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Answer from Erast Fandorin[guru]
Version 1:
During a sneeze, black energy is ejected from a person. Therefore, after each sneeze, you feel pleasant sensations.
With the help of a sneeze, the body gets rid of someone else's evil eye, envy, damage, diseases, etc. It is not without reason that after each sneeze it is customary to say: "Be healthy!"
A person's nose is like an exhaust pipe for all evil spirits.
Version 2 (more real) :
In ancient and medieval Europe, unintentional sneezing was perceived primarily as a symptom of epidemic and deadly diseases. According to Thucydides, sneezing was a terrible harbinger of the Athenian plague. The Romans wished the sneezer good health, so that his sneezing would not become bad sign("Absit omen!"). In medieval Europe, toast was replaced by swearing. The one who sneezed said: "God help you," the sneezer himself said the same. The emergence of the latter custom church tradition connects with St. Gregory - with the story of his miraculous healing during a pestilence, when sneezing meant certain death
Version 3(Russian) :
There is a well-known story that connects the deliverance of a child from death with a toast for his sneezing: a poor man wants to steal an ox from a rich brother and meets Death, she goes to the house of this rich man to strangle the child; when a child sneezes, the poor man says: “Cheers! ' and thus saves him. This story is alive. Today, in the Novgorod region, M. N. Vlasova recorded a similar story about a devil about to kidnap a sneezing baby: he can do this if the parents do not say to the baby’s sneezing: “Be healthy, guardian angel! ” These narratives reflect folk performance that sneezing is a dangerous condition, especially for a baby. At the moment of sneezing, the child is so "unwell" that only an immediate wish for health can save him from a terrible fate.
Answer from Dmitry Khrushchev[newbie]
To not get sick!
Answer from Ivan Paramonov[guru]
Wish you health (don't get sick).
Answer from Vlad/everything is cool/1000000$[newbie]
Well, because when a person sneezes, then maybe he got sick. Be healthy! "Bless you!" a polite person will say if someone sneezes nearby. In England, in this case, they will say: “God bless you! ". The Germans, like the Russians, wish good health, the Italians wish happiness, in the Near and Middle East they clap their hands and bow in the direction of the sneezed. There are several explanations for the origin of these traditions. One of them has to do with superstition. This custom originated because ancient man believed that the soul exists in the form of some ephemeral "air" substance, which is contained somewhere in the head. When sneezing, the soul could fly out of the body for some time, and perhaps forever, until it meets God. "God bless you! ”- an appeal to God so that the soul does not fly out. A bow towards the sneezer also means: "May your soul not fly out." Adherents of another version believe that the tradition is to say: “God bless you! ”Sneezing appeared during the plague epidemic that happened in Athens. Sneezing was the first sign that a person was ill. The Romans developed the habit of referring to God when sneezing and passed it on to the British. And when there was a plague in Britain, people said, “God bless you! ” for the same reason that this expression was used in Athens - to ask God to bless a person so that he does not die. There are many other less common superstitions associated with sneezing. Some, for example, are sure that, depending on what day you sneeze, you can predict the near future. I had to hear from a person who sneezed in the middle of a monologue, a jokingly satisfying phrase "Oh! it means the truth!" :). Ah.... Pchi!
It will not be difficult for an educated person to calculate an ill-mannered person. He will easily bite even the half-educated. But pseudo-education is not easy to define.
There are many polite, but absolutely ill-mannered people in Russia. Their upbringing comes down to dogmas learned from the Soviet and post-Soviet past, which have nothing to do with good manners or etiquette.
You are not a waiter!
So, a pseudo-educated person always says: “Be healthy!”, even if a stranger or a participant in a business conference sneezes. Before eating, he always wishes everyone a pleasant appetite. And it would be fine only at home, in the circle of the same pseudo-educated people. No, we can often hear the words "bon appetit" in student canteens, at a party, at a banquet. Uneducated people often object with references to the West - they say, in Italy or France, restaurants make noise with this "bon appetit". Yes, they make noise. But these words are spoken in restaurants by waiters, in houses by servants. And we have anyone.
A pseudo-educated person, finding himself at a table in a company - even in a restaurant, even at home, knows that you can’t just go to the restroom just like that, so he comes up with explanations. “Excuse me, I need to powder my nose,” “I’ll go and call,” are typical euphemisms for such cases.
The truth is that etiquette condemns any public commentary on physiological topics. Appetite and sneezing are physiology. Commenting on it is stupid. Neighbor sneezed? Keep quiet. Politely act like you didn't notice. As for “bon appetit”, sometimes I personally want this phrase to ricochet right on the forehead of a polite person. Wishing you bon appetit, and even in a big company, is a bad tone. This habit annoys me so much that even after 15 years I remember all my classmates throwing this phrase right and left! In our philological canteen, every fifth student portrayed herself as a well-bred student. Because of this, it became absolutely impossible to enjoy dinner, because there was a hubbub of “bon appetit” above their heads, and their mouths were busy with “thank you” in return.
Only neurotics greet everyone in a row
Such people, as a rule, always greet everyone they know out loud. And it's good if they met a housemate at the other end of the metropolis - here the greeting is more or less appropriate. But saying “hello” or “hello” loudly at a university or in a company where you have worked for 10 years and absolutely know everyone is stupid. Because in both places you will a priori come across only familiar people. Etiquette is not as irrational as it seems to ill-mannered people - there is exactly as much sense in how and whom to greet as in the order of laying out the cutlery at the plate: everything is subordinated to the convenience of a person.
To greet the people you inevitably meet every day on your way, there is a nod of the head - a descendant of the bow and heir to the curtsy.
Remember films about school and teachers. A typical image of a teacher's everyday life: a poor woman, having escaped for a five-minute break, passes through the line of children, shouting in discord: "Hello, Tamara Ivanovna!" This happens at school, because children have not yet learned the norms of etiquette. As an adult, a person who daily says a personal “hello” to all five dozen of his colleagues looks like a neurotic.
If “bon appetit” and “bless you” are the fruit of the labor of workers and peasants who, after the extermination of the aristocracy, were forced to learn etiquette according to their fantasy ideas about this aristocracy, then the constant greeting aloud gives off a neurotic disorder. Worse than this "hello", splashed out daily on each of the colleagues or teachers, can only be "good night", sent to the address, for example, of all the guests of the hotel in which the pseudo-educated person stayed. Have you seen these? In the first half of the day they wish everyone good morning, in the second - good night. Also a variant of disorder and manic attraction to oneself. Saying “good morning” to everyone he meets, he wants not so much the reputation of a well-mannered person as attention. These words betray a lack of communication.
Where do Monsieurs with reticules come from
Pseudo-education is a complex phenomenon. Here, the low level of human culture, and his high self-criticism, and the complexes generated by these two monsters, which a pseudo-educated person tries to hide with dubious manners, are mixed up. Excessive politeness, inconvenient manners, importunate words - all this is the people's idea of the life of educated people. An ill-bred person is distinguished from a pseudo-educated person by self-reflection. The latter understands the level of personal culture and tries to raise it, mistakenly relying not on etiquette textbooks, but on his own ideas about the rules of etiquette. Therefore, he wishes everyone a pleasant appetite and good morning, carries a bag for a woman, opens a car door in front of a woman. And since he does not know for sure how and what kind of bag it is permissible to carry and how, in what position one should open the car door, funny men with microscopic purses and women in dirty shoes appear on the streets - they were trying to get out of the car through an awkwardly open door for them.
Previously, the carriers of such manners were pseudo-intellectuals - a vast layer of Soviet vocational school teachers, sellers of central department stores and workers of the Intourist hotels. It was the pseudo-intellectuals who said “teapot”, “eat” and “throws”. And, of course, they wished everyone a bon appetit. The pseudo-intellectuals are gone, but their funny manners remain. People follow these manners because they do not see the bearers of real etiquette. Most people need visual examples to learn any rules. But there is nowhere to take them, except in one's own environment. So the common people are copying the habits of the best, as it seems to them, their representatives.
The situation can be easily corrected by one lesson at school or a brochure read. Most people do not need to know which side meat is served at silver service dinners - just learn a few phrases that cannot be said in society. And remember, finally, that a woman herself is able to carry a woman's handbag.
It is no secret that a person who sneezes in public experiences a certain embarrassment. People around at the time would not notice this, treat the embarrassment that happened naturally and calmly, but for some reason it is customary to wish health to the person who sneezed with zeal. Such wishes seem especially paradoxical during periods viral infections when every second sneezes, and more often than usual. The key to unraveling these behavioral stereotypes lies in the historical background.
First, in most cases, the habit takes its roots in the family. After all, it is at home that a child hears “Be healthy” from childhood, on a subconscious level perceiving this as a norm of polite behavior established in society. Although this is not the worst habit, it is quite difficult to get rid of it. Parents are sometimes unaware that it is worth being healthy all the time, and not just during a sneeze. But what can you do, because you can’t just get around family traditions.
Secondly, the custom of wishing health when sneezing came from pagan superstitions and even folk tales. People have always associated the manifestation of a sneeze with certain life events and saw some signs in this act. Even more people wondered: why does a sneeze occur? As A.P. Chekhov: "... Everyone sneezes," that is, the common people and "... sometimes even secret advisers." So, since pagan times, sneeze has been firmly associated with predictions of fate or natural phenomena, signs or even natural disasters. For example, Afonya asks the witch: how many years he will live, to which she replies that ninety. At this moment, the cat sneezes. Afonya was delighted, interpreting the cat's sneeze as confirmation of the prediction. This is the whole essence of superstition. The fact is that a person is looking for confirmation of his subjective forecasts in everything. By the way, quite often forecasts come true, which once again proves that a positive attitude and faith in miracles help in life.
Thirdly, sneezing was perceived in ancient times as a manifestation of dangerous and even fatal diseases, for example: the Athenian plague. True, in the Middle Ages, a person who sneezed was said: "God help." And, nevertheless, a sneeze was a signal to others about the danger of infection. People were afraid of all kinds of plagues, epidemics, mass disasters. From a medical point of view, the justification for the wishes of health looks the most convincing. It is clear that people do not want to get sick, so they want health. Even in modern society illness deprives a person of his ability to work and is a serious test for the whole family, and in ancient times, all the more, illness meant only one thing - trouble.
People often say that money can't buy health. True, today this statement can be argued. Of course, you can’t buy it, but you can only fix it with money. Today, official medicine sees only physiology and biology in a sneeze: the effects of viruses, allergic reactions, diseases nervous system. traditional healers do not exclude that sneezing helps to expel diseases. Who knows, perhaps there is some truth in this statement.
20.10.2016 14:01
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Why do we say "Be healthy!"
But is it true, why when a person sneezes, we do not hesitate to say “Be Healthy!”, but do not react when, for example, he coughs?
This habit in most cases comes from our family, from our parents. For example, your dad and mom tell you "be healthy" when you sneeze and you take an example from them, considering this phrase as a common courtesy. After all, wishing a person well means wishing him well.
Once upon a time, such a wish for a sneezer had slightly different reasons. People were simply afraid of various diseases, and therefore, if someone nearby sneezed, they wished this person health so that his illness could not pass to them.
AT different countries many traditions are associated with sneezing. So, for example, in England, if a person sneezes, they will say “God bless you!”, In Germany, as in Russia, they wish health, in Italy, happiness, and in the East they clap bow in the direction of the sneezed.
Here is such an interesting tradition.
Smiling in America is a duty. Those who do not want or know how to smile often lose their workplace. You need to follow the rule: try not to pay attention to adversity, and do not take out bad mood and worries on people, they should not be read on your face.
A smile adorns everyone without exception. A real smile comes from the heart, and an insincere one will be immediately noticeable, turning the smile on your face into an unpleasant grimace.
As for laughter, it will decorate you only when you laugh culturally. Laughter can very easily become vulgar, unpleasant for others. Try to laugh cheerfully and naturally, but keeping up appearances.
Posture, gait
Do not seed and do not shuffle your feet on the pavement, do not swing your arms like a windmill. The gait is light and springy, the legs should move, not the hips and arms. Hands move in rhythm with step, but not like soldiers
Do not pull your head into your shoulders, do not lift it high up, but keep it straight. If you want to express your positive or negative attitude towards something, say "yes" or "no" instead of shaking your head as hard as you can from side to side or up and down.
How to sit
You need to sit straight. Everything else refers to the word “no”: you can’t fidget in a chair, you can’t slouch, you can’t crawl to the edge of the chair and clasp your hands in your lap, swing in a chair.
People who sit with their legs wide apart and leaning their palms on their knees look very ugly - this position is suitable only for rude and uncouth dorks.
Remember how members of the British royal family are sitting in photographs, that's who you should learn from. On modern armchairs and sofas, where you almost lie down, you can sit with your legs stretched out a little forward.
Where to put your hands?
Many do not know where to put their hands in a given situation. You don’t need to put them anywhere, let them lie quietly on their knees or hang freely on the sides (but not limply, like overcooked pasta).
You do not need to constantly touch your head or clothes with your hands, fiddle with your tie or turn the keys on your hand. You should also not examine your nails, drum your fingers on the table and nudge your neighbor with your elbow, urging him to say something stunning.
If you're talking standing up, don't put your hands on your hips when you're about to get into a verbal altercation with your girlfriend or boyfriend, and don't cross your arms over your chest when you're trying to explain some common truths that you're convinced of. Yes, and do not shout when talking. Some teenagers squeal so much that they block their ears. Is not The best way to draw attention.
I hope you don't have to repeat that pointing a finger is indecent.
And further. Some like to publicly remove threads and hair from the clothes of their acquaintances. This is extremely impolite. This action can be performed only in private and with the permission of this friend.
Do I need to say "Be healthy!"
Cough, yawn, sneeze and blow your nose silently and imperceptibly, holding a handkerchief to your nose or mouth or covering yourself with your hand. In this case, you need to turn away from the interlocutor to the side or lean down.
Often we hear: when a person sneezes, they say to him: “Be healthy!” And this is a mistake. After all, modern etiquette recommends not to disclose an act that another person would like to go unnoticed. So, ignore the sneezing of the person present. The person who sneezed himself should say: “Sorry.”
Greetings
When you greet friends and strangers, try to look at them directly, and not bashfully look away, as if you are to blame for something. Be affable and friendly, not only with friends, but also with the girlfriends of your girlfriends and friends of your friends. You can be more restrained with unfamiliar people, but you should not frighten them with a sullen look from under your brows either. Accompany your greeting with a smooth inclination of the head, and not of the whole body - once only peasant women bowed before the master in a deep bow.
A polite person will never forget to say the first word "hello"; accompany any request with the words “please”, “be kind”, etc.; for any attention and service rendered to him to thank and answer the same. If he himself accidentally disturbs or causes inconvenience to someone, he will definitely say “I'm sorry.”
If you can still say to your friends: “Great!” or “Hello!”, then in relation to unfamiliar people, older in age, this is unacceptable. You need to say: "Hello!" or, depending on the time of day: "Good morning/afternoon/evening!" Here the question immediately arises: when is evening considered evening? Here is the schedule: Until 12 o'clock - Good morning! From 12 to 18 hours - Good afternoon! From 18:00 to 24:00 - Good evening! From 24:00 to 06:00 - Good night!
Your greeting should not be noisy. This means that you don’t have to throw yourself on the neck of your friend in the middle of the street, and a friend whom you noticed on the opposite side of the street, wave your hand and shout: “Hello !!!”
Now about who says hello first. Of course, the one who is polite. Although there are rules here too. According to generally accepted rules, the first to greet:
Man woman;
Junior senior;
Subordinate chief.
The exceptions are the following situations: a young woman, a girl can be the first to say hello to an elderly gentleman. The person who entered the room is always the first to greet, and the walking person is the first to greet the standing one. All these rules apply to the incoming and outgoing woman.
Appeal
In Russia, two forms of address are used: “you” and “you”. In England there is only one form, in Sweden and Poland it is considered not polite enough to address strangers, especially to elders or superiors, to “you”, for this a third person form is used, for example: “Can I see pani?” etc.
If a we are talking about the third person, it is not customary to use only the pronoun. For example, not “He knows”, but “Ivan Petrovich knows”, or between peers - “Vanya knows”.
It is necessary from a very young age to demand courtesy in conversation from a child. Not only about strangers, but also about parents and relatives, even if it is a sister or brother, one should not be allowed to say “he”, “she”:
“Mom asked me to pass” (and not “she said”). Try to call those present not by the faceless “he” and “she”, but call them by name.
The form of address "you" speaks of a closer relationship with a person. Those who, in the heat of a quarrel, switch from “you” to “you”, trying in this way to humiliate the enemy, only demonstrate their lack of restraint and bad manners.
Many believe that in order to switch to “you”, it’s not enough to be familiar, you need closer friendship, cordiality. The basic rule here is this: to switch to "you" can offer a senior to a junior and a boss to a subordinate. Between a man and a woman, this rule is conditional. Allowing you to say "you" is a woman's right. With the offer to switch to "you" you need to be quite careful, because refusal can cause a feeling of embarrassment, especially for the one who makes this offer.
A young man can ask close elders to say “you” to him. At the same time, he himself continues to say “you” to them. And one more thing: some, if they are higher in rank, have a habit of calling everyone who is lower in rank by “you”, although the latter call them by “you”. Such bosses are tactless.
