbite.

1. Do not rub on frozen areas - this will injure frozen skin. Microcracks form, which will cause infection, which can lead to gangrene.
2. Rubbing oils, alcohol, grease, etc. with frostbite is also contraindicated.
3. Sharp warming of strongly frozen tissues near open fire or other powerful heat sources is prohibited! The upper tissues will quickly "move away" and begin to "work", but will not receive power from the vessels that are not yet warmed up, which are located deeper. Due to lack of nutrition, tissues die.

CORRECT ACTION

1. Eliminate the factors that contribute to the cooling of the body. Once in a warm room, undress - cold clothes will not allow the body to warm up until it warms up itself. Then gently wash and dry the affected area, wrap it up in several layers of warm, dry clothing.
2. Eat hot (but not scalding) food and drinks. You can take a tablet of aspirin / analgin / papaverine / no-shpy. All this thins the blood and improves its flow to damaged tissues.
3. If after a few hours the condition does not improve or worsen, consult a doctor immediately! Without timely help, you can lose a limb!

LET'S SUMMER

When going out into the cold, remember that frostbite contributes to:

• strong wind and humidity;
• wet and tight clothes and shoes;
• tired and / or hungry;
• problems with blood supply;
• alcoholic intoxication

If you are cold:

• find a warm room;
• do not rub;
• change into dry and warm;
• tea and warm food are best friends;
• if it's really bad, call an ambulance.

Due to the sharp cold snap and difficult weather conditions, special attention should be paid to the rules of behavior in cold weather.

Rules of conduct during severe frosts:

• On the street in the cold, you need to breathe correctly - slowly, shallowly and, preferably, with your nose (so that the cold air warms up in the nasal cavity).
• During a cold snap, the body gives all its strength to warming. And where can you get it if a person eats little or is on a diet? In severe frosts, food should be enhanced: meat, fish, lard, butter and other high-calorie foods. The diet should include more different soups in meat broth, milk porridge. Try to drink more liquid - hot tea, coffee, adding cream, milk, honey, herbal teas, with the addition of mint and hawthorn.

• Do not take hot food and drinks at least 40 minutes before going outside. It is more difficult for a warmed-up body to get used to frost; when going outside, it does not feel cold.

• You shouldn't drink alcohol, it causes the illusion of warmth and prevents you from focusing on the signs of frostbite.
• Alcoholic drinks and cold weather are not compatible things. Alcohol impairs your ability to control and dilates the vessels on the surface of your body, leading to heat loss. Only the vessels have shrunk to prevent cooling internal organs, - alcohol immediately negates these protective measures.
• In the cold, smoking is prohibited - this reduces blood circulation and makes the limbs more vulnerable.
• In the cold, you need to wear loose clothing made from natural fabrics - this contributes to normal blood circulation, you need to dress according to the principle of "cabbage", when there are layers of air between the layers of clothing that retain heat.
• Do not go out into the cold without mittens, a hat and a scarf (gloves do not save you from frost). The smallest parts of the body - fingers, ears and nose - suffer most in frost.
• Do not wear metal (gold, silver) jewelry in the cold - the metal cools faster than the body.
• Do not go out into the cold with damp skin or hair. In the cold - nothing wet or even damp! The colder it is outside, the drier all clothes and shoes should be.
• As soon as there is chilliness, tingling, numbness to loss of sensitivity, paleness, coldness of the skin - you need to go to any warm place as soon as possible.
• You cannot take off your shoes from frostbitten limbs in the cold - they will swell, and it will be impossible to put your shoes back on. We need to get to a warm room as soon as possible.
• In children, the thermoregulation of the body has not yet been formed, and in the elderly and in some diseases, this function is impaired. Therefore, every 15-20 minutes, both children and the elderly and those who are sick need to return to warmth and keep warm.
• The simplest exercises when you start to freeze: without bending your arms, make 25-30 rotational movements from the shoulder; Exercise will help to quickly warm up frozen hands: bending low forward, with strong, sharp waves of your hands back and forth, you, thanks to centrifugal force, will cause blood flow to the hands. Brisk walking, intense movements of the whole body, wiggling of toes will help warm up the frozen legs.
• Leaving home, you need to take a mobile phone with you, having checked in advance the availability of money on the account and charging.
• Coming home from frost, you cannot immediately drink hot tea and take a hot shower or bath. With a sharp change in temperature (from -20 to +20), a significant load on the cardiovascular system can occur, with unpredictable consequences. The body must smoothly adapt to room temperature within 20-30 minutes.

If you could not find a warm shelter, decide where you are, call for help (ambulance, rescue service, relatives, friends) and begin to warm up with the warmth of your own body: curl up in a ball with your back to the wind and tuck your hands under your armpits. Just don't fall asleep!

V modern world more and more people began to notice that the climate is changing on our planet. Every day, the number of abnormal weather events in the world, which are not typical for the climate of a certain area, is growing more and more. This memo will examine the unusual natural phenomena associated with a cold snap and how to survive them together.

Already now we can observe unusual weather phenomena, for example, in mid-October, the first snow has already fallen in some regions of Ukraine, which is quite unusual for this month in this area. And at the beginning of 2016 in Japan, on the island of Oshima, for the first time in 115 years, snow fell 10 cm, and the temperature was -5 C °. Snow and freezing rain fell on the northeast coast of the United States in February; the temperature drop was up to 15 C °, and in January there was a blizzard that turned out to be the worst in 110 years, affecting 85 million people in 11 states. Also this year in United Arab Emirates hail fell the size of a cherry, and the desert was covered with snow. Earlier in 2011, snow fell on the Canary Islands, the thickness of the snow cover reached 10 cm.For this region, this event caused serious concern both local residents and scientists all over the world. Based on the fact that these phenomena were completely atypical for these areas, people were completely unprepared for such weather changes.

How hypothermia can harm?

When the question of human survival in a harsh climate is raised, it becomes clear that he needs to have knowledge of how to act in these situations. For example, not everyone realizes that a person can die not from the cold itself, but from the effect of cold on his body temperature. That is, even if the air temperature is above zero and a person stays outside for a long time without warm clothes and movement, his body temperature can drop to a critical level of 30 degrees. And, conversely, at 20 degrees of frost, a person can feel great even in a severe cold, because a person will not freeze or cool down if he is dressed warmly enough and behaves correctly.

What to do in case of severe frost?

If, nevertheless, you find yourself in severe frost conditions, it is worth considering some necessary rules of survival in extreme situations of a sharp cold snap.

• Food. One of the main rules of survival in severe frosts is to supply the body with fuel to generate internal energy that warms the entire body. Naturally, this is food. It is best to include a large amount of fat in your diet, such as lard and proteins, which, when broken down, will warm your body. On a frosty day, you need to increase the number of servings eaten. Also, doctors advise not to go out into the cold hungry - the body must stock up on a source of its own energy, so be sure to eat well before going out.

• Clothing. You need at least three layers of woolen clothes, insulated shoes and socks, as well as a warm headdress and a scarf. It will not be superfluous to stock up on a set of thermal underwear. It is advisable to wear shoes with thick soles to avoid freezing. Shoes should be dry and loose. Thermal insoles or saline applicators can be used to keep dry heat. It is better to replace gloves with warm two-layer mittens made of natural materials.

• Move. Staying in the cold, you cannot stand in one place, you need to move all the time, it is also dangerous to sit on snow or on cold objects, for example, metal and concrete. In this case, heat transfer increases, and the person will rapidly lose heat. Also, do not allow rapid breathing, it should be carried out through the nose. It is necessary to ensure that when you exhale, warm air does not fall on the scarf in those places where it comes into contact with the skin of the face and does not cause moisture.

• No alcohol. In no case should you drink alcohol "for warming up". With the expansion of blood vessels, a deceptive short-term sensation of warmth will appear. Unbeknownst to yourself, you can easily get severe frostbite. And in general, it is better to exclude this poisonous toxic product from your diet, since when it is used, the leadership in a person is firmly occupied by not the best part of it - the animal nature and any possibilities of manifestation of power from the Spiritual principle are blocked. “At the level of neurophysiology, an imbalance occurs, many neurons of the brain are blocked. A person already perceives information poorly. But the Animal nature actively dominates in him, it seems to him that he is a“ hero ”, that everything is allowed to him in this world. Such is a soap bubble (illusion ) arises, in principle, not due to the fact that a person is in reality, but simply because a failure occurs in the system of the brain, the state of consciousness of the Personality switches to another mode, where there is complete submission to the Animal nature. - this is a collapse, it is the same as, figuratively speaking, to place the Soul in a deadly poisonous environment. Its power is already partially blocked by "light filters" -publicities, and such a total domination of the Animal nature in the new Personality simply deprives it of its last chance and hope. and drugs make a man an obedient slave of the Animal Mind and even in small doses kill the sprout of the spiritual in him.

  Over time, a person develops alcohol or drug addiction, which he denies in every possible way. At the same time, a person persistently continues to use this poison, referring to any reasons (traditions, holidays, birthdays, funerals, personal stress, and so on). As a result, he does not notice how his spiritual foundations are lost, how this dependence develops into the reduction of his human nature to the level of animal instincts, how the Personality degrades. I have already mentioned that people who are intoxicated are inadequate in the perception of information. In most cases, everything that dominates in them at the time of alcoholic intoxication (consider poisoning) is thoughts out loud from the Animal nature about oneself beloved, about the objects of one's pride, about one's unfulfilled selfish desires, unfulfilled, exorbitant ambitions. This is really a real tragedy, and first of all for the Personality itself.

  In people who are seriously engaged in their spiritual development, the body simply physically cannot tolerate these poisons (alcohol, drugs). Why? Yes, because when these toxic substances are consumed, the subtle connection with the other, spiritual world is broken, they are lost, saying modern language, psychic capabilities. While under the influence of alcohol or drugs, a person is not able to read information coming from the invisible world, his supernatural abilities simply go out. Everything that he perceives in this state is a manifestation of the Will of the Animal mind, which a person considers his thoughts and desires.

  This was known in ancient times. They are well aware of this even now. For example, in the Soviet Union there was strong system Special services, including, among other things, departments dealing with the study of paranormal phenomena and the development of extrasensory perception in some of its employees, for example, sleepers. So, even kefir was excluded from their diet, not to mention the existing strict ban for alcohol and drugs. Smoking, in principle, was allowed, nicotine and tar, although they give intoxication of the body, but do not block mirror neurons, and therefore allow you to work freely with the invisible world, read the necessary information.

  So a person who drinks even small amounts of alcohol, no matter how long, is spiritually degraded as a Personality. If there is a desire to use alcohol or drugs, these are the first symptoms that you are under the control of your Animal nature. This means that measures need to be taken to switch the dominant of consciousness, focus more attention on some positive aspects, playing sports, physical labor... It should be noted that if a person completely stops drinking or using drugs, the body recovers over time, and the person gets a chance for the spiritual development of his Personality "(from the AllatRa book).

• Do not rub the frostbitten parts of the body with snow (the blood vessels of the hands and feet are very fragile and therefore may be damaged, and the resulting micro-abrasions on the skin contribute to infection).
• Remove piercing (all metal). To free open areas of the body from all kinds of metal jewelry (piercings, tunnels, earrings). For people who cannot do without glasses, it is better to wear glasses with plastic frames on these days. Another alternative is contact lenses.

• Instead of cream - fat. To avoid frostbite of the skin of the face, do not use creams, since in the first 30-40 minutes water evaporates from them, which leads to cooling of the skin, and it is better to replace them with natural fats, such as: goose, pork, badger, mink.

• Sensitivity. Check the sensitivity of the skin periodically, especially the chin, nose, ears. Sensory impairment indicates frostbite. At the onset of tingling or burning, rub these areas until warming.
• Heating pads. If possible, carry pocket heating pads that are filled with regular gasoline for lighters. They are easy to use and able to keep warm for 4-5 hours.

• Check yourself. Returning to a warm room, take off your frozen clothes and shoes, change into warm dry underwear. Examine yourself carefully. Skin redness, peeling, and rashes can be signs of a cold allergy. At its first manifestations, you must take one tablet of any antihistamine... Frozen hands and feet should not be warmed in hot water... In addition to unpleasant sensations, this will cause a sharp vasoconstriction. Rub the frozen skin gently.

It is very important to remember that at the first sign of frostbite, such as blue discoloration or blistering, you should see your doctor immediately.

Hypothermia stages

There are several stages of hypothermia:

1. If the body temperature drops below 35, the first symptoms of hypothermia will appear, such as: goose bumps, pallor, weakness, drowsiness, slow and slurred speech.
2. If the body temperature drops to 33 degrees, the skin turns pale, turns blue and feels cold to the touch, breathing and pulse slows down, and decreases blood pressure, vomiting and involuntary urination may begin. Speech and coordination of movements are impaired.
3. If the temperature is below 31 degrees, unconsciousness, the muscles are constrained by spasms, the jaws are tightly clenched, breathing is barely noticeable, the pupils are dilated, the pulse is at a critical level of 32-36 beats, the blood pressure is very low - in this state, the heart stops.

If you experience the first two of the above symptoms or see these symptoms in others, you should know how to treat the first medical assistance... At the third stage, it is necessary to immediately call emergency care, and before her arrival, transfer the person to a warm room.

First aid for mild to moderate frostbite

• You need to get into any warm room or help a person get there ( rubbing and heating the body in the cold is useless and dangerous);
• Apply a heat-insulating bandage on the affected surface, for example, the following: a layer of gauze, a thick layer of cotton wool, again a layer of gauze, and on top of an oilcloth or rubberized fabric, wrap with a woolen cloth;
• Drink plenty of warm and sweet drinks ( we warm from the inside);
• Start warming a frostbitten arm or leg in a bath of barely warm water, gradually increasing the temperature of the water from 20 to 40 degrees and within 40 minutes, gently massaging the limb;
• With a moderate to severe degree of general cooling with impaired breathing and blood circulation, the victim must be taken to the hospital as soon as possible.

One society - one concern for each other

Most importantly, in any difficult situations, you should never lose heart. A person who knows how to maintain good spirits will always find a way out of any misfortune!

Now that you are aware of how to provide first aid, do not forget that it may be needed not only by you, but also by your neighbor. Therefore, pay attention to ordinary passers-by, especially children and people of retirement age, who may need your help.

If you see a person lying on the street, in addition to the thought that he may not be in a sober state, remember that this may be just that case of the consequences of a certain phase of frostbite. Therefore, be extremely careful when providing all kinds of help to yourself and your neighbor! After all, today's problem number one is the consumer attitude of people in society, disregard for someone else's life, people's concern only for themselves. And this is fractally repeated in society as a whole ...

“In this regard, it is extremely important to globally and quickly change the values ​​of society from a consumer format to a spiritual and moral, creative format, where goodness, humanity, conscience, mutual assistance, friendship, the dominance of spiritual and moral foundations would come first in relationships between people, regardless of from their nationality, religion, social status and other conditional, artificial divisions of world society "(from).

Ph.D. V.F. Gershkovich, Head, Energy Saving Center KievZNIIEP, Kiev

Problems of protecting the heating system from freezing in the event of a temporary lack of electrical energy arose after electric circulation pumps were used instead of water-jet pumps (elevators) in heat points. The severity of the problem became apparent after the accident in Moscow in May 2005, when a significant part of the city was disconnected from the power supply system for several hours. One can only roughly imagine the scale of the catastrophe if this accident happened in the middle of winter.

In heating systems with a dependent connection to the heating network (Fig. 1), the danger of freezing occurs when the circulation pump 8 stops.

Heat carrier from the heating network 1 will still flow into the heating system 2 through control valves 3 and 4, but the flow rate of the heating system will be insufficient, and the heating devices of the longest circulation rings will not warm up,

which in severe frosts will lead to their defrosting. At the same time, the temperature of the coolant in the short circulation rings will be excessively high, and this can cause destruction of pipe sections made of polymer pipes.

The situation will be aggravated if the heat flow regulator 5 is set, as is most often the case, to maintain the water temperature in the supply pipe of the heating system at a level corresponding to the temperature schedule. Once the circulation pump 8 mixing stops and stops, the temperature of the water entering the heating system rises, and the coolant temperature sensor 6 will issue a command to close valve 4. In this case, the water flow in the system will decrease, which will speed up the process of freezing the system.

The likelihood of freezing will decrease if the heat flow regulator is set to maintain the required water temperature not in the supply, but in the return pipe. In this case, after stopping the circulation pump, valve 4 will remain in the open position, and the coolant will continue to flow into the heating system.

To completely eliminate the danger of freezing, it is recommended to carry out the unit for preparing the coolant according to the scheme shown in Fig. 2.

The circuit uses a normally open solenoid valve 9. With regard to solenoid valves, the term "normally open" means that in a de-energized state it is in the open position, and when voltage is applied, the valve closes. Thus, with normal power supply, when the heating system is operating in normal mode, valve 9 will always be closed, and through the heat exchanger 10 water will flow only from the return pipe without any heat exchange in it.

In the event of a power outage at the same time as stopping the circulation pump 8 normally open solenoid valve 9 will automatically open, and the coolant from the supply pipe of the heating network will rush into the heating system after cooling in the heat exchanger 10 water from the return pipe of the heating system. Cooling is necessary in order to exclude the ingress of water with a temperature higher than 95 OS and thereby prevent damage to polymer pipelines, which lose their strength when high temperature water in them.

In order to reliably protect the heating system from freezing, the flow of heating water should be approximately twice the calculated (for normal operating conditions) value. At the same time, the actual flow rate may turn out to be excessively large, since the differential pressure regulator 3, which acts as a throttling device, will be outside the circulation loop in emergency mode. To avoid unnecessary consumption of network water, a throttle washer is provided. 11, which is expected to pass twice the amount of network water, taking into account the available

the difference in pressure in the supply and return pipelines.

When the power supply is restored, the normally open solenoid valve will close and the heating system will return to normal operating mode without any intervention from the service personnel.

The operation of the heating system in emergency mode will be associated with an increase in the flow of heating water and an increase in the temperature in the return pipe of the heating network relative to the usual value. But these short-term factors, unfavorable for the operation of the heating network, can be considered only as a weak immune reaction of a new defense system capable of protecting heating network and heating system from much more serious trouble.

So wrap yourself up warm and don't complain.

Winter 1708/09 and the defeat of the Swedish army

The winter of 1708/09 turned out to be the coldest in Europe in the last 500 years: the frost was so strong that even birds froze in flight. It was this winter that the long-term Northern War fell on. The Arctic cold in several months destroyed almost half of the Swedish army, while it was chasing Peter I, trying to impose a general battle on him.

When the cold weather halved the army of the Swedes, the 75-thousandth army of Tsar Peter triumphantly completed the defeat of the 30-thousandth army of Charles XII on June 27 in the battle of Poltava. In this battle, the daring Swedes still managed to attack the Russian regiments firmly entrenched in the redoubts and even broke through the line of fortifications. It is scary to even imagine what would have happened if the entire army of the Swedes had taken part in the Poltava battle, and not half that escaped from General Frost.

It was not for nothing that Peter I, still not knowing about the fierce winter that was coming, offered peace to Charles XII several times, agreeing to give up everything he had won with overwork and asking only to leave St. Petersburg. As it turned out, he gave up early: the winter helped.

Winter of 1812 and Napoleon's retreat

In fairness, it should be said that in 1812 General Moroz began to exterminate the French on the way back. Prior to this, the Russian army was assisted by General Space - for some reason, few are surprised that out of the 600-thousandth Napoleonic army that crossed the border, 130 thousand took part in the Battle of Borodino, despite the fact that there were no bloody battles, as well as a wide partisan movement (all it will wait for Napoleon on the way back). The fact is that most of the troops were left in garrisons along the entire infinitely long, by European standards, path from the border to Moscow.

The cold came in 1812, indeed earlier than usual - in October. But the fate of the Napoleonic army was decided by that time. An unusually strong frost hit during the crossing of the Berezina. Moreover, the cold was strong enough to destroy many enemies, but not strong enough to establish strong ice, as a result of which many foreign adversaries also drowned.

It should be noted that the Russian troops also suffered greatly from the "friendly fire" of General Moroz: Russian greatcoats were not much better than French ones. However, it is still easier to find shelter and warm clothing on their own land, and the Russian losses from the cold were, although large, but less than those of the enemy.

Winters of 1941, 1942 and 1943 and the defeat of the fascist army

During the Great Patriotic War Goebbels' propaganda tried to shove responsibility for all the failures on the Eastern Front onto the "Siberian frosts", while Russian propaganda did not notice the frosts point-blank. Perhaps, the truth is somewhere in the middle: without a doubt, the stubborn and heroic resistance of the Soviet army and people was helped by the extremely cold winters of 1941/42 and 1942/43, and the vast expanses of the USSR.

For the winter, the German army was completely unprepared, and, which is characteristic, it was in the winter that all the first offensive operations of the Soviet troops were carried out - the Moscow and Stalingrad battles (the first successful strategic offensive in the summer took place only in 1943, after the Battle of Kursk).