Microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements. Modern alchemy: biological transmutation of chemical elements. The Legend of Star City

biotransmutation

Gentlemen commentators! As the author of the article posted here, I earnestly ask: stop criticizing the honest scientists V. Kurashov and T. Sakhno - they recently returned to Russia and intend to work for the good of their homeland. I communicated directly with them, first-hand information.
Their technology is real. In the article, for space reasons, I did not mention some additional evidence of the reality of their development, but they are there.
Unfortunately, Karabanov did not conduct the conference in the best way, and did not show all the materials (spectra, diagrams, etc.) that they have.
But this, by and large, does not change anything. The technology remains in Russia, and I really hope that it will be implemented for the benefit of all the people.
As for the trolls (“this is nonsense”, “they will crush”, “this is not”) posing as scientists, their vigorous activity is further proof of the significance of the discovery made by Kurashov and Sakhno, the importance of their biotechnology. Every event, even the most beautiful and great, is accompanied by noise and debris.
Let us wish these wonderful scientists, hard workers and smart people success, recognition and grace from the state and society - they fully deserve it!

On June 21, a worldwide sensation occurred, which immediately became taboo after its appearance. A group of scientists led by V. Karabanov, who fled from Russia to Switzerland, announced an epoch-making discovery: the biological transmutation of uranium and thorium.

Using this technology, any isotopes can be obtained. Its application options are already proposed:
1. Transformation of nuclear waste from nuclear power plants into harmless substances.
2. Increase the efficiency of nuclear power plants tenfold.
3. Creation of portable energy sources (the size of a flashlight battery) equal in power to industrial turbines.
There are other prospects for biological transmutation.
Have scientists really made a breakthrough in science?
Why is the media silent?
Who forbade the dissemination of information about this event?

The group consisting of Tamara Sakhno and Viktor Kurashov is headed by Vladislav Karabanov, publicist and founder of the Russian Information Agency. Transmutation is the transformation of one chemical element into another. Until now, this transformation has been possible only in very limited quantities using powerful accelerators, which is very difficult and expensive.

According to the group members, they managed to find a radically simpler and cheap way. Transmutation can be carried out in a bioreactor, roughly speaking, in a test tube filled with uranium or thorium ore, as well as a culture of bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus on a special nutrient medium. In addition, additives containing elements with variable valence are added to the environment. As a result of the vital activity of bacteria, they isotopes of elements heavier than uranium are synthesized. Some of them have great commercial value, and cost thousands of times more than gold, since they are synthesized in extremely small quantities (grams), are in great demand, actively used in medicine, equipment for checking luggage at airports, in industry, etc.

The capabilities of the new technology are impressive - instead of grams, it is possible to synthesize kilograms and even tons of the most scarce and expensive isotopes, including molybdenum-99. The global market for medical isotopes alone is already worth about $8 billion, and demand for them is growing steadily at about 5% per year.

The reality of biotransmutation technology.

Of course, this raises the question: how realistic is biotransmutation technology? It is well known that the very concept of “transmutation” in academic science has a certain and negative connotation.

The technology is absolutely real. First of all, the group members received a patent Russian Federation RU 2563511C2 (Microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements and transformation of isotopes of chemical elements, 2015).

As the patent states, “The invention relates to the field of biotechnology and transmutation of chemical elements. Radioactive raw materials containing radioactive chemical elements or their isotopes are treated with an aqueous suspension of bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus in the presence of elements with variable valence. Ores or radioactive waste from nuclear cycles are used as radioactive raw materials. The method is carried out with the production of polonium, radon, francium, radium, actinium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, americium, nickel, manganese, bromine, hafnium, ytterbium, mercury, gold, platinum and their isotopes. The invention makes it possible to obtain valuable radioactive elements, to carry out the inactivation of nuclear waste with the transformation of radioactive isotopes of waste elements into stable isotopes.”

The technology is described in sufficient detail; research data on specific raw materials is also attached (these were uranium and thorium ores from different countries), indicating the strains of bacteria. The attached tables indicate the isotopes obtained, their quantities, broken down by the days of the experiments.

Another argument in favor of the reality of technology is presence of authoritative predecessors. First of all, this works of our compatriot Vladimir Ivanovich Vysotsky , Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Theoretical Radiophysics of KNU named after. T. G. Shevchenko, author of the book “ Nuclear fusion and transmutation of isotopes into biological systems "(2003), translated into English. In it, he not only proved the fact of such processes, but also showed a way biotechnological decontamination of hazardous radioactive contamination.

Unfortunately, despite all its relevance and low cost, this technology has not been implemented in Ukraine. All Ukrainian governments preferred to beg money from the European Union for the construction of another sarcophagus over the Chernobyl station, rather than using the developments of their compatriot, which would clear the territory of dangerous isotopes, eliminating the problem in principle. This is all the more unfortunate because such technology would make it possible to recycle nuclear waste and create an entire industry of biotechnological decontamination - and this would mean budget revenues, new jobs, the international authority of the state and many other benefits. Alas, the Republic of Ukraine showed no more interest in this technology than Russia.

The only positive thing can be seen in the fact that Vladimir Ivanovich and his like-minded people did not have to flee the country, like Karabanov’s group, and even make a scientific career. Today, Vladimir Ivanovich Vysotsky is the most authoritative specialist in this field, with a number of followers (for example, Hideo Cosima from Japan and his work “The Nuclear Transmutations (NTs) in Carbon Graphite, XLPE and Microbial Cultures”, 2015).

Thus, biotransmutation technology is completely real. Although Russian scientists cannot claim to have “discovered” it, the undoubted merit of Karabanov’s group is the development of “custom-made” isotope synthesis technology, for the sake of which they dared to take the dramatic step of leaving Russia, realizing that their developments had no chance of implementation.

“What is being done in Russia does not end well, that’s why the decision was made to leave,” said Vyacheslav Karabanov. At the same time, he emphasized that he does not yet fully understand all the possibilities that the new technology opens up, but he is ready to name some now.

The history of discovery and the question of priority.

The theory of biological transmutation has a history of more than two centuries. In the 20th century, it was actively developed by the outstanding French scientist Louis Kervran (Corentin Louis Kervran, 1901-1983), author of the book “Arguments in the biology of transmutation at weak energies” (“Preuves en Biologie de Transmutations a Faible Energie”), and a number of others published in 1960-1980. L. Kervran held high leadership positions and had a unique education for his time - both a biologist and a nuclear scientist. Wikipedia has an article about it with a bibliography and an indication that “transmutation does not comply with the laws of nature known to us.”

The most detailed historical review of the theory of biotransmutation was prepared by Jean-Paul Biberian, editor-in-chief of the Journal of condensed matter nuclear science, in the work “Biological Transmutations: Historical Perspective” (2012).

In his opinion, not only the 18th century French chemist Vauquelin, but also Albrecht Von Herzeele, a 19th century German pharmacist who conducted more than 500 experiments, can claim the title of discoverer of transmutation in biological objects. Von Gersele's works so outraged the scientific community of that time that his books were removed from all libraries, and only in the 1930s in Berlin were they found and “rediscovered” by Dr. Rudolf Hauschka.

Thus, despite the fact that Russian scientists from Karabanov’s group achieved impressive results and also showed great determination by leaving Russia, publicly declaring the impossibility of promoting advanced technologies in their homeland, they did not make a discovery. The “fathers” of biotransmutation should be recognized as Vauquelin and Albrecht von Gersele.

Transmutation mechanism and connection withLENR.

Concluding his historical review, Jean-Paul Biberian comes to the conclusion that the connection between the transmutation of elements in living nature and LENR (cold nuclear fusion) is quite obvious. Both phenomena are not recognized by academic science, which firmly believes in the insurmountability of the Coulomb barrier, and both directions are developed mainly through the efforts of scientists outside the scientific mainstream. And although these areas do not require significant capital investments and have excellent prospects, science does not recognize them, which is completely unforgivable.

Although there is no generally accepted theory yet, some scientists have put forward their own hypotheses.

“We managed to find a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon. During the growth of a biological culture, this growth is non-uniform; potential “holes” are formed in certain areas, in which the Coulomb barrier, which prevents the fusion of the nucleus of an atom and a proton, is removed for a short time. This is the same nuclear effect used by Andrea Rossi in his E-SAT apparatus. Only in Rossi there is a fusion of the nuclei of a nickel and hydrogen atom, and here - the nuclei of manganese and deuterium. The framework of a growing biological structure forms states in which nuclear reactions are possible. This is not a mystical or alchemical process, but a very real one, recorded in our experiments" (V.I. Vysotsky, in an interview “Nuclear reactor in a living cell?” 2014, http://www.facepla.net/extreme-science-menu/4398-anatolij-lemysh.html)

Hideo Cosima offers his explanation based on the analysis of cellular regular structures in the body. “The bodies of plants or animals consist of cells... Thermal neutrons, of which there are many on earth, can be retained in living organisms... The captured neutron interacts with elements, such nuclear transmutation as Na → Mg, P → S, K → Ca and Mn → Fe are easily explained by nuclear reactions, where neutron capture and subsequent beta decay occur.” (www.geocities.jp/hjrfq930/Papers/paperf/p aperf08.pdf

Possibilitiesbiotransmutation.

The first direction is energy. For example, one of these opportunities is the production of actinium-227, an extremely valuable isotope, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of nuclear power plants by ten times (since modern technologies make it possible to obtain only 5-10, maximum 20% of the energy that an assembly with nuclear fuel is capable of releasing) . As Wikipedia suggests, “due to its high specific energy release (14.5 W/g) and the possibility of obtaining significant quantities of thermally stable compounds, Ac-227 can be used to create long-lasting thermoelectric generators (including those suitable for space purposes).” The cost of actinium-227 is enormous, amounting to millions of dollars per gram.

Due to its exceptional rarity, sea anemone is not mined, but is synthesized in microscopic quantities by irradiating the nuclide of radium-226 with neutrons. The advantage of this isotope of actinium is that it emits relatively little x-ray radiation. In addition, actinides have enormous energy potential: 300 kilograms of actinides contain as much energy as the annual volume of oil and gas produced by humanity. At the same time, sea anemone works for centuries, and does not pollute the atmosphere like oil and gas.

Considering the commercial prospects of this direction, it is not surprising that the members of Karabanov’s group took the name “Actinides”. The biosynthesis of just a few grams of actinium will more than pay for the costs of setting up a laboratory.

Another possibility - obtaining isotopes for nuclear batteries. Now they are used only in space technology. For example, miniature polonium batteries can generate kilowatt-scale amounts of energy for decades. Their spread is hampered by the extremely high cost, complexity and environmental hazard of current technologies for obtaining the necessary isotopes. However, if the problem of obtaining isotopes could be solved, it would make it possible to implement centralized heating systems that receive energy from a compact nuclear installation.

Second direction - processing of nuclear waste and decontamination of contaminated areas. The waste is filled with a culture of radioresistant microorganisms, and after some time they are converted into non-hazardous compounds. The world has already accumulated 3-5 million tons of radioactive waste, which new technology makes it possible to recycle. Decontamination of radioactive waste is the conversion of strontium into zirconium, cesium into barium, and so on. This will significantly protect traditional nuclear energy.

Third direction - radiation medicine. Medicine uses about 40 different isotopes, among the most commonly used are the rapidly decaying technetium-99 and strontium-92. These isotopes are in great demand in the West and are extremely expensive, which hinders the development of nuclear medicine, but still cannot stop it.

Fourth direction - military. The technology makes it possible to create powerful, yet portable energy sources that can power combat lasers, and make them significantly more powerful. Even if the new technology were limited only to this aspect, it would already be of great interest, since it could change the balance of strategic forces on the planet. However, it allows not only to create compact and powerful power supplies, but also new types of nuclear weapons.

Fifth direction - biosynthesis of precious metals. Although the organizers of the press conference did not directly state this, this possibility logically follows, and perhaps could become “option B” for Karabanov’s group.

Thus, biotransmutation technology, which allows you to quickly and very cheaply obtain Various types isotopes and chemical elements are practically “custom-made”, has many applications and powerful “closing” (in relation to existing technologies) potential.

Prospects for implementation.

However, one should not think that the world is waiting with open arms for new technologies, no matter how promising they may be. Both Russian and international media, not to mention academic circles, greeted the news with deafening silence. The English-language press release “Presentation of Biochemical Method of Elements Transmutation” was published only by the publication PR Newswire.

The reasons for such silence are quite understandable. Journalists are scared off by the very word transmutation, which is reminiscent of alchemy, that is, something “anti-scientific.” Not a single major scientific journal in the West will accept an article on transmutation for publication unless it is carried out on accelerators. Ordinary scientists and editors of scientific sites are constrained by scientific dogma, which does not allow such things. Finally, this is an area at the intersection of biochemistry and nuclear physics, and there are very few specialists in the world who understand these kinds of border areas. “Scientists, in fact, are inquisitors,” admits Vladislav Karabanov. “Official science has collected the most unsuitable human material. And this is a problem not only for Russia, but also for the West.”

In addition, energy, nuclear power and the production of medical isotopes are areas dominated by powerful special interest groups. The global energy market, estimated at $9 trillion, has long been divided. Entering the 8 billion-dollar market for radioisotopes is also not easy - their production is concentrated in the hands of just a few laboratories, which are, in fact, entire corporations with billion-dollar turnover. The majority of radioisotope patient screening procedures (40 million per year) are performed in the United States. And there is no doubt that these laboratories will do anything to prevent a new manufacturer from entering the market, especially one that will offer goods at dumping prices.

However, Karabanov's group has some chance of success - depending on what is considered "success". It is clear that the group members cannot expect to maintain their independence, peacefully pursue science, promote technology and watch how it changes the world, in anticipation of the Nobel Prize. The corporate world is cruel and immoral, and the methods of encapsulating too advanced technologies have long been worked out: developers receive one or two million dollars by signing an obligation not to work in this direction anymore and not to disclose the fact of the transaction.

Even if the group were able to raise the funds necessary to organize the laboratory, which would be 3-5 million dollars on one or several crowdfunding platforms, they would also need to obtain permission from the authorities. The maximum that it can hope for is to raise some funds among its compatriots abroad, to gain time - to sell its technology as expensive as possible, and perhaps negotiate the opportunity to work on some of its aspects.

Thus, although they named their group “actinides,” the fugitive Russian scientists hardly have a chance of realizing their radioisotope plans. Moreover, the group claiming ownership technology for creating fissile materials, allowing you to create a portable nuclear bomb(on uranium-233 or other isotopes with an even lower critical mass), has already attracted the attention of intelligence agencies. The technology is of undoubted interest for the Pentagon, which is investing considerable funds in the development of laser weapons. It is likely that it is the military aspects of the new technology that have the greatest chance of adoption - but also pose the greatest threat.

However, buying up or even physically eliminating scientists is unlikely to lead to the “closure” of the biotransmutation technology itself, since there is such a player in the world as China, with its ambitions and growing interest in science and technology. It is not difficult to adopt biotransmutation technology, given its simplicity and low cost.

The genie of biotransmutation, after many centuries of imprisonment, has come out of the bottle. For better or for worse, it’s hard to say. One thing is clear - the world around us is changing, and no matter how much we turn away from these changes, no matter how hard we try not to notice them, they lead us into a new, unknown future.

In ancient times and even in the Middle Ages, initiates and sages knew very well about the possibility of transmutation of some elements and substances into others. This art was the basis of such an ancient science as alchemy. But then, with the beginning of the era of militant materialism, it was relegated to the category of “superstitions” and “hoaxes,” despite the fact that alchemy nevertheless formed the basis of such a well-known science as chemistry.

And then, completely unexpectedly, a sensational statement by modern scientists that the transmutation of substances and elements is possible and can be justified with scientific point vision. This discovery was made by Russian scientists T. Sakhno and V. Kurashov. A few days ago, the head of this scientific project, V. Karabanov, said literally the following at a press conference in Switzerland:

“Dear gentlemen and ladies, today here in Geneva, a discovery and technology is being presented to the general public that, without any exaggeration, is of epoch-making significance. The essence of the discovery and technology is that an industrially applicable method has been created for converting some chemical elements into other elements and their isotopes We imagine transmutation without nuclear reactors, without heavy water and other similar things that are used today for the transmutation of elements.

We present the transmutation of chemical elements and isotopes using a biochemical method. The economic and civilizational significance of this discovery and technology has yet to be assessed. In fact, with this invention, or more precisely, a revolution, it opens new era in human technology. Despite all the improbability, this is a fait accompli.

The authors of this discovery and technology are outstanding Russian chemists Tamara Sakhno and Viktor Kurashev. These are theoretical scientists and practical scientists, representatives of a dynasty of researchers who, through joint efforts, discovered this method of transforming chemical elements. Humanity, represented by the authors, has discovered this method of transmutation of matter, which will change the appearance modern world, perhaps in the same way that the use of electricity changed it, and perhaps even more deeply.

The results of this revolution will affect energy, medicine, industry and may serve to create new industries. This will have a huge humanitarian impact. The most important thing is that this is a ready-made industrial method, with the help of which industrial products can be obtained in a few months.”

And here is how one of its authors, Russian scientist V. Kurashov, commented on this discovery: “Ladies and gentlemen, from the beginning of the 1990s we began to develop technology for the transmutation of chemical elements. We received the first results back in 1998. The main work of the research and hundreds of successful experiments were carried out by us in the fall of 2013. Then we patented the work and For obvious reasons, we did not publish our results before the patent was issued. We received patent priority on May 15, 2014. The patent itself was issued on August 25, 2015.

Let's move on to the process. The first component of the process is ore and nuclear waste. The second component of the process are metals of variable valency. These are vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, lead, zinc, cobalt. Any of the above will do, but we usually use iron as the cheapest element. The third component and factor of the process is bacteria.

We typically use iron and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The main thing is their compliance with certain criteria. Namely: bacteria work on metals, withstand radiation, are adapted to strong salinity of the solution... Further technology: ore or nuclear waste - it makes no difference, they are processed by bacteria in the presence of elements of variable valence in any closed container.

The transmutation process begins immediately and proceeds step by step for 2-3 weeks until we reach the elements we need. But it will continue to reach stable elements if it is not stopped in time. We stop the process at a certain stage, simultaneously identifying the elements we need as they appear... In general, the process is described in our patent. For obvious reasons, some details have been omitted..."

Without delving into the technical details of this discovery, which will be of interest only to specialists, we can safely say that the thesis of materialistic science about the impossibility of transmuting some elements into others turned out to be erroneous. And it was ancient alchemy in this regard that turned out to be more true than the unfounded statements of scientific orthodoxies.

The same can be said with regard to other esoteric knowledge, which claimed that the technologies of transmutation of elements were well known to the ancient highly developed civilizations of the Earth, the very existence of which, despite numerous artifacts and references in the mythology of many peoples, is subject to official history and the rest of science to be questioned.

But not for the first time throughout modern history esoteric knowledge proves its truth. In this case, what can be said about those who, instead of scientific activity engaged in concealing and discrediting ancient esoteric knowledge in all sorts of pseudoscientific “commissions to combat pseudoscience”? Who are they - the real pseudoscientists? I think the answer to this question is becoming more and more obvious. It is the study of esoteric knowledge. and not an imitation of “fighting at windmills” can lead modern science out of the fundamental crisis in which it found itself thanks to the pseudoscientific activities of “fighters against pseudoscience.”

In ancient times and even in the Middle Ages, initiates and sages knew very well about the possibility of transmutation of some elements and substances into others. This art was the basis of such an ancient science as alchemy. But then, with the beginning of the era of militant materialism, it was relegated to the category of “superstitions” and “hoaxes,” despite the fact that alchemy nevertheless formed the basis of such a well-known science as chemistry.

And here, completely unexpectedly, is a sensational statement by modern scientists that the transmutation of substances and elements is possible and can be justified from a scientific point of view. This discovery was made by Russian scientists T. Sakhno and V. Kurashov. A few days ago, the head of this scientific project, V. Karabanov, said literally the following at a press conference in Switzerland:

“Dear gentlemen and ladies, today here in Geneva, a discovery and technology is being presented to the general public that, without any exaggeration, is of epoch-making significance. The essence of the discovery and technology is that an industrially applicable method has been created for converting some chemical elements into other elements and their isotopes We imagine transmutation without nuclear reactors, without heavy water and other similar things that are used today for the transmutation of elements.

We present the transmutation of chemical elements and isotopes using a biochemical method. The economic and civilizational significance of this discovery and technology has yet to be assessed. In fact, this invention, or more precisely, a revolution, opens a new era in human technology. Despite all the improbability, this is a fait accompli.

The authors of this discovery and technology are outstanding Russian chemists Tamara Sakhno and Viktor Kurashev. These are theoretical scientists and practical scientists, representatives of a dynasty of researchers who, through joint efforts, discovered this method of transforming chemical elements. Humanity, represented by the authors, has discovered this method of transmutation of matter, which will change the face of the modern world, perhaps in the same way as the use of electricity changed it, and perhaps even deeper.

The results of this revolution will affect energy, medicine, industry and may serve to create new industries. This will have a huge humanitarian impact. The most important thing is that this is a ready-made industrial method, with the help of which industrial products can be obtained in a few months.”

And here is how one of its authors, Russian scientist V. Kurashov, commented on this discovery: “Ladies and gentlemen, from the beginning of the 1990s we began to develop technology for the transmutation of chemical elements. We received the first results back in 1998. The main work of the research and hundreds of successful experiments were carried out by us in the fall of 2013. Then we patented the work and For obvious reasons, we did not publish our results before the patent was issued. We received patent priority on May 15, 2014. The patent itself was issued on August 25, 2015.

Let's move on to the process. The first component of the process is ore and nuclear waste. The second component of the process are metals of variable valency. These are vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, lead, zinc, cobalt. Any of the above will do, but we usually use iron as the cheapest element. The third component and factor of the process is bacteria.

We typically use iron and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The main thing is their compliance with certain criteria. Namely: bacteria work on metals, withstand radiation, are adapted to strong salinity of the solution... Further technology: ore or nuclear waste - it makes no difference, they are processed by bacteria in the presence of elements of variable valence in any closed container.

The transmutation process begins immediately and proceeds step by step for 2-3 weeks until we reach the elements we need. But it will continue to reach stable elements if it is not stopped in time. We stop the process at a certain stage, simultaneously identifying the elements we need as they appear... In general, the process is described in our patent. For obvious reasons, some details have been omitted..."

Without delving into the technical details of this discovery, which will be of interest only to specialists, we can safely say that the thesis of materialistic science about the impossibility of transmuting some elements into others turned out to be erroneous. And it was ancient alchemy in this regard that turned out to be more true than the unfounded statements of scientific orthodoxies.

The same can be said with regard to other esoteric knowledge, which claimed that the technologies of transmutation of elements were well known to the ancient highly developed civilizations of the Earth, the very existence of which, despite numerous artifacts and references in the mythology of many peoples, is subject to official history and the rest of science to be questioned.

But this is not the first time in recent history that esoteric knowledge has proven its truth. What, in this case, can be said about those who, instead of scientific activity, are engaged in concealing and discrediting ancient esoteric knowledge in all sorts of pseudoscientific “commissions to combat pseudoscience”? Who are they - the real pseudoscientists? I think the answer to this question is becoming more and more obvious. It is the study of esoteric knowledge. and not an imitation of “fighting at windmills” can lead modern science out of the fundamental crisis in which it found itself thanks to the pseudoscientific activities of “fighters against pseudoscience.”

On June 21, 2016, a press conference was held in Geneva, Switzerland, on the epoch-making discovery of the transmutation of chemical elements by a biochemical method.
The Conference was attended by Tamara Sakhno, Viktor Kurashov - the scientists who made this discovery, and Vladislav Karabanov, the administrator and leader of this project.

Victor and Tamara conducted transmutation experiments using uranium and thorium from the starting materials. As a result of experiments with source materials, a technology was obtained that makes it possible to carry out 100% deactivation of nuclear waste using bacteria and reagents.
The results were verified by hundreds of analyzes by independent laboratories using the most modern instruments, and confirmed by reports signed by reputable chemists (some of whom saw curium, francium and sea anemone in a spectrogram for the first time in their lives).
Technology affects many areas of human activity, medicine, energy. This will further lead to a qualitative change in human life on planet Earth. Welcome to the New Age.

Claim

The invention relates to the field of biotechnology and transmutation of chemical elements. Radioactive raw materials containing radioactive chemical elements or their isotopes are treated with an aqueous suspension of bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus in the presence of elements with variable valence. Ores or radioactive waste from nuclear cycles are used as radioactive raw materials. The method is carried out with the production of polonium, radon, francium, radium, actinium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, americium, nickel, manganese, bromine, hafnium, ytterbium, mercury, gold, platinum and their isotopes. The invention makes it possible to obtain valuable radioactive elements, to carry out the inactivation of nuclear waste with the conversion of radioactive isotopes of waste elements into stable isotopes. 2 salary files, 18 ill., 5 tables, 9 pr.

The invention relates to the field of transmutation of chemical elements and the transformation of radioactive isotopes, that is, to the artificial production of some chemical elements from other chemical elements. In particular, the method makes it possible to obtain rare and valuable elements: polonium, radon, francium, radium and actinides - actinium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, as well as various isotopes of the listed and other elements.

The transformations of chemical elements, the formation of new isotopes of elements and new chemical elements with nuclear decays and syntheses of chemical elements used in traditional nuclear reactors, at nuclear power plants (NPPs), in scientific nuclear reactors, for example, when irradiating chemical elements with neutrons, or protons, or alpha particles.

There is a known method for producing nickel-63 radionuclide in a reactor from a target, which involves obtaining a nickel target enriched in nickel-62, irradiating the target in the reactor with subsequent enrichment of the irradiated product in nickel-63 when extracting the nickel-64 isotope from the product (RU 2313149, 2007). The advantage of the method is to obtain a high quality product, which is intended for use in autonomous sources of electrical energy, in detectors explosives etc. The reproducibility of the results is confirmed by data from the analysis of the isotopic composition of elements using mass spectrometry methods.

However, the method is complex and unsafe and requires an industrial level of safety.

There is also a known method for the transmutation of elements - long-lived radioactive nuclides, including those arising in irradiated nuclear fuel (RU 2415486, 2011). The method consists in irradiating the transmuted material with a neutron flux, and the irradiation is carried out with neutrons obtained in nuclear fusion reactions in a pre-formed plasma of a neutron source, with a certain placement of the neutron-scattering medium. This method is based on nuclear fusion reactions in a tokomak; it is also complex and requires special equipment.

There is a known method for producing radionuclides Th-228 and Ra-224, which is also implemented in reactor technology. The technology is quite complex and has safety restrictions (RU 2317607, 2008).

Thus, when obtaining chemical elements and their isotopes, nuclear reactions are mainly traditionally used using nuclear reactors and other complex equipment at high energy costs.

There are known attempts to solve the problem of obtaining radioactive isotopes in the process of nuclear transmutation of elements in a safer way, using microorganisms. In particular, a method for converting isotopes using microorganisms is known, which involves growing a microbiological culture of Deinococcus radiodurans on a nutrient medium containing the initial isotopic components necessary for transmutation, and also deficient in a close chemical analogue of the target element. Initial isotopic components are introduced into the medium that are radioactive and, during the process of transmutation, can lead to the formation of the target chemical element in the form of a stable or radioactive isotope, which is assimilated by the microbiological culture and then remains stable or remains radioactive or decays to the required stable isotope (RU 2002101281 A, 2003). This method does not provide a high yield of the target isotope, and also requires the use of ionizing radiation as a trigger and support factor for the reaction.

There is also a known method for obtaining stable isotopes through nuclear transmutation such as low-temperature nuclear synthesis of elements in microbiological cultures (RU 2052223, 1996). The method consists in the fact that microorganism cells grown in a nutrient medium deficient in the target isotope (target isotopes) are exposed to factors that promote the destruction of interatomic bonds and lead to an increase in the concentration of free atoms or ions of hydrogen isotopes in it. The nutrient medium is prepared on the basis of heavy water and unstable isotopes that are deficient in the medium are introduced into it, which ultimately decay to form the target stable isotopes. Ionizing radiation is used as a factor that destroys interatomic bonds. This method is based on the use of ionizing radiation, is not intended for industrial scaling, and requires high energy and financial costs.

All of the listed chemical elements, their isotopes and by-products are still obtained by complex and unsafe traditional methods through traditional nuclear reactions in small (sometimes micro) quantities, which are clearly insufficient to meet the energy, technical, industrial, technical and scientific needs of mankind. The described microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements makes it possible to obtain all of the above chemical elements and their isotopes in almost unlimited quantities, simple to implement, safe for personnel and the public, environmentally friendly, and does not require large expenditures of materials, water, heat, electricity and heating, providing These are energy, industrial, technical and scientific problems of civilization. These elements and isotopes carry enormous energy reserves and have extremely high value and selling price on the market.

A microbiological method is proposed for the transmutation of chemical elements and the transformation of isotopes of chemical elements, characterized by the fact that radioactive raw materials containing radioactive chemical elements or their isotopes are treated with an aqueous suspension of bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus in the presence of any s, p, d, f elements with variable valence. The selection of elements with variable valence is carried out on the principle of creating a high redox potential. That is, the key factor in such selection, or simply focusing on certain elements with variable valence introduced into the reaction medium, is the redox potential, the value of which is optimal in the range of 400-800 mV (for example, in examples 1, 2, 3, 4 Eh=635 mV, 798 mV, 753 mV and 717 mV, respectively).

Elements with variable valency, both in reduced and oxidized forms, creating a standard redox potential, are involved in the implementation of triggering and controlling mechanisms for the initiation and acceleration of alpha, beta minus and beta plus decays of radioactive isotopes of elements of any group by bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus.

The method leads to the production of polonium, radon, francium, radium, actinium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, americium and their isotopes, as well as nickel, manganese, bromine, hafnium, ytterbium, mercury, gold, platinum and their isotopes. Ores or radioactive waste from nuclear cycles can be used as radioactive raw materials containing radioactive chemical elements.

According to the claimed method, the following elements are obtained from raw materials containing natural uranium-238 and thorium-232:

1. Protactinium, actinium, radium, polonium and various isotopes of these elements (tables 1, 2, 3, 4; diagrams 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; figures 1 to 17).

2. Francium (figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14).

3. Ytterbium, hafnium, gallium, nickel (table 1; figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), gold (table 1; figures 6, 7), mercury (tables 1, 2; patterns 9, 10; figures 4, 5, 11), platinum (table 1; diagrams 9, 10; figures 4, 5, 6, 7).

4. The iron content in the medium decreases, nickel appears (there was no nickel in the original ore), and the nickel content increases in dynamics (Table 1), since iron takes on alpha particles carried by bacteria from alpha radioactive elements, turning into nickel. The removal of a proton from the iron nucleus leads to an increase in the manganese content in the medium (conversion of iron to manganese) and, accordingly, to a decrease in the iron content (Table 1).

5. From polonium, which is a product of the decomposition of actinides in the microbiological process of transmutation of elements, various isotopes of thallium, mercury, gold, platinum, including stable ones, were obtained (tables 1, 2; schemes 10, 11; tables 1, 2; figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11).

6. Rare isotopes were obtained from plutonium-239: uranium-235, thorium-231, protactinium-231, actinium-227 (Scheme 12).

7. From plutonium-241, which is a by-product of the combustion of uranium in a reactor, rare in nature and industry, and scarce isotopes of americium and neptunium, 241 Am and 237 Np, were obtained (Scheme 13).

Thus, the described microbiological method solves the problems of providing energy and rare scarce materials to various areas of industry, science and technology.

Previously, all of the listed elements and their various isotopes were obtained artificially in small and micro quantities (in grams, milligrams, micrograms and less) during nuclear reactions and processes, in nuclear reactors, as decay products of uranium and thorium, as well as plutonium, radium . Isotopes of thorium and uranium were also obtained artificially through nuclear reactions. The authors obtained the following elements using this method: polonium, radon, francium, radium and actinides - actinium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium and various isotopes of the listed elements, as well as various isotopes of thorium and uranium - thorium-227, thorium- 228, thorium-230, thorium-234; uranium-231, uranium-232, uranium-233, uranium-234, uranium-235, uranium-236, uranium-239, as well as manganese, nickel, gallium, bromine, hafnium, ytterbium, thallium, mercury, gold, platinum ( see diagrams 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and tables 1, 2, 3, 4).

The inventive method of transmutation of chemical elements makes it possible to obtain all of the above chemical elements and their isotopes in practically unlimited quantities.

The described method of transmutation of elements also makes it possible to inactivate and neutralize nuclear waste, for example, waste from the combustion of nuclear fuel (uranium) from nuclear power plants, containing uranium, plutonium, their isotopes and fission and decay products (products of isotopic transitions): isotopes of uranium and plutonium (see diagram 13), radium and polonium, radioactive isotopes of strontium, iodine, cesium, radon, xenon and other products of alpha and beta decay, and spontaneous fission of uranium and plutonium.

It should be noted that the known traditional nuclear reactor methods for the production and isolation of polonium, radium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, americium, their isotopes and valuable isotopes of thorium and uranium are technologically difficult to implement, high-cost, require complex expensive equipment and are dangerous for human health and for environment, in contrast to the proposed method. Also, the known traditional nuclear reactor methods for producing and separating polonium, radium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, americium, their isotopes and valuable isotopes of thorium and uranium do not meet the needs of the energy sector and other various fields of science and technology for these chemical elements and their isotopes.

In the claimed method, bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus (for example, species Thiobacillus aquaesulis or Thiobacillus ferrooxidans), in the presence of elements with variable valence, initiate and accelerate natural processes of radioactive decay and isotope transitions of radioactive elements. At the same time, the time of natural nuclear reactions and isotopic transitions is accelerated by thousands, millions and billions of times - depending on the natural half-life of the original isotopes of certain chemical elements.

Any raw materials containing radioactive elements are used as feedstock, namely: 1. Natural uranium and thorium in the form of ores: uranium and/or thorium ores, or sands, for example, monazite sands containing thorium, phosphates/phosphorites; any ores containing impurities of thorium, uranium, plutonium in any quantities and ratios to each other. 2. Plutonium (see diagrams 12, 13), uranium, thorium and other radioactive elements produced in nuclear reactors, including those that are waste from nuclear cycles. 3. Any other industrial components and waste containing any actinides, mainly thorium, uranium, or plutonium, as they are more common, accessible and cheap on the market, any of these elements in any ratio to each other. 4. Radioactive decay products of the series of plutonium, uranium, thorium: radium, radon, polonium. 5. Polonium, which is a product of the decomposition of actinides in the microbiological process of transmutation of elements, to obtain various rare isotopes of thallium, mercury, gold, platinum, including their stable isotopes. 6. Radioactive products (fragments) of the fission of plutonium and uranium - radioactive isotopes of strontium, yttrium, cesium, iodine and other elements; their transmutation is advisable with the aim of converting them into elements and isotopes that are non-radioactive and harmless to humans, to improve the environment. 7. Everything listed species raw materials (elements) for microbiological processing are used both individually and together, in any ratio with each other.

Raw materials containing any of the above radioactive elements are treated with an aqueous solution of bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus, for example, the species Thiobacillus aquaesullis or Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, or their mixture in any proportion relative to each other, or any species of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, in the presence of elements with variable valence, under normal conditions of life of microorganisms.

The method does not require nuclear reactors that are expensive and dangerous to people and the environment; it is carried out under ordinary conditions, in ordinary containers, at ordinary ambient temperatures (quite acceptable values ​​from 4 to 60 degrees Celsius), at ordinary atmospheric pressure, and does not require the consumption of fresh water.

Mechanisms

In our method, microorganisms initiate and accelerate alpha decay (-α), beta minus (-β), and beta plus (+β) decay (electron capture). Microorganisms capture protons, alpha particles (two protons and two neutrons) and electrons (beta-minus decay) in the nuclei of heavy elements (mainly in any f-elements and heavy s-elements), transferring the captured protons, alpha -particles and electrons into other elements, mainly d- and p-elements, for example, arsenic and iron. Microorganisms can also transfer protons, alpha particles, electrons and positrons to other elements, for example, to the f-element ytterbium, if it is present in the environment. Bacterial capture and abstraction of protons, alpha particles and electrons occurs in radioactive elements of the f-group and s-group (according to the classification of the periodic table of elements). Bacteria also initiate and accelerate beta plus (+β) decay (electron capture) in the nuclei of beta plus radioactive isotopes of elements of any group, transferring into the nucleus of these elements an electron obtained during the beta minus (-β) decay of other isotopes subjected to beta minus decay, or captured from elements of variable valency (not radioactive) present in the environment during their bacterial oxidation.

Bacterial transfer of protons (P), alpha particles (α) and electrons (e -) occurs to d-group elements (for example, iron and others), to p-group elements (for example, arsenic and others), and to s-group elements (strontium, cesium, radium and others).

Bacterial capture and abstraction of protons, alpha particles and electrons occurs in alpha and beta radioactive isotopes of f-group, s-group and p-group elements, which themselves are naturally alpha or beta radioactive, while bacteria initiate and accelerate the processes of alpha and beta decay millions and billions of times.

Bio-alpha decay (-α)

In the process of alpha decay, when nuclei lose two protons, elements of the f- and s-groups turn into lighter elements (moving two cells forward in the table periodic table elements).

After capturing and detaching protons and alpha particles from the f- and s-elements, the bacteria transfer these protons and alpha particles to various elements of the d-, p- and s-groups, converting them into other elements - those next in position in the periodic table of chemicals elements (move one or two cells forward on the table of the periodic system of elements).

When bacterial transfer of alpha particles from f-elements to iron occurs, iron is converted to nickel (see Table 1); upon bacterial transfer of protons and alpha particles from f-elements to arsenic, arsenic is converted to bromine (see Table 1); upon bacterial transfer of protons and alpha particles from f-elements to ytterbium, ytterbium is converted to hafnium (see Table 1).

Bio-beta decay (-β, +β)

Bacteria provoke and greatly accelerate both types of beta decay: beta minus decay and beta plus decay.

Beta minus decay (-β) is the emission of an electron by a nucleus, resulting in the transformation of a neutron into a proton, transforming the element into the next one in position in the periodic table of chemical elements (moving one cell forward on the table of the periodic system of elements).

Beta plus decay (+β) is the capture of an electron by the nucleus, resulting in the transformation of a proton into a neutron with the transformation of the element into the previous one in its location in the periodic system of chemical elements (moving one cell back on the table of the periodic system of elements).

In the process of beta decay provoked and accelerated by bacteria, in some cases, the subsequent emission of a so-called delayed neutron occurs - spontaneously, naturally, according to the physical laws of isotopic decays and transitions, with the production of a lighter isotope of a given element. The use of the delayed neutron emission mechanism makes it possible to further expand the list of obtained elements and isotopes, as well as predict and regulate the bio-transmutation process (stop it at the right time).

Bacteria initiate and accelerate beta decay - the emission of an electron by the nucleus or the introduction of an electron into the nucleus (electron capture) of beta radioactive chemical elements. Bacteria initiate and accelerate the beta decay of isotopes of elements, both primarily contained in raw materials, in the environment, and isotopes of elements obtained artificially in a biological process, after alpha decay provoked by bacteria. The last fact - beta decay, which occurs after bacterial-induced alpha decay, is of great practical importance in order to obtain valuable, scarce energy-important elements and isotopes.

Bacteria also capture and abstract electrons from lighter nuclei compared to f-elements, namely from beta minus radioactive isotopes - products (“fragments”) of the fission of uranium and plutonium, for example, from the nuclei of strontium-90, yttrium-90 , iodine-129, iodine-130, cesium-133, cesium-137 and some other elements that are converted into stable elements during this beta decay. In this case, in the nucleus of a chemical element, a neutron is converted into a proton, and the ordinal number of the element is shifted one or two (depending on the original isotope) cells forward on the table of the periodic system of elements. This process allows for a radical and environmentally friendly disposal of highly radioactive waste from nuclear production and nuclear power plants, i.e. from combustion products of nuclear fuel that contain radioactive elements - “fragments” of the fission of uranium, plutonium and other transuranium elements - actinides, as well as fission products of thorium, if used in the thorium nuclear cycle.

The electron captured by bacteria during beta-minus decay is transferred by the bacteria to the nuclei of beta-plus radioactive isotopes of elements (if they are present in the environment). Redox reactions also occur in the process. For example, during bacterial electron transfer to iron (III), the latter is converted into iron (II), and during bacterial electron transfer to arsenic (V), the latter is converted into arsenic (III). The surface charge of bacterial cells is determined by the dissociation of ionogenic groups of the cell wall, which consists of proteins, phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides. At the physiological pH of microbial cells, bacteria carry an excess negative charge on their surface, which is formed due to the dissociation of ionic, predominantly acidic, groups of the cell surface. The negatively charged surface of microbial cells attracts oppositely charged ions from the environment, which, under the influence of electrostatic forces, tend to approach the ionized groups of the cell membrane. As a result, the cell finds itself surrounded by a double electrical layer (adsorption and diffusion). The charge of the cell constantly fluctuates depending on the processes occurring in the environment. When exposed to alpha particles, the negative charge of cells falls (in absolute value) and turns into a positive charge, which accelerates the processes of beta decay. Further, when exposed to electrons released during beta decay from radioactive elements, as well as electrons transferred from elements of variable valence in reduced form to the adsorption layer of microorganisms, the negative charge of microorganisms increases (in absolute value), turns over from positive to negative, which accelerates processes of alpha decay, the withdrawal of positively charged protons and alpha particles from atoms of chemical elements. These accelerating processes occur due to electrical interactions of negatively and positively charged groups of cell surfaces with alpha and beta particles of radioactive elements, respectively. In the logarithmic stage of microorganism growth, the negative charge of cells reaches its maximum value, which leads to the maximum rate of transformation and transformation of elements. The processes of transformation of chemical elements can occur both inside bacterial cells and on the surface of the cell wall in the adsorption layer of the electrical double layer.

Thus, microbial cells, labilely changing their charging characteristics, are a regulating and accelerating system for several types of radioactive decay and the transformation of some elements into others.

In order to accelerate the processes of transmutation of chemical elements by microorganisms, when the charge of microorganisms approaches the isoelectric point in the reaction solution, surfactants (surfactants) are used. Polyampholytes, ionic surfactants, both anionic and cationic surfactants, introduced into the reaction medium, changing the charge of cells (charge shift from the isoelectric point to the negative or positive side), contribute to bacterial initiation and intensification of the processes of transmutation of chemical elements (example 9).

Industrial and scientific-technical significance of the invention

The microbiological method of transmutation of elements, acceleration of nuclear reactions and isotope transitions, makes it possible to obtain in unlimited quantities valuable and scarce radioactive elements, which are in high demand in the market, in technology, industry and scientific research. These elements and isotopes carry enormous energy reserves and have extremely high value and selling price on the market. Below we emphasize the low and rare content of these chemical elements and their isotopes in nature, the difficulty of obtaining them in nuclear reactors, as a result of which their global production is negligible, and market price very high. The areas of application of the obtained elements and the global demand for them are also described.

Polonium is always present in uranium and thorium minerals, but in such insignificant quantities that obtaining it from ores using known traditional methods is impractical and unprofitable. The equilibrium content of polonium in the earth's crust is about 2·10 -14% by mass. Micro quantities of polonium are extracted from waste from uranium ore processing. Polonium is isolated by extraction, ion exchange, chromatography and sublimation.

The main industrial method for producing polonium is its artificial synthesis through nuclear reactions, which is expensive and unsafe.

Polonium-210 in alloys with beryllium and boron is used for the manufacture of compact and very powerful neutron sources that practically do not create γ-radiation (but are short-lived due to the short lifetime of 210 Po: T 1/2 = 138.376 days) - polonium-210 alpha particles produce neutrons on beryllium or boron nuclei in the (α, n) reaction. These are sealed metal ampoules containing a polonium-210-coated ceramic tablet made of boron carbide or beryllium carbide. Such neutron sources are lightweight and portable, completely safe to operate and very reliable. For example, the Soviet neutron source VNI-2 was a brass ampoule with a diameter of two and a height of four centimeters, emitting up to 90 million neutrons every second.

Polonium is sometimes used to ionize gases, particularly air. First of all, air ionization is necessary to combat static electricity (in production, when handling particularly sensitive equipment). For example, dust removal brushes are manufactured for precision optics.

An important area of ​​application for polonium is its use in the form of alloys with lead, yttrium, or independently for the production of powerful and very compact heat sources for autonomous installations, such as space or polar ones. One cubic centimeter of polonium-210 emits about 1320 W of heat. For example, the Soviet self-propelled vehicles of the Lunokhod space program used a polonium heater to heat the instrument compartment.

Polonium-210 can serve in an alloy with a light isotope of lithium (6 Li) as a substance that can significantly reduce the critical mass of a nuclear charge and serve as a kind of nuclear detonator.

Until now, industrial and commercial (market) quantities of polonium have been milligrams and grams of polonium.

Currently, radium is used in compact neutron sources, for this purpose small amounts of it are fused with beryllium. Under the influence of alpha radiation, neutrons are knocked out of beryllium: 9 Be+ 4 He→ 12 C+ 1 n.

In medicine, radium is used as a source of radon, including for the preparation of radon baths. Radium is used for short-term irradiation in the treatment of malignant diseases of the skin, nasal mucosa, and genitourinary tract.

The low use of radium is due, among other things, to its negligible content in the earth's crust and in ores, and to the high cost and difficulty of obtaining it artificially in nuclear reactions.

In the time that has passed since the discovery of radium - more than a century - only 1.5 kg of pure radium have been mined all over the world. One ton of uranium tar from which the Curies obtained radium contained only about 0.0001 grams of radium-226. All naturally occurring radium is radiogenic - it comes from the decay of uranium-238, uranium-235 or thorium-232. In equilibrium, the ratio of the content of uranium-238 and radium-226 in the ore is equal to the ratio of their half-lives: (4.468·10 9 years)/(1617 years)=2.789·10 6. Thus, for every three million uranium atoms in nature there is only one radium atom. The microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements makes it possible to obtain radium-226 and other isotopes of radium from uranium and thorium in almost unlimited quantities (kilograms, tons) and expand the scope of application of radium and its isotopes.

Currently, francium and its salts have no practical use due to their short half-life. The longest-lived isotope known to date is francium 223 Fr, which has a half-life of 22 minutes. However, obtaining francium by a microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements and recording on devices the presence of francium in processed samples (figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14), in the absence of francium in the feedstock, proves the general course of the processes of transformation of elements. In the future, it is possible that francium may be used for scientific and other purposes.

Actinium is one of the least abundant radioactive elements in nature. Its total content in the earth's crust does not exceed 2600 tons, while, for example, the amount of radium is more than 40 million tons. Three isotopes of actinium have been found in nature: 225 Ac, 227 Ac, 228 Ac. Actinium accompanies uranium ores. Obtaining actinium from uranium ores using known traditional methods is impractical due to its low content in them, as well as the high similarity with the rare earth elements present there.

Significant quantities of the 227 Ac isotope are obtained by irradiating radium with neutrons in a reactor. 226 Ra(n, γ)→ 227 Ra(-β)→ 227 Ac. The yield, as a rule, does not exceed 2.15% of the original amount of radium. The amount of actinium with this synthesis method is calculated in grams. The 228 Ac isotope is produced by irradiating the 227 Ac isotope with neutrons.

227 Ac mixed with beryllium is a source of neutrons.

Ac-Be sources are characterized by a low yield of gamma rays and are used in activation analysis for the determination of Mn, Si, Al in ores.

225 Ac is used to obtain 213 Bi, as well as for use in radioimmunotherapy.

227 Ac can be used in radioisotope energy sources.

228Ac is used as a radiotracer in chemical research due to its high-energy β-emission.

A mixture of 228Ac-228Ra isotopes is used in medicine as an intense source of γ-radiation.

Actinium can serve as a powerful source of energy, which has not yet been used due to the high cost of actinium and the small amount of actinium obtained by known methods, as well as due to the complexity of its production by known methods. All traditional methods for obtaining and isolating actinium are high-cost, unprofitable and dangerous to human health and the environment. Obtaining actinium by a microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements makes it possible to obtain actinium and its isotopes in a cheap and safe way in unlimited quantities (kilograms, tons, thousands of tons, etc.).

Protactinium

Due to its low content in the earth's crust (the content of the Earth's mass is 0.1 billionth of a percent), the element has so far had a very narrow application - as an additive to nuclear fuel. From natural sources - residues from the processing of uranium tar - only protactinium-231 (231 Pa) can be obtained using traditional methods. In addition, 231 Pa can be obtained in the traditional way by irradiating thorium-230 (230 Th) with slow neutrons:

The isotope 233 Pa is also obtained from thorium:

As an additive to nuclear fuel, protactinium is added at the rate of 0.34 grams of protactinium per 1 ton of uranium, which very significantly increases the energy value of uranium and the efficiency of combustion of uranium (a mixture of uranium and protactinium). Obtaining protactinium by a microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements makes it possible to obtain protactinium in a cheap and safe way in unlimited quantities (kilograms, tons, thousands of tons, etc.). Obtaining protactinium by a microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements solves the issue of the availability of cheap energy, energy raw materials and a product with high efficiency, and meets the needs for protactinium in other areas of science and technology.

Various isotopes of thorium (thorium-227, thorium-228, thorium-230, thorium-234 and others), having different half-lives, not contained in natural thorium, obtained by the microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements, are of interest for research purposes, and are also of interest as sources of energy and raw materials for the production of other isotopes and elements.

Uranium and its isotopes

On this moment There are 23 known artificial radioactive isotopes of uranium with mass numbers from 217 to 242. The most important and valuable isotopes of uranium are uranium-233 and uranium-235. Uranium-233 (233 U, T 1/2 = 1.59 10 5 years) is obtained by irradiating thorium-232 with neutrons and is capable of fission under the influence of thermal neutrons, which makes it a promising fuel for nuclear reactors:

But this process is extremely complex, expensive and environmentally hazardous. The content of the valuable isotope uranium-235 (235 U) in natural uranium is small (0.72% of natural uranium), and its traditional separation from other uranium isotopes (for example, laser centrifugation) and isolation is associated with great technical, economic and environmental difficulties, as it requires high costs, expensive and complex equipment, and is unsafe for humans and the environment. The isotope uranium-233 (233 U) is not found in natural uranium, and its traditional production in nuclear reactors is associated with similar difficulties and dangers.

Uranium is widely distributed in nature. The uranium content in the earth's crust is 0.0003% (wt.), the concentration in sea water is 3 μg/l. The amount of uranium in a 20 km thick layer of the lithosphere is estimated at 1.3 10 14 tons. World uranium production in 2009 amounted to 50,772 tons, world resources for 2009 amounted to 2,438,100 tons. Thus, the world's uranium reserves and the world's production of natural uranium are quite large. The problem is that the main share of reserves and production (99.27%) comes from the natural uranium isotope uranium-238 (corresponding to the percentage of isotopes in natural uranium), i.e. to the least useful and least energetic isotope of uranium. In addition, the traditional separation of uranium isotopes from each other (in in this case, uranium-235 from uranium-238) is extremely difficult, expensive and environmentally unsafe. According to OECD data, there are 440 commercial nuclear reactors operating in the world, which consume 67 thousand tons of uranium per year. This means that its production provides only 60% of its consumption (the rest is recovered from old nuclear warheads). The most valuable uranium isotopes in this case are uranium-233 and uranium-235 (nuclear fuel), for which spent fuel rods from nuclear power plants and nuclear warheads removed from combat duty are reused after reprocessing. 238 U nuclei fission upon capturing only fast neutrons with an energy of at least 1 MeV. The nuclei 235 U and 233 U fission when capturing both slow (thermal) and fast neutrons, and also fission spontaneously, which is especially important and valuable.

The microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements makes it possible to obtain in almost unlimited quantities from natural uranium (from the isotope uranium-238) rare and valuable isotopes of uranium - uranium-232, uranium-233, uranium-234, uranium-235, uranium-236, as well as others valuable chemical elements and their isotopes: neptunium-236, neptunium-237, neptunium-238, plutonium-236, plutonium-238, americium-241, protactinium-231, protactinium-234, thorium-227, thorium-228, thorium-230 , actinium-227, radium-226, radium-228, radon-222, polonium-209, polonium-210. The industrial, technical and energy value, as well as the sales market value of these resulting elements are much higher than the original element - uranium-238.

Neptunium

Neptunium occurs only in trace amounts on Earth and was produced artificially from uranium through nuclear reactions.

By irradiating neptunium-237 with neutrons, weight quantities of isotopically pure plutonium-238 are obtained, which is used in small-sized radioisotope energy sources, in RTGs (RTG - radio-isotope thermoelectric generator), in pacemakers, as a heat source in radioisotope energy sources and neutron sources . The critical mass of neptunium-237 is about 57 kg for pure metal, and thus this isotope can be practically used for the production of nuclear weapons.

Americium

Americium-241 is produced by irradiating plutonium with neutrons:

Americium-241 is a valuable rare chemical element and isotope; its traditional production in nuclear reactors is associated with the usual difficulties and high cost for obtaining actinides; as a result, americium has a high market value, is in demand and can be used in various fields of science, industry and technology.

The microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements makes it possible to obtain practically unlimited quantities of neptunium-236, neptunium-237, neptunium-238, plutonium-236, plutonium-238, americium-241 and other isotopes of neptunium, plutonium and americium.

Commonly accepted short notations in the diagrams and tables below:

Uranium-238, 238 U - here - 238 is the relative atomic mass, that is, the total number of protons and neutrons.

P - proton.

N or n - neutron.

α is an alpha particle, i.e. two protons and two neutrons.

(-α) is an alpha particle emitted from an atom (from an element) in our reactions, while the atomic number (nuclear charge) is reduced by two units and the element turns into a lighter one, located across the cell in the periodic table of elements of Mendeleev (shift by two cells back). The relative atomic mass decreases by four units.

Beta decay is a transformation in which the atomic number of an element (nuclear charge) changes by one, but the relative atomic mass (total number of protons and neutrons) remains constant.

(+β) - emission of a positively charged positron particle, or capture of a negatively charged electron by the nucleus: in both cases, the atomic number (nuclear charge) of the element decreases by one.

The phenomena of emission of the so-called “delayed neutron” (usually one or two) after beta decay are observed. At the same time, a new chemical element formed by beta decay, after the emission of a delayed neutron (neutrons), retains its new place and cell in the table of the periodic system of elements, since it retains the nuclear charge (number of protons), but loses in atomic mass, forming new , lighter isotopes.

(-n) - “delayed neutron”, a neutron emitted from an atom after beta decay, while the atomic mass of the new element decreases by one.

(-2n) - two “delayed neutrons” emitted from an atom after beta decay, the atomic mass of the new element is reduced by two units.

(ă) - a “delayed” alpha particle (a type of isotope decay) emitted from an atom (element) after beta decay. In this case, the atomic number (nuclear charge) decreases by two units, and the relative atomic mass of the element decreases by 4 units.

Another transmutation of a chemical element occurs (a shift back two cells on the table of the periodic system of chemical elements).

T 1/2 or T is the half-life of the isotope of the element.

The authors conducted a series of successful reproducible experiments with various ores and raw materials. Raw materials containing radioactive elements were treated with an aqueous solution of bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus in the presence of elements with variable valence of any s, p, d and f elements that create a standard redox potential (for example, Sr 2+, nitrogen N 5+ /N 3-, sulfur S 6+ /S 2- arsenic As 5+ /As 3+, iron Fe 3+ /Fe 2+, manganese Mn 4+ /Mn 2+, molybdenum Mo 6+ /Mo 2+, cobalt Co 3+ /Co 2+, vanadium V 5+ /V 4+ and others). Various bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus, iron-oxidizing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (thermophilic and others) involved in the redox processes of metals were used, always achieved positive effect. The authors conducted 2536 experiments. The experimental data obtained were statistically processed (see tables 1, 2, 3, 4) and reflected in schemes for obtaining various valuable isotopes of uranium, protactinium, thorium, actinium, radium, polonium and other elements (see figures 1 to 17, diagrams 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13). The reaction schemes and isotopic transitions do not contradict, but rather confirm, the existing theory of radioactive decay.

To transmutate chemical elements and obtain new elements and isotopes, sulfide ores were used as raw materials for microbiological processing Saudi Arabia, containing uranium and thorium (table 1, figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). The ore of Saudi Arabia also contained the elements phosphorus, arsenic, vanadium, mainly in oxidized form (phosphates, arsenates, vanadates), and iron - both in oxidized and reduced forms. Therefore, to create a high redox potential in the fermenter, the raw materials were treated with microorganisms Thiobacillus acidophilus strain DSM-700 in an aqueous solution of elements with variable valence, present in the solution in reduced form: Mn +4, Co +2, Fe +2, N -3, S -2 (in the form of salts), in their total mass 0.01% of the mass of the medium.

When growing microorganisms Thiobacillus acidophilus strain DSM-700, standard nutrient media were used (for example, Lethen and Waksman media for Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, 9K medium and media for other iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria). Elements of variable valence were added to standard nutrient media - transelements (electron transfer elements, for example, Mg, Mn, Co, Mo, Zn, Cu, Fe in the form of salts) in their total mass of 0.01% of the mass of the medium, hydrolysis products of organic raw materials , for example, hydrolysis of waste from fish, meat, or forest processing (2% by weight, from the environment) and raw materials (uranium or thorium containing ores or radioactive waste in the amount of 1.5% by weight, from the environment). A 10% solution of a culture medium with optionally autotrophic microorganisms selected at the exponential stage of growth was added to the fermentation medium containing 10% of the raw material (ore).

The transmutation process was carried out in ten fermentation shaker flasks. The pH of the solution was adjusted with 10 normal sulfuric acid; the pH of the solution was maintained in the range of 0.8-1.0 during the process. The process temperature is 28-32 degrees Celsius. The redox potential (Eh) in the solution of the transmutation process in the logarithmic stage is 635 mV. Mixing speed 300 rpm. The ratio of solid to liquid phase was 1:10 (100 grams of ore in one liter aqueous solution). Every day, every 24 hours, the pH and Eh of the solution, the concentration of chemical elements and isotopes in the solution were measured, and the vital activity of microorganisms was monitored. The process was carried out for nine days. We used methods for analyzing aqueous solutions and ore: to determine the content of elements, we used the X-ray fluorescence method, type of instrument: CYP-02 “Renom FV”; S2 PICOFOX. The atomic adsorption method was also used. The isotopic composition was determined by mass spectroscopic method. The charging characteristics of microbiological cells were determined by electrophoretic mobility on a Parmoquant-2 automatic microscope. According to the instrument data, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the final products was determined. The results of the conducted and statistically processed experiments, depending on the time of the process, are shown in Table 1. In Fig. Figure 1 shows a spectrogram of the original Saudi Arabian ore without microbiological treatment and without transformation of chemical elements. Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 show spectrograms of analyzes of the transmutation of chemical elements during microbiological processing of Saudi Arabian ore depending on the time of the process after 48 hours (2 days), 72 hours (3 days), 120 hours (5 days), after 120 hours (5 days), after 168 hours (7 days), after 192 hours (8 days), respectively.

Scheme 2. Preparation of protactinium-231 (231 Pa) by microbiological method from uranium-238 (238 U) in various ways.

Scheme 6. Preparation of radium-226 (226 Ra) and radium-228 (228 Ra) by microbiological method from uranium-238 (238 U) (see 6-1) and from natural thorium-232 (232 Th) (see 6 -2) accordingly:

The method of carrying out the process is the same as in example 1. To transmutate chemical elements and obtain new elements and isotopes, uranium ore from North-West Africa containing uranium, thorium, sulfur and arsenic in a reduced form (metal sulfides) was used as a raw material for microbiological processing , arsenides, sulfoarsenides). Therefore, to create a high redox potential, the raw materials were treated with microorganisms Thiobacillus aquaesulis strain DSM-4255 in an aqueous solution of elements with variable valence, present in solution in oxidized form: N +5, P +5 (in the form of phosphates), As +5, S +6, Fe +3, Mn +7, their total mass is 0.01% of the mass of the medium. The redox potential (Eh) in the solution of the transmutation process in the logarithmic stage is 798 mV. The temperature of the process is 30-35 degrees Celsius, the pH of the environment is 2-2.5. The duration of the process is twenty days. The results of the conducted and statistically processed experiments, depending on the time of the process, are shown in Table 2. Spectrograms of analyzes of the transmutation of chemical elements during microbiological processing of uranium ore from North-West Africa, depending on the time of the process, after 24 hours (1 day), after 144 hours ( 6 days), after 168 hours (7 days), after 192 hours (8 days), after 480 hours (20 days) are shown in figures 8, 9, 10, 11, respectively.

Scheme 1. Microbiological production of various valuable isotopes of uranium, protactinium, thorium, actinium, radium, polonium from uranium-238 (238 U):

Scheme 2. Preparation of uranium-233 (233 U) by microbiological method from uranium-238 (238 U) in various ways.

Scheme 4. Preparation of thorium-230 (230 Th) by microbiological method from uranium-238 (238 U).

Further, the process either stops (and 230 Th is released) if thorium-230 is the final goal of the process. Or the process continues until valuable and rare radioactive isotopes of radium (226 Ra), radon, astatine, polonium, bismuth, lead are obtained:

Scheme 5. Preparation of actinium-227 (227 Ac) by microbiological method from uranium-238 (238 U) in various ways.

Scheme 7. Preparation of the most valuable and stable isotopes of polonium (210 Po, 209 Po, 208 Po) by microbiological method from uranium-238 (238 U).

The method of carrying out the process is the same as in example 1. To transmutate chemical elements and obtain new elements and isotopes, Jordan uranium ore containing the elements uranium, thorium, phosphorus, arsenic, iron, vanadium, both in oxidized form, was used as raw material for microbiological processing (phosphates, arsenates, vanadates), and in reduced form. Therefore, to create a high redox potential, the raw materials were treated with microorganisms Thiobacillus halophilus strain DSM-6132 in an aqueous solution of elements with variable valence, which have redox ability: Rb +1, Sr +2, S0 /S -2, Re +4 / Re +7, As +3 /As +5, Mn +4 /Mn +7, Fe +2 /Fe +3, N -3 /N +5, P +5, S -2 /S +6 in their total weight 0.01% by weight of the medium. The redox potential (Eh) in the solution of the transmutation process in the logarithmic stage is 753 mV. The temperature of the process is 28-32 degrees Celsius, the pH of the environment is 2.0-2.5. The duration of the process is twenty days. The results of the conducted and statistically processed experiments, depending on the time of the process, are shown in Table 3. Spectrograms of analyzes of the transmutation of chemical elements during microbiological processing of uranium ore in Jordan, depending on the time of the process, after 24 hours (1 day), after 120 hours (five days) , after 192 hours (8 days), are shown in figures 12, 13, 14, respectively.

Scheme 3. Preparation of protactinium-231 (231 Pa) by microbiological method from uranium-238 (238 U) in various ways.

Scheme 4. Preparation of thorium-230 (230 Th) by microbiological method from uranium-238 (238 U).

Further, the process either stops (and 230 Th is released) if thorium-230 is the final goal of the process. Or the process continues until valuable and rare radioactive isotopes of radium (226 Ra), radon, astatine, polonium, bismuth, lead are obtained:

Scheme 5. Preparation of actinium-227 (227 Ac) by microbiological method from uranium-238 (238 U) in various ways.

Diagram 6-1. Preparation of radium-226 (226 Ra) by microbiological method from uranium-238:

Scheme 7. Preparation of the most valuable and stable isotopes of polonium (210 Po, 209 Po, 208 Po) by microbiological method from uranium-238 (238 U).

The method of carrying out the process is the same as in example 1. To transmutate chemical elements and obtain new elements and isotopes, monazite thorium containing sand from the Indian Ocean coast containing the elements thorium, phosphorus, arsenic, silicon, aluminum, and also cerium and other lanthanides, mainly in reduced form. Therefore, to create a high redox potential, the raw materials were treated with microorganisms Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain DSM-14882 in an aqueous solution of elements with variable valence, present in solution in oxidized form: N +5, P +5, As +5, S +6, Fe + 3, Mn +7, in their total mass 0.01% of the mass of the medium. The redox potential (Eh) in the solution of the transmutation process in the logarithmic stage is 717 mV. The temperature of the process is 28-32 degrees Celsius, the pH of the environment is 1.0-1.5. The process takes ten days. The results of the conducted and statistically processed experiments, depending on the time of the process, are shown in Table 4. Spectrograms of analyzes of the transmutation of chemical elements during the microbiological treatment of thorium-containing sand of the Indian Ocean coast, depending on the time of the process, after 24 hours (1 day), after 120 hours ( five days), after 240 hours (ten days) are shown in figures 15, 16, 17, respectively.

Diagram 6-2. Preparation of radium-228 (228 Ra) by microbiological method from natural thorium-232:

Scheme 8. Preparation of various isotopes of thorium, actinium, radium, polonium by microbiological method from natural thorium-232 (232 Th):

The method of carrying out the process is the same as in example 1. To transmutate chemical elements and obtain new elements and isotopes, polonium-209 was used as a raw material for microbiological processing, obtained in our process from actinides, which transforms (decays) further into isotopes of mercury and gold and platinum (scheme 10). The raw materials were processed by microorganisms Thiobacillus aquaesulis strain DSM-4255 in an aqueous solution of elements with variable valence having redox properties: Rb +1, Sr +2, S0 /S -2, Re +4 /Re +7, As +3 / As +5, Mn +4 /Mn +7, Fe +2 /Fe +3, N -3 /N +5, P +5, S -2 /S +6 in their total mass 0.01% of the mass of the medium . The redox potential (Eh) in the solution of the transmutation process in the logarithmic stage is 698 mV. The temperature of the process is 28-32 degrees Celsius, the pH of the environment is 2.0-2.5. The duration of the process is twenty days.

Based on the experimental and statistically processed data obtained, the authors derived the following scheme:

Scheme 10. Preparation of stable isotopes of mercury and gold (197 Au) by a microbiological method with initiation and acceleration of reactions from polonium-209 (209 Po):

.

The method of carrying out the process is the same as in example 1. To transmutate chemical elements and obtain new elements and isotopes, polonium-208 was used as a raw material for microbiological processing, obtained in our process from actinides, which transforms (decays) further into isotopes of mercury and gold and platinum (Scheme 11). The raw materials were processed by microorganisms Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain DSM-14882 in an aqueous solution of elements with variable valence having redox properties: Rb +1, Sr +2, S0 /S -2, Re +4 /Re +7, As +3 / As +5, Mn +4 /Mn +7, Fe +2 /Fe +3, N -3 /N +5, P +5, S -2 /S +6 in their total mass 0.01% of the mass of the medium . In the solution of the transmutation process in the logarithmic stage, Eh = 753 mV. Microorganisms were used. The temperature of the process was 28-32 degrees Celsius, the pH of the environment was 1.0-1.5. The duration of the process is twenty days. Based on the experimental and statistically processed data obtained, the authors derived the following scheme:

Scheme 11. Preparation of stable isotopes of mercury, thallium, platinum (195 Pt) and gold (197 Au) by a microbiological method with initiation and acceleration of reactions from polonium-208:

The process method is the same as in example 1. To transmutate chemical elements and obtain new elements and isotopes, samples of plutonium were used as raw materials for microbiological processing to convert plutonium-239 into uranium-235, protactinium-231 and actinium-227 ( Scheme 12). The raw materials were processed by microorganisms Thiobacillus thioparus strain DSM-505 in an aqueous solution of elements with variable valence having redox ability: Rb +1, Sr +2, S0 /S -2, Re +4 /Re +7, As +3 /As +5, Mn +4 /Mn +7, Fe +2 /Fe +3, N -3 /N +5, P +5, S -2 /S +6 in their total mass 0.01 % by weight of the medium. Redox potential (Eh) in a solution of the transmutation process in logarithmic

stage of the transmutation process Eh=759 mv. The temperature of the process is 28-32 degrees Celsius, the pH of the environment is 2.0-2.5. The duration of the process is twenty days. Based on the experimental and statistically processed data obtained, the authors derived the following scheme:

Scheme 12. Production of uranium-235, thorium-231, protactinium-231 and actinium-227 by a microbiological method with acceleration of decay reactions from plutonium-239 (weapons-grade plutonium can be used, or plutonium is a by-product of nuclear combustion of fuel rods in nuclear power plants, subject to disposal):

You can stop the process at any stage, obtaining 235 U, or 231 Th, or 231 Pa, or 227 Ac, or their mixtures in various ratios. Or you can continue the process of converting elements and isotopes from actinium-227 to 210 Po, 209 Po, 208 Po, obtaining intermediate elements, according to scheme 7-1.

The process method is the same as in example 1. To transmutate chemical elements and obtain new elements and isotopes, samples of plutonium were used as raw materials for microbiological processing to convert plutonium-241 into americium-241 and neptunium-237 (Scheme 13). 241 Pu is a by-product of nuclear reactions during the combustion of nuclear power plant fuel rods, subject to disposal, taken as nuclear waste and a by-product of the industrial combustion of uranium. The raw materials were processed by microorganisms Thiobacillus tepidarius strain DSM-3134 in an aqueous solution of elements with variable valence having redox properties: Rb +1, Sr +2, S0 /S -2, Re +4 /Re +7, As +3 / As +5, Mn +4 /Mn +7, Fe +2 /Fe +3, N -3 /N +5, P +5, S -2 /S +6 in their total mass 0.01% of the mass of the medium . Eh=736 mv. The temperature of the process is 28-32 degrees Celsius, the pH of the environment is 2.0-2.5.

Scheme 13. Preparation of americium-241 (241 Am) and neptunium-237 (237 Np) by microbiological method from plutonium-241 with initiation and acceleration of decay reactions:

The process can be stopped or slowed down at the stage of obtaining americium-241 with the selection of the latter. Example 9.

This example shows the intensification of the process of transmutation of chemical elements when it slows down under limiting factors. The process method and raw materials are the same as in example 2. Control option: North-West Africa uranium ore was also used as a raw material, but the difference from example 2 was the higher ore content in the solution: the ratio of the solid phase (ore) to liquid phase was 1:3 (100 grams of ore in 300 ml of aqueous solution). The raw materials were processed by microorganisms Thiobacillus aquaesulis strain DSM-4255 in an aqueous solution of elements with variable valence, present in solution in oxidized form: N +5, P +5 (in the form of phosphates), As +5, S +6, Fe +3, Mn +7, in their total mass 0.01% of the mass of the medium, as in example 2. Eh=410 mV. The temperature of the process is 30-35 degrees Celsius, the pH of the environment is 2.0-2.5. The duration of the process is twenty days. The charge of bacteria is close to zero. The electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of microbial cells is 0.01 V -1 × cm 2 × sec -1. The initial content of uranium-238 in the medium was 280 g/l. On the fifth day of the process, the content of uranium-238 dropped to 200.52 mg/l, but protactinium-231, actinium-227 and polonium isotopes were not detected in the medium, while the isotopes thorium-234, protactinium-234, protactinium-233, and uranium were detected -234 (primary transmutation products of uranium-238). The processes of transmutation of uranium-238 and the formation of new elements and isotopes were slowed down in time compared to example 2, in which the ratio of the solid phase (ore) to the liquid phase was 1:10 (100 grams of ore in 1000 ml of aqueous solution). The slowdown in the process is associated with an increased concentration of metal ions in the solution with a small amount of water per ore. Experimental version: In the same solution, limited in water, in which the ratio of the solid phase (ore) to the liquid phase was 1:3 (100 grams of ore in 300 ml of aqueous solution), an additional 0.001 g/l of polyampholyte - polyacrylic acid caprolactam ( the ratio of acrylic acid to caprolactam is 9:1). The electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of microbial cells is 0.89 V -1 × cm 2 × sec -1, the charge of microorganisms has shifted from the isoelectric point, in the negative direction. Eh=792 mv On the fifth day, the content of uranium-238 in the solution became equal to 149.40 mg/l, isotopes appeared - products of further decay: uranium-232, uranium-233, protactinium-231, actinium-227, radium-226, polonium -210, 209 and 208 - all in large quantities. The process has accelerated. Based on experimental data, a general diagram of the various directions and decay chains of uranium-238 was obtained when various valuable isotopes of uranium, protactinium, thorium, actinium, radium, polonium and other elements are obtained from it by microbiological methods (Figure 18).

The electronic transition energy (keV), by which chemical elements were determined by the X-ray fluorescence method (figures 1 to 17), are given in Table 5.

1. A microbiological method of transmutation of chemical elements and transformation of isotopes of chemical elements, characterized by the fact that radioactive raw materials containing radioactive chemical elements or their isotopes are treated with an aqueous suspension of bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus in the presence of elements with variable valence.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the method is carried out with the production of polonium, radon, france, radium, actinium, thorium, protactinium, uranium, neptunium, americium, nickel, manganese, bromine, hafnium, ytterbium, mercury, gold, platinum and their isotopes.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that ores or radioactive waste from nuclear cycles are used as radioactive raw materials containing radioactive chemical elements.