1970 in history. Tragedy in the air

1. The end of the 1970s - the first half of the 1980s. became a time of growth and aggravation of the systemic crisis of totalitarian socialism.

The crisis was brewing in:

• economy;
• politics;
• international relations.

The two main problems of the USSR economy in the late 1970s - early 1980s. were:

• the inability of the command-administrative system to meet the elementary economic needs of the country (total shortage of goods, their poor quality, sometimes - lack of food);
• the emerging lag of the USSR from the developed countries of the world.

In the 1960s - 1980s. in the Western countries there was a technological information revolution. Computerization has begun. If in the 1930s everything was decided by heavy industry, then in the 1960s - 1980s. everyone began to decide high technology. In the USSR, high technologies were available in the military-industrial complex, astronautics, but they were absent in other areas. There were almost no computers in the USSR, which almost everyone in the West had; even in 1980, manual assembly took place in most factories, while in the leading states everything was automated. Low standards were in mechanical engineering and other areas. With such a development, the USSR risked falling behind the rest of the world by 30-50 years.

Another problem was an acute political and moral crisis:

• which began under L.I. Brezhnev, the improvement of the party apparatus stopped in the mid-1970s;
• the “growth” of apparatchiks to their posts began from the General Secretary to the Secretary of the Party Committee;
• there was a spiritual rebirth of the party apparatus - faith in communist ideals practically disappeared, pronounced selfish interests, cynicism appeared;
• gradually L.I. himself began to retire. Brezhnev. Seriously ill L.I. Brezhnev, after the adoption of the Constitution of the USSR in 1977, starting from 1978, resigned several times, but was not released into retirement by his entourage, who did not want to disturb the existing balance of power. As a result, the country was practically left without a leader and developed by itself;
• corruption grew in the USSR, especially in the national republics;
• in Georgia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, other republics, Moscow, a class of underground businessmen ("guild workers"); there was a merging of the criminal business and the party elite;
• pessimism and double morality reigned in society itself. The systemic crisis of totalitarian socialism spilled over beyond the borders of the USSR.

2. In 1968 and 1980 in the two most "prosperous" socialist countries - Czechoslovakia and Poland - there were mass anti-Soviet and anti-communist demonstrations. The crisis in Czechoslovakia became especially painful for the USSR.

• in January 1968, a new leadership came to power in Czechoslovakia, headed by Alexander Dubcek;
• the new leadership proclaimed as its goal the construction of "socialism with a human face" and the beginning of reform;
• in the course of the reforms, a rethinking of socialism and the emancipation of the people began; a significant part of the Czechoslovak society - disappointment in the socialism of the Stalinist-Brezhnev type;
• part of the leadership of Czechoslovakia and part of society took a radical position - withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact, maximum distance from the USSR, unification with Western civilization; anti-Soviet and anti-communist sentiments began to spread throughout the country;
• several times the leadership of the USSR tried to force the Czechoslovak leadership to “put things in order”, various documents were signed, but the processes in Czechoslovakia were no longer subject to the leadership of A. Dubcek - they could not and did not want to turn them back;
• on the night of August 21, 1968, the armies of the USSR and the countries of the Warsaw Treaty (except Romania) invaded Czechoslovakia and occupied the territory of the country;
• the army of Czechoslovakia offered no resistance, although there were casualties as a result of clashes between youth and troops;
• as a result, under pressure from the troops in 1969, a new pro-Brezhnev leadership headed by G. Husak came to power in Czechoslovakia, A. Dubcek's reforms were stopped, Czechoslovakia was returned to the "socialist camp".

In 1980 - 1981 in Poland, mass anti-government demonstrations began, which were led by the workers' trade union "Solidarity" under the leadership of Lech Valeta. The Polish leadership suppressed the riots on their own. In December 1981 martial law was introduced in Poland and repressions began.

3. Despite the crises in the socialist countries, the USSR made an attempt to export socialism. On December 27, 1979, the USSR, having staked on one of the Marxist Afghan groups led by Babrak Karmalsm, sent troops into Afghanistan and tried, together with the Afghan communists (the PDPA party), to build a pro-Soviet socialist society in feudal Afghanistan. This policy led to a 10-year full-scale war in 1979-1989, which became a destabilizing factor in the USSR, claimed the lives of more than 15 thousand Soviet soldiers, and led to a sharp cooling of the situation in the world.

4. The war in Afghanistan led to a new round of the Cold War:

• normal Soviet-American relations were interrupted for 6 years;
• most of the capitalist countries, led by the United States, boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow;
• in response to this, in 1984 the USSR and the socialist countries boycotted the Olympic Games in the USA, Los Angeles;
• in 1983, the US began deploying new medium-range missiles in Europe;
• US President R. Reagan proclaimed the USSR an "evil empire" and announced the creation in the future of a "space shield" - a missile defense system that would shoot down Soviet missiles from space (the "Star Wars" program);
• in 1983, the USSR shot down a South Korean passenger plane that invaded Soviet airspace, which was mistaken for a reconnaissance aircraft.

The ongoing arms race, destroying the budget of the USSR, exceeded all common sense.

Nuclear arsenals many times exceeded the required number. For example, in 1983, the city of Kyiv alone, in the event of war, would have been subjected to 40 nuclear strikes simultaneously, when 1-2 nuclear missiles were enough to completely destroy the city. Similar plans existed for other cities. The world was on the verge of a global nuclear catastrophe.

5. After the death of L.I. Brezhnev in 1982, an attempt was made to reform in the USSR. These reforms are associated with the name of Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (1914 - 1984), who in 1956 was the USSR ambassador to the rebellious Hungary, and the chairman of the KGB in 1967 - 1982. and elected as the new General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1982. Andropov's reforms were superficial, cosmetic. Basically, they concerned the establishment of discipline and order in the country, the prosecution of shadow business. In particular, a “cotton case” was initiated, in which a number of senior leaders of Uzbekistan were accused of large-scale cotton theft. The initiated reforms were interrupted by the premature death of the seriously ill Yu.V. Andropov at the beginning of 1984.

6. The new leader of the party and the USSR - the aged Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (1911 - 1985) - also proclaimed reforms. Chernenko was the first to announce the beginning of "perestroika" in the USSR and coined this term. However, few paid attention to this. In fact, only the school reform of 1984 began, no other significant reforms were carried out. Like Yu.V. Andropov, K.U. Chernenko, during his tenure as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, due to extremely poor health, was practically incapacitated.

1 year and 1 month after his election, March 10, 1985, K.U. Chernenko died after a severe long illness. A few hours later, on March 11, 1985, 54-year-old M.S. was hastily elected as the new General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Gorbachev, who was 20 years younger than his predecessors. The time of change began in the USSR.

To get to know yourself better, a person can turn to various sources. One of them is the Chinese horoscope, which can tell a lot about a person. This article will be useful for those for whom the year 1970 is very important in life. What animal does he represent and what can be said about people born in a given year - we will tell about all this now.

Correct numbers

First of all, it should be noted that you need to be able to read Chinese horoscopes correctly. So, an important point may be the fact that the year in the Land of the Rising Sun does not begin on January 1, as we do, but on the first day of the new lunar month. As for 1970, it began in the east and ended only on January 26, 1971 (according to our usual calculations). Therefore, the period from January 1 to February 5, 1970 still belongs to the Yellow Earth Rooster, and only from February 6 does the Dog come into its possession. So, 1970 - which animal does it represent? This is a dog. However, it is by no means simple. So, in this case it's the White Metal Dog.

About character

How can you characterize a person born under this sign? So, these are people who definitely believe in themselves and always steadfastly go towards the intended goal. On this path, nothing and no one will stop such people, and the Dog can use all means available to it to achieve it. If something does not work out for the representatives of this sign, they punish themselves for this, as they say, "bite themselves." What else can tell the Year of the Dog (1970)? As for requests, they are quite small for such people, they don’t need much. However, for their loved ones and for relatives, they can, if necessary, move mountains and get everything they need, just to satisfy their needs. 1970, which animal represents - figured it out. It is worth saying what is missing in the character of such people. Yes, they have a certain stiffness. For easier communication with others, such people lack emancipation and sociability. Sometimes it is very difficult for Dogs to find a common language not only with others, but even with close people.

Dog Man

1970, which animal according to the horoscope does it represent? This is the White Metal Dog. What can be said about the representatives of this sign from the strong half of humanity? Such men are often very gifted individuals, however, due to their stiffness and indecision, they rarely achieve special heights in the labor field. However, if the Dog is pushed in the back from time to time, it can achieve excellent results and reach certain heights in its favorite business. It is important to say that such men are wonderful friends. They are an excellent support for loved ones, their defenders. For his man, the male Dog will tear any enemy. As for relationships with the opposite sex, while the Dog is single, he can have several intrigues in parallel, this will not bother him at all. However, the family - the wife and children - are still the most important thing in life for the representatives of this sign, and for them such a man is ready for anything. In the event of a break in relations, the Dog will not be too stubborn, because he will decide that it is he who needs to retire, because he will blame himself exclusively for all troubles.

Dog Woman

1970, which animal represents - figured it out. A few words must be said about female Dogs. As for the fair sex, they reach heights in their careers faster and easier than men. In combination with a rather interesting appearance, the lively mind of the Dog helps her a lot in life. It is worth saying that such women also have a very developed intuition, they are able to quickly and easily make the necessary decisions in difficult situations. As for leadership positions, the Dog does not strive for them, always being content with what she has. In friendship, the lady of this zodiac sign is very selective and not everyone will be allowed into the circle of close friends. In society, he tries not to stand out, remaining a little behind the whole crowd. The most important meaning of life for the Dog Woman is, of course, the family. However, if the husband of such a lady is weaker than her, or does not correspond to her ideal, such a woman will easily commit adultery and even replace her partner.

Compatibility

What else can be important for those whose year of birth is 1970? The horoscope can also tell you which signs are best to cooperate with and which are best to avoid. Positive unions: for friendship - the Tiger and the Horse, for business - the Rooster and the Hare, for love - the Pig and the Dog. The worst option in any relationship will be the Dragon, it is better for the Dog to avoid such people.

At the grave of I.V. Stalin, a monument with a bust of the deceased was erected near the Kremlin wall - 9 years after his removal from the Mausoleum.
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June 25, 1970, at the grave of I.V. Stalin, a monument with a bust of the deceased was erected near the Kremlin wall - 9 years after his removal from the Mausoleum.
It was the first new monument to Stalin in the USSR after 1961 - a bust on his grave in Red Square. This event was the pinnacle of Brezhnev's "restoration of the good name of Stalin."
Here it must be recalled that in 1961 the first, in a modern way, “statuefall” or “Stalin fell” took place in the USSR. The removal of Stalin's body from the Mausoleum was approved by the XXII Party Congress, and the most emotional speech at the congress on this occasion was the speech of the old Bolshevik Dora Lazurkina, who personally knew Lenin and spent about 17 years after 1937 in camps and exile. She stated:
- Yesterday I consulted with Ilyich, as if he stood before me as if alive and said: it is unpleasant for me to be next to Stalin, who brought so much trouble to the party.
The hall met her words, according to the transcript of the congress, with "stormy, prolonged applause" and voted for the corresponding decision. (“It’s just, in my opinion, some kind of witch,” the disgraced Vyacheslav Molotov was indignant at this performance. “In a dream he sees how Lenin scolds Stalin”).
The image of Stalin disappeared from everywhere. His body was taken out of the Mausoleum, the monuments were destroyed, the images on the buildings and in the subway were erased. The national anthem became a "song without words" because it also mentioned the forbidden name. It disappeared from the map of the country, from the names of the streets, only in some cities of Georgia "Dzhugashvili's streets" were preserved. The whole campaign was caustically ridiculed by the then anecdote, according to which the inscription was embossed on Stalin's tombstone: "Joseph Dzhugashvili, participant in the Tiflis demonstration."
After Khrushchev's resignation in 1964, many expected the "resurrection" of Stalin. There was talk among the people that Stalin was lying in the grave safe and sound, because the coffin was sealed. Now his body will be taken out and put back in the Mausoleum.
And the new First Secretary of the Central Committee took several steps to meet these expectations. For the first time, Brezhnev mentioned Stalin in a solemn report on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Victory. The historian S. Semanov recalled: "What began in the hall! A frantic flurry of applause seemed to shake the walls of the Kremlin Palace, which had seen so much. Someone began to get up, the first welcoming cries sounded ...". It seems that next to the speaker, just like the shadow of the Danish king, the ghost of Stalin himself appeared. Brezhnev began to quickly read the following phrases, and the agitated hall involuntarily calmed down. The "Ghost" reluctantly left.
Brezhnev made his next mention in November 1966, in Stalin's homeland, Georgia. He listed seven Georgian revolutionaries, Joseph Stalin was named in a general row, alphabetically. But only his name was greeted by the audience with applause ...
However, this met with opposition. In February 1966, the well-known "letter of 25" by major figures of Soviet science, literature and art appeared against the rehabilitation of Stalin. Among the signatories were seven academicians, including the Nobel laureates Kapitsa and Tamm, the writers Paustovsky and Chukovsky, the ballerina Plisetskaya, almost two dozen laureates of the Stalin and Lenin Prizes, among others, and Academician Sakharov.
In those years, Leonid Ilyich, apparently, quite often thought about how far one could and should go in the rehabilitation of Stalin. Alexei Doinikov, a Kremlin dentist, said: "Leonid Ilyich often came to me just to talk. And sometimes our conversation was quite sharp. Once he asked:" Do you think it is necessary to rehabilitate Stalin or not? , it is necessary, but not in the way everyone thinks. I must say what was positive and what was negative. And do not speak badly about the deceased. "
It is curious that Brezhnev was interested in the opinion of a dentist, that is, a representative of "ordinary people", but he had to reckon more, of course, with the opinion of not ordinary, but influential people. And what was Brezhnev's own attitude? According to Alexander Bovin, "he treated Stalin with respect ... He sympathized with Stalin and inwardly could not accept his debunking." Leonid Ilyich explained his position: "Stalin did a lot and, in the end, under his leadership the country won the war - he will still be given his due."
“Surprising as it may seem,” recalled Lyubov Brezhnev, the Secretary General’s niece, “my uncle predicted that after his death he would be so disgraced. I remember he said: “The people have no memory.” And he gave the example of Stalin. “The people will quickly forget me,” Leonid Ilyich remarked, “and will let themselves be deceived, as if for the first time. They went to death for Stalin, and then trampled his grave with their feet.”
As a result, the extremes of the previous debunking were simply softened. Stalin returned to historical films, novels, books. When he appeared on the screen, applause often broke out among the audience in the cinema hall. Some drivers began to attach portraits of Stalin to the windshield of their cars ... And now the pinnacle of this cautious semi-rehabilitation was the appearance of a monument to Stalin on his grave. The first monument to Stalin after 1961! And besides, in such a sacred place - on Red Square, near the Kremlin wall! It was sculpted by the sculptor Nikolai Tomsky. The installation of the bust took place shortly after Stalin's 90th birthday.
However, Stalin's justification stopped there. Although many war veterans demanded to go further: to return the name of Stalin to Volgograd. As the former head of the capital, Viktor Grishin, recalled, the Kremlin "often received letters from Volgograd residents: return the glorious name of Stalingrad to us. They were even shown at the Politburo." To which Leonid Ilyich "simply said: there are such letters ... but it's probably not worth it. Although over there in Paris there is both Stalingrad Square and a street." However, they nevertheless made a small concession to the veterans, in the characteristic spirit of the era (a step forward - half a step back): a new avenue appeared in the city on the Volga - Heroes of Stalingrad ...
By the way, I remember the first time I heard, or rather, read the name of Stalin. It was in December 1979, I was in elementary school. In the corridor of the school, high school students hung out their wall newspapers (each class, starting somewhere from the 8th, had its own newspaper; one of the wall newspapers, for example, was romantically called "Brigantine"). And in one of them a small article appeared on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the birth of the famous revolutionary I.V. Stalin (Dzhugashvili). It was written quite in the spirit of "Joseph Dzhugashvili, a participant in the Tbilisi demonstration" - then I did not even understand from it that Stalin was the leader of the country. From the article, I only got the strong impression that something was wrong with this fiery revolutionary. It seems that he did everything well, took the right line, but then it was said that "Stalin's personality cult was condemned by the 20th Party Congress." I left the wall newspaper with a vague feeling that in this figure, despite all his listed merits, there was clearly something anti-Soviet ...
The episode with an attempt to rehabilitate Trotsky under Brezhnev is less known, but he repeated the same plot in general terms.
In November 1967, the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution was solemnly celebrated. Back in the summer, Brezhnev prepared a draft report for this anniversary. “We tried,” A. Bovin recalled, “to carefully begin the rehabilitation of Lenin’s closest associates: Trotsky, Bukharin, Zinoviev, Kamenev. And we inserted a neat phrase into the report that, they say, the following comrades played a big role in the October coup ...”
Note that the "restoration of the good name of Stalin" began exactly the same - with a positive mention in official speeches. Later, during perestroika, the “rehabilitation of Bukharin” took place exactly according to the same scheme.
Bovin: "Calls. He sits gloomy, obviously upset. He fiddles with paper in his hands:
– Read.
Reading. The text is something like this: as soon as these scoundrels even dared to think about the rehabilitation of the sworn enemies of the party and the Soviet state. Such revisionists must not only be immediately expelled from the Central Committee, but from the Party in general. And the signatures of important official academics."
- Finished the game, - Leonid Ilyich joked sadly, - soon you will have to be rehabilitated, and you will go there ... Trotsky ...
And he explained his attitude: "You understand, the party is not ready yet. They will not understand us. The time has not yet come."
Oddly enough, both "cautious rehabilitations" met the same resistance in the upper strata of Soviet society and eventually got stuck in this resistance, only one moved a little further, and the other did not even reach the first stage (mentions in official speeches). Why? Because Trotsky aroused even greater hostility and opposition from "important academicians" than Stalin.
Well, what about now? The latest news from the Kharkov region: there, on June 24, a monument to Lenin was destroyed on Kharkovskaya Street in the city of Chuguev. As is now customary in the Maidan Ukraine, "unknowns" attacked the monument and sawed it in half.
The militia languidly promises to find "offenders". It is interesting that, despite the fact that the law on "decommunization" has already been adopted, the Leninist fighters still act secretly, like thieves, usually under the cover of night darkness and in masks. Out of habit, right? Although, if you remember, then the first "statue-making" of 1961 in the USSR also passed stealthily, at night. And the body of Stalin was taken out of the Mausoleum under the cover of darkness, tightly cordoning off Red Square from passers-by and the curious ...
The fact that the post-Soviet "elite" hates all the leaders of the revolution with uterine, internal hatred is understandable. Slave owners tend to hate rioters like Spartak or Pugachev, noble aristocrats with a long pedigree - Robespierre and even Napoleon Bonaparte. Our post-Soviet aristocrats like Mikhalkov, tight moneybags or princes of the church also hate Lenin, and Dzerzhinsky, and Stalin, and even the kindest Leonid Ilyich. Everyone. There is no need to even explain anything.

The year 1970 in the Soviet Union began with a population census. On January 15, this grandiose campaign was launched. It was then that it turned out that the most popular names this year were: Natalya, Olga, Elena, Svetlana, Tatyana, Sergey, Alexander, Andrey, Igor and Dmitry. If you were born in 1970, this is probably the name of many of your high school friends. By the end of the 60s, fashion had “narrowed” the list so much that scientists were alarmed: the birth rate is growing, and the composition of personal names is depleted, and the number of namesakes is threateningly increasing. True, in the villages and small towns in the outback of Russia, Eduards, and Alexs, and Alfreds, and Jeans, and Isoldes were born in 1970 - they had their own fashion. Just like with the "cream" of the capital's intelligentsia: Ivana, Grigory, Fedora, Evdokia and Martha were in use here.
But these are rather exceptions.
Not to say that 1970 was a gloomy year: the United States was working on the Moon with might and main and launched the Boeing 747 for the first time, and the 100th anniversary of V. I. Lenin was celebrated in the Soviet Union.
And this year, Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, in an open letter, put forward demands for the democratization of society, the first Zhiguli, the famous “penny,” rolled off the VAZ assembly line, Paul McCartney announced the breakup of the Beatles, and the XVI Congress of the Komsomol was held in Moscow. The epoch-making film "Running" based on the play by Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov was released on the screens of Soviet cinemas, and at the Leningrad airport 12 Soviet citizens (mostly Jews) made an unsuccessful attempt to hijack a passenger airliner.
That's how it was, this rather calm 1970.

—Vasily Ivanovich and John Lennon go to the Kremlin to look for the truth. And meet them Muhammad Ali. - Who is this black? - asks Vasily Ivanovich ... Vasily Ivanovich and John Lennon go to the Kremlin to look for the truth. And meet them Muhammad Ali. - Who is this black? - asks Vasily Ivanovich. - ABOUT! This is Solzhenitsyn, Lennon replies respectfully. - Well, it’s necessary to denigrate a person like that, - Vasily Ivanovich sighs. Type: Sadistic rhymes

—One young soldier was sitting in a restaurant drinking red wine. A very beautiful girl in a white dress approached him. They met and she gave him... One young soldier was sitting in a restaurant drinking red wine. A very beautiful girl in a white dress approached him. They met and she gave him her phone number. She wrote it on a napkin and handed it to him. And he accidentally knocked over the wine. A few large drops fell on the girl's white dress. In the evening he made a phone call. An elderly woman picked up the phone. He asked the girl to the phone, and the woman burst into tears and said that the one he needed was her daughter, and that she died two years ago. He replied that this could not be, because he saw her this morning and talked to her ... It came to the point that they dug up the grave in order to shed light on this dark matter. When this man saw the girl, he immediately recognized her. She had fresh drops of wine on her dress. And then a voice was heard: - Get out of here. Whoever looks long will soon die.

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January 15-22 - All-Union population census.
The census took place on January 15, 1970. In organizational and methodological terms, it corresponded to the two previous ones (1939 and 1959), but much more data was obtained. For the first time in the practice of Soviet censuses, in order to save time and money, part of the information was collected by questioning not all, but only 25% of the inhabitants. The questionnaire consisted of eleven questions. This was complemented by responses to 7 sample census questions. The work on the census for cities and their suburban areas approved on a special list (cities with a population of over 500 thousand inhabitants) included recording the movement of the population from the place of residence to the place of work, study. A special registration form for the movement of the population was introduced, which was filled in by workers, employees and students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions.
The question of citizenship was connected with the question of nationality. Moreover, Soviet citizens answered about nationality, and foreigners answered about citizenship. Students were required to indicate the type of institution instead of the full name in the 1959 census. An interesting innovation was the recommendation, after writing in the top line of the native language, to persons who can speak fluently in any other language of the peoples of the USSR, indicate this.
A feature of this census was the collection of information on the migration of the population, expressed in such questions: “How long does one continuously live in this locality”; “For a person living less than 2 years, indicate the place of previous permanent residence”; Reason for relocation.
An attempt was made to study the duration of work in seasonal and other sectors of the economy, to compare the average annual number of employees according to the census with current statistics. This could be done by receiving answers to the following question of the program: “For a person working in 1969 for an incomplete year, underline: he worked permanently, seasonally or temporarily and indicate the duration of work in the months of 1969.”
In addition, continuous observation covered persons of working age employed in household and personal subsidiary farming (men aged 16-59 and women aged 16-54).
In the 1970 census, the sampling method of obtaining and controlling data was widely used. This has become a new phenomenon in our statistics.
In the 1970 census, it was allowed to fill in the census questionnaires by the respondents themselves
On March 10, 1970, the program “Man and Law” appeared on the Central Television of the USSR.
April 21-22 - Joint ceremonial meeting of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses in Moscow, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of V. I. Lenin.
May 6 - Signing in Prague of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the USSR and Czechoslovakia.
May 26-30 - 16th Congress of the Komsomol.
July 2-3 - Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU; adoption of the resolution "Immediate Tasks of the Party in the Field of Agriculture".
July 7 - Signing in Bucharest of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the USSR and Romania.
August 12 - Signing in Moscow of the Treaty between the USSR and the FRG.
September 20 - Soft landing on the lunar surface of the automatic station "Luna-16"; drilled and collected soil and brought it to Earth.
November 17 - For the first time in the world, the automatic station "Luna-17" delivered to the moon a radio-controlled self-propelled vehicle "Lunokhod-1" with scientific equipment from the Earth.
December 15 - Soft landing on the surface of Venus of the automatic station "Venera-7" with scientific equipment.