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SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96
SANITARY RULES AND REGULATIONS
2.2.4. PHYSICAL FACTORS IN THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT
Hygienic requirements for the microclimate
industrial premises
Hygienic requirements for occupational microclimate
Date of introduction: from the moment of approval
1. DEVELOPED: Research Institute of Occupational Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (Afanasyeva R.F., Repin G.N., Mikhailova N.S., Bessonova N.A., Burmistrova O.V., Losik T.K.); Moscow Research Institute of Hygiene. F.F. Erisman (Ustyushin B.V.); with the participation of the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases (Sinitsina E.V., Chashchin V.P.); Goskomsanepidnadzor of Russia (Lytkin B.G., Kucherenko A.I.).
2. APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by the Decree of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia of October 1, 1996, N 21.
3. INTRODUCED TO REPLACE "Sanitary norms for the microclimate of industrial premises", approved by the USSR Ministry of Health of 31.03.86., N 4088-86.
1. General provisions and scope
1. General provisions and scope
1.1. These Sanitary Rules and Norms (hereinafter referred to as the Sanitary Rules) are intended to prevent the adverse effects of the microclimate of workplaces, industrial premises on well-being, functional state, performance and human health.
1.2. These Sanitary Rules apply to microclimate indicators at workplaces of all types of industrial premises and are mandatory for all enterprises and organizations. References to the obligation to comply with the requirements of these sanitary rules should be included in regulatory and technical documents: standards, building codes and regulations, specifications and other regulatory and technical documents regulating the operational characteristics of production facilities, technological, engineering and sanitary equipment, which determine the provision hygienic standards of the microclimate.
1.3. In accordance with Articles 9 and 34 of the Law of the RSFSR "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population", organizations must carry out production control over compliance with the requirements of the Sanitary Rules and the implementation of preventive measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of diseases working in production premises, as well as monitoring compliance with working conditions and recreation and the implementation of measures for the collective and individual protection of workers from the adverse effects of the microclimate.
1.4. Heads of enterprises, organizations and institutions, regardless of the form of ownership and subordination, in order to ensure production control, are obliged to bring workplaces in line with the requirements for the microclimate provided for by these Sanitary Rules.
1.5. State sanitary and epidemiological supervision and control over the implementation of these Sanitary Rules is carried out by bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation, and departmental sanitary and epidemiological supervision and control - by bodies and institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological profile of the relevant ministries and departments.
1.6. State sanitary and epidemiological supervision over the construction of new and reconstruction of existing industrial premises is carried out at the stages of project development and commissioning of facilities, taking into account the nature of the technological process and the compliance of engineering and sanitary equipment with the requirements of these Sanitary Rules and Building Codes and Rules "Heating, ventilation and conditioning".
1.7. Project documentation for the construction and reconstruction of industrial premises must be agreed with the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of Russia.
1.8. Commissioning of industrial premises in order to assess the compliance of the hygienic parameters of the microclimate with the requirements of these Sanitary Rules must be carried out with the mandatory participation of representatives of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision Russian Federation.
2. Regulatory references
2.1. Law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" .
2.2. Regulations on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation and Regulations on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Regulation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 5, 1994, N 625.
2.3. Guideline "General requirements for the construction, presentation and execution of sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological regulatory and methodological documents" dated February 9, 1994 R1.1.004-94.
3. Terms and definitions
3.1. Industrial premises - closed spaces in specially designed buildings and structures in which people work constantly (in shifts) or periodically (during the working day).
3.2. Workplace- a section of the premises where labor activities are carried out during the working shift or part of it. A workplace can be several sections of a production facility. If these areas are located throughout the premises, then the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe premises is considered the workplace.
3.3. The cold period of the year is a period of the year characterized by an average daily temperature of the outside air equal to +10 °C and below.
3.4. The warm period of the year is the period of the year characterized by the average daily temperature of the outside air above +10 °C.
3.5. The average daily outdoor temperature is the average value of the outdoor air temperature measured at certain hours of the day at regular intervals. It is taken according to the meteorological service.
3.7. The thermal load of the environment (THS) is the combined effect of microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity, air velocity, thermal exposure) on the human body, expressed as a single-digit indicator in °C.
4. General requirements and microclimate indicators
4.1. Sanitary rules establish hygienic requirements for the indicators of the microclimate of workplaces in industrial premises, taking into account the intensity of energy consumption of workers, the time of work, periods of the year, and contain requirements for methods for measuring and controlling microclimatic conditions.
4.2. Microclimate indicators should ensure the preservation of the thermal balance of a person with environment and maintaining the optimal or acceptable thermal state of the body.
4.3. The indicators characterizing the microclimate in industrial premises are:
Air temperature;
Surface temperature*;
Relative humidity;
air speed;
Intensity of thermal irradiation.
_______________
* The temperature of the surfaces of enclosing structures (walls, ceiling, floor), devices (screens, etc.), as well as technological equipment or its enclosing devices, is taken into account.
5. Optimal microclimate conditions
5.1. Optimal microclimatic conditions are established according to the criteria for the optimal thermal and functional state of a person. They provide a general and local feeling of thermal comfort during an 8-hour work shift with minimal stress on thermoregulatory mechanisms, do not cause deviations in health status, create prerequisites for a high level of performance and are preferred in the workplace.
5.2. The optimal values of the microclimate indicators must be observed at the workplaces of industrial premises where operator-type work associated with neuro-emotional stress is performed (in cabins, on consoles and control posts for technological processes, in computer rooms, etc.). The list of other jobs and types of work in which optimal microclimate values must be ensured are determined by the Sanitary Rules for individual industries and other documents agreed with the bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance in the prescribed manner.
5.3. The optimal parameters of the microclimate at the workplace should correspond to the values given in Table 1, in relation to the performance of work of various categories in the cold and warm periods of the year.
Table 1
Optimal values of microclimate indicators
at workplaces in industrial premises
|
Period of the year |
Air temperature, °С |
Surface temperature, °C |
Relative humidity, % |
|
|
|
Cold |
Ia (up to 139) |
||||
|
Ib (140-174) |
|||||
|
III (more than 290) |
|||||
|
III (more than 290) |
5.4. Changes in air temperature along the height and horizontally, as well as changes in air temperature during the shift, while ensuring optimal microclimate values at workplaces, should not exceed 2 ° C and go beyond the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Table 1 for certain categories works.
6. Permissible microclimate conditions
6.1. Permissible microclimatic conditions are established according to the criteria for the permissible thermal and functional state of a person for the period of an 8-hour work shift. They do not cause damage or health problems, but can lead to general and local sensations of thermal discomfort, tension in the mechanisms of thermoregulation, deterioration in well-being and decreased performance.
6.2. Permissible values of microclimate indicators are established in cases where, due to technological requirements, technical and economically justified reasons, optimal values cannot be provided.
6.3. Permissible values of microclimate indicators at workplaces must correspond to the values given in Table 2 in relation to the performance of work of various categories in the cold and warm periods of the year.
table 2
Permissible values of microclimate indicators at workplaces
industrial premises
|
Air temperature, °С |
Air speed, m/s |
||||||
|
Period of the year |
range below optimal values |
range above optimal values |
Tempe- |
Refer- |
for the range of air temperatures below the optimum values, no more |
for the air temperature range above the optimal values, not more than** |
|
|
Cold |
Ia (up to 139) |
||||||
|
Ib (140-174) |
18,0-25,0 An error has occurred The payment was not completed due to a technical error, cash from your account | ||||||
Payment for public Utilities is growing every year, especially in times of crisis for the economy. Unfortunately, nothing similar can be said about their quality. When citizens give a significant part of their hard-earned funds to provide comfortable living conditions, public utilities strive to be dishonest on all fronts of their work.
Dear readers! Our articles talk about typical ways to resolve legal issues, but each case is unique.
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Room temperature standards
The standard that establishes the allowable temperature values for residential premises during the cold season is “GOST R 51617-2000. Housing and communal services. General technical conditions". He demands compliance with the temperature range of 18-25 degrees Celsius. Within this range, the norm is set for each type of room in the room.
So, in the living room the temperature should not be below 18 ° C, and in the bathroom - below 25 ° C. Deviations to the lower side are allowed only at night (0.00 - 5.00) by no more than 3 °С. SanPiN, in turn, declares an upper temperature limit. For example, for a living room it is 24 ° C.
The minimum temperature in a corner apartment is 20 ° C. For the staircase at the entrance of a residential building, the temperature standard is set in the range of 14-20 ° C, and for the inter-apartment corridor - 16-22 ° C.
More detailed standards for all types of premises are set out in the Sanitary Rules and SanPiN norms. So, at workplaces of industrial premises, a temperature of 16 ° C to 24 ° C is required depending on the energy consumption. In the attics and basements of apartment buildings, the temperature should not fall below 4 °C.
Heating season dates
The timing of the heating season is determined by the residents themselves with an autonomous heating system, with centralized heating - by local authorities, but not arbitrarily, but subject to certain conditions.
According to the rules heating season starts at an average daily temperature below 8 ° C for 5 consecutive days, ends at a temperature above this number for the same time.
Measurement of heat in the room
In order for the temperature measurement to be objective, a number of prerequisites must be met:
- Do not measure on a warm sunny day, since in such weather the room is additionally warmed up from the street;
- Necessary carefully check the tightness of the room, if there are sources of heat leakage (for example, through slots), the measurement will not reflect the state of heat supply.
So, temperature should be measured in at least two rooms. The exception is one-room apartments with a window occupying 30% of the wall area. The measuring distance must exceed half a meter from the outer wall and heaters, and its height must exceed 60 centimeters.
Sample Certificate of Inspection temperature regime can be downloaded.
If, during self-measurement, you have established that the temperature norm is lowered, you should inform the Emergency Dispatch Service about this. If the violation of heat supply is not caused by natural factors (for example, an accident on a heating main), the dispatcher calls the emergency team to the house, which is the official act of measurement.
The measurement must be carried out by a registered device that has all the necessary technical documents. The act contains the following information:
- the date of its compilation,
- characteristics of the apartment,
- composition of the commission
- instrument data,
- temperature values,
- signatures of all committee members.
The act is drawn up in two copies, one of which remains with the owner of the apartment, and the other with the housing and communal services employees who measure.
Air exchange rate
Air temperature is not the only parameter that directly affects the comfort and safety of people living in the house. Important for the body is air exchange: the presence of fresh air, ventilation of residential and non-residential premises.
This parameter is also regulated by SanPiN regulations. Thus, the required rate of air exchange for a dwelling with an area of 18 m² is 3 m³ / h per square meter, for a kitchen - three times more.
The air exchange rate is a characteristic determined by the ratio of the air removed or supplied from the room per hour of time to the volume of this room.
How to measure the coolant?
The heat carrier in the central heating system is hot water flowing from the tap.
You can measure its temperature different ways, but the simplest is measurement of tap water temperature with a thermometer poured into a glass.
Pipe temperature measurement is also possible. The value of this parameter should be equal to 50-70°С.
Responsibility of utilities for violation of the temperature standard
If the room temperature is below normal in winter, what should I do?
By law, citizens have the right to demand reduction of payment for heat by 0.15% for each hour that utilities do not comply with your temperature norm. Having carried out simple calculations, it can be established that for 4 weeks of providing a low-quality home heating service, the payment for it is reduced by more than 90%. Of course, public utilities will not voluntarily agree to such a recalculation, and therefore it is necessary to go to court.
Application for recalculation of payment for heating in Management company can be downloaded.
History knows examples when citizens managed to defend their rights. So, in 2014, a resident of the Perm Territory recovered 136 thousand rubles from public utilities for non-compliance by public utilities with their obligations to provide her house with heat.
Temperature norms in the apartment. Watch video:
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State system of sanitary and epidemiological
regulation of the Russian Federation
Federal Sanitary Rules, Norms and Hygiene
standards
2.2.4. PHYSICAL FACTORS
PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT
Hygienic requirements for the microclimate
industrial premises
Sanitary rules and regulations
SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96
Russian Ministry of Health
Moscow 1997
1 . Developed by: Research Institute of Occupational Medicine of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (Afanas'eva R.F., Repin G.N., Mikhailova N.S., Bessonova N.A., Burmistrova O.V., Losik T.K.); Moscow Research Institute of Hygiene. F.F. Erisman (Ustyushin B.V.); with the participation of the St. Petersburg Research Institute of Occupational Health and Occupational Diseases (Sinitsina E.V., Chashchin V.P.); Goskomsanepidnadzor of Russia (Lytkin B.G., Kucherenko A.I.).
2 . Approved and put into effect by the Decree of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia dated October 1, 1996, No. 21.
3 . Introduced to replace Sanitary standards microclimate of industrial premises”, approved by the Ministry of Health of the USSR dated March 31, 1986, No. 4088-86.
Law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population"
“Sanitary rules, norms and hygienic standards (hereinafter referred to as sanitary rules) are regulations that establish criteria for the safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors for a person and requirements for ensuring favorable conditions for his life.
Sanitary rules are mandatory for all government bodies and public associations, enterprises and other economic entities, organizations and institutions, regardless of their subordination and form of ownership, officials and citizens” (Article 3).
“A sanitary offense is an unlawful, guilty (intentional or careless) act (action or inaction) associated with non-compliance with the sanitary legislation of the RSFSR, including the current sanitary rules
¼Officials and citizens of the RSFSR who have committed a sanitary offense may be subject to disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability” (Article 27).
APPROVED
Decree of the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia dated October 1, 1996 No. 21
Date of introduction: from the moment of approval
2.2.4
. PHYSICAL FACTORS
PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT
Hygienic requirements for the microclimate
industrial premises
Hygienic requirements for occupational microclimate
Sanitary rules and regulations
SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96
1. General provisions and scope
1.1 . These Sanitary Rules and Norms (hereinafter referred to as the Sanitary Rules) are intended to prevent the adverse effects of the microclimate of workplaces, industrial premises on well-being, functional state, performance and human health.
1.2 . These Sanitary Rules apply to microclimate indicators at workplaces of all types of industrial premises and are mandatory for all enterprises and organizations. References to the obligation to comply with the requirements of these sanitary rules should be included in regulatory and technical documents: standards, building codes and regulations, specifications and other regulatory and technical documents regulating the operational characteristics of production facilities, technological, engineering and sanitary equipment, which determine the provision hygienic standards of the microclimate.
1.3 . In accordance with Articles 9 and 34 of the Law of the RSFSR "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population", organizations must carry out production control over compliance with the requirements of the Sanitary Rules and the implementation of preventive measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of diseases working in production premises, as well as monitoring compliance with working conditions and recreation and the implementation of measures for the collective and individual protection of workers from the adverse effects of the microclimate.
1.4 . Heads of enterprises, organizations and institutions, regardless of the form of ownership and subordination, in order to ensure production control, are obliged to bring workplaces in line with the requirements for the microclimate provided for by these Sanitary Rules.
1.5 . State sanitary and epidemiological supervision and control over the implementation of these Sanitary Rules is carried out by bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation, and departmental sanitary and epidemiological supervision and control - by bodies and institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological profile of the relevant ministries and departments.
1.6 . State sanitary and epidemiological supervision over the construction of new and reconstruction of existing industrial premises is carried out at the stages of project development and commissioning of facilities, taking into account the nature of the technological process and the compliance of engineering and sanitary equipment with the requirements of these Sanitary Rules and Building Codes and Rules "Heating, ventilation and conditioning".
1.7 . Project documentation for the construction and reconstruction of industrial premises must be agreed with the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of Russia.
1.8 . The commissioning of industrial premises in order to assess the compliance of the hygienic parameters of the microclimate with the requirements of these Sanitary Rules must be carried out with the mandatory participation of representatives of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance of the Russian Federation.
2. Normative references
2.1 . Law of the RSFSR "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population".
2.2 . The Regulations on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of the Russian Federation and the Regulations on the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Regulation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 5, 1994, No. 625.
2.3 . Management " General requirements to the construction, presentation and execution of sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological regulatory and methodological documents "of February 9, 1994 R 1.1.004-94.
3. Terms and definitions
3.1 . Production premises- enclosed spaces in specially designed buildings and structures in which people work constantly (in shifts) or periodically (during the working day).
3.2 . Working a place- a section of the premises where labor activities are carried out during the working shift or part of it. A workplace can be several sections of a production facility. If these areas are located throughout the premises, then the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe premises is considered the workplace.
3.3 . Cold period of the year - the period of the year, characterized by an average daily temperature of the outside air, equal to +10 °C and below.
3.4 . Warm period of the year- the period of the year, characterized by an average daily temperature of the outside air above +10 °C.
3. 5 . Average daily temperature outdoor air- the average value of the outdoor air temperature, measured at certain hours of the day at regular intervals. It is taken according to the meteorological service.
3.6 . delimitation works on categories is carried out on the basis of the intensity of the total energy consumption of the body in kcal / h (W). Characteristics of individual categories of work ( I a, Ib, II a, II b, III ) is presented in the appendix .
3.7 environments (TNS) - the combined effect on the human body of microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity, air velocity, thermal exposure), expressed as a single-number indicator in ° C.
4. General requirements and microclimate indicators
4.1 . The sanitary rules establish hygienic requirements for the indicators of the microclimate of workplaces in industrial premises, taking into account the intensity of energy consumption of workers, the time of work, periods of the year, and contain requirements for methods for measuring and controlling microclimatic conditions.
4.2 . Microclimate indicators should ensure the preservation of the thermal balance of a person with the environment and the maintenance of an optimal or acceptable thermal state of the body.
4.3 . The indicators characterizing the microclimate in industrial premises are:
· air temperature;
· surface temperature*;
· relative humidity;
· air speed;
· intensity of thermal radiation.
* The temperature of the surfaces of enclosing structures (walls, ceiling, floor), devices (screens, etc.), as well as technological equipment or its enclosing devices, is taken into account.
5. Optimal microclimate conditions
5.1 . Optimal microclimatic conditions are established according to the criteria for the optimal thermal and functional state of a person. They provide a general and local feeling of thermal comfort during an 8-hour work shift with minimal stress on thermoregulatory mechanisms, do not cause deviations in health status, create prerequisites for a high level of performance and are preferred in the workplace.
5.2 . The optimal values of the microclimate indicators must be observed at the workplaces of industrial premises where operator-type work associated with neuro-emotional stress is performed (in cabins, on consoles and control posts for technological processes, in computer rooms, etc.). The list of other jobs and types of work in which optimal microclimate values must be ensured are determined by the Sanitary Rules for individual industries and other documents agreed with the bodies of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance in the prescribed manner.
5.3 . The optimal parameters of the microclimate at the workplace should correspond to the values given in Table. , in relation to the performance of work of various categories in the cold and warm periods of the year.
5.4 . Changes in air temperature along the height and horizontally, as well as changes in air temperature during the shift, while ensuring optimal microclimate values at workplaces, should not exceed 2 ° C and go beyond the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Table. for certain categories of work.
Table 1
Optimal values of microclimate indicators at workplaces of industrial premises
|
Air temperature, ° FROM |
surface temperature, ° FROM |
Relative humidity, % |
Air speed, m/s |
||||||||
|
Cold |
|||||||||||
|
Ib (140 - 174) |
|||||||||||
|
IIa (175 - 232) |
|||||||||||
|
IIb (233 - 290) |
|||||||||||
|
III (more than 290) |
|||||||||||
|
Ib (140 - 174) |
|||||||||||
|
IIa (175 - 232) |
|||||||||||
|
IIb (233 - 290) |
|||||||||||
|
III (more than 290) |
Air temperature, ° FROM |
surface temperature, ° FROM |
Relative humidity , % |
Air speed, m/s |
|||||||
|
range below optimal values |
range above optimal values |
for a range of air temperatures below the optimum values , no more |
for a range of air temperatures above the optimum values , no more** |
||||||||
|
Cold |
20,0 - 21, 9 |
0, 1 |
|||||||||
|
Ib (140 - 174) |
23,1 - 24, 0 |
||||||||||
|
IIa (175 - 232) |
|||||||||||
|
IIb (233 - 290) |
15,0 - 16, 9 |
||||||||||
|
III (more than 290) |
0, 4 |
||||||||||
|
21, 0 - 22,9 |
25, 1 - 28,0 |
||||||||||
|
Ib (140 - 174) |
|||||||||||
|
IIa (175 - 232) |
18,0 - 19, 9 |
22,1 - 27, 0 |
|||||||||
|
IIb (233 - 290) |
|||||||||||
|
III (more than 290) |
|||||||||||
*At temperatures air 25 ° FROM And above maximum quantities relative humidity air should accepted in accordance from requirements P. .
** At temperatures air 26 - 28 ° FROM speed movements air in warm period of the year should accepted in accordance from requirements P. .
6.4 . When ensuring acceptable microclimate values at workplaces:
· the air temperature difference along the height should be no more than 3° FROM ;
· horizontal air temperature difference, as well as its changes during the shift should not exceed:
In this case, the absolute values of the air temperature should not go beyond the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Table. for certain categories of work.
Number of measurement sites
100 to 400
The number of sections is determined by the distance between them, which should not exceed 10 m.
measurement range
Limit deviation
Air temperature according to dry bulb, °С
-30 to 50
± 0, 2
Wet bulb temperature, ° FROM
± 0,2
surface temperature, ° FROM
± 0,5
Relative humidity, %
± 5,0
Air speed, m/s
± 0, 05
± 0,1
Intensity of thermal irradiation, W / m 2
from 10 to 350
± 5,0
± 50,0
7.14 . According to the results of the study, it is necessary to draw up a protocol, which should reflect general information about the production facility, the placement of technological and sanitary equipment, sources of heat release, cooling and moisture release, a diagram of the location of areas for measuring microclimate parameters and other data.
7.15 . At the conclusion of the protocol, an assessment of the results of the performed measurements for compliance with regulatory requirements should be given.
Attachment 1
(reference)
Characteristics of individual categories of work
1 . Categories of work are delimited on the basis of the intensity of energy consumption of the body in kcal / h (W).
2. Category I and include work with an intensity of energy consumption up to 120 kcal / h (up to 139 W), performed while sitting and accompanied by slight physical stress (a number of professions in precision instrumentation and engineering enterprises, in watchmaking, clothing production, in the field of management, etc.) .
3 . Category I b include work with an intensity of energy consumption of 121 - 150 kcal / h (140 - 174 W), performed while sitting, standing, or associated with walking and accompanied by some physical stress (a number of professions in the printing industry, in communications enterprises, controllers, masters in various types production, etc.).
4 . Category II a includes work with an intensity of energy consumption of 151 - 200 kcal / h (175 - 232 W), associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring a certain physical stress (a number of professions in mechanical assembly shops machine-building enterprises, in spinning and weaving, etc.).
five . Category II b includes work with an intensity of energy consumption of 201 - 250 kcal / h (233 - 290 W), associated with walking, moving and carrying loads up to 10 kg and accompanied by moderate physical stress (a number of professions in mechanized foundry, rolling, forging, thermal, welding shops machine-building and metallurgical enterprises, etc.).
6. Category III include work with an energy intensity of more than 250 kcal / h (more than 290 W), associated with constant movement, moving and carrying significant (over 10 kg) weights and requiring great physical effort (a number of professions in blacksmith shops with manual forging, foundries with manual stuffing and casting molding boxes of machine-building and metallurgical enterprises, etc.).
Determination of the thermal load index of the environment (TNS index)
1 . The thermal load index of the environment (THS-index) is an empirical indicator that characterizes the combined effect of microclimate parameters (temperature, humidity, air velocity and thermal radiation) on the human body.
2 . The THC index is determined on the basis of the wet bulb temperature values of the aspiration psychrometer ( t ow ) and temperature inside the blackened sphere ( t w ).
3 . The temperature inside the blackened sphere is measured by a thermometer, the reservoir of which is placed in the center of the blackened hollow sphere; t w reflects the influence of air temperature, surface temperature and air velocity. The blackened sphere shall have a diameter of 90 mm, the smallest possible thickness and an absorption coefficient of 0.95. Temperature measurement accuracy inside the ball± 0.5 °C.
4 . TNS-index is calculated according to the equation:
5 . The THC-index is recommended to be used for an integral assessment of the thermal load of the environment at workplaces where the air velocity does not exceed 0.6 m/s, and the intensity of thermal radiation is 1200 W/m 2 .
6 . The method for measuring and controlling the THC index is similar to the method for measuring and controlling air temperature (p.p.- IIb (233 - 290)
19,5 - 23, 9
III (more than 290)
18,0 - 21, 8
Operating time at tempera Ture air in the workplace is above or below the permissible values
1 . In order to protect workers from possible overheating or cooling, when the air temperature at the workplace is higher or lower than the permissible values, the time spent at the workplace (continuously or in total per shift) should be limited to the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Table. and tab. of this application. At the same time, the average shift air temperature at which workers are during the work shift at workplaces and places of rest should not go beyond the allowable air temperature values for the corresponding categories of work indicated in Table. 1
5, 5
Average shift air temperature ( t in ) calculated by the formula:
where
t in1, t in2, … t in n - air temperature (°C) in the relevant areas of the workplace;
τ 1 , τ 2 , …, τ n - time (h) to perform work in the relevant areas of the workplace;
8 - duration of the work shift (h).
Other indicators of the microclimate (relative air humidity, air velocity, surface temperature, intensity of thermal radiation) at workplaces must be within the allowable values of these Sanitary Rules.
Bibliographic data
one . P Guide 2.2.4/2.1.8. Hygienic assessment and control of physical factors of production and environment (under approval).
2 SNiP 2.01.01 . "Construction climatology and geophysics".
3 . Guidelines“Assessment of the thermal state of a person in order to substantiate hygienic requirements for the microclimate of workplaces and measures to prevent cooling and overheating” No. 5168-90 dated 05.03.90. In: Hygienic bases for the prevention of the adverse effects of the industrial microclimate on the human body. V. 43, M. 1991, p. 192 - 211.
4 . Guide P 2.2.013-94. Labor hygiene. Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of harmfulness and danger of factors in the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process. Goskomsanepidnadzor of Russia, M., 1994, 42 p.
five . GOST 12.1.005-88 "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for air working area».
6 . Building regulations. SNiP 2.04.05-91 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning".
Cosiness and Comfort are subjective assessments of human sensations from the perception of the environment. The concept of "comfortable temperature" is so broad that it does not exist in the technical vocabulary and regulatory documentation. The term "optimal temperature" of the air is used here. Big difference.
- The value of "comfortable" air temperature is subjective assessment acceptability of environmental conditions, which is determined solely by human sensations
- The value of the "optimal" air temperature is determined on the basis of complex physiological experiments and calculations. The value of this value depends on many factors and, most importantly, takes into account the needs of the average human body. Each value of the "optimal" temperature for various conditions- backed up by years of research and observation. All information on the "optimal" air temperature is official legislative character and is fixed in the requirements of sanitary standards - SanPiN
SanPiN
SanPiN- Sanitary Rules and Norms
(not to be confused with SNiP - Building Norms and Rules)
SanPiNs - the general name of the collection of Russian sanitary standards.
Already by one name it is clear that this is a sanitary regulatory documentation that defines sanitary and hygienic standards for all spheres of human existence and life.
SanPiNs(along with GOST, OST, SNiP, etc.) have the status of medical technical legislative documentation, mandatory for execution. Failure to comply with the requirements of SanPiN is punishable by law.
In the case of determining the optimal air temperature, the most interesting are the Sanitary Rules, which establish the optimal and maximum temperature intervals for working, residential and children's premises.
- work space
SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises". A similar document can be found in Ukraine, it is called - DSN 3.3.6.042-99 "Sanitary norms for the microclimate of virobnicheskie prismіshen"
- Determining the optimum temperature for living quarters
SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and premises"
- Determining the optimum temperature for preschool organizations
SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the device, content and organization of the work regime in preschool organizations"Download in .zip format:
SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 (downloads: 124)
DSN 3.3.6.042-99 (downloads: 119)
SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 (downloads: 138)
SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 (downloads: 54)Download in .doc format:
SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 (downloads: 184)
DSN 3.3.6.042-99 (downloads: 145)
SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 (downloads: 132)Download in .pdf format:
SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 (downloads: 102)Note. The documentation provided for download is for informational purposes only. All normative documents are updated periodically by their publishers. See updates on the official websites of the Russian Federation or the required country
Optimum temperature for working rooms
The optimum temperature at the workplace is established administratively, in accordance with SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 "Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises"
The value of the air temperature for working premises should ensure the preservation of the thermal balance of a working person with the environment and the maintenance of an optimal or acceptable thermal state of the body. To do this, in the Sanitary Rules, all types of work are divided into energy costs. At the same time, for each category, its own temperature and its maximum deviations are indicated. And also, the time spent by a person at the workplace, in case of non-compliance with the specified temperature interval.
Characteristics of individual categories of work
According to SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 all types of work are divided into five categories (depending on the intensity of labor). At the same time, the amount of energy consumption of the worker's body in kcal / h (W) is taken as the determining equivalent
- Category Ia
Work with intensity of energy consumption up to 120 kcal/h (139 W)
This is work that is performed while sitting and is accompanied by minor physical stress. For example, a number of professions in the field of management and service, in watch and clothing industries, etc. - Category Ib
Work with the intensity of energy consumption 121 - 150 kcal / h (140 - 174 W)
This is work that is done while sitting, standing or walking and is accompanied by some physical exertion. For example, a number of professions in the printing industry, communications enterprises, controllers, craftsmen in various types of production, etc. - Category IIa
Work with the intensity of energy consumption 151 - 200 kcal / h (175 - 232 W)
This is work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring a certain physical exertion. For example, a number of professions in machine-assembly shops of machine-building enterprises, in spinning and weaving, etc. - Category IIb
Work with the intensity of energy consumption 201 - 250 kcal / h (233 - 290 W)
This is work associated with walking, moving and carrying loads up to 10 kg and is accompanied by moderate physical stress. For example, a number of professions in mechanized foundries, rolling, forging, thermal, welding shops of machine-building and metallurgical enterprises, etc. - Category III
Work with intensity of energy consumption more than 250 kcal/h (more than 290 W)
This is work associated with constant movement, moving and carrying significant (over 10 kg) weights and requiring great physical effort. For example, a number of professions in blacksmith shops with hand forging, foundries with hand stuffing and pouring of molding boxes of machine-building and metallurgical enterprises, etc.
Optimum workplace temperature
Depending on the intensity of work, SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 sets the following optimum temperature in the working room:
(Excerpt from SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96)
Optimal values of microclimate indicators at workplaces
industrial premisesLimitation of temperature and time spent at the workplace
In addition to the optimal temperature in the working room, SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 establishes limit deviations for the air temperature at the workplace, and also imposes a restriction on the time of work if it (the temperature) is above or below the maximum allowable. It is noteworthy that the temperature gradation above the permissible (26°C) goes through 0.5°C.
Table continuationTime spent indoors, no more than for work categories, h Ia Ib IIa IIb III 6 1 7 2 8 1 3 9 2 4 10 1 3 5 11 2 4 6 12 1 3 5 7 13 1 2 4 6 8
Table continuationAir temperature at the workplace, °C Ia Ib IIa IIb III 14 2 3 5 7 15 3 4 6 8 16 4 5 7 17 5 6 8 18 6 7 19 7 8 20 8 26,0 8
Table continuationAir temperature at the workplace, °C Stay time, not more than for work categories, h Ia Ib IIa IIb III 26,5 7 27,0 8 6 27,5 7 5,5 28,0 8 6 5 28,5 7 5,5 4 29,0 6 5 3 29,5 5,5 4 2,5 30,0 5 3 2 Optimum temperature for living quarters
The optimum temperature for residential premises is set in accordance with SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for residential buildings and premises." Setting the optimal temperature in residential buildings and premises seems to be a simpler procedure, since human energy activity in a residential building is stable and minimal.
The value of the air temperature for residential premises should ensure the preservation of the thermal balance of a person at rest and the maintenance of an optimal or acceptable thermal state of the body.
(Excerpt from Appendix 1. SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00)
Optimal and permissible norms
temperature and relative humidity in residential premisesName of premises Air temperature, °С Relative humidity, % Optimal Permissible Optimal Permissible Living room 20-22 18-24 45-30 60 Inter-apartment corridor 18-20 16-22 Kitchen 19-21 18-26 not standardized Toilet 19-21 18-26 Bathroom, shared bathroom 24-26 18-26 lobby, stairwell 16-18 14-20 Storerooms 16-18 12-22 Optimal temperature for preschool organizations
The optimal temperature for the premises of preschool organizations is established in accordance with SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10 "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the arrangement, maintenance and organization of the working regime in preschool organizations." Setting the optimal temperature for the premises of preschool organizations seems to be the most responsible task, since children are most susceptible to temperature changes.
The value of the air temperature for the premises of preschool organizations should ensure the preservation of the thermal balance of the child with the environment and the maintenance of the optimal or permissible thermal state of his body.
In contrast to the optimal temperature in working and residential areas,
the optimal air temperature in the premises of preschool organizations is set very strictly and has practically no intervals for limiting deviations(Excerpt from Appendix 3. to SanPiN 2.4.1.2660-10)
Air temperature in the main rooms
preschool educational institutionsTable continuation
Comfortable temperature 18°C?
As mentioned earlier, the comfortable temperature in residential and domestic premises is not regulated by any national regulations or documents. The definition of the term "comfort" is not standardized. The value of comfort is not measured in numbers and has a pronounced purely individual character.
Comfort is a comprehensive assessment of a person regarding the acceptability of his sensations from the perception of the environment.
One, comfortable in felt boots, at -18°С,
and the second - not comfortable in slippers, at + 18 ° CSometimes, for the value of a comfortable temperature, one of its values \u200b\u200bis taken from the tables of optimal temperature is taken, but this is not entirely true. The most famous example of such a delusion is the famous value of 18 ° C, which is given out by thermal workers as a comfortable temperature in an apartment.
At a temperature of 18 ° C, it is comfortable, except for pets
Actually,
- 18 ° C is the lower limit for the temperature in the living room according to SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00
- 18°C is the temperature at which the average person can be long time without outerwear and damage to health
Thus, it turns out that the temperature of 18 ° C has nothing to do with comfort. This is simply the lower limit of safe temperature for a living space.
- Category Ia
Every Muscovite remembers the hot summer of 2010, when for a couple of months the thermometer went off scale over 30 degrees Celsius, and Moscow was covered in a thick curtain of smoke. Ventilation and air conditioning systems could not cope with the situation in all offices. The situation is no better this winter, when the batteries are "spinning" at the maximum. The temperature at the workplace is like a desert during the day, but the employer doesn’t even blow in his mustache?
It is good to recall here Article 379 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, which states: “In order to protect labor rights, an employee, having notified the employer or his immediate supervisor or other representative of the employer in writing, may refuse to perform work not provided for by the employment contract, as well as refuse to perform work that directly threatens his life and health, with the exception of cases provided for by this Code and other federal laws. For the period of refusal from the specified work, the employee retains all the rights provided for labor law and other acts containing labor law norms”, SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 “Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises”, which establishes the permissible levels of air temperature at workplaces, Appendix No. 7 of Guideline R 2.2.2006.05, which regulates time protection when working in heating microclimate.
Now in more detail: SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 normalizes the air temperature at the workplace, depending on the category of work, based on the intensity of the body's total energy consumption in kcal / h (W). Without going into details, you can roughly define the category of work according to Appendix No. 1 GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area as follows:
- category Ia includes work performed while sitting and accompanied by slight physical stress (a number of professions in precision instrumentation and engineering enterprises, in watchmaking, clothing production, in management, etc.).
- category Ib includes work performed while sitting, standing or walking and accompanied by some physical stress (a number of professions in the printing industry, communications enterprises, controllers, craftsmen in various types of production, etc.)
- category IIa includes work associated with constant walking, moving small (up to 1 kg) products or objects in a standing or sitting position and requiring a certain physical exertion (a number of professions in mechanical assembly shops of machine-building enterprises, in spinning and weaving, etc.)
- category IIb includes work associated with walking, moving and carrying loads up to 10 kg and accompanied by moderate physical stress (a number of professions in mechanized foundry, rolling, forging, thermal, welding shops of machine-building and metallurgical enterprises, etc.)
- category III includes work associated with constant movement, moving and carrying significant (over 10 kg) weights and requiring great physical effort (a number of professions in blacksmith shops with hand forging, foundries with hand stuffing and pouring molding boxes of machine-building and metallurgical enterprises, etc. .P.)
If the air temperature and / or thermal radiation at the workplace exceed the upper limit of permissible values according to SanPiN 2.2.4.548–96, the microclimate is assessed according to the THC index.
For open areas in the warm period of the year and an air temperature of 25 ° C and below, the microclimate is assessed as acceptable (class 2). If the temperature exceeds this value, the class of working conditions is set according to the THC index, which is recommended to be determined at noon in the absence of clouds.
Class of working conditions in terms of THC-index (°C) for working premises with a heating microclimate, regardless of the period of the year and open areas in the warm season (upper limit)
THC-index is an empirical integral indicator (expressed in °C), reflecting the combined effect of air temperature, air velocity, humidity and thermal radiation on heat exchange between a person and the environment. Calculated according to the formula: HPS = 0.7 tvl. + 0.3 tsh, where tvl tsh are the temperatures of the wet bulb and the black ball (for details, Appendix No. 2SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96)
In accordance with Appendix No. 7 of Guideline R 2.2.2006.05, time protection is provided when working in a heating microclimate:
1.1. To ensure the average shift thermal stress of workers at an acceptable level, the total duration of their activity in a heating microclimate during a work shift should not exceed 7, 5, 3 and 1 hours, respectively, according to the hazard classes of working conditions (see table).
How the workers of the Ford Motor Company from Vsevolozhsk struggled with the heat
The trade union committee of OAO AVTOVAZ "Edinstvo", together with specialists from the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, has developed a methodology for self-protection of workers in accordance with Article 379 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, in the case when the air temperature at the workplace exceeds the maximum allowable standards. This technique is already used by employees of Ford Motor Company in Vsevolozhsk. Since such actions of the employee will or may result in downtime, specialists of the Ministry of Health and Social Development believe that the employee should notify his employer in writing about this, sending him the appropriate act drawn up by the employee in the presence of witnesses in order to record a violation of labor protection requirements, consisting in exceeding the permissible air temperature at the workplace. Also, the employee must notify his/her immediate supervisor of the circumstances that have arisen.
We suggest taking the advice of ministerial specialists and, in the event that you decide to suspend work in order to protect your right to safe working conditions, write an act and a notice of the reasons for the suspension of work using the samples below.
(The act is written in two copies, signed by at least three employees, one copy is handed over to the boss along with notices of the suspension of work, and the second copy with the head’s signature on receipt of the act remains with the employee) ON DETECTION OF VIOLATIONS LABOR SAFETY REQUIREMENTS We, the undersigned, confirm that at ____ hours ____ minutes at workplace No. ______ of brigade No. _______ of shop _______ of AVTOVAZ OJSC, the air temperature was ___________ degrees Celsius.
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(The notice is written individually by each employee in two copies, one copy is handed over to the head along with the act of violation of the temperature regime, and the second copy with the signature of the head of receipt of the notice remains with the employee) Head of department _____________ ____________________________. from _________________. ____________________________. Notification. I notify you that the air temperature at my workplace exceeds the maximum permissible level provided for by SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96. In this regard, on the basis of Article.Article. 219, 220, 379 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, I refuse to perform work in conditions that threaten my health until the danger is eliminated. I ask you to inform me in writing about the moment of elimination of this danger. Since the obligation to ensure safe working conditions lies with the employer (Article 212 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), I ask you to pay all the downtime due to my refusal to work in accordance with Part 1 of Art. 157 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation - in the amount of at least 2/3 of my average earnings. Attached is a copy of the deed. ___________________/_________________/ We recommend reading
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