Report on air in chemistry. What is air made of? Atmosphere environmental pollution

Wood materials and products 14.07.2020

Wood materials and products

Our planet is reliably protected from the negative influence from outer space by an amazing shell - the atmosphere, without which life on Earth would be unthinkable.

Many people know that without air a person can live no more than 5-9 minutes, but not everyone understands what air is and what this vital substance that forms the earth's atmosphere consists of. Let's try to figure it out.

The word "air" came about due to the addition of the prefix "voz" to the Old Slavonic word dѹhъ, which means "spirit", "breathe", "breathe". The prefix voz- has an Old Russian origin and is identified with the preposition "up" or the noun "rise".

For more than a thousand years, the ancient Greek word aer (ἀηρ), translated as "air", was present in the Slavic language. Subsequently, it was practically forgotten, although it is still found in some toponyms - airplane, aerowalk, aerodynamics.

Air is the main condition for the existence of all living things. In fact, it is a natural mixture of gases that are directly involved in the cycle of substances in nature. In its composition, the air contains about 21% oxygen, which, during breathing, enters the cells of our body and contributes to the release vital energy.

Another important component of it is nitrogen, the volume of which in the atmosphere exceeds 78%. In small quantities, the air contains carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, argon, neon and a number of other chemical elements, as well as water vapor, the volume of which directly affects the total atmospheric mass.

Since air is a natural mixture of gases, its mass per unit volume (density) can vary depending on changes in the proportions of certain components, as well as on humidity, temperature and altitude at which this value will be measured. As a rule, 1.225 kg⁄m3 is taken as the basis, which is usually fixed at sea level at a temperature of +15 °C.

When the thermometer rises to +35 °C, the air mass decreases to 1.1455 kg/m3, and when the temperature drops to -25 °C, it increases to 1.4224 kg/m3. In addition to density, one of the physical properties of air is molar mass, i.e. the ratio of its density to the number of moles. This indicator remains unchanged and is 28.98 g/mol.

In cities (especially in metropolitan areas and industrial centers), harmful gases enter the air during the combustion of gasoline, various chemicals, coal (in thermal thermal power plants) and all kinds of artificial materials. The greatest harm to the ecology of cities is caused by vehicles and activities of enterprises that pollute the atmosphere with foreign impurities. In addition to nitrogen, oxygen and carbon, the air contains large settlements there are oxides of methane, sulfur dioxide and other substances that have a negative impact on the biosphere of our planet.

Today, all over the world, scientists and environmentalists are making every effort to minimize the number of harmful emissions into the atmosphere and prevent its pollution. To this end, environmentally friendly modes of transport are being created, heating systems, using in their work the power of the sun and wind, as well as new technologies to ensure environmental safety in production. However, each person himself can do a lot for environment by doing daily simple rules- do not wash cars in natural reservoirs, do not smoke, put out fires in the park after a picnic, and much more.

Most modern countries Air temperature is usually measured in degrees Celsius, which provides for 0 ° C as the temperature of melting ice, and +100 ° C - boiling point of water. In some states, the Fahrenheit scale is used, according to which the difference between the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water is divided by 180 °.

To measure temperature, liquid or mercury glass thermometers are most often used, less often - electrical and mechanical, as well as optical, registering degrees by changing the spectrum of light, its level and other indicators.

Air humidity is determined by a psychrometer (psychometric hygrometer), consisting of dry and wet alcohol thermometers. The difference between their indicators determines the rate of evaporation of water, and hence the humidity.

The chemical composition of the air is of great hygienic importance, since it plays a decisive role in the implementation of the respiratory function of the body. Atmospheric air is a mixture of oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon and other gases in the ratios given in Table. one.

Oxygen(O2) - the most important for a person component air. At rest, a person usually absorbs an average of 0.3 liters of oxygen per minute.

During physical activity, oxygen consumption rises sharply and can reach 4.5/5 liters or more in 1 minute. Fluctuations in the oxygen content in the atmospheric air are small and do not exceed, as a rule, 0.5%.

In residential, public and sports facilities significant changes in the oxygen content is not observed, since outside air penetrates into them. Under the most unfavorable hygienic conditions in the room, a decrease in the oxygen content by 1% was noted. Such fluctuations do not have a noticeable effect on the body.

Usually, physiological changes are observed when the oxygen content decreases to 16-17%. If its content decreases to 11-13% (when climbing to a height), a pronounced oxygen deficiency appears, a sharp deterioration in well-being and a decrease in working capacity. An oxygen content of up to 7-8% can be fatal.

In sports practice, in order to increase the efficiency and intensity of recovery processes, oxygen inhalation is used.

Carbon dioxide(CO2), or carbon dioxide, is a colorless, odorless gas formed during the respiration of people and animals, rotting and decomposition organic matter, fuel combustion, etc. In the atmospheric air outside settlements, the content of carbon dioxide is on average 0.04%, and in industrial centers its concentration rises to 0.05-0.06%. In residential and public buildings, when there are a large number of people in them, the content of carbon dioxide can increase up to 0.6-0.8%. Under the worst hygienic conditions in the room (large crowds, poor ventilation, etc.), its concentration usually does not exceed 1% due to the penetration of outside air. Such concentrations do not cause negative effects in the body.

With prolonged inhalation of air with a content of 1 - 1.5% carbon dioxide, a deterioration in health is noted, and at 2-2.5%, pathological changes are detected. Significant disturbances in body functions and a decrease in efficiency occur when the carbon dioxide content is 4-5%. At a content of 8-10%, loss of consciousness and death occurs. A significant increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the air can occur in emergency situations in confined spaces (mines, mines, submarines, bomb shelters, etc.) or in places where there is an intensive decomposition of organic matter.

Determination of carbon dioxide content in residential, public and sports facilities can serve as an indirect indicator of air pollution by human waste products. As already noted, carbon dioxide itself in these cases does not harm the body, however, along with an increase in its content, a deterioration in the physical and chemical properties of the air is observed (temperature and humidity increase, the ionic composition is disturbed, foul-smelling gases appear). Indoor air is considered poor quality if the carbon dioxide content in it exceeds 0.1%. This value is taken as a calculated one when designing and installing ventilation in rooms.

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The chemical composition of the air It has importance in the implementation of the respiratory function. Atmospheric air is a mixture of gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, neon, krypton, xenon, hydrogen, ozone, etc. Oxygen is the most important. At rest, a person absorbs 0.3 l / min. During physical activity, oxygen consumption increases and can reach 4.5–8 l/min. Fluctuations in the oxygen content in the atmosphere are small and do not exceed 0.5%. If the oxygen content decreases to 11-13%, there are phenomena of oxygen deficiency.

An oxygen content of 7-8% can lead to death. Carbon dioxide - colorless and odorless, is formed during respiration and decay, combustion of fuel. In the atmosphere it is 0.04%, and in industrial areas - 0.05-0.06%. With a large crowd of people, it can increase to 0.6 - 0.8%. With prolonged inhalation of air with a content of 1-1.5% carbon dioxide, a deterioration in well-being is noted, and with 2-2.5% - pathological changes. At 8-10% loss of consciousness and death, the air has a pressure called atmospheric or barometric. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), hectopascals (hPa), millibars (mb). Normal pressure is considered to be atmospheric pressure at sea level at a latitude of 45˚ at an air temperature of 0˚С. It is equal to 760 mm Hg. (Indoor air is considered to be of poor quality if it contains 1% carbon dioxide. This value is taken as a calculated value when designing and installing ventilation in rooms.

Air pollution. Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas, formed during incomplete combustion of fuel and enters the atmosphere with industrial emissions and exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. In megacities, its concentration can reach up to 50-200 mg/m3. When smoking tobacco, carbon monoxide enters the body. Carbon monoxide is a blood and general toxic poison. It blocks hemoglobin, it loses the ability to carry oxygen to the tissues. Acute poisoning occurs when the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air is 200-500 mg/m3. At the same time, it is observed headache, general weakness, nausea, vomiting. The maximum allowable concentration is average daily 0 1 mg/m3, single - 6 mg/m3. The air can be polluted with sulfur dioxide, soot, tarry substances, nitrogen oxides, carbon disulfide.

Microorganisms. In small quantities, they are always in the air, where they are carried with soil dust. Microbes released into the atmosphere infectious diseases quickly die. Of particular danger in the epidemiological relationship is the air of residential premises and sports facilities. For example, in wrestling halls, the content of microbes up to 26,000 in 1 m3 of air is observed. Aerogenic infections in such air spread very quickly.

Dust is a light dense particles of mineral or organic origin, getting into the lungs of dust, it lingers there and causes various diseases. Industrial dust (lead, chromium) can cause poisoning. In cities, dust should not exceed 0.15 mg/m3. Sports grounds must be watered regularly, have a green area, and carry out wet cleaning. Sanitary protection zones have been established for all enterprises polluting the atmosphere. In accordance with the hazard class, they have different sizes: for enterprises of the 1st class - 1000 m, 2 - 500 m, 3 - 300 m, 4 -100 m, 5 - 50 m. When placing sports facilities near enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the wind rose, sanitary protective zones, the degree of air pollution, etc.

One of the important measures for the protection of the air environment is preventive and current sanitary supervision and systematic monitoring of the state of atmospheric air. It is produced using automated system monitoring.

Clean atmospheric air near the Earth's surface has the following chemical composition: oxygen - 20.93%, carbon dioxide - 0.03-0.04%, nitrogen - 78.1%, argon, helium, krypton 1%.

Exhaled air contains 25% less oxygen and 100 times more carbon dioxide.
Oxygen. The most important constituent of air. It ensures the course of redox processes in the body. An adult at rest consumes 12 liters of oxygen. physical work 10 times more. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin.

Ozone. Chemically unstable gas, capable of absorbing solar short-wave ultraviolet radiation, which has a detrimental effect on all living things. Ozone absorbs long-wave infrared radiation coming from the Earth and thus prevents its excessive cooling (Earth's ozone layer). Under the influence of UV radiation, ozone decomposes into a molecule and an oxygen atom. Ozone is a bactericidal agent for water disinfection. In nature, it is formed during electrical discharges, during the evaporation of water, during ultraviolet radiation, during thunderstorms, in the mountains and in coniferous forests.

Carbon dioxide. It is formed as a result of redox processes occurring in the body of people and animals, fuel combustion, decay of organic substances. In the air of cities, the concentration of carbon dioxide is increased due to industrial emissions - up to 0.045%, in residential premises - up to 0.6-0.85. An adult at rest emits 22 liters of carbon dioxide per hour, and during physical work - 2-3 times more. Signs of deterioration in a person's well-being appear only with prolonged inhalation of air containing 1-1.5% carbon dioxide, pronounced functional changes - at a concentration of 2-2.5% and pronounced symptoms (headache, general weakness, shortness of breath, palpitations, decrease in performance) - at 3-4%. The hygienic significance of carbon dioxide lies in the fact that it serves as an indirect indicator of general air pollution. The norm of carbon dioxide in gyms is 0.1%.

Nitrogen. An indifferent gas serves as a diluent for other gases. Increased inhalation of nitrogen can have a narcotic effect.

Carbon monoxide. It is formed during the incomplete combustion of organic substances. Has no color or smell. The concentration in the atmosphere depends on the intensity of vehicular traffic. Penetrating through the pulmonary alveoli into the blood, it forms carboxyhemoglobin, as a result, hemoglobin loses its ability to carry oxygen. The maximum allowable average daily concentration of carbon monoxide is 1 mg/m3. Toxic doses of carbon monoxide in the air are 0.25-0.5 mg/l. With prolonged exposure, headache, fainting, palpitations.

Sulphur dioxide. It enters the atmosphere as a result of burning fuels rich in sulfur (coal). It is formed during roasting and melting of sulfur ores, during dyeing of fabrics. It irritates the mucous membranes of the eyes and the upper respiratory tract. The threshold of sensation is 0.002-0.003 mg / l. Gas has a harmful effect on vegetation, especially coniferous trees.
Mechanical impurities of air come in the form of smoke, soot, soot, crushed soil particles and other solids. The dust content of the air depends on the nature of the soil (sand, clay, asphalt), its sanitary condition (watering, cleaning), air pollution by industrial emissions, and the sanitary condition of the premises.

Dust mechanically irritates the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. Systematic inhalation of dust causes respiratory diseases. When breathing through the nose, up to 40-50% of dust is retained. Microscopic dust, which is in a suspended state for a long time, is the most unfavorable in terms of hygiene. The electric charge of the dust enhances its ability to penetrate the lungs and linger in them. Dust. containing lead, arsenic, chromium, and other toxic substances, causes typical poisoning phenomena, and when penetrated not only by inhalation, but also through the skin and gastrointestinal tract. In dusty air, the intensity of solar radiation and air ionization are significantly reduced. To prevent the adverse effects of dust on the body, residential buildings are disposed to air pollutants from the windward side. Sanitary protection zones 50-1000 m wide and more are arranged between them. In residential premises, systematic wet cleaning, ventilation of premises, change of shoes and outerwear, use of non-dusty soils and watering in open areas.

air microorganisms. Bacterial air pollution, as well as other environmental objects (water, soil), is dangerous in epidemiological terms. There are various microorganisms in the air: bacteria, viruses, mold fungi, yeast cells. The most common is the airborne method of transmission of infections: a large number of microbes enter the air, when breathing, they enter the Airways healthy people. For example, when talking loudly, and even more so when coughing and sneezing, the smallest droplets are sprayed at a distance of 1-1.5 m and spread with air to 8-9 m. These droplets can be in suspension for 4-5 hours, but in most cases settle in 40-60 minutes. In dust, the influenza virus and diphtheria bacilli remain viable for 120-150 days. There is a well-known relationship: the more dust in the indoor air, the more abundant the content of microflora in it.

The chemical composition of the air

Air is a mixture of gases that form a protective layer around the Earth - the atmosphere. Air is necessary for all living organisms: animals for breathing, and plants for food. In addition, the air protects the Earth from the destructive ultraviolet radiation of the Sun. The main constituents of air are nitrogen and oxygen. In the air there are also small impurities of noble gases, carbon dioxide and a certain amount of solid particles - soot, dust. All animals need air to breathe. About 21% of air is oxygen. An oxygen molecule (O2) consists of two bonded oxygen atoms.

Composition of air

The percentage of various gases in the air varies slightly depending on the place, time of year and day. Nitrogen and oxygen are the main components of air. One percent of the air is made up of noble gases, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide. The gases in air can be separated by fractional distillation. The air is cooled until the gases become liquid (see the article "Solids, Liquids and Gases"). After this, the liquid mixture is heated. Each liquid has its own boiling point, and the gases formed during boiling can be collected separately. Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide constantly fall from the air into living organisms and return to the air, i.e. a cycle takes place. Animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.

Oxygen

Oxygen is essential for life. Animals breathe it, use it to digest food and get energy. During the day, a process occurs in plants photosynthesis and plants release oxygen. Oxygen is also required for combustion; without oxygen, nothing can burn. Almost 50% of the compounds in the earth's crust and the world's oceans contain oxygen. Ordinary sand is a combination of silicon and oxygen. Oxygen is used in breathing apparatus for divers and in hospitals. Oxygen is also used in steel production (see Iron, Steel and Other Materials) and rocketry (see Rockets and Spacecraft).

In the upper atmosphere, oxygen atoms combine in threes to form the ozone (O3) molecule. Ozone is an allotropic modification of oxygen. Ozone is a poisonous gas, but in the atmosphere, the ozone layer protects our planet by absorbing most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation (for more details, see the article "The Sun's Impact on Earth").

Nitrogen

More than 78% of the air is nitrogen. The proteins from which living organisms are built also contain nitrogen. The main industrial application of nitrogen is ammonia production needed for fertilizer. For this, nitrogen is combined with hydrogen. Nitrogen is pumped into packages for meat or fish, because. when exposed to ordinary air, the products oxidize and deteriorate. Human organs intended for transplantation are stored in liquid nitrogen because it is cold and chemically inert. The nitrogen (N2) molecule consists of two linked nitrogen atoms.

Plants obtain nitrogen from the soil in the form of nitrates and use it for protein synthesis. Animals eat plants, and nitrogen compounds are returned to the soil with animal excretions, as well as when their dead bodies decompose. In the soil, nitrogen compounds are decomposed by bacteria with the release of ammonia, and then free nitrogen. Other bacteria take up nitrogen from the air and convert it into plant-available nitrates.

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a compound of carbon and oxygen. The air contains about 0.003% carbon dioxide. A carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule consists of two oxygen atoms and one carbon atom. Carbon dioxide is one of the elements of the carbon cycle. Plants take it in during photosynthesis and animals breathe it out. Carbon dioxide is also formed during the combustion of substances containing carbon, such as wood or gasoline. Since our cars and factories burn so much fuel, the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is growing. Most substances cannot burn in carbon dioxide, which is why it is used in fire extinguishers. Carbon dioxide is denser than air. It "suffocates" the flame, blocking the access of oxygen. Carbon dioxide dissolves slightly in water, forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Solid carbon dioxide is called dry ice. When dry ice melts, it turns into gas; it is used to create artificial clouds in the theatre.

Air pollution

Soot and poisonous gases - carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide - pollute the atmosphere. Carbon monoxide is formed during combustion. Many substances burn out so quickly that they do not have time to attach enough oxygen and carbon monoxide (CO) is formed instead of carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon monoxide is highly toxic; it prevents the blood of animals from carrying oxygen. There is only one oxygen atom in a carbon monoxide molecule. Car exhaust contains carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, which causes acid rain. Sulfur dioxide is released when fossil fuels, especially coal, are burned. It is poisonous and makes breathing difficult. In addition, it dissolves in water and causes acid rain. Particles of dust and co-sweat emitted into the atmosphere by enterprises also pollute the air; we breathe them in, they settle on the plants. Lead is added to gasoline for better combustion (however, these days many cars run on lead-free gasoline). Lead compounds accumulate in the body and adversely affect the nervous system. In children, they can cause brain damage.

acid rain

Rainwater always contains a little acidity due to dissolved carbon dioxide, but pollutants (sulphur and nitrogen dioxide) increase the acidity of the rain. Acid rain corrodes metals, corrodes stone structures and increases the acidity of fresh water.

noble gases

Noble gases are 6 elements of the 8th group of the periodic table. They are extremely inert chemically. Only they exist in the form of separate atoms that do not form molecules. Because of their passivity, lamps are filled with some of them. Xenon is practically not used by humans, but argon is pumped into light bulbs, and fluorescent lamps are filled with creep-tone. Neon flashes red-orange light when an electrical discharge passes. It is used in sodium street lamps and neon lamps. Radon is radioactive. It is formed as a result of the decay of radium metal. No helium compounds are known to science, and helium is considered absolutely inert. Its density is 7 times less than the density of air, so airships are filled with it. Helium-filled balloons are equipped with scientific instruments and launched into the upper atmosphere.

Greenhouse effect

This is the name of the currently observed increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the resulting global warming, i.e. an increase in average annual temperatures around the world. Carbon dioxide keeps heat from leaving the Earth, just like glass keeps heat inside a greenhouse. As there is more and more carbon dioxide in the air, more and more heat is trapped in the atmosphere. Even a slight warming causes an increase in the level of the World Ocean, a change in winds and the melting of some ice near the poles. Scientists believe that if the carbon dioxide content continues to grow as rapidly, then in 50 years the average temperature could increase by 1.5°C to 4°C.

air is a mixture of gases, and therefore elements. . Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide. In cities and other gases ...

percentage of gases.

Do you need a graphic representation of an air molecule?

Air in chemistry-NO2

zit hein. Allah Akbar. takbir. foreign words that are forbidden to be spoken. what is it for - lol

If you think that air has its own separate formula, you are mistaken, in chemistry it is not designated in any way.

Air is a natural mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, that makes up the earth's atmosphere. Composition of air: Nitrogen N2 Oxygen O2 Argon Ar Carbon dioxide CO2 Neon Ne Methane CH4 Helium He Krypton Kr Hydrogen H2 Xenon Xe Water H2O In addition, air always contains water vapor. So, at a temperature of 0 °C, 1 m³ of air can hold a maximum of 5 grams of water, and at a temperature of +10 °C - already 10 grams. In alchemy, air is represented by a triangle with a horizontal line.

nitrogen

the main component is inhaled. air

Alternative descriptions

Gas that makes metal brittle

The gas that makes up 78% of air

Main "air filler"

The main component of the air you inhale, which cannot be breathed in its pure form

Air component

Fertilizer in the air

Chemical element - the basis of a number of fertilizers

Chemical element, one of the main nutrients plants

Chemical element, constituent of air

Nitrogenium

Liquid refrigerant

Chemical element, gas

Magic sword of Paracelsus

In Latin, this gas is called "nitrogenium", that is, "giving birth to saltpeter"

The name of this gas comes from the Latin word "lifeless"

This gas - a component of air - was practically absent in the Earth's primary atmosphere 4.5 billion years ago

A gas whose liquid is used to cool ultraprecise instruments

What gas is stored in a liquid state in a Dewar vessel?

The gas that froze Terminator II

gas cooler

What gas extinguishes fire?

Most common element in the atmosphere

The basis of all nitrates

Chemical element, N

freezing gas

Air three quarters

In the composition of ammonia

Gas from air

Gas number 7

Saltpeter element

The main gas in the air

The most popular gas

Element from nitrates

Liquid gas from a vessel

Gas #1 in the atmosphere

Fertilizer in the air

78% air

gas for cryostat

Almost 80% air

Natural chemical composition of atmospheric air

According to the chemical composition, clean atmospheric air is a mixture of gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, as well as a number of inert gases (argon, helium, krypton, etc.). Since air is a physical mixture and not chemical compound of its constituent gases, then when rising even for tens of kilometers, the percentage of these gases practically does not change.

However, with height, as a result of a decrease in the density of the atmosphere, the concentrations and partial pressures of all gases in the air decrease.

At the Earth's surface, atmospheric air contains:

oxygen - 20.93%;

nitrogen - 78.1%;

carbon dioxide - 0.03-0.04%;

inert gases - from 10-3 to 10-6%.

Oxygen (O2) is the most important part of air for life. It is necessary for oxidative processes and is found in the blood, mainly in a bound state - in the form of oxyhemoglobin, which is carried by red blood cells to the cells of the body.

The transfer of oxygen from the alveolar air to the blood occurs due to the difference in partial pressure in the alveolar air and venous blood. For the same reason, oxygen is supplied from the arterial blood to the interstitial fluid, and then to the cells.

In nature, oxygen is consumed mainly for the oxidation of organic substances contained in air, water, soil and for combustion processes. The decrease in oxygen is replenished due to its large reserves in the atmosphere, as well as as a result of the activity of phytoplankton in the oceans and land plants. Continuous turbulent currents of air masses equalize the oxygen content in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Therefore, the level of oxygen at the Earth's surface fluctuates slightly: from 20.7 to 20.95%. In residential premises, public buildings, the oxygen content also remains practically unchanged due to its easy diffusion through the pores of building materials, gaps in windows, etc.

In sealed rooms (shelters, submarines, etc.), the oxygen content can significantly decrease. However, a pronounced deterioration in well-being, a decrease in working capacity in people are observed with a very significant drop in the oxygen content - up to 15-17% (at the norm - almost 21%). It should be emphasized that in this case we are talking about a reduced oxygen content at normal atmospheric pressure.

With an increase in air temperature to 35-40 ° C and high humidity, the partial pressure of oxygen decreases, which can have a negative effect on patients with hypoxia.

In healthy people oxygen starvation due to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen, it can be observed during flights (altitude sickness) and when climbing mountains (mountain sickness, starting at an altitude of about 3 km).

Altitudes of 7-8 km correspond to 8.5-7.5% oxygen in the air at sea level and for untrained people are considered incompatible with life without the use of oxygen devices.

A dosed increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in the air in pressure chambers is used in surgery, therapy and emergency care.

Oxygen in its pure form is toxic. So, in experiments on animals it has been shown that when breathing pure oxygen in animals, atelectases in the lungs are found after 1-2 hours, after 3-6 hours - a violation of the permeability of capillaries in the lungs, after 24 hours - the phenomena of pulmonary edema.

Hyperoxia develops even faster in an oxygen environment with high pressure - both damage to the lung tissue and damage to the central nervous system.

Carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide, in nature is in free and bound states. Up to 70% of carbon dioxide is dissolved in the water of the seas and oceans; some mineral compounds (limestones and dolomites) contain about 22% of the total amount of carbon dioxide. The rest of the amount falls on the animal and plant world. In nature, there are continuous processes of release and absorption of carbon dioxide. It is released into the atmosphere as a result of human and animal respiration, as well as combustion, decay, and fermentation. In addition, carbon dioxide is formed during the industrial firing of limestones and dolomites, and its release with volcanic gases is possible. Along with the processes of formation in nature, there are processes of assimilation of carbon dioxide - active absorption by plants in the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is washed out of the air by precipitation.

An important role in maintaining a constant concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric air is played by its release from the surface of the seas and oceans. The carbon dioxide dissolved in the water of the seas and oceans is in dynamic equilibrium with the carbon dioxide of the air, and with an increase in the partial pressure in the air it dissolves in water, and with a decrease in the partial pressure it is released into the atmosphere. The processes of formation and assimilation are interconnected, due to this the content of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric air is relatively constant and amounts to 0.03-0.04%. Recently, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air of industrial cities has been increasing as a result of intense air pollution by fuel combustion products. The content of carbon dioxide in urban air can be higher than in a clean atmosphere, and be up to 0.05% or more. The role of carbon dioxide in creating a "greenhouse effect" is known, leading to an increase in the temperature of the surface air layer.

Carbon dioxide is a physiological stimulant of the respiratory center. Its partial pressure in the blood is provided by the regulation of acid-base balance. In the body, it is in a bound state in the form of sodium carbonate salts in plasma and red blood cells. When high concentrations of carbon dioxide are inhaled, redox processes are disturbed. The more carbon dioxide in the air we breathe, the less it can be excreted by the body. The accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues leads to the development of tissue anoxia. With an increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the inhaled air up to 3-4%, symptoms of intoxication are noted, at 8% severe poisoning occurs and death occurs. The content of carbon dioxide is used to judge the purity of the air in residential and public buildings. A significant accumulation of this compound in the indoor air indicates the sanitary problems of the premises (crowded people, poor ventilation). MPC of carbon dioxide in the air of medical institutions is 0.07%, in the air of residential and public buildings - 0.1%. The latter value is taken as a calculated one when determining the ventilation efficiency of residential and public buildings.

Nitrogen. Along with oxygen and carbon dioxide, atmospheric air includes nitrogen, which, in terms of quantitative content, is the most significant part of atmospheric air.

Nitrogen belongs to inert gases, it does not support respiration and combustion. In a nitrogen atmosphere, life is impossible. In nature, there is a cycle. Nitrogen from the air is absorbed by some types of soil bacteria, as well as blue-green algae. Nitrogen in the air under the influence of electrical discharges turns into oxides, which, being washed out of the atmosphere by precipitation, enrich the soil with salts of nitrous and nitric acids. Under the influence of soil bacteria, nitrous acid salts are converted into nitric acid salts, which in turn are absorbed by plants and serve for protein synthesis. It has been established that 95% of atmospheric air is assimilated by living organisms and only 5% is bound as a result of physical processes in nature. Consequently, the bulk of the bound nitrogen is of biogenic origin. Along with the assimilation of nitrogen, it is released into the atmosphere. Free nitrogen is formed during the combustion of wood, coal, oil, a small amount of free nitrogen is released during the decomposition of organic compounds by denitrophicating microorganisms. Thus, in nature there is a continuous cycle of nitrogen, as a result of which the nitrogen of the atmosphere is converted into organic compounds. When these compounds decompose, nitrogen is restored and enters the atmosphere, and then it is again bound by biological objects.

Nitrogen is a diluent of oxygen, thus performing a vital function, since breathing pure oxygen leads to irreversible changes in the body. When studying the effect on the body of various concentrations of nitrogen, it was noted that its increased content in the inhaled air contributes to the onset of hypoxia and asphyxia due to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen. With an increase in the nitrogen content to 93%, death occurs. Nitrogen shows the most pronounced unfavorable properties under conditions of high pressure, which is associated with its narcotic effect. The role of nitrogen in the origin of decompression sickness is also known.

inert gases. Inert gases include argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, etc. Chemically, these gases are inert, they dissolve in body fluids depending on the partial pressure. The absolute amount of these gases in the blood and body tissues is negligible. Among the inert gases, a special place is occupied by radon, actinon and thoron - decay products of natural radioactive elements radium, thorium, actinium.

Chemically, these gases are inert, as already noted above, and their dangerous effect on the body is associated with their radioactivity. Under natural conditions, they determine the natural radioactivity of the atmosphere.

Air temperature

Atmospheric air is heated mainly from the earth's surface due to the heat received by it from the sun. About 47% of solar energy reaching the earth is absorbed by the earth's surface and converted into heat. Approximately 34% of the solar energy is reflected back into outer space from the top of the clouds and the earth's surface, and only a fifth (19%) of the solar energy directly heats the atmosphere. Concerning Maximum temperature air happens between 13 and 14 hours, when the earth's surface is heated to the greatest extent. The heated surface layers of air rise upwards, gradually cooling down. Therefore, with an increase in altitude above sea level, the air temperature decreases by an average of 0.6 ° C for every 100 meters of elevation.

The heating of the atmosphere occurs unevenly and depends primarily on geographic latitude: the greater the distance from the equator to the pole, the greater the angle of inclination sun rays to the plane of the earth's surface, the less energy enters per unit area and heats it less.

The difference in air temperatures depending on the latitude of the area can be very significant and amount to more than 100 ° C. Yes, most high temperatures air (up to +60оС) were registered in equatorial Africa, minimal (up to –90оС) – in Antarctica.

Daily fluctuations in air temperature are also very significant in a number of equatorial countries, constantly decreasing towards the poles.

A number of natural factors influence daily and annual fluctuations in air temperature: the intensity of solar radiation, the nature and topography of the terrain, altitude, proximity to the seas, the nature of sea currents, vegetation cover, etc.

The influence of unfavorable air temperature on the body is most pronounced in the conditions of stay or work of people in the open air, as well as in some industrial premises where very high or very low air temperatures are possible. This applies to agricultural workers, builders, oil workers, fishermen, etc., as well as those working in hot shops, in ultra-deep mines (1-2 km), specialists servicing refrigeration units, etc.

In residential and public premises, there are opportunities to ensure the most favorable air temperature (due to heating, ventilation of premises, use of air conditioners, etc.).

Atmosphere pressure

On the surface of the globe, fluctuations in atmospheric pressure are associated with weather conditions and during the day, as a rule, do not exceed 4-5 mm Hg.

However, there are special conditions of life and work of a person in which there are significant deviations from normal atmospheric pressure that can have a pathological effect.

Let's make a reservation right away, nitrogen in the air occupies a large part, however, the chemical composition of the remaining share is very interesting and diverse. In short, the list of main elements is as follows.

However, we will also give some explanations on the functions of these chemical elements.

1. Nitrogen

The content of nitrogen in the air is 78% by volume and 75% by mass, that is, this element dominates in the atmosphere, has the title of one of the most common on Earth, and, in addition, is found outside the human habitation zone - on Uranus, Neptune and in interstellar spaces. So, how much nitrogen is in the air, we have already figured out, the question remains about its function. Nitrogen is necessary for the existence of living beings, it is part of:

proteins;
amino acids;
nucleic acids;
chlorophyll;
hemoglobin, etc.

On average, about 2% of a living cell is just nitrogen atoms, which explains why there is so much nitrogen in the air as a percentage of volume and mass.
Nitrogen is also one of the inert gases extracted from atmospheric air. Ammonia is synthesized from it, used for cooling and for other purposes.

2. Oxygen

The oxygen content in the air is one of the most popular questions. Keeping the intrigue, let's digress to one funny fact: oxygen was discovered twice - in 1771 and 1774, however, due to the difference in the publications of the discovery, the credit for the discovery of the element went to the English chemist Joseph Priestley, who actually isolated oxygen second. So, the proportion of oxygen in the air fluctuates around 21% by volume and 23% by mass. Together with nitrogen, these two gases form 99% of the earth's air. However, the percentage of oxygen in the air is less than nitrogen, and yet we do not experience breathing problems. The fact is that the amount of oxygen in the air is optimally calculated specifically for normal breathing, in its pure form this gas acts on the body like a poison, leads to difficulties in the functioning of the nervous system, respiratory failure and blood circulation. At the same time, the lack of oxygen also negatively affects health, causing oxygen starvation and all related unpleasant symptoms. Therefore, how much oxygen is contained in the air, so much is needed for healthy full breathing.

3. Argon

Argon in the air takes the third place, it has no smell, color and taste. meaningful biological role this gas has not been identified, but it has a narcotic effect and is even considered doping. Argon extracted from the atmosphere is used in industry, medicine, for creating an artificial atmosphere, chemical synthesis, fire fighting, creating lasers, etc.

4. Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide makes up the atmosphere of Venus and Mars, its percentage in the earth's air is much lower. At the same time, a huge amount of carbon dioxide is contained in the ocean, it is regularly supplied by all breathing organisms, and is emitted due to the work of industry. In human life, carbon dioxide is used in fire fighting, the food industry as a gas and as food supplement E290 - preservative and baking powder. In solid form, carbon dioxide is one of the most well-known dry ice refrigerants.

5. Neon

The same mysterious light of disco lights, bright signs and modern headlights use the fifth most common chemical element that people also inhale - neon. Like many inert gases, neon has a narcotic effect on a person at a certain pressure, but it is this gas that is used in the preparation of divers and other people working under pressure. high blood pressure. Also, neon-helium mixtures are used in medicine for respiratory disorders, neon itself is used for cooling, in the production of signal lights and those same neon lamps. However, contrary to the stereotype, neon light is not blue, but red. All other colors give lamps with other gases.

6. Methane

Methane and air have very ancient history: in the primary atmosphere, even before the appearance of man, methane was in much greater quantities. Now this gas, extracted and used as a fuel and raw material in production, is not so widely distributed in the atmosphere, but is still emitted from the Earth. Modern research establishes the role of methane in the respiration and life of the human body, but there are no authoritative data on this subject yet.

7. Helium

Looking at how much helium is in the air, anyone will understand that this gas is not one of the most important in importance. Indeed, it is difficult to determine the biological significance of this gas. Not counting the funny distortion of the voice when inhaling helium from a balloon 🙂 However, helium is widely used in industry: in metallurgy, the food industry, for filling balloons and meteorological probes, in lasers, nuclear reactors, etc.

8. Krypton

We are not talking about the birthplace of Superman 🙂 Krypton is an inert gas that is three times heavier than air, chemically inert, extracted from air, used in incandescent lamps, lasers and is still being actively studied. Of the interesting properties of krypton, it is worth noting that at a pressure of 3.5 atmospheres it has a narcotic effect on a person, and at 6 atmospheres it acquires a pungent odor.

9. Hydrogen

Hydrogen in the air occupies 0.00005% by volume and 0.00008% by mass, but at the same time it is the most abundant element in the universe. It is quite possible to write a separate article about its history, production and application, so now we will limit ourselves to a small list of industries: chemical, fuel, food industries, aviation, meteorology, electric power industry.

10. Xenon

The latter is in the composition of air, which was originally considered to be only an admixture to krypton. Its name translates as "alien", and the percentage of content both on Earth and beyond is minimal, which led to its high cost. Now xenon is essential: the production of powerful and pulsed light sources, diagnostics and anesthesia in medicine, spacecraft engines, rocket fuel. In addition, when inhaled, xenon significantly lowers the voice (the opposite effect of helium), and more recently, inhalation of this gas has been added to the doping list.

We all know very well that not a single living being can live on earth without air. Air is vital for all of us. Everyone from children to adults knows that it is impossible to survive without air, but not everyone knows what air is and what it consists of. So, air is a mixture of gases that cannot be seen or touched, but we all know perfectly well that it is around us, although we practically do not notice it. To conduct research of a different nature, including, it is possible in our laboratory.

We can feel the air only when we feel a strong wind or we are near the fan. What does air consist of, and it consists of nitrogen and oxygen, and only a small part of argon, water, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. If we consider the composition of air as a percentage, then nitrogen is 78.08 percent, oxygen 20.94%, argon 0.93 percent, carbon dioxide 0.04 percent, neon 1.82 * 10-3 percent, helium 4.6 * 10-4 percent, methane 1.7 * 10-4 percent, krypton 1.14*10-4 percent, hydrogen 5*10-5 percent, xenon 8.7*10-6 percent, nitrous oxide 5*10-5 percent.

The oxygen content in the air is very high because it is oxygen that is necessary for life. human body. Oxygen, which is observed in the air during breathing, enters the cells of the human body, and participates in the oxidation process, as a result of which the energy that is needed for life is released. Also, oxygen, which is in the air, is also required for burning fuel, which produces heat, as well as for obtaining mechanical energy in internal combustion engines.

Inert gases are also extracted from the air during liquefaction. How much oxygen is in the air, if you look at the percentage, then oxygen and nitrogen in the air is 98 percent. Knowing the answer to this question, another one arises, which gaseous substances are still part of the air.

So, in 1754, a scientist named Joseph Black confirmed that the air consists of a mixture of gases, and not a homogeneous substance, as previously thought. The composition of air on earth includes methane, argon, carbon dioxide, helium, krypton, hydrogen, neon, xenon. It is worth noting that the percentage of air can vary slightly depending on where people live.

Unfortunately, in large cities, the percentage of carbon dioxide will be higher than, for example, in villages or forests. The question arises how many percent of oxygen is in the air in the mountains. The answer is simple, oxygen is much heavier than nitrogen, so it will be much less in the air in the mountains, this is because the density of oxygen decreases with height.

The rate of oxygen in the air

So, with regard to the ratio of oxygen in the air, there are certain standards, for example, for working area. In order for a person to be able to fully work, the norm of oxygen in the air is from 19 to 23 percent. When operating equipment in enterprises, it is imperative to monitor the tightness of the devices, as well as various machines. If, when testing the air in a room where people work, the oxygen indicator is below 19 percent, then it is imperative to leave the room and turn on emergency ventilation. You can control the level of oxygen in the air at the workplace by inviting the EcoTestExpress laboratory and researching.

Let's now define what oxygen is.

Oxygen is chemical element According to Mendeleev's periodic table of elements, oxygen has no smell, no taste, no color. Oxygen in the air is essential for human respiration, as well as for combustion, because it is no secret to anyone that if there is no air, then no materials will burn. The composition of oxygen includes a mixture of three stable nuclides, the mass numbers of which are 16, 17 and 18.

So, oxygen is the most common element on earth, with regard to the percentage of oxygen, the largest percentage is in silicates, which is about 47.4 percent of the mass of the solid earth's crust. Also in the sea and fresh waters of the whole earth contains a huge amount of oxygen, namely 88.8 percent, as for the amount of oxygen in the air, it is only 20.95 percent. It should also be noted that oxygen is part of more than 1500 compounds in the earth's crust.

As for the production of oxygen, it is obtained by separating air at low temperatures. This process occurs as follows, at the beginning they compress the air with the help of a compressor, while compressing the air, it begins to heat up. The compressed air is allowed to cool to room temperature, and after cooling, it is allowed to expand freely.

When expansion occurs, the temperature of the gas begins to drop sharply, after the air has cooled, its temperature can be several tens of degrees lower than room temperature, such air is again subjected to compression and the released heat is taken away. After several stages of air compression and cooling, a number of procedures are performed as a result of which pure oxygen is separated without any impurities.

And here another question arises which is heavier oxygen or carbon dioxide. The answer is simply of course carbon dioxide will be heavier than oxygen. The density of carbon dioxide is 1.97 kg/m3, while the density of oxygen is 1.43 kg/m3. As for carbon dioxide, as it turns out, it plays one of the main roles in the life of all life on earth, and also has an impact on the carbon cycle in nature. It has been proven that carbon dioxide is involved in the regulation of respiration, as well as blood circulation.

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What is carbon dioxide?

Now let's define in more detail what carbon dioxide is, and also denote the composition of carbon dioxide. So, carbon dioxide in other words is carbon dioxide, it is a colorless gas with a slightly sour smell and taste. As for the air, the concentration of carbon dioxide in it is 0.038 percent. physical properties carbon dioxide is that it does not exist in a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure, but passes immediately from a solid to a gaseous state.

Carbon dioxide in the solid state is also called dry ice. To date, carbon dioxide is a participant in global warming. Carbon dioxide is produced by burning various substances. It should be noted that in the industrial production of carbon dioxide, it is pumped into cylinders. Carbon dioxide pumped into cylinders is used as fire extinguishers, as well as in the production of soda water, and is also used in pneumatic weapons. And also in the food industry as a preservative.

Composition of inhaled and exhaled air

Now let's analyze the composition of the inhaled and exhaled air. First, let's define what breathing is. Breathing is a complex continuous process by which the gas composition of the blood is constantly updated. The composition of the air we breathe is 20.94 percent oxygen, 0.03 percent carbon dioxide, and 79.03 percent nitrogen. But the composition of the exhaled air is already only 16.3 percent oxygen, as much as 4 percent carbon dioxide and 79.7 percent nitrogen.

It can be seen that the inhaled air differs from the exhaled one in the content of oxygen, as well as the amount of carbon dioxide. These are the substances that make up the air we breathe and exhale. Thus, our body is saturated with oxygen and releases all unnecessary carbon dioxide to the outside.

Dry oxygen improves the electrical and protective properties of the films due to the absence of water, as well as their compaction and reduction of the space charge. Also, dry oxygen under normal conditions cannot react with gold, copper or silver. To conduct a chemical analysis of air or other laboratory research, including, you can in our laboratory "EcoTestExpress".

Air is the atmosphere of the planet on which we live. And we always have the question of what is part of the air, the answer is simply a set of gases, as it has already been described above, which gases and in what proportion are in the air. As for the content of gases in the air, everything is easy and simple here, the percentage ratio for almost all areas of our planet is the same.

Composition and properties of air

Air consists not only of a mixture of gases, but also of various aerosols and vapors. The percentage composition of air is the ratio of nitrogen to oxygen and other gases in the air. So, how much oxygen is in the air, the simple answer is only 20 percent. The component composition of the gas, as for nitrogen, it contains the lion's share of all air, and it is worth noting that at elevated pressure, nitrogen begins to have narcotic properties.

This is of no small importance, because when divers work, they often have to work at depths under enormous pressure. A lot has already been said about oxygen, because it is of great importance for human life on our planet. It is worth noting that the inhalation of air with increased oxygen by a person in a short period does not adversely affect the person himself.

But if a person breathes air with increased level oxygen for a long time, then this will lead to the occurrence of pathological changes in the body. Another main component of the air, about which much has already been said, is carbon dioxide, as it turns out, a person cannot live without it as well as without oxygen.

If there was no air on earth, then not one living organism could live on our planet, much less function somehow. Unfortunately, in modern world A huge number of industrial facilities that pollute our air have recently been increasingly calling for the need to protect the environment, as well as monitor the purity of the air. Therefore, frequent air measurements should be taken to determine how clean it is. If it seems to you that the air in your room is not clean enough and there are external factors to blame, you can always contact the EcoTestExpress laboratory, which will conduct everything necessary tests( , research ) and will give a conclusion about the purity of the air you breathe.

It is important in the implementation of the respiratory function. Atmospheric air is a mixture of gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, nitrogen, neon, krypton, xenon, hydrogen, ozone, etc. Oxygen is the most important. At rest, a person absorbs 0.3 l / min. During physical activity, oxygen consumption increases and can reach 4.5–8 l/min. Fluctuations in the oxygen content in the atmosphere are small and do not exceed 0.5%. If the oxygen content decreases to 11-13%, there are phenomena of oxygen deficiency. An oxygen content of 7-8% can lead to death. Carbon dioxide - colorless and odorless, is formed during respiration and decay, combustion of fuel. In the atmosphere it is 0.04%, and in industrial areas - 0.05-0.06%. With a large crowd of people, it can increase to 0.6 - 0.8%. With prolonged inhalation of air with a content of 1-1.5% carbon dioxide, a deterioration in well-being is noted, and with 2-2.5% - pathological changes. At 8-10% loss of consciousness and death, the air has a pressure called atmospheric or barometric. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), hectopascals (hPa), millibars (mb). Normal pressure is considered to be atmospheric pressure at sea level at a latitude of 45˚ at an air temperature of 0˚С. It is equal to 760 mm Hg. (Indoor air is considered to be of poor quality if it contains 1% carbon dioxide. This value is taken as a calculated value when designing and installing ventilation in rooms.

Air pollution. Carbon monoxide is a colorless and odorless gas, formed during incomplete combustion of fuel and enters the atmosphere with industrial emissions and exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. In megacities, its concentration can reach up to 50-200 mg/m3. When smoking tobacco, carbon monoxide enters the body. Carbon monoxide is a blood and general toxic poison. It blocks hemoglobin, it loses the ability to carry oxygen to the tissues. Acute poisoning occurs when the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air is 200-500 mg/m3. In this case, there is a headache, general weakness, nausea, vomiting. The maximum allowable concentration is average daily 0 1 mg/m3, single - 6 mg/m3. The air can be polluted with sulfur dioxide, soot, tarry substances, nitrogen oxides, carbon disulfide.

Microorganisms. In small quantities, they are always in the air, where they are carried with soil dust. Microbes of infectious diseases that enter the atmosphere quickly die. Of particular danger in the epidemiological relationship is the air of residential premises and sports facilities. For example, in wrestling halls, the content of microbes up to 26,000 in 1 m3 of air is observed. Aerogenic infections in such air spread very quickly.

Dust It is a light dense particles of mineral or organic origin, getting into the lungs of dust, it lingers there and causes various diseases. Industrial dust (lead, chromium) can cause poisoning. In cities, dust should not exceed 0.15 mg/m3. Sports grounds must be watered regularly, have a green area, and carry out wet cleaning. Sanitary protection zones have been established for all enterprises polluting the atmosphere. In accordance with the hazard class, they have different sizes: for enterprises of the 1st class - 1000 m, 2 - 500 m, 3 - 300 m, 4 -100 m, 5 - 50 m. When placing sports facilities near enterprises, it is necessary to take into account the wind rose, sanitary protective zones, the degree of air pollution, etc.

Clean atmospheric air near the Earth's surface has the following chemical composition: oxygen - 20.93%, carbon dioxide - 0.03-0.04%, nitrogen - 78.1%, argon, helium, krypton 1%.

Exhaled air contains 25% less oxygen and 100 times more carbon dioxide.
Oxygen. The most important constituent of air. It ensures the course of redox processes in the body. An adult at rest consumes 12 liters of oxygen, during physical work 10 times more. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin.

Nitrogen. An indifferent gas serves as a diluent for other gases. Increased inhalation of nitrogen can have a narcotic effect.

air microorganisms. Bacterial air pollution, as well as other environmental objects (water, soil), is dangerous in epidemiological terms. There are various microorganisms in the air: bacteria, viruses, mold fungi, yeast cells. The most common is the airborne method of transmission of infections: a large number of microbes enter the air, and when breathing, they enter the respiratory tract of healthy people. For example, when talking loudly, and even more so when coughing and sneezing, the smallest droplets are sprayed at a distance of 1-1.5 m and spread with air to 8-9 m. These droplets can be in suspension for 4-5 hours, but in most cases settle in 40-60 minutes. In dust, the influenza virus and diphtheria bacilli remain viable for 120-150 days. There is a well-known relationship: the more dust in the indoor air, the more abundant the content of microflora in it.

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Report on air in chemistry. What is air made of? Atmosphere environmental pollution

The chemical composition of the air

Composition of air

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Carbon dioxide

Air pollution

acid rain

noble gases

nitrogen

Natural chemical composition of atmospheric air

1. Nitrogen

2. Oxygen

3. Argon

4. Carbon dioxide

5. Neon

6. Methane

7. Helium

8. Krypton

9. Hydrogen

10. Xenon

The rate of oxygen in the air

Let's now define what oxygen is.

What is carbon dioxide?

Composition of inhaled and exhaled air

Composition and properties of air

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