XX century: Textbook for schoolchildren. Zagladin N. Recent history of foreign countries. XX century: A textbook for schoolchildren The latest history of foreign countries

"I approve"

Deputy Director for Water Resources Management / N. I. Sergeeva /

Course program:

"Recent history of foreign countries,Xx-StartXXIv",

"History of Russia inXx–BeginningXXIv"

Grade 9 (102 h)

Compiled by: E.V. Stepanova

2009-2010 account year

Program on the Contemporary History of Foreign Countries.

Xx- StartXXIfor the course

Grade 9 (40 hours).

Compiled by Elena Vladimirovna Stepanova, history teacher.

Explanatory note.

The program is based on the Model Program of Basic General Education in the History of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in 2004 and the author's program edited by O.S. Soroko is Tsupa. M .: Education, 2006

The program is designed for 40 hours. The educational-methodical complex includes:

1. The latest history of foreign countries, XX - early XXI century: textbook. for 9 cl. general education. institutions / O.S. Soroko - Tsyupa, A.O. Soroko - Tsyupa. M .: Education, 2006.

2. Workbook to the textbook: "The latest history of foreign countries, XX - early XXI century", M .: Education, 2007

3. Development of lessons for the course: “Recent history. XX - early XXI century "/ А.К. Soloviev. - M .: Education, 2006

The course program includes the study of the latest history of foreign countries of the XX - early XXI century. Period: the formation of "new imperialism", the First and Second World Wars, world economic crises; The cold war; the formation of a "post-industrial society".

Purpose of the course:

Study the main events of the modern history of foreign countries in the XX century - early XXI century;

Develop the ability to understand the historical conditioning of the phenomena and processes of the modern world

Objectives of the course:

To acquaint students with the development of the world after the First World War

Provide an idea of ​​the causes and consequences of the global economic crisis

Show the causes, course and consequences of World War II

To form students' ideas about the main trends in the development of the world in the second half of the XX century

Study the economic, political and cultural development of European states, states of the East, Africa, Latin America, Eastern European states in the period of modern history

As they study the course, students should know:

The main provisions of the Versailles - Washington system

Features of the economic crisis. Models for overcoming the economic crisis

Positions of ideological and political trends and parties (conservatism, liberalism, socialism, communism)

New types of social movement in Europe (fascism, etc.)

Causes and nature of World War II

Reforms and revolutions in the countries of the East. Modernization paths

Features of the Cold War

Stages of development of international relations. Globalization in the late XX - early XXI centuries

Key dates, concepts and terms of the studied period

During the course of the course, students should learn to:

Analyze historical phenomena, processes, facts;

Summarize and systematize the information received;

Based on the analysis of specific material, give scientific explanations of the essence of facts and the connections between them;

To carry out the transfer of knowledge (intersubject and intrasubject connections), to solve situational problems, including on the basis of an analysis of reality and their own social experience;

Define personal point of view, be able to formulate and argue it, make value judgments.

Program

ChapterI... Recent history. First halfXxv. (21 h)

Topic 1. First World War(5 h)

Industrial society at the beginning of the XX century. The main characteristics of the industrial era (technical inventions that changed the lives of people in the advanced countries of Europe and the United States). The second industrial and technological revolution as the basis for the most important changes in the economic development of the leading countries of Europe and the United States. Industrial society at the beginning of the XX century: the main vectors of historical development and features of social life. Countries of the world in the new industrial era: leaders and catch-ups. Features of modernization at the beginning of the XX century. Strengthening the regulatory role of the state in the economy. Reasons and forms of state intervention in economic life at the beginning of the XX century. Social reformism as one of the main elements of state policy in industrially developed countries. Social reforms and militarization as two alternative ways of realizing the economic potential accumulated by advanced countries in the first third of the XX century. Prerequisites for the formation at the beginning of the XX century. united world economy and its consequences. The reasons for the breakthrough of the United States in economic development. Factors of economic growth in Germany, economic stability in the UK and economic lag in France, Italy and Austria-Hungary. Uneven economic development as a characteristic feature of the era. A new balance of power and increased competition between industrialized countries.

Political development at the beginning of the XX century. The main directions of democratization of social and political life at the beginning of the XX century. Political parties and the main ideological directions of the party struggle: conservatism, liberalism, socialism, Marxism. Religious and nationalist parties and movements. The socialist movement at the beginning of the 20th century: internal disagreements, the evolution of social democracy towards social reformism. Liberals are in power. Features of political development in Europe and the United States at the beginning of the XX century. Labor movement in the new industrial era. Professional politicians: Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, etc.

"New imperialism". Origin of the First World War. The main reasons and essence of the "new imperialism". Completion of the territorial division of the world between the main colonial powers at the beginning of the XX century. and the struggle for the redistribution of colonies and spheres of influence. Growing contradictions and the formation of new military - political alliances. The split of the great powers into two opposing blocs - the Triple Alliance and the Entente. Arms race. Local conflicts of the late 19th - early 20th centuries as harbingers of the "Great War". The growth of nationalist sentiments in European society.

World War I. 1914 - 1918 July (1914) crisis, pretext and causes of the First World War. Gavrilo Principle. Goals and plans of the participants. The nature of the war. The main fronts, stages and battles of the First World War. The most important battles and military operations 1914-1918 on the Western Front. War at sea. Diplomacy in the course of the war. Change in the composition of the members of the two opposing coalitions: the Quadruple Alliance and the Entente. Man and society in the conditions of war. The scale of human losses, social upheavals and destruction: The First World War as the bloodiest and most destructive in the history of mankind. Moral - psychological consequences of the war.

Peaceful settlement. Versailles - Washington system. The Paris Peace Conference (1919): hopes and plans of the participants. Wilson's 14-Point Program as a Project for a Post-War Peaceful Settlement. New map of Europe according to the Treaty of Versailles. The idea of ​​the League of Nations as a guarantor of peace and disarmament. Charter of the League of Nations. Washington Conference (1921 - 1922), treaties of the colonial powers. The design of the Versailles - Washington system of the postwar world and its contradictions. A new balance of power between the great powers. The reasons for the instability of the new system of international relations.

Repetition (1 hr)

Generalizing repetition on the topic: "The First World War". Verification work

Topic 2. Versailles - Washington system in action (7 hours)

The aftermath of war: revolutions and the collapse of empires. Social consequences of the First World War. "Lost generation". Formation of a mass society. Democratization of public life (universal suffrage). Participation of the broad masses in politics as the development of democracy and as a threat to involve the masses in reactionary, spontaneous movements. Changes in the alignment of political forces in European countries. The new role of social democracy in the political system. Workers' and Social Democratic Parties - the path from opposition to government formation. The split in the workers' and socialist movement: the formation of left-wing radical forces - communist parties. Creation of the Communist International (1919) and its role in international politics in the 1920s. Activation of right-wing radical forces - the formation and expansion of the influence of fascist parties. Revolutions, the collapse of empires and the formation of new states as a political result of the First World War. Revolutions in Germany, Austria and Hungary: the general and the special. The international role of the October (1917) revolution.

The capitalist world in the 20s. Features of the economic recovery of the 20s. The economic boom and the triumph of conservatism in the United States, political instability and the difficulties of post-war reconstruction in Europe. The Dawes Plan and the Relocation of the Economic Center of the Capitalist World to the United States. The era of a mature industrial society. The cult of profit against the backdrop of economic growth in the United States and the "decline of Europe" as the attitude of Europeans in the first post-war decade. Idols and symbols of the 1920s The development of international relations in the 1920s. Genoa 1922 international conference. Soviet - German negotiations in Rapallo (1922), their economic and political consequences. The era of pacifism and the pacifist movements of the 1920s Locarno Treaties 1928 Briand-Kellogg Pact 1928

Countries of Europe and the USA in the 20s. USA - "prosperity" in the American way. USA is an international lender. Dehumanization of labor. The development of mass culture. Growth of conservatism. Racial discrimination. Corruption in government. Germany - the crisis of the Weimar Republic. Ideological - political split in German society. The economic situation in Germany after the war and revolutionary upheavals. Putsches and Rebellions. "Kapp's putsch". "Beer putsch". Great Britain - coalition governments. Labor Party activities. The general strike of 1926 in Great Britain. Anti-union law 1927 France in the 1920s: political instability. Coalition "National Bloc". Invasion of the Franco-Belgian troops into the Ruhr area. Lagging behind in the field of social legislation.

World economic crisis 1929 - 1933 Features of the world economic crisis of 1929 - 1933 The Great Depression: Social and Psychological Consequences of the World Economic Crisis. Causes of the economic crisis. The problem of the relationship between the market and government regulation. Two alternative ways out of the crisis and their implementation in Europe and the United States. Liberal Democratic Model - Social Reforms and Government Regulation. Neoliberalism and Caseianism - the ideology and practice of state regulation of the economy. Totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, main features and characteristics. The reasons for the onset of totalitarianism and authoritarianism in the 20s - 30s. XX century.

USA: "New Deal" by F. Roosevelt. Features of the economic crisis in the United States. The crisis of traditional liberalism. G. Hoover and his policies during the Great Depression. F. Roosevelt is a politician of the new industrial era. F. Roosevelt's "New Deal": his economic and social priorities. The beginning of the socially oriented stage of development of the modern capitalist state as the main historical result of the "new course" F. Roosevelt. The reaction of American society to the "new course" and the attitude towards F. Roosevelt as a statesman. US foreign policy in the 1930s

Democratic countries of Europe in the 30s. Great Britain, France. Features of the economic crisis of 1929 - 1933 in the UK and France. British and French models of dealing with the economic crisis and social problems. N. Chamberlain and his political course to improve the UK economy. British Foreign Policy in the 1930s Popular Front (1936 - 1939) in France. L. Blum. The historical significance of the liberal - democratic model of overcoming crisis phenomena in the economy and social sphere.

Totalitarian regimes in the 30s. Italy, Germany, Spain. Formation of totalitarian and authoritarian regimes in European countries as a way out of the economic crisis, solving social problems and implementing external expansion. Italy in the 1920s - 1930s Political and socio - economic preconditions for the establishment of the totalitarian dictatorship of the fascist party. B. Mussolini. Features of Italian fascism. Crisis of the Weimar Republic in Germany. Political instability and exacerbation of social problems in the context of the global economic crisis. Nazi party on its way to power. A. Hitler and his accomplices. "Beer putsch". Ideology of National Socialism: preconditions of formation, basic ideas, propaganda. Conditions for the approval of the totalitarian dictatorship in Germany. Stages of the establishment of the fascist regime 1933 - 1939 The role of the Nazi party and the fascist state in the economic, social, political and cultural life of the country. Militarization and preparation for war. Features of German fascism. German Society in the Era of the Third Reich. German foreign policy in the 1930s Spain during the world economic crisis. Revolution of 1931 and the overthrow of the monarchy. Deep split in Spanish society: left and right camp. Irreconcilable contradictions among the left forces. Popular Front. Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 The Spanish Republic and the Soviet Experience. International brigades of volunteers. Preconditions for the formation of a military-authoritarian dictatorship. Franco. Features of Spanish fascism.

Repetition (1 hr)

Generalizing repetition of the section: "Versailles-Washington system in action." Verification work.

Topic 3. Countries in Asia and Latin America in the first halfXxv. (4 h)

East in the first half of the XX century. Geographic and political parameters of the concept "East". The situation in the countries of the East in the first half of the XX century. Cultural and civilizational features and problems of modernization in the context of the formation of a single world economy. Ways to carry out modernization: reforms or revolutions. Xinhai Revolution 1911-1912 in China. Kemalist revolution 1918 - 1923 in Turkey. The problem of the synthesis of traditions and modernization in the countries of the East. Possible ways of modernizing the countries of the East on the example of Japan, China and India. Socio - economic and political development of Japan in the first half of the XX century. - the path of reforms. The originality of Japanese modernization. " Japanese spirit, European knowledge ”. Japan's foreign policy - five wars in half a century. Reforms and revolutions in the history of China in the first half of the XX century. "One hundred days of reforms" and half a century for two revolutions and two civil wars. Sun Yatsen and Chiang Kai-shek in the struggle for the unification of the country and its modernization. Civil War 1928-1937 in China. The Soviet movement and the reasons for its defeat. Japanese aggression in North China. Japanese - Chinese War 1937-1945 India is a British colony in the first half of the 20th century. Moderate and radical socio-political trends in India. M. Gandhi and his teachings. Campaign of nonviolent resistance and their significance in the elimination of the colonial regime.

Latin America in the first half of the XX century. Cultural and civilizational originality of the Latin American society. Features of the socio - economic and political development of Latin American countries in the first half of the XX century. Factors that contributed to and hindered modernization in Latin America. Mexican Revolution 1910 - 1917 and the development of Mexico in the first half of the XX century. as an example of an evolutionary model of modernization. Cuban Revolution 1933-1934 and its results. An example of the cycle changes characteristic of Latin America: revolution - reforms - dictatorship - revolution.

Culture and art of the first half of the XX century. A revolution in natural science. A. Einstein. Philosophy of A. Schopenhauer and F. Nietzsche. Z. Freud's doctrine of psychoanalysis. A. Bergson's doctrine of creative intuition. M. Weber's works on the development of society. Features of artistic culture. "Decadence" in art. Modernism. Neo-romanticism. Symbolism. Modern style. Directions in painting: impressionism, post-impressionism, cubism, fauvism, expressionism, neo-primitivism, abstract expressionism, suprematism, dadaism, surrealism. Literature.

International relations in the 30s. The collapse of the Versailles - Washington system: reasons, stages, initiators. Aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, Japan in the 1930s. The failure of the League of Nations as an organization capable of resisting the aggressor states. The reasons and essence of the policy of appeasement of the aggressors by the leading European countries and the policy of US neutrality. Military - political bloc Berlin - Rome - Tokyo 1937, Munich agreement 1938 Soviet - German treaties of 1939 and secret agreements to them. Discussions of historians about the role of secret agreements in the history of World War II and the policy of the USSR on the eve of the war. Failure of the idea of ​​collective security.

Topic 4. World War II and its lessons (1 hour)

Causes and nature of World War II (1939 - 1945). Periodization, fronts, participants. The beginning of the war. The main military operations in 1939 - June 1941. Preparation by Germany of a plan for an attack on the USSR. The Great Patriotic War as an integral part of the Second World War. The role of the Eastern Front in the victory over fascism. Military operations in North Africa, Asia and the Pacific in 1941 - 1944. Nazi " new order»In the occupied countries. Genocide. Holocaust. The Resistance Movement and its heroes. Creation of the anti-Hitler coalition and its role in the defeat of fascism. The problem of opening a second front. Conference of the heads of state - members of the anti-Hitler coalition (Tehran. 1943; Yalta and Potsdam. 1945), decisions on the coordination of military actions and the post-war world order. F. Roosevelt, W. Churchill, I. Stalin, G. Zhukov, D. Eisenhower. Features of the final stage of the Second World War (1944 - 1945). Liberation of Europe from Fascism. Capitulation of Germany. Military operations in the Pacific Ocean (1944) and the defeat of the Kwantung Army (August 1945). The surrender of Japan. US atomic bombings of Japanese cities (1945): their goals and results. Results of the Second World War. The role of the USSR in the victory over fascism. The price of victory for humanity.

Repetition (2 hrs)

Generalizing repetition of the section: “Recent history. The first half of the XX century "

Test work for the section: "Recent history. The first half of the XX century "

ChapterII... Recent history, second halfXxv. (19 h)

Topic 5. Peace in the second halfXxin .: main trends of development (6 h)

Post-war peace settlement. Post-war map of Europe and the geopolitical situation in the world in the second half of the 1940s. Confirmation of the decisive role of the two superpowers, the USSR and the USA. Peaceful settlement in relation to Germany. Occupation of Germany, Formation of two German states. Agreement with Austria. Separate agreement with Japan. The problem of concluding a peace treaty between the USSR and Japan. United Nations Education. UN Charter. Nuremberg (1945 - 1946) trial of the main war criminals.

Cold War. Military - political blocs. Preconditions for the transformation of the post-war world into a bipolar (bipolar) one. Causes and main features of the Cold War. Ideological confrontation. Persecution of dissidents. McCarthyism. The "Iron Curtain" as a symbol of the split of Europe and the world into two opposing social and political systems. The arms race and the creation of military - political blocs of NATO and the Internal Affairs Directorate as a manifestation of the rivalry between the two superpowers - the USSR and the USA. Nuclear weapons are a balance of fear and a deterrent against direct military confrontation. Local conflicts, their features, methods of resolution and the role of overthrowing powers.

The end of the era of industrial society, 1945 - 1970 Features of the post-war economic recovery of Western Europe. Marshall Plan. Factors that determined economic growth in Western countries in 1945 - 1970s. Stabilization of the international monetary system. Breton - Woods Accords. Liberalization of world trade. Creation of the GATT, then the WTO. Economic Integration in Western Europe and North America: General and Special. Mixed economy as a combination of state ownership and regulation with the encouragement of private enterprise initiative. Neo-Keynesianism - mass production must correspond to mass consumption. The welfare state, its main characteristics. Contradictions of the extensive type of production. The final phase of a mature industrial society, its attributes and symbols.

Crises of the 70s - 80s Formation of the information society. Causes of the 1974 - 1975 Economic Crisis and 1980 - 1982 A new stage in the scientific and technological revolution. Preconditions for the transition to a post-industrial (informational) society, its most important features. Changes in the structure of employment. Information and knowledge as the most important factors of production. The role of science and education in the information society. The values ​​of the post-industrial (information) society. Three stages of the socio - economic policy of the leading capitalist countries of the West in the 1970s - 1990s: liberal - reformist, social - reformist, conservative - reformist. Contradictions in the socio - economic development of modern countries in the late XX - early XXI century. in the context of globalization and rivalry between three centers of the modern world economy (USA, European Union, Japan).

Political development of Western countries. The main ideological and political directions of the party struggle in the second half of the XX century: conservatism, liberalism, as well as socialist and communist trends. Changes in the party - political balance of power in Western countries in the second half of the XX century. The emergence of the Christian Democratic parties in the camp of the conservative forces. The rise and fall of the communist parties and the international communist movement. A consistent increase in the influence of the Social Democrats and the transition to the platform of moderate reformism. "Declaration of Principles" on the main goals and values ​​of the socialist and social - democratic parties. International trade union movement. Factors of the revival of right-wing extremist groups and parties in the second half of the XX century. Neo-fascism. Extremes of modern nationalist movements. Democratization as a vector of historical development in the second half of the XX - beginning of the XXI century.

Civil society. Social movements. The reasons for the emergence of new social movements and the expansion of the influence of civil society in the second half of the XX - early XXI century. New social movements in the world: anti-war movement, new left movement of youth and students, ecological, feminist and ethnic movements, cultural ties, self-help groups, etc. The process of formation of civil society and reflection in it of the contradictions of the transition to a post-industrial society. New social movements as movements of civic initiatives.

Topic 6. Countries and regions of the world in the second halfXxv .: unity and diversity (4 hours)

USA. Preconditions for the transformation of the United States into the center of world politics after the end of World War II. Principles of US domestic and foreign policy in 1945 - 1990s. Reflection in the political history of the United States of the general tendencies of development of the leading countries of the West. Democrats and Republicans in power. The USA is a superpower in the late XX - early XXI century. USA in the era of Presidents D. Eisenhower, J. Kennedy, R. Nixon, R. Reagan, B. Clinton, George W. Bush.

United Kingdom. France. The "political pendulum" of the 1950s - 1990s. Labor and Conservatives are in power. Social and economic development of Great Britain. M. Thatcher - "conservative revolution". E. Blair is a "third way" policy. The evolution of the Labor Party. Northern Ireland is on the way to a settlement. Expansion of self-government - "devolution". Constitutional reform. British Foreign Policy Priorities. Socio - economic and political history of France in the second half of the XX century. From a multi-party system to the personal power regime of General de Gaulle. The idea of ​​de Gaulle's "greatness of France" and its implementation. Social unrest in 1968 and the resignation of the general. Liberal course V. Giscard D "Estena. An attempt at" left experiment "in the early 1980s. The practice of coexistence of left and right forces in power - the experience of F. Mitterrand and J. Chirac. French foreign policy. Paris - the initiator of European integration. Charles de Gaulle, Francois Mitterrand, Jacques Chirac.

Italy. Germany: split and unification. The proclamation of the republic. Political instability as a feature of the Italian party - political system in the second half of the XX century. Electoral reform. Mafia and corruption. Operation "clean hands". The collapse of the previous parties and the formation of two blocs: right and left forces. Features of the socio - economic development of Italy. The “rich” North and “poor” South are the regional problems of Italy. S. Berlusconi. Three periods of German history in the second half of the 20th century: the occupation regime (1945 - 1949), the coexistence of the FRG and the GDR (1949 - 1990s), united Germany (since 1990 - the FRG). Historical competition of two socio-economic and political systems represented by two German states and its results. "Social market economy" in the FRG and the creation of the foundations of totalitarian socialism in the GDR. Fall of the Berlin Wall. Unification of Germany. Socio - economic and political problems of the united Germany. Difficulties in the reintegration of the eastern lands. G. Kohl is the first chancellor of the united Germany. The end of the 16-year era of the reign of the Christian Democrats. The coming to power of social democrats in coalition with the “greens” (elections of 1998 and 2002) G. Schneider - the pragmatic policy of the “new center” K. Adenauer, G. Kohl, G. Schroeder.

Transformations and revolutions in the countries of Eastern Europe. 1945 - 1999 Geographic and political parameters of the concept of "Eastern Europe". The principles of the formation of the world socialist system (socialist camp). General and special in the construction of socialism in Eastern European countries. The establishment of the foundations of totalitarian socialism, the growth of crisis phenomena in the economy and social sphere. Political crises in East Germany (1935), in Poland and Hungary (1956), in Czechoslovakia (1968). Failed reform attempts. Revolutions of 1989 - 1990s in the countries of Eastern Europe and the elimination of the foundations of totalitarian socialism. The main directions of transformations in the former countries of the socialist camp, their results at the turn of the XX - XXI centuries.

Repetition (1 hr)

Generalizing repetition

XX - early XXI century. "

Option 2

A1. For the advanced countries of the world at the beginning of the XX century. was characteristic:

1) urbanization process 2) republican system 3) industrial revolution

4) increase in the number of people employed in agricultural production

A2. The emergence of banking monopolies at the beginning of the XX century. testified about:

1) NS concentration of capital2) democratization of society3) pursuing a policy of social reformism

4) creating a common economic space in Europe

A3. A feature of the development of England at the beginning of the XX century. It was:

1) preservation of landed estates 2) strengthening the influence of the Catholic Church

3) accelerating the pace of economic development 4) a bipartisan political system

A4. Conservatives and Liberals at the Beginning of the 20th Century advocated for:

1) reforms 2) revolution 3) social equality 4) omnipotence of the state

A5. The Entente on the eve of World War I included:

1) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy 2) England, Austria -Hungary, USA

3) Germany, Russia, France 4) England, France, Russia

A6. By participating in the First World War, Great Britain aimed to:

1) maintaining dominance at sea 2) maintaining your neutrality

3) the capture of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles 4) liberating your country from invaders

A7. World War I began:

1) August 1, 1914 2) September 1, 1914 G. 3) March 1, 1915 4) November 1, 1915 G.

A8. Totalitarianism is called:

1) war of aggression 2) strengthening the class struggle

3) holding elections to parliament 4) total control by the state

A9. In France, as in the United States, during the economic crisis:

1) decreased unemployment 2) trade unions were dissolved

3) there was a policy of protectionism 4) antitrust legislation was in force

A10. The emergence of the concept of "Gandhism" is associated with history:

1) India 2) China 3) Turkey 4) Latin America

All ... What is the excerpt from the document about?

All night, General Eisenhower paced his command trailer, awaiting the first messages ...

Finally, the first messages began to arrive. They were fragmentary, but they spoke of success.

NS the commanding officers of the naval and air forces were satisfied with the course of events, the troops landed on all

five bridgeheads. Operation Overlord was a success.

1) about the Anschluss of England 2) about the attack on Poland 3) about the opening of the second front 4) about the attack on Pearl-Harbor

A12. What event happened during the Second World War later than others?

1) creation of an anti-Hitler coalition 2) the operation of the German troops in the Ardennes

3) the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 4) invasion of German troops into French territory

A13. The decision to create the UN was made at the conference:

1) Yalta 2) Genoese 3) Tehran 4) Potsdam

A14. The reason for the beginning of a radical change during the Second World War:

1) the entry into the war of the USA 2) the opening of a second front in Europe 3) the refusal of Japan and Italy from an alliance with Germany

4) achieving economic superiority of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition

A15. Demilitarization means:

1) disarmament 2) increasing the size of the army 3) punishment of war criminals

4) restoration of the activities of various parties

A16. First President of the Fifth Republic in France:

1) C. Adenauer 2) C. de Gaulle 3) J. Kennedy 4) C. Attlee

A17. The position of the economic theory of neoconservatism:

1) activation of market competition 2) state regulation of the economy

BBK 63.3 (0)

Authors: Dr. ist. Sciences, prof. A.M. Rodriguez; doct. ist. Sciences, prof. K.S. Hajiyev; Cand. ist. Sciences, Assoc. M.V. Ponomarev; Cand. ist. Sciences, Assoc. L.A. Makeeva; Cand. ist. Sciences, Assoc. V.N. Gorshkov; Cand. ist. sciences K A. Kiselev; L.S. Nikulin; Cand. ist. sciences AND ABOUT. Ponomareva

Methodical material prepared E.V. Saplina and A.I. Saplin

Newest history of foreign countries. XX century. A manual for students of 10-11 grades. educational institutions / Ed. A.M. Rodriguez. At 2 pm - M .: Humanit. ed. center VLADOS, 1998. - Part 1 (1900-1945). - 360 p .: ill.

ISBN 5-691-00177-9

ISBN 5-691-00205-8 (1)

The manual was created taking into account the latest trends in the development of domestic and foreign historiography. An attempt is made to transfer the previously adopted accents from the problems of the split of the world, the logic of confrontational relations to the issues of the integration of the world space, the evolutionary formation of modern post-industrial civilization, the phenomenon of the unity and diversity of the world. The history of the countries of the East is presented, the range of considered regions and states is expanded.

The combination of problematic and regional principles of the presentation of the material and the peculiarities of the structure of the manual make it possible to use it both in full and in an abridged version in grades 10-11 of a general education school or in grades 9 of gymnasiums and lyceums.

© VLADOS Humanitarian Publishing Center 1998

ISBN 5 691 00177 9

ISBN 5 691 00205 8 (I)

INTRODUCTION 2

Chapter 1. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD COMMUNITY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY. 3

§ 1. Completion of the process of formation of the Eurocentric world 3

§ 2. Triumph of the Eurocentric world 4

§ 3. The main directions of socio-economic development 8

§ 4. New trends in the development of capitalism. State-monopoly capitalism 10

§ 5. Transformation of capitalism along the path of reformism 12

§ 7. The crisis of the rationalistic type of consciousness 18

Chapter 2. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY. 19

§ 1. Completion of the territorial division of the world between the great powers 19

§ 2. World War I 23

§ 3. Formation of new hotbeds of war 30

§ 4. World War II 33

Chapter 3. COUNTRIES OF NORTH AMERICA AND WESTERN EUROPE 41

§ 2. England 49

§ 3. France 57

§ 4. Germany 67

§ 5. "Small countries" of Western Europe (Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria) 78

Chapter 4. COUNTRIES OF NORTHERN, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN EUROPE 84

§ 1. Scandinavian countries 84

§ 2. Eastern Europe 89

§ 3. Italy 94

§ 4. Spain 99

Chapter 5. COUNTRIES OF LATIN AMERICA 107

§ 1. Mexican Revolution of 1910-1917. 107

§ 2. Latin America in the 10s - 40s 111

Chapter 6. COUNTRIES OF SOUTH-WEST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA 114

§ 1. Turkey 114

§ 2, Iran 117

§ 3. Afghanistan 119

§ 4. States of South-East Asia 121

Chapter 7. COUNTRIES OF EASTERN AND SOUTH ASIA 124

§ 1. Japan and Korea 125

§ 2. China 128

§ 3. India 132

Chapter 8. ARABIAN COUNTRIES OF ASIA AND AFRICA 136

§ 1. Arab states of Asia 136

§ 2. Arab countries of North Africa 139

Chapter 9. TROPICAL AND SOUTH AFRICA 143

§ 1. Colonial Africa 143

§ 2. Tropical and South Africa in 1914 - 1945 146

Application. GLOSSARY OF TERMS 148

INTRODUCTION

XX century. full of large-scale events and processes. It seems to combine several epochs of human history. Many countries and peoples, having passed the stage of industrial development, have changed beyond recognition by the end of the century.

XX century. became the time of the rapid rise of the human mind, expressed in such great discoveries as the theory of relativity, the splitting of the atom, in the development of aviation, breakthrough into space, etc. The beginning of the century was marked by the end in the leading countries developed world industrial revolution, in the middle there was a scientific and technological revolution, and in the last quarter - information, or telecommunications, revolution. There was a steady process of further spreading to new countries and regions of the market economy and liberal democracy, the recognition of the principles of protecting human rights and the rights of peoples to self-determination.

XX century. became the era of the triumph of nationalism, under the slogan of which multinational empires and great colonial powers collapsed. Many new independent states were formed on their ruins.

At the same time, XX century. went down in history as the century of the two most devastating wars for mankind and the most tyrannical regimes - fascist, Nazi and Bolshevik. The split of the world into social systems has resulted in an unprecedented global rivalry. International relations for several decades have been built on the basis of the logic of the Cold War. In such a situation, the successes of scientific and technological progress have become not only the basis for a radical change in the entire sphere of human life, but also accelerated a new round of the arms race, especially nuclear. Euphoria of scientific and technological revolution on long time overshadowed the problem of the environmental consequences of technological development, which took catastrophic forms by the end of the century.

Humanity is entering the third millennium, having got rid of many mistakes and illusions. The collapse of totalitarian regimes has drawn a line under one of the most grandiose and bloody experiments in the history of mankind. The era of domination by superpowers is coming to an end, the contours of a new, multipolar world are emerging. The process of real unification of the world space inhabited by man, which began in the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, is coming to an end. In addition to economic, political, informational ties, the spiritual, cultural unity of mankind is also developing. It is based not on an illusory feeling of self-sufficiency and superiority of the "great nations", but on an understanding of the originality and importance of any national culture.

History of the XX century. gives serious lessons on the unity of the destinies of civilization, deep interdependence and integrity of the world.

Chapter 1. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD COMMUNITY IN THE FIRST HALF OF XX century.

§ 1. Completion of the process of formation of the Eurocentric world

For most of the 20th century, the development of the modern world went under the sign of the domination of a group of countries united under the general name "West" (Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia ( Soviet Union), Italy, Spain, USA, Canada, etc.) - that is, the world was Eurocentric or, in a broad sense, Euro-Americancentric. The rest of the peoples, regions and countries were taken into account insofar as they were associated with the history of the West.

Indeed, until the second half of the century as a whole, it was the West that determined the main directions, ways and means of world development, gradually involving new regions, countries and peoples into its orbit. Europe gave the modern world advanced scientific thought and ideas of humanism, great geographical discoveries that laid the foundation for the unification of the entire ecumene into a single whole, a market economy, institutions of representative democracy, traditions of law, a secular state based on the principles of separation of church from state, and much more.

A special place is occupied by those regions and territories that were inhabited and developed by Europeans, who displaced or physically destroyed the local population, for example, Indians. We are talking primarily about North America, Australia and New Zealand, as well as South America, where either original subsidiaries or hybrid cultures and societies were formed, to one degree or another reminiscent of European ones. The gradual entry of these societies into a single planetary community is one of the main chapters in the modern history of mankind. The scope of this process is eloquently evidenced by the fact that in the period from 1810 to 1921, 34 million people moved to the United States alone (mainly from Europe). In just 50 years, from 1851 to 1910, 72% of its inhabitants left one small Ireland overseas. It is difficult to imagine what the face of Europe and the very fate of European civilization would have been without this gigantic migration of peoples.

The era of the exploration and subjugation of Asia, Africa and America by European peoples began with the great geographical discoveries in the 15th century. The final act of this epic was the creation by the end of the 19th century. great colonial empires that covered vast spaces and numerous peoples and countries in all four hemispheres of the globe. It should be noted that colonialism and imperialism were not the exclusive monopoly of Europe alone or the Western world of modern and contemporary times. The history of conquest is as old as the history of human civilizations. Empire as a form of political organization of countries and peoples has existed almost from the very beginning of human history. Suffice it to recall, for example, the empire of Alexander the Great, the Roman and Byzantine empires, the Holy Roman Empire, the empires of Qing Shih Huang and Chinggis Khan.

In the modern sense, the term "empire" (as well as the term "imperialism" derived from it) is associated with the Latin word "emperor" and is usually associated with the ideas of dictatorial power and coercive methods of government. In modern times, it first came into use in France in the 30s of the XIX century. and was used against supporters of the Napoleonic Empire. In the following decades, as the colonial expansion of Britain and other countries intensified, the term gained popularity as the equivalent of the term "colonialism." At the turn of the century, imperialism began to be viewed as a special stage in the development of capitalism, characterized by the intensification of the exploitation of the lower classes within the country and the intensification of the struggle for the redivision of the world in the international arena.

Imperialism is characterized by a special relationship of domination and dependence. Different nations are not equal in their origin, influence, resources, opportunities. Some of them are large, others are small, some have a developed industry, while others have lagged behind in the process of modernization. International inequality at all times constituted a reality, which led to the suppression and subjugation of weak peoples and countries by strong and powerful empires or world powers.

As historical experience shows, any strong civilization or world power invariably showed a tendency towards spatial expansion. Therefore, it inevitably acquired an imperial character. In the last five centuries, the initiative in expansion belonged to the Europeans, and then to the West as a whole. Chronologically, the beginning of the formation of the Euro-centrist capitalist civilization coincided with the beginning of the great geographical discoveries. The emerging young dynamic civilization, as it were, immediately declared its claims to the entire globe. During the four centuries following the discoveries of H. Columbus and V. da Gama, the rest of the world was either mastered and populated, or conquered.

Industrial revolution of the 19th century. gave a new impetus to the overseas expansion of European powers. Territorial expansion came to be seen as a means of increasing wealth, prestige, military power and gaining additional trump cards in the diplomatic game. The leading industrial powers developed a fierce competition for the spheres and regions of the most profitable investment of capital, as well as markets for goods. End of the 19th century was marked by the aggravation of the struggle of the leading European countries for the conquest of still unoccupied territories and countries in Africa, Asia and Oceania.

By the beginning of the XX century. the wave of the creation of huge colonial empires ended, the largest of which was the British Empire, stretching over vast areas from Hong Kong in the East to Canada in the West. The whole world turned out to be divided, there are no “no-man's” territories left on the planet. The great era of European expansion is over. In the course of many wars for the division and redistribution of territories, the European peoples extended their rule over almost the entire globe.

Questions and tasks

1. Why the first half of the XX century. can be defined as the time of the dominance of the Eurocentric world?

2. Explain the following terms: colony, metropolis, imperialism, expansion.

3. Why did the industrial revolution give impetus to the colonial expansion of European states?

§ 2. Triumph of the Eurocentric world

Development of means of communication and transport and the "closure" of the ecumene. Great geographical discoveries and colonial conquests caused a complete transformation of the entire world: the globe for the first time in the history of mankind became a single oecumene. Figuratively speaking, the world has become “complete”, “closed”: man has mastered almost all of the earthly space.

The development of means of communication and transport played a special role in the "closure" of the ecumene. Innovations in this area can dramatically increase the distances and spaces over which the state can exercise its military and political influence. From the point of view of the impact on military power, the most revolutionary innovations in the history of mankind can be considered the breeding of thoroughbred horses, the creation of sailing ships, railroad, a steamer and an internal combustion engine. The rise of great empires and the era of political unification in general have been associated with large cuts in transportation costs.

The dependence of the scale of political organization on means of transport partly explains why empires and large states until our time were concentrated, as a rule, in river basins and along the sea coasts (Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, India and China, Carthage, the Roman and Byzantine empires). The development of navigation and the expansion of sea communications put forward the sea powers to the first roles in world politics, giving them advantages over the so-called land powers.

Significant changes in this regard took place with the beginning of the deployment of the industrial revolution and the growth of land communications, especially the rapid development of railway transport in the 19th century, which made it possible to master the vast, previously inaccessible continental spaces. It was rail transport that largely contributed to the emergence of such land empires as Germany, the USA, and Russia. Perhaps the exceptions to this rule are empires created by the Mongols and Arabs. An interesting explanation of the emergence and viability of the Arab empire was given by an Arab scholar of the 14th century. Ibn Khaldun. In particular, he argued that the desert, devoid of significant physical barriers, provided the equivalent of the sea. Desert cities functioned as seaports.

Until the XX century. the main obstacle to full-scale communication between different countries and peoples remained physical obstacles: forests and mountains, seas and deserts, rivers and climatic conditions. Having conquered and mastered vast spaces and covering the globe with sea, rail and road, people rushed upward to conquer the air, and then outer space. An ever-increasing role in rapprochement different countries, peoples and regions played the invention of the first telegraph and telephone, and then radio and television.

The emergence and further development of aviation has made significant adjustments to the geopolitical structure of the world community. Becoming effective remedy overcoming physical obstacles, aviation largely erased the line of demarcation between sea and land powers. For example, Great Britain has largely lost its advantages as an island power, fenced off from possible incursions from the continental powers by the English Channel.

Colonial system of the first half of the XX century. The main feature of the colonial system of the first half of the XX century. consisted in the fact that it covered the entire globe and became the main structural element of the world capitalist economy. The colonial system included both colonies in the proper sense of the word, that is, countries and territories devoid of any form of self-government, and semi-colonies that in one form or another retained their traditional systems of government. It should also be noted that a whole group of countries, including large ones (China, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Siam, Ethiopia, etc.), retained sovereignty only formally, since, entangled in a network of unequal treaties, enslaving loans and military alliances, they found themselves dependent on the leading industrialized countries.

Until the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. non-European peoples assimilated European scientific, technical, economic, intellectual and other achievements passively; now a new stage of their active development by these peoples has begun, as it were from within. Priority in this regard undoubtedly belongs to Japan, which, as a result of the Meiji reforms in 1868, embarked on the path of capitalist development. These reforms marked the beginning of a noticeable economic growth of the country, which, in turn, gave it the opportunity to move on the path of external expansion. The attack by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941 of the American naval base at Pearl Harbor demonstrated the real beginning of the end of the Eurocentric world and became the starting point of a new era in world history. But until the second half of the XX century. the world remained Eurocentric: Western countries continued to dictate their will and determine the rules of the political game in the international arena. The overwhelming majority of other countries and peoples were assigned only the passive role of objects of policy of the great powers.

At the end of the XIX - the first half of the XX century. capitalist relations from the metropolises gradually began to spread to the colonial and dependent countries. Already in the first decades of the XX century. there is a tendency towards an increase in the role of colonies and dependent countries as sources of cheap raw materials and markets for industrial goods of the metropolises, as well as suppliers of cheap labor. Metropolitan companies seized the sources of raw materials on a large scale. Oil, coal, metal-containing ores, rare metals, phosphates and other riches of Asia and Africa gradually passed into their hands,

Thus, oil companies have seized the main oil fields in the Arab countries, Iran, and Indonesia. They arrogated to themselves a monopoly on the extraction of salt in Egypt, India, Vietnam, the Ottoman Empire. The richest gold and diamond deposits of India and African countries passed into the hands of British, American, French and Belgian companies. They bought for a pittance or seized fertile land, creating plantations on them for the cultivation of the raw materials and food crops they needed. For example, most of the tea plantations in India ended up in the hands of British businessmen, Dutch corporations took possession of vast plantations in Indonesia, and French ones in Vietnam.

In the development and further subjugation of these countries, the export of capital there and the imposition of loans at gigantic interest began to play an increasingly growing role. As a result, already at the beginning of the XX century. the world was divided into a handful of creditor states and a vast majority of debtor countries. Loans not only brought high profits to the banks of the metropolises, but also provided financial control over the debtor countries. A situation was created when the largest banks controlled entire countries. A striking example of this is the Anglo-French control of Egypt.

The transformation of the countries of Asia and Africa into a source of raw materials led to the undermining of the foundations of the traditional natural economy typical for these regions and to their involvement in the world economy. The metropolises, imposing on colonial and dependent countries specialization in the cultivation and production of crops beneficial to them, contributed to the transformation of their farms into monocultural, that is, producing any one culture. For example, Assam, Ceylon, Java have become areas of exclusively tea growing. The British specialized in Bengal in the production of jute. North Africa supplied olives, Vietnam - rice, Uganda - cotton. Egypt has also become a cotton field for the British textile industry. The result of this orientation was that many of these countries were deprived of their own food base and lost the ability to self-sufficiency.

In foreign trade relations between the metropolises, on the one hand, and the colonies and dependent countries, on the other, the system of unequal exchange prevailed. Raw materials were purchased many times cheaper than their selling price in Western markets. And foreign manufactured goods were sold in the markets of colonial and dependent countries at inflated prices. This practice brought maximum profits to companies in industrialized countries. All this led to the further strengthening of their dependence on the metropolises.

For all that, it should be noted that European and then American penetration into Asia and Africa had not only negative meaning... Although Western investment in the economies of colonial and dependent countries pursued mainly the goal of subordinating the economies to the metropolises, one of the important results was the stimulation of the capitalist development of these countries, the emergence of separate modern industrial enterprises folding a mixed economy.

An important result of the challenge of Western capital was the construction of railways, ports, bridges, canals, telegraph and telephone lines... In this regard, the construction of the famous Baghdad railway by German capital and the Suez Canal with the help of British and French capital should be especially noted. On the one hand, they brought the main agricultural and raw material regions closer to the industrial centers of the West, facilitated the penetration of Western industrial goods into the deep regions of Asia and Africa, thereby facilitating the task of exploiting their peoples and ensuring political control over them. On the other hand, they stimulated, albeit one-sided, economic development of a number of countries and regions, contributed to their involvement in scientific and technological progress, closer to the world's industrial, scientific and cultural centers.

XX century. - the century of domination of nationalism. XX century. became the century of the domination of nationalism. The national state in the strict sense of the word has been performing the role of the main subject of power and the regulator of social and political, including international, relations for only about 200 years. Germany and Italy as we know them in modern form, came to the socio-political proscenium only in the second half of the 19th century. A number of national states (Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Poland, the Baltic countries, etc.) appeared on the political map of the modern world only after the First World War as a result of the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman and partly Russian empires.

One of the generally recognized goals of the Versailles Peace Conference of 1919 was declared to be the exercise of the right of nations to self-determination. According to this principle, in place of the disintegrated multinational empires, the creation of many independent nation states was envisaged. Already at that time, almost insurmountable difficulties were found on the way to the implementation of this principle.

First, in practice, it was carried out only in relation to some of the peoples of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires, who were defeated in the war, as well as due to a number of circumstances (the Bolshevik revolution and Civil War) in Russia. Moreover, only a few newly formed countries could be called national in the proper sense of the word. These are Poland, Finland, the Baltic countries. Czechoslovakia became a state entity formed from the union of two peoples: Czechs and Slovaks, and Yugoslavia - from several peoples: Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Muslim Bosnians.

Secondly, in the Eastern European countries, significant national minorities have survived, which have not been able to obtain their statehood.

Third, in a multinational Russian Empire despite the fact that Finland, Poland and the Baltic countries withdrew from it, the process of self-determination of peoples was interrupted at the very beginning and was postponed for more than seven decades.

Fourth, the bosses of the Versailles Conference did not even bring up the issue of granting independence to the peoples of the colonial empires of England and France that won the war.

The beginning of the XX century. was marked by the formation in the colonial and dependent countries of the national bourgeoisie, intelligentsia, officers, the working class and relatively numerous detachments of students. Distinctive feature the bourgeoisie of the East was its relative weakness, subordinate position. A significant part of it acted as intermediaries between foreign capital and the domestic market - this is the so-called comprador bourgeoisie. The national bourgeoisie proper consisted of merchants operating in the domestic market, owners of industrial enterprises and workshops, who themselves suffered from the oppression of foreign capital. They were joined by broad urban petty-bourgeois strata. It was they who served as the main driving force behind the revolutionary democratic and national liberation movements unfolding in that period.

These movements, which grew stronger every year, gradually turned into the most important factor in the socio-historical development of the countries of the East, for which they were collectively called the "awakening of Asia." The most striking manifestations of this "awakening" were the bourgeois revolutions in Iran (1905-1911), Turkey (1908), China (1911-1913). Powerful demonstrations of workers in 1905-1908. in India, the very domination of the British in this country was called into question. Powerful revolutionary explosions also took place in Indonesia, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, the Union of South Africa and other countries.

In the process of the birth and development of capitalism in the countries of the East, the national liberation movement was faced with the dual task of speeding up capitalist development and achieving national liberation. From this point of view, the First World War, in which the colonial and semi-colonial countries were drawn, had far-reaching consequences. The belligerent metropolitan states used their territories as a springboard for hostilities.

So, the entire Middle East was turned into a front-line zone. Africa, Turkey, Iran, the Arab countries of Asia, China and the peoples of other countries saw with their own eyes the delights of the world massacre. The governments of the metropolises mobilized huge masses of people in their colonies and dependent countries, who were sent to the theaters of war to shed their blood for interests alien to them. Only England and France mobilized about 6 million people in their colonies, of which at least 15% died on the battlefields. The so-called labor corps were also created, distracting millions of workers from peaceful labor. They were sent to forced labor for the construction of military facilities and were used as porters, delivering ammunition, food, medicine to active armies through the jungle and swamps.

The war led to a sharp deterioration in the already difficult economic situation peoples of the countries of Asia and Africa. Their lot was economic devastation, destruction of houses and outbuildings, epidemics of various diseases, etc. after the end of the war, they could go to the development of the national economy.

As a result, the trend towards an increase in the number of national enterprises, their working capital, mining, volumes of iron smelting, imports of factory equipment. Industrial production grew not only in the already established centers, it began to appear in inland regions as well. At the same time, a huge number of handicraft and semi-handicraft enterprises remained in the textile, clothing, leather and footwear, sugar, alcohol, furniture and other industries. But large enterprises began to play an ever-increasing role in the economy of the colonial countries.

Important changes have taken place in agriculture... During the war, it was forced to gradually reorient itself to the domestic market. This contributed to the growth of the division of labor and the further development of commodity-money relations. The in-kind form of rent and rent was gradually replaced by money, which became an additional incentive to increase the marketability of agricultural production and strengthen ties between the countryside and the city. The positions of wealthy peasants - rural entrepreneurs - were strengthened, which contributed to the acceleration and expansion of capitalist principles in agriculture.

Thus, the First World War gave a strong impetus to the further development of the national capitalism of the countries of Asia and Africa, the expansion and strengthening of local big business. The processes of differentiation of the peasantry and the formation of the working class intensified. The national middle and big bourgeoisie grew numerically and significantly strengthened its political positions. All this taken together hastened the maturation and consolidation of forces capable of participating in the national liberation struggle. These processes paved the way for the collapse of colonial empires after the Second World War and the formation of many new independent states that changed the face of the political map of the modern world.

Questions and tasks

1. What role did the development of means of communication and transport play in the formation of a “closed”, “complete” world?

2. What types of countries (according to the degree of independence) were included in the colonial system at the beginning of the 20th century?

3. List the main features of the colonial system of the first half of the 20th century.

4. What role was assigned to the colonies in the world capitalist economy? Why did the colonies become dependent on the metropolises?

5. Did the European penetration into the countries of Asia and Africa have any positive significance?

6. What was the difference between the comprador and national bourgeoisie of the colonies?

7. What tasks faced the national liberation movement in the East?

8. What were the consequences of the First World War for the colonial countries?

The book of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor N.V. Zagladina is a textbook of a new generation, it has an original, innovative character, aimed at the schoolchild of the XXI century. The theoretical provisions of the textbook are successfully combined with specific historical material.

The 20th century was in many ways a turning point for mankind. Both in terms of the richness of events and the scale of changes in the life of peoples, it was equivalent to centuries of world development in the past.

The basis of the changes that took place was a significant acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological progress, the expansion of the horizons of knowledge. In the 19th century, doubling the volume of scientific knowledge, on average, took 50 years, by the end of the 20th century - about 5 years. Their fruits have literally revolutionized all aspects of the life of most of the peoples of the world.

New sources of energy (nuclear, solar) have appeared. New technologies have been developed that provide automation and robotization of production; it has become possible to obtain substances with predetermined properties that do not exist in nature. New means of processing and cultivation of lands, biotechnology, methods of genetic engineering were introduced. All this made it possible to increase labor productivity in industry and agriculture tenfold. Only for the period 1850-1960. the volume of production of goods and services in the industrialized countries of Europe and North America increased 30 times. Advances in medicine, which have taken root in the most remote corners of the planet, have doubled the average life expectancy of people (from about 32 to 70 years). The world population in the 20th century, despite the fact that it was marked by the bloodiest wars in history, increased by about 3.5 times - from 1680 million people in 1900 to 5673 million in 1995. the number of earthlings took 250 years.

CONTENT
CHAPTER I. WORLD AT THE BORDER OF A NEW ERA 8
§ 1. INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES: AGING CONFLICT 8
Countries of the first echelon of industrial development. eight
Countries of the second echelon of modernization. eight
Aggravation of contradictions in world development. nine
§ 2. PEOPLES OF COLONIAL AND DEPENDENT COUNTRIES ON THE WAY TO AWAKENING 12
Traditional society and colonialism. 12
Aspirations for modernization in colonial countries. fourteen
Features of the development of Latin America. 16
§ 3. POLITICAL MILITARY UNIONS AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS. 1900-1914 YY. 16
Features of the politics of the leading countries of the world. 17
Peaceful and military means of resolving conflicts. 19
Creation of a system of military-political blocs. 19
CHAPTER II. THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND ITS OUTCOMES 20
§ 4. CAUSES AND INITIAL PERIOD OF WAR 21
Diplomatic preparation for war. 21
The initial period of the war. 22
§ 5. ON THE FRONTS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR 23
Campaign of 1915 23
Campaign of 1916 and the growth of contradictions in the belligerent countries. 24
War and revolution in Russia. 26
US Entry into the War and the 1918 Campaign 26
§ 6. THE DIFFICULT ROAD TO PEACE. VERSAILLES-WASHINGTON SYSTEM 29
Contradictions between the victorious powers. 29
Terms of the Versailles Peace. thirty
Contradictions of the Versailles system. thirty
"Russian question" at the Paris Peace Conference. 31
Washington Conference. 31
CHAPTER III. WAYS OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 1920-1930s 33
§ 7. REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT IN EUROPE AND ASIA AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR 33
Revolution of 1918 in Germany. 34
Revolution of 1919 in Hungary. 34
The decline of the revolutionary wave in Europe and the foreign policy of the USSR. 35
National liberation movements of the 1920s in Asia. 36
§ 8. "LEFT" AND "RIGHT" IN THE POLITICAL LIFE OF INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES IN THE 1920s. 38
Social Democratic Movement: Ideology and Politics. 38
Communists and Social Democrats. 39
Fascist movements in Italy and Germany. 39
§ 9. WORLD ECONOMIC CRISIS 1929-1932 And "NEW COURSE" by F.D. ROOSEVELTA 42
Crisis in the USA: Causes and Consequences. 43
"New Deal": main features. 43
Theoretical foundations and results of the "new course". 44
§ 10. TOTALITARISM IN GERMANY AND ITALY. MILITARIAN REGIME IN JAPAN 46
Fascism in Germany: the path to power. 46
Fascist dictatorship in Germany. 46
Fascist dictatorship in Italy. 48
Nationalism and Militarism in Japan. 49
§ 11. ALTERNATIVE TO FASCISM: EXPERIENCE OF THE GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE 50
Great Britain in the 1920s 51
The UK crisis and the national government. 51
Features of the crisis in France. 52
The threat of fascism and the Popular Front in France. 53
§ 12. MILITARISM AND PATIFISM IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA 55
Japanese aggression in China. 55
Germany's preparation for war and the policy of appeasement. 55
Civil War and German-Italian Intervention in Spain 56
Growing threat to peace and international security. 57
Munich Agreement. 58
Collapse of the idea of ​​collective security. 58
CHAPTER IV. HUMANITY IN WORLD WAR II 60
§ 13. THE INITIAL PERIOD OF WORLD WAR AND THE "NEW ORDER" IN EUROPE AND ASIA. MOTION RESISTANCE 60
The defeat of Poland and the "strange war" in Europe. 61
Defeat of France. 62
"Battle of England". 62
"New Order" and Resistance in Europe. 63
§ 14. ANTIHITLER COALITION 65
USSR and Germany on the eve of the war. 65
Germany's attack on the USSR. 66
Formation of the anti-Hitler coalition. 67
Japan's aggression in the Pacific and the United States entering the war. 68
§ 15. THE DIFFICULT ROAD TO VICTORY 70
The problem of the second front. 70
The significance of the Soviet-German front. 71
Decisive Battles: 1943-1944. 71
Defeat of Germany and Japan. 73
The problem of the role of the USSR in the anti-Hitler coalition. 74
§ 16. RESULTS AND LESSONS OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR. ESTABLISHMENT OF UN 76
Conferences in Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam on the foundations of the post-war world order. 76
Results of the Second World War. 77
Significance of the creation of the UN. 78
CHAPTER V. THE COLD WAR: CAUSES AND EFFECTS 79
§ 17. THE ORIGINS OF THE "COLD WAR" AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MILITARY-POLITICAL BLOCKS 79
The post-war world and the causes of the cold war. 79
The Marshall Plan and the Splitting of Europe. 81
Berlin crisis and the creation of a system of alliances in Europe. 81
Cold War in Asia. 82
§ 18. THE CRASH OF COLONIALISM, LOCAL CONFLICTS AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY 85
The collapse of the colonial empires. 85
The problem of choosing the path of development. 86
Local conflicts and international security. 86
European security and the German question. 88
§ 19. PARTNERSHIP AND COMPETITION OF SUPERPOWERS. THE CRISIS OF THE COLD WAR POLICY AND ITS ENDING 89
Arms Race and Soviet-American Relations. 89
Detente of the 1970s and her crisis. 90
Problems of the new world order. 93
CHAPTER VI. EURO-ATLANTIC COUNTRIES, 1945-1999 94
§ 20. USA: THE "GREAT SOCIETY" OF UNIVERSAL WELL-BEING 95
USA at the initial stage of the Cold War. 95
D. Eisenhower Presidency (1952-1960). 95
New Frontiers, Great Society and the Vietnam War. 96
The crisis of confidence in the United States. 97
"Neo-Conservative Revolution". 97
§ 21. POST-WAR RESTORATION AND MODERNIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE 99
"Economic Miracle" in West Germany. 99
Social democracy and socially oriented market economy. 100
1970s crisis and the New Left in Western Europe. 101
§ 22. The neo-conservative revolution of the 1980s. IN THE WESTERN COUNTRIES 103
Neoliberalism and Neoconservatism. 103
Socio-economic policy of neoconservatism in the United States and Western Europe. 104
Information Society in Developed Countries. 105
The decline of the neoconservative wave in the 1990s. 105
§ 23. INTEGRATION PROCESSES IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA 107
Stages of integration in Western Europe. 107
The results of the development of the European Union. 108
Problems of North Atlantic Integration. 109
Section 24. EASTERN EUROPE: FROM TOTALITARISM TO DEMOCRACY 110
The establishment of totalitarianism in Eastern Europe. 110
The crisis of totalitarian socialism and the "Brezhnev doctrine". 111
Democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe. 112
The experience of democratic development. 112
CHAPTER VII. MODERNIZATION PROBLEMS IN ASIA, AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA 114
§ 25. JAPAN AND NEW INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES 114
Japan after World War II. 114
Newly industrialized countries. 116
The second echelon of newly industrialized countries. 117
§ 26. CHINA ON THE WAY OF MODERNIZATION AND REFORM 118
Building the foundations of socialism in China. 118
Social and political experiments in the PRC. 118
The course of pragmatic reforms. 119
§ 27. INDIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY 121
Granting independence and dividing the country. 121
Features of the modernization policy. 121
India's foreign policy. 123
§ 28. ISLAMIC WORLD: UNITY AND DIVERSITY 123
National patriotic model of development. 124
Traditionalism in the Islamic World. 125
Factors of the unity of Islamic countries. 126
§ 29. AFRICA TO THE SOUTH OF SAKHARA: EXPERIENCE OF INDEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT 127
The collapse of colonialism and apartheid. 127
Development problems in Africa. 128
Section 30. LATIN AMERICA BETWEEN AUTHORITARISM AND DEMOCRACY 130
Problems of the development model in Latin America. 130
The Cuban Revolution and Its Consequences. 131
Modernization and dictatorial regimes. 132
Democratization of the 1990s 133
CHAPTER VIII. SPIRITUAL LIFE AND CULTURE OF THE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD IN THE XX CENTURY 134
§ 31. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THOUGHT, IDEOLOGY AND CULTURE 134
§ 32. TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURE AND ARTS 137
Section 33. MASS CULTURE 140
CHAPTER IX. WORLD DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS AT THE BORDER OF THE THIRD MILLENNIUM 142
Section 34. GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY 143
Military threat to humanity. 143
The problem of resources and ecology. 143
Section 35. INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOR: A NEW DIMENSION 146
Formation of transnational corporations. 146
TNC and the nation state. 147
TNCs and international integration. 147
Problems of modernization in new conditions. 148
§ 36. "CONFLICT OF CIVILIZATIONS": ETHNIC RENAISSANCE OF THE LATE XX CENTURY 149
Reasons for the aggravation of contradictions in world development. 149
Ethnic conflicts in the modern world. 150
The reasons for interethnic conflicts are manifold. 150
The problem of the "conflict of civilizations". 151
§ 37. PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE-SAFE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMANITY 153
Possibilities of preventing an ecological catastrophe. 153
Institutions of a new world order. 154
The role of Russia in the modern world. 155
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 1900-1999 156
DICTIONARY OF BASIC CONCEPTS 161

The 20th century was in many ways a turning point for mankind. Both in terms of the richness of events and the scale of changes in the life of peoples, it was equivalent to centuries of world development in the past.
The basis of the changes that took place was a significant acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological progress, the expansion of the horizons of knowledge. In the 19th century, doubling the volume of scientific knowledge, on average, took 50 years, by the end of the 20th century - about 5 years. Their fruits have literally revolutionized all aspects of the life of most of the peoples of the world.
New sources of energy (nuclear, solar) have appeared. New technologies have been developed that provide automation and robotization of production; it has become possible to obtain substances with predetermined properties that do not exist in nature. New means of processing and cultivation of lands, biotechnology, methods of genetic engineering were introduced. All this made it possible to increase labor productivity in industry and agriculture tenfold. Only for the period 1850-1960. the volume of production of goods and services in the industrialized countries of Europe and North America increased 30 times. Advances in medicine, which have taken root in the most remote corners of the planet, have doubled the average life expectancy of people (from about 32 to 70 years). The world population in the 20th century, despite the fact that it was marked by the bloodiest wars in history, increased by about 3.5 times - from 1680 million people in 1900 to 5673 million in 1995. the number of earthlings took 250 years.
The most visible and obvious changes have taken place in the life of people, in their production activities. At the beginning of the century, only in Great Britain did most of the population live in cities. In most countries of the world, including Russia, 8-9 out of ten people lived in rural areas, cultivating the land mainly by hand or using draft animals, without knowing electricity. By the end of the century, in most countries of the world, almost half of the population lives in giant cities (megacities), is employed in industry, services, science, and management.
The means of communication between people, nations, states have reached a qualitatively new level of development. This was due to the development of transport, especially air, the emergence of electronic means mass media(radio, television), ubiquitous telephony, the folding of global computer information networks (Internet). As a result, the international division of labor deepened, the exchange of scientific and technical information, ideas, cultural values ​​became more active, and the migration of the population lived.
To the greatest extent, scientific progress has affected the military-technical sphere. The twentieth century has every chance to go down in history as the century of the most destructive wars that civilization has ever known. The century when, with the invention of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) - primarily nuclear missiles, as well as biological, chemical, geophysical - mankind first acquired the ability to destroy itself and repeatedly found itself on the verge of using this opportunity.
Such a concept as "progress", implying changes taking place for the benefit of a person, is not quite applicable to refer to the processes unfolding in the world in the XX century. It is undeniable that living and working conditions in many countries of the world have improved significantly. The standard of living was gradually rising, the length of the working day was shrinking, and the work itself became more and more creative. For the bulk of the population, especially in developed countries, the conditions of leisure, access to education, medical care, and participation in social and political life have improved.
At the same time, the changes in the face of the world have led to the aggravation of many previous problems, gave rise to new ones that threaten the very foundations of the existence of civilization.
At the end of the century, the problems of the resource base for further development, the depletion of world reserves of raw materials and energy carriers continue to aggravate. The human environment is increasingly polluted by industrial and household waste. The number of "hot spots" is increasing - countries where tensions in ethnic and social relations are increasing, and people's lives are constantly in danger. All this, as well as the instability of the world economy and the international financial system, require a qualitatively new level of cooperation between states in order to streamline world development and make it sustainable and safe. However, due to the unevenness of the rates of social, political, socio-economic development of the main regions of the world, close neighbors within the framework of one planetary space that have become a single planetary space are peoples living, as it were, in different historical times, solving different problems. Some have mastered the most advanced technologies, created a competitive economy and strive for the greatest openness of world markets. Others solve the problem of overcoming backwardness, while others have only recently acquired their own statehood, are looking for their place in the changing world. This situation is unfavorable for finding constructive solutions acceptable for all. Moreover, it gives rise to new contradictions.
If conflicts in the international arena can be overcome through a compromise, an agreement between its participants, then it is much more difficult to solve the problem of the so-called futuroshock, the crisis of the person himself. Its essence lies in the fact that, being guided in the everyday realities of modern life at the everyday level, a person overloaded with information flows often does not have time to perceive and adequately reflect in his activities the meaning of modern socio-economic, global processes.
The human crisis effect is manifested in various forms. In particular, in the increase in the number of mental illnesses observed in the most prosperous, at first glance, countries; in fear of the future, "studying" it with the help of magic and horoscopes, and not science; in the attempts of art to reflect the modern world by turning to the subconscious, irrational principles; in the emergence of mass, non-traditional movements, with outright fear and hostility related to changes, scientific and technological achievements; in the unsuccessful decisions of politicians who do not take into account the reality of the world in which they operate.
In these conditions, the study of the history of the XX century acquires special relevance. Allowing to see the origins of the trends of modern world development, historical knowledge, if it does not provide ready-made recipes for solving the pressing problems of our time, then lays the foundation for their understanding.

Approved by the Ministry of Education Russian Federation as a history textbook for grade 9 educational institutions

Moscow
« Russian word»
1999

Zagladin N.V.
Recent history of foreign countries. XX century: Textbook for grade 9 schoolchildren. - M .: OOO "Trading and publishing house" Russian word - PC ", 1999. - 352 p: ill.
ISBN 5-8253-0015-5
The book of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor N.V. Zagladina is a textbook of a new generation, it has an original, innovative character, aimed at the schoolchild of the XXI century. The theoretical provisions of the textbook are successfully combined with specific historical material.
BBK 63.3 (0)
ISBN 5-8253-0015-5
Zagladin N.V., 1999
Larina L.I., 1999
Yakubovsky S.N., 1999
OOO * TID "Russian Word — RS", 1999.