Einstein's biography in Russian. Albert Einstein - biography, information, personal life. Einstein burned his last work

\u003e\u003e Albert Einstein

Biography of Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

Short biography:

Name: Albert Einstein

Education: Higher Technical School Zurich

Place of Birth: Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire

Place of death: Princeton, New Jersey, USA

Albert Einstein - theoretical physicist and founder of modern theoretical physics: biography with photo, special and general theory of relativity, Manhattan project.

Albert Einstein is perhaps one of the most famous physicists of the 20th century. During its short biography , he revolutionized scientific thinking and is recognized as the greatest theoretical physicist who ever lived. Einstein's biography began on March 14, 1879, in a middle-class Jewish family in Ulm, Germany. He, like most children, did not like school, and preferred to study at home. He didn't finish high school. His family moved to Milan in 1894 and this time he decided to officially renounce his German citizenship and become a Swiss citizen. In 1985 he tried to join the Swiss federal institute Technology (Zurich Polytechnic), but it failed entrance exams... This time, he decided to complete his secondary education in the nearby town of Aarau. In 1896 he returned to the Zurich Polytechnic, from which he successfully graduated (1900), and became a high school teacher of mathematics and physics.

Later, Albert Einstein got a job at the patent office in Bern, where he worked from 1902 to 1909. During this time, he wrote an amazing number of publications in theoretical physics. He wrote this in his spare time just for himself, without resorting to the help of scientific literature or colleagues. In the first of three articles, Einstein examined the phenomenon by which electromagnetic energy emitting objects in discrete quantities. Einstein used the quantum hypothesis as a bar to describe the electromagnetic radiation of light. Einstein in 1905. on paper he outlined what is today called the theory of relativity. This new theory stated that the laws of physics should have the same form in any frame of reference. The theory also said that the speed of light remains constant in any frame of reference. Later, in 1905, Einstein showed an experiment proving that mass and energy are equivalent. Einstein was not the first to introduce the theory of relativity. Its goal was to combine the important parts of classical mechanics and electrodynamics.

In 1905, Einstein submitted papers and received his doctorate from the University of Zurich. In 1908 he became a professor at the University of Bern. The following year, he received another appointment as an adjunct professor of physics at the University of Zurich. By 1909, Einstein was recognized as one of the world's leading scientific thinkers. He later held professorships at the German University in Prague and at the Zurich Polytechnic. By 1911, Einstein was able to make preliminary predictions of how a ray of light from a distant star passing near the Sun would appear to be slightly bent towards the Sun. Around 1912, Einstein began a new phase of his gravitational research, with the help of his friend the mathematician Marcel Grossmann. Einstein named his new job general theory of relativity. After a series of unsuccessful attempts, he finally published the final version of general relativity in 1915.

Einstein returned to Germany in 1914 but did not apply for German citizenship. That year he was nominated for the most prestigious post of Professor Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft in Berlin. From that time on, he never held regular classes at the university. Einstein received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his 1905 work on the "photoelectric effect." He remained in Berlin until 1933. Later that year, with the rise of fascism in Germany, Einstein moved to the United States. In 1939, he sent a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt urging the United States to start developing the atomic bomb before Germany did. This letter, and many subsequent letters, contributed to Roosevelt's decision to fund what became the Manhattan Project. Einstein spent the rest of his life pursuing a research position at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Albert Einstein spent the last years of his short biography in search of unified theory, according to which the phenomena of gravity and electromagnetism, which can be derived from one equation. The search was in vain. He died in 1955 without finding an elusive theory. Although his last thoughts were forgotten for decades, physicists continue to seek the same goal as the dreams of Einstein, the great pioneer in the field of physical theory.

Albert Einstein is a legendary scientist who made an unprecedented revolution in science with the creation of the famous theory of relativity, the author of many other discoveries in theoretical physics, a Nobel laureate and an unshakable pacifist with a mysterious biography.

He was ranked third on the list of 100 Great Jews of All Time, behind only Moses and Jesus. Many consider him the idol of the era, the man of the century, put on a par with such geniuses as Maxwell and Newton. But some denouncers deprive him of the halo, call him an advertised scientific plagiarist and a swindler, claiming that a number of the provisions of his aforementioned theory were previously expressed by other prominent representatives of the pantheon of science.

Childhood and youth

The future theoretical physicist was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm near Munich. His mother Paulina was a housewife, the daughter of a successful grain merchant. Father Herman, on the other hand, turned out to be not a very brilliant businessman. The family had to move more than once due to the ruin of his enterprises, in particular, in 1880 to Munich. In this city, the boy had a sister, Maya.

The firstborn was born with a large and deformed head. Parents have long feared that their son would fall behind in mental development... He grew up withdrawn, until the age of seven he did not speak, he only repeated the same phrases after other people. Later he spoke, but did not utter the phrases out loud at once, but previously reproduced them with his lips alone. Moreover, if his demands were refused, he was terribly angry, contorted his face in fury, threw objects that turned up under his arm. Once, during such a seizure, he almost crippled his sister. So the family considered the boy mentally retarded. Modern scientists suggest that in this way Asperger's syndrome could manifest.

At the age of 6, Albert began to study music and all his adult life was in love with the violin, but in his childhood he studied under the duress. To the piano accompaniment of his strict mother, he played Mozart and Beethoven. A number of biographers of the scientist believe that it was the tyrant Paulina who sowed skepticism towards the female sex in Einstein's soul.

At school, the future genius studied poorly. Having entered the gymnasium at the age of 10, he behaved disrespectfully and insolently, preferred to engage in self-education rather than attend boring lessons. He was especially depressed by the study of the ancient Greek language. Even in mathematics, he had a score of 2 for a long time, although interest in which he woke up in those years and began with the fact that his father presented him with a compass. Albert was shocked that mysterious forces were forcing the arrow to maintain a constant direction.

Not the last role in the formation of Albert's personality was played by a friend of their family, student Max Talmud and his uncle Jacob. They brought interesting textbooks to the clever boy, offered to solve intriguing puzzles. In particular, the teenager read out Euclid's treatise "Beginnings". In addition, acquaintance with the philosophical work of Kant "Critique of Pure Reason" made him, extremely religious from childhood, ponder the question of the existence of God and the nature of wars.

After another collapse of his father's business in 1894, the family moved to the suburb of Milan Pavia. A year later, Albert joined them, and did not graduate from the Munich gymnasium. He hoped to enter the Zurich Polytechnic and become a teacher, but failed the entrance tests. As a result, he had a chance to spend a year at the Aarau school and only after receiving a certificate in 1896 became a student at a Zurich educational institution.

The path to science

In 1900, a talented but problematic student, who allowed himself to argue with professors, graduated with excellent results. He was not offered to continue his scientific activity at the alma mater because of his quarrelsome nature and endless absences from classes. Then, for two years he could not find a job in his specialty, he was in a desperate financial situation. Stress and poverty caused him to develop an ulcer.

The situation was saved by his former classmate and future famous scientist Marcel Grossman, who in 1902 helped Albert get a job at the Patent Office in Bern. By the nature of his work, the talented young specialist had the opportunity to get acquainted with many interesting patent applications, which, according to a number of critics, allowed him, over time, to develop his own theoretical positions based on other people's ideas. Soon he married a former classmate (see details in the section "Personal life") Mileva Maric.

In 1905, Einstein published a number of works that became the foundation for the theories of relativity, quantum and Brownian motion. They had a huge public outcry, changing people's ideas about the world around them. In particular, he substantiated the stunning fact of the slower flow of time in moving coordinates. This meant that an astronaut traveling to a distant planet faster than the speed of light would return home younger than their peers on earth.

A year later, the scientist derived his famous formula E \u003d mc2, received a doctorate at his native university and began teaching there in 1909. For this discovery in 1910, Einstein was first nominated for the Nobel Prize, but did not become a winner. Over the next ten years, committee members remained adamant and continued to reject him for the prestigious award. The main argument for their decision was the lack of experimental confirmation of the validity of the formula.

In 1911, the author of the revolutionary work moved to Prague, where he worked for a year at the oldest educational institution in Central Europe, continuing his scientific research. Then he returned to Zurich, and in 1914 went to Berlin. In addition to science, he was engaged social activities, actively advocated for civil rights and against war.

During the solar eclipse of 1919, researchers found confirmation of a number of postulates of the controversial theory, and worldwide recognition came to its author. In 1922, he finally became a Nobel laureate, however, not for the theory that was the crown of his intellectual activity, but for another discovery - the photoelectric effect. He visited Japan, India, China, the USA, and a number of European countries, where he introduced the public to his convictions and discoveries.

In the early 1930s, the pacifist professor began to be persecuted amid rising anti-Semitic sentiments. With Hitler's rise to power, he emigrated overseas, obtaining a position at the Princeton Research Institute. In 1934, at the invitation of Franklin Roosevelt, he visited the White House, and in 1939 he signed an appeal from scientists to the American president about the need to create nuclear weapons to counter Nazi Germany, which he later regretted.

In 1952, Israel (after the death of its head Chaim Weizmann) offered the brilliant physicist to take the presidency. He turned down such a flattering offer, citing a lack of experience in government activities.

Personal life of Albert Einstein

The father of the theory of relativity was an eccentric - he never wore socks, did not like to brush his teeth, but he enjoyed success with women, had about ten mistresses in his life, and was married twice.

His first love was Marie, the daughter of Professor Jost Winteler, in whose house he lived while studying at Aarau. After Albert's departure to Zurich, their romance ended, but the girl experienced their breakup for a long time, which aggravated her mental state. Subsequently, she was admitted to a hospital for the mentally ill, where she died.

The second chosen one of the scientist was a fellow student, a brilliant mathematician and physicist, Mileva Marich. They got married in 1903 in Bern. The girl was outwardly unsightly and limped. Albert's parents were perplexed as to why he chose an ugly woman as his wife, to which the physicist replied: “So what! You should have heard her vocals. "

Albert Einstein documentary

True, the passionate love of the genius for her very soon cooled down. He presented her with a list of humiliating conditions of life together, which actually turned her beloved into a housekeeper and a scientific secretary. Moreover, he convinced his wife to give their one-year-old daughter Lieserl, born in 1902 and distracting the man from his scientific activities, to another family, where the baby soon died from scarlet fever and inappropriate care.

In 1904, the couple had a son, Hans Albert, in 1910, Eduard, who later fell ill with schizophrenia and was sent by his father to a psychiatric hospital forever. The eldest son grew up gloomy and unsociable, having matured, he refused to study theoretical physics, disliking his father for his attitude towards his mother and brother. The family broke up due to Albert's betrayals in 1914, he left for Berlin. As a ransom in the divorce, Albert gave Marich $ 32,000 - a prize for the discovery of the photo effect.

After the divorce, the physicist married his cousin Elsa, who raised two daughters from a previous marriage - the younger Margot and a girl of marriageable age named Ilse. At first, Einstein had tender feelings for the latter, but having received a refusal, he settled on her mother.

Unlike the first wife, the cousin was a narrow-minded woman and turned a blind eye to her husband's infidelities. Albert adored the fairer sex, and many beauties were in love with him, including Margot. Also, the scientist was passionate about sailing. He liked to sail alone. In music and literature, he was a conservative - he loved the classics.

Death

The eccentric genius with a pipe and disheveled hair was incredibly popular. Streets, towers, telescopes, a crater on the Moon, a quasar were named after him. In 1955, his health deteriorated greatly. He went to the clinic, in anticipation of his death he was calm and peaceful.

On the eve of his death on April 18 from a ruptured aorta, he destroyed the manuscript of his latest research. What made him do this remains a mystery to this day.

After the autopsy of the scientist's body, pathologist Thomas Harvey made an interesting observation. In the left hemisphere of Einstein's brain, there was an abnormal number of glial cells that "feed" neurons. And, as you know, the left hemisphere is responsible for logic and "exact sciences". Also, despite the advanced age of the genius, in his brain there was practically no degenerative changes characteristic of older people.

Among the famous living descendants of Albert Einstein are his great-grandsons Thomas, Paul, Edward and Mira Einstein. Thomas is a physician who runs a clinic in Los Angeles. Paul plays the violin. Edward (whom everyone simply calls Ted) dropped out of high school and built a successful business with a furniture store. Mira works in telemarketing and plays musical instruments in her spare time.

Scientist Albert Einstein became famous for his scientific work, which allowed him to become one of the founders of theoretical physics. One of his most famous works is general and special relativity. This scientist and thinker has more than 600 works on a variety of topics.

Nobel Prize

In 1921, Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. He received the prize for discovery of the photoelectric effect.

At the presentation the other works of the physicist were also discussed. In particular, the theory of relativity and gravity was supposed to be evaluated after their confirmation in the future.

Einstein's theory of relativity

It is curious that Einstein himself explained his theory of relativity with humor:

If you hold your hand over the fire for one minute, then it will seem like an hour, but an hour spent with your beloved girl will seem like one minute.

That is, time flows in different ways in different circumstances. About others scientific discoveries the physicist also spoke in a peculiar way. For example, everyone can be sure that it is impossible to do something definite until there is an "ignoramus" who will do it only because he does not know about the opinion of the majority.

Albert Einstein said that he discovered his theory of relativity quite by accident. Once he noticed that a car moving relative to another car at the same speed and in one direction remains stationary.

These 2 cars, moving relative to the Earth and other objects on it, are at rest relative to each other.

The famous formula E \u003d mc 2

Einstein argued that if a body generates energy in video radiation, then the decrease in its mass is proportional to the amount of energy released by it.

This is how the famous formula was born: the amount of energy is equal to the product of the mass of a body by the square of the speed of light (E \u003d mc 2). The speed of light is equal to 300 thousand kilometers per second.

Even a negligible mass, accelerated to the speed of light, will emit a huge amount of energy. The invention of the atomic bomb confirmed this theory.

short biography

Albert Einstein was born March 14, 1879 in the small German town of Ulm. He spent his childhood in Munich. Albert's father was an entrepreneur, his mother was a housewife.

The future scientist was born weak, with a big head. The parents were afraid that he would not survive. However, he survived and grew up with an increased curiosity about everything. However, he was very persistent.

Study period

Einstein was bored with studying at the gymnasium. In his spare time, he read popular science books. Astronomy was of the greatest interest to him at that time.

After graduating from high school, Einstein leaves for Zurich and goes to study at the Polytechnic School. Upon graduation, he receives a diploma physics and mathematics teachers... Alas, as many as 2 years of job search did not give any result.

During this period, Albert had a hard time, moreover, due to constant hunger, he developed liver disease, which tormented him until the end of his life. But even these difficulties did not discourage him from doing physics.

Career and first successes

IN 1902 year Albert takes a job at the Berne Patent Office as a technical examiner with a small salary.

By 1905, Einstein already had 5 scientific papers. In 1909 he became professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich. In 1911 he became a professor at the German University in Prague, from 1914 to 1933 - professor at the University of Berlin and director of the Institute of Physics in Berlin.

He worked on his theory of relativity for 10 years and finished it only in 1916... In 1919, there was a solar eclipse. It was observed by scientists of the Royal Society of London. They also confirmed the probable correctness of Einstein's theory of relativity.

Emigration to the USA

IN 1933 year, the Nazis came to power in Germany. All scientific papers and other works were burned. The Einstein family emigrated to the United States. Albert became professor of physics at the Institute for Basic Research in Princeton. IN 1940 year he renounces German citizenship and becomes officially an American citizen.

In recent years, the scientist lived in Princeton, worked on a unified field theory, played the violin in moments of rest, rode a boat on the lake.

Albert Einstein died April 18, 1955... After his death, his brain was examined for genius, but nothing exceptional was found.

Albert Einstein (German Albert Einstein,; March 14, 1879, Ulm, Württemberg, Germany - April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, USA) - theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern theoretical physics, Nobel Prize laureate in physics in 1921 , a public figure-humanist. He lived in Germany (1879-1893, 1914-1933), Switzerland (1893-1914) and the USA (1933-1955). Honorary Doctor of about 20 leading universities in the world, a member of many Academies of Sciences, including a foreign honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1926).
Albert Einstein 1920

Albert Einstein was born on March 14, 1879 in the southern German city of Ulm, into a poor Jewish family. His parents were married three years before the birth of their son, on August 8, 1876. Father, Hermann Einstein (1847-1902), was at this time co-owner of a small business for the production of feather padding for mattresses and feather beds.
Hermann Einstein

Mother, Pauline Einstein (nee Koch, 1858-1920), came from the family of a wealthy corn merchant Julius Derzbacher (in 1842 changed his last name to Koch) and Jetta Bernheimer.
Paulina Einstein

In the summer of 1880, the family moved to Munich, where Hermann Einstein, together with his brother Jacob, founded a small electrical equipment trading company.
Albert Einstein at the age of three. 1882

Albert's younger sister Maria (Maya, 1881-1951) was born in Munich.
Albert Einstein with his sister

Albert Einstein received his primary education at a local Catholic school. For about 12 years he experienced a state of deep religiosity, but soon reading popular science books made him a free-thinker and forever gave rise to a skeptical attitude towards authorities. From childhood impressions, Einstein later recalled as the most powerful: the compass, Euclid's "Beginnings" and (about 1889) "Critique of Pure Reason" by Immanuel Kant. In addition, at the initiative of his mother, he began playing the violin at the age of six. Einstein's passion for music continued throughout his life. While already in the United States in Princeton, in 1934, Albert Einstein gave a charity concert, where he performed the works of Mozart on the violin for the benefit of scientists and cultural figures who had emigrated from Nazi Germany.
Albert Einstein is 14 years old. 1893

At the gymnasium, he was not among the first students (with the exception of mathematics and Latin). The entrenched system of rote memorization of material by students (which, he believed, harms the very spirit of learning and creative thinking), as well as the authoritarian attitude of teachers towards students, aroused Albert Einstein's rejection, so he often entered into arguments with his teachers.
In 1894, the Einsteins moved from Munich to italian city Pavia, near Milan, where the brothers Herman and Jacob transferred their company. Albert himself remained with relatives in Munich for some time to finish all six classes of the gymnasium. Having never received a matriculation certificate, in 1895 he joined his family in Pavia.
In the fall of 1895, Albert Einstein arrived in Switzerland to pass the entrance exams at the Higher Technical School (Polytechnic) in Zurich and become a physics teacher. Brilliantly showing himself in the exam in mathematics, he at the same time failed exams in botany and French, which did not allow him to enter the Zurich Polytechnic. However, the director of the school advised the young man to enter the final class of the school in Aarau (Switzerland) in order to receive a certificate and repeat the admission.
At the Aarau cantonal school, Albert Einstein devoted his free time to studying Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. In September 1896, he successfully passed all the final exams at school, with the exception of the French exam, and received a certificate
A matriculation certificate issued to Albert Einstein in 1896, at the age of 17, after studying at the cantonal high school in Aarau, Switzerland.

In October 1896 he was admitted to the Polytechnic at faculty of Education... Here he became friends with a classmate, mathematician Marcel Grossman (1878-1936), and also met a Serbian student of the Faculty of Medicine Mileva Maric (4 years older than him), who later became his wife. In the same year, Einstein renounced his German citizenship. To obtain Swiss citizenship, it was required to pay 1,000 Swiss francs, but the poor financial situation of the family allowed him to do this only 5 years later. The father's enterprise this year finally went bankrupt, Einstein's parents moved to Milan, where Hermann Einstein, already without his brother, opened a company for the sale of electrical equipment.
The style and methodology of teaching at the Polytechnic differed significantly from the ossified and authoritarian Prussian school, so further education was given to the young man more easily. He had first-class teachers, including the wonderful geometer Hermann Minkowski (Einstein often missed his lectures, which he sincerely regretted) and the analyst Adolf Hurwitz.
In 1900, Einstein graduated from the Polytechnic with a diploma in mathematics and physics. He passed the exams successfully, but not brilliantly. Many professors highly appreciated the abilities of Einstein's student, but no one wanted to help him continue his scientific career. Einstein himself later recalled: I was bullied by my professors, who did not like me because of my independence and closed my path to science.
Although the next year, 1901, Einstein received Swiss citizenship, but until the spring of 1902 he could not find a permanent job - even as a school teacher. Due to the lack of earnings, he literally starved, not eating for several days in a row. This became the cause of liver disease, from which the scientist suffered until the end of his life. Despite the hardships that plagued him in 1900-1902, Einstein found time to further study physics.
Albert Einstein with friends. 1903

In 1901, the Berlin Annals of Physics published his first article, “Consequences of the Theory of Capillarity” (Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen), devoted to the analysis of the forces of attraction between atoms of liquids on the basis of the theory of capillarity. A former classmate, Marcel Grossman, helped to overcome the difficulties, who recommended Einstein for the position of III class expert at the Federal Bureau of Patent Inventions (Bern) with a salary of 3,500 francs a year (during his student years he lived on 100 francs a month).
Einstein worked at the Patent Office from July 1902 to October 1909, primarily in the peer review of invention applications. In 1903 he became a permanent employee of the Bureau. The nature of his work allowed Einstein to devote his free time to research in the field of theoretical physics.
Albert Einstein is 25 years old. 1904

In October 1902, Einstein received news from Italy of his father's illness; Hermann Einstein died a few days after his son's arrival.
On January 6, 1903, Einstein married twenty-seven-year-old Mileva Maric. They had three children.
Mileva Maric

1905 went down in the history of physics as the "Year of Miracles" (lat. Annus Mirabilis). This year, Annals of Physics, Germany's leading physics journal, published three outstanding papers by Einstein, which marked the beginning of a new scientific revolution.
Many prominent physicists have remained faithful to classical mechanics and the concept of the ether, among them Lorentz, J.J. Thomson, Lenard, Lodge, Nernst, Vin. At the same time, some of them (for example, Lorentz himself) did not reject the results of the special theory of relativity, but interpreted them in the spirit of Lorentz's theory, preferring to look at the space-time concept of Einstein-Minkowski as a purely mathematical device.
In 1907, Einstein published the quantum theory of heat capacity (the old theory at low temperatures was strongly at odds with experiment. At the same time, Smoluchowski, whose paper was published several months later than Einstein's, came to similar conclusions. His work on statistical mechanics, entitled "New definition of dimensions molecules ", Einstein submitted to the Polytechnic as a dissertation and in the same 1905 received the title of Doctor of Philosophy (equivalent to a candidate of natural sciences) in physics. The following year, Einstein developed his theory in a new article" Towards the theory of Brownian motion. "Soon (1908) Perrin's measurements fully confirmed the adequacy of Einstein's model, which became the first experimental proof of the molecular-kinetic theory, which was actively attacked by positivists in those years.
Works in 1905 brought Einstein, although not immediately, worldwide fame. On April 30, 1905, he sent to the University of Zurich the text of his doctoral dissertation on the topic "New definition of molecular sizes" On January 15, 1906, he received his Ph.D. in physics. He corresponded and met with the most famous physicists in the world, and Planck in Berlin included the theory of relativity in his training course... In letters he is called "Mr. Professor", but for another four years (until October 1909) Einstein continues to serve in the Patent Office; in 1906 he was promoted (he became a class II expert) and his salary was increased. In October 1908, Einstein was invited to read an elective course at the University of Bern, however, without any payment. In 1909, he attended a convention of naturalists in Salzburg, where the elite of German physics gathered, and first met Planck; after 3 years of correspondence, they quickly became close friends and maintained this friendship until the end of their lives. After the congress, Einstein finally received a paid post of extraordinary professor at the University of Zurich (December 1909), where his old friend Marcel Grossmann taught geometry. The pay was small, especially for a family with two children, and in 1911 Einstein did not hesitate to accept an invitation to head the physics department at Prague's German University. During this period, Einstein continued to publish a series of articles on thermodynamics, relativity and quantum theory. In Prague, he intensifies research on the theory of gravitation, with the goal of creating a relativistic theory of gravity and fulfilling the old dream of physicists - to exclude Newtonian long-range action from this area.
In 1911, Einstein participated in the First Solvay Congress (Brussels) dedicated to quantum physics. There was his only meeting with Poincaré, who continued to reject the theory of relativity, although he personally had great respect for Einstein.
Photos of the participants in the first Solvay Congress in 1911 Brussels, Belgium.
The Solvay Congresses, a series of congresses that began on the visionary initiative of Ernest Solvay and continued under the leadership of the International Institute of Physics he founded, presented a unique opportunity for physicists to discuss fundamental problems that have been at the center of their attention at different periods.
Sitting (left to right): Walter Nernst, Marcel Brillouin, Ernest Solvay, Hendrik Lorenz, Emile Warburg, Wilhelm Wien, Jean Baptiste Perrin, Marie Curie, Henri Poincaré.
Standing (from left to right): Robert Goldschmidt, Max Planck, Heinrich Rubens, Arnold Sommerfeld, Frederik Lindmann, Maurice de Broglie, Martin Knudsen, Friedrich Gazenorl, Georg Hostlet, Eduard Herzen, James Jeans, Ernest Rutherbord-Heike, Allen Kamennes , Paul Langevin.

A year later, Einstein returned to Zurich, where he became a professor at his native Polytechnic and gave lectures in physics there. In 1913 he attended the Congress of Naturalists in Vienna, visited 75-year-old Ernst Mach; Once Mach's criticism of Newtonian mechanics made a great impression on Einstein and ideologically prepared the theory of relativity for innovations.
Second Solvay Congress (1913)
Seated (left to right): Walter Nernst, Ernest Rutherford, Wilhelm Wien, Joseph John Thomson, Emil Warburg, Hendrik Lorenz, Marcel Brillouin, William Barlow, Heike Kamerling-Onnes, Robert Williams Wood, Louis Georg Gui, Pierre Weiss.
Standing (from left to right): Friedrich Gazenorl, Jules Emile Vershafelt, James Hopwood Jeans, William Henry Bragg, Max von Laue, Heinrich Rubens, Maria Curie, Robert Goldschmidt, Arnold Sommerfeld, Eduard Herzen, Albert Einstein de Frederik Brewern William Pope, Edward Gruneisen, Martin Knudsen, Georg Hostlet, Paul Langevin.

At the end of 1913, on the recommendation of Planck and Nernst, Einstein received an invitation to head the physics research institute that was being created in Berlin; he is also credited as a professor at the University of Berlin. In addition to being close to Planck's friend, this position had the advantage that it did not oblige to be distracted by teaching. He accepted the invitation, and in the pre-war 1914 year, a committed pacifist Einstein arrived in Berlin. Mileva and her children remained in Zurich, their family broke up. They officially divorced in February 1919.
Albert Einstein with Fritz Haber, 1914

In 1915, in a conversation with the Dutch physicist Vander de Haaz, Einstein proposed a scheme and calculation of the experiment, which after its successful implementation was called the "Einstein-de Haas effect". The result of the experiment inspired Niels Bohr, who two years earlier created a planetary model of the atom, since he confirmed that there are circular electron currents inside atoms, and electrons do not emit in their orbits. It was these propositions that Bohr made the basis of his model. In addition, it was found that the total magnetic moment is twice the expected; the reason for this was clarified when the spin was discovered - the proper angular momentum of the electron.
In June 1919, Einstein married his mother's cousin Elsa Leventhal (née Einstein, 1876-1936) and adopted her two children. At the end of the year, his seriously ill mother Paulina moved in with them; she died in February 1920. Judging by the letters, Einstein took her death hard.

Albert and Elsa Einsteins meet with reporters

After the end of the war, Einstein continued his work in the former areas of physics, and also engaged in new areas - relativistic cosmology and the "Unified field theory", which, according to his plan, was to unite gravity, electromagnetism and (preferably) the theory of the microworld. The first article on cosmology, Cosmological Considerations for General Relativity, appeared in 1917. After that, Einstein experienced a mysterious "invasion of diseases" - in addition to serious problems with the liver, a stomach ulcer was found, then jaundice and general weakness. For several months he did not get out of bed, but continued to work actively. Only in 1920 did the diseases recede.
Photo of Albert Einstein in his office at the University of Berlin in 1920.

Einstein at the home of Leiden University physics professor Paul Ehrenfest in 1920.

Einstein visiting Amsterdam with experimental physicist Peter Zeman (left) and his friend Paul Ehrenfest. (Around 1920)

In May 1920, Einstein, along with other members of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, was sworn in as a civil servant and was legally considered a German citizen. However, he retained Swiss citizenship until the end of his life. In the 1920s, receiving invitations from everywhere, he traveled extensively in Europe (with a Swiss passport),
Albert Einstein in Barcelona, \u200b\u200b1923

lectured for scientists, students and an inquisitive public.
Albert Einstein lecturing in Vienna in 1921

Einstein Performs in Gothenburg, Sweden. 1923

He also visited the USA, where a special welcome resolution of the Congress (1921) was adopted in honor of the eminent guest.
Albert Einstein and observatory staff near the 40-inch refractor of the Yerkes Observatory. 1921

Guided tour of Marconi Station in New Brunswick, New Jersey. The photo shows famous scientists, including Tesla, 1921

At the end of 1922, he visited India, where he had a long relationship with Tagore, and China. Einstein met winter in Japan.
Albert Einstein's visit to Tohoku University. Left to right: Kotaro Honda, Albert Einstein, Keichi Aichi, Shirouta Kusakabe. 1922

In 1923 he spoke in Jerusalem, where it was planned to open the Hebrew University soon (1925).
Einstein was repeatedly nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics, but the members of the Nobel Committee for a long time did not dare to award the prize to the author of such revolutionary theories. In the end, a diplomatic solution was found: the prize for 1921 was awarded to Einstein (at the very end of 1922) for the theory of the photoelectric effect, that is, for the most indisputable and well-tested work in the experiment; however, the text of the decision contained a neutral addition: "... and for other works in the field of theoretical physics."
On November 10, 1922, Secretary of the Swedish Academy of Sciences Christopher Aurvillius wrote to Einstein:
Albert Einstein in Berlin. 1922

As I already informed you by telegram, the Royal Academy of Sciences at its yesterday's meeting decided to award you a prize in physics for the past (1921) year, thereby celebrating your work in theoretical physics, in particular the discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect, without taking into account your work on the theory of relativity and the theory of gravity, which will be evaluated after their confirmation in the future.
Naturally, Einstein dedicated the traditional Nobel speech (1923) to the theory of relativity.
Albert Einstein. Official photograph of the 1921 Nobel Prize winner in physics.

In 1924, the young Indian physicist Shatyendranath Bose, in a short letter, asked Einstein for help in publishing an article in which he advanced the assumption underlying modern quantum statistics. Bose proposed to consider light as a gas of photons. Einstein concluded that these same statistics can be used for atoms and molecules in general. In 1925, Einstein published Bose's paper in german translation, and then his own article in which he outlined a generalized Bose model, applicable to systems of identical particles with integer spin, called bosons. On the basis of this quantum statistics, now known as the Bose-Einstein statistics, both physicists back in the mid-1920s theoretically substantiated the existence of the fifth aggregate state of matter, the Bose-Einstein condensate.
Portrait of Albert Einstein. 1925

In 1927, at the Fifth Solvay Congress, Einstein strongly opposed the "Copenhagen interpretation" of Max Born and Niels Bohr, who interpreted the mathematical model of quantum mechanics as essentially probabilistic. Einstein stated that the supporters of this interpretation "make virtue out of need," and the probabilistic nature only testifies to the fact that our knowledge of the physical essence of microprocesses is incomplete. He sarcastically remarked: "God does not play dice" (German: Der Herrgott würfelt nicht), to which Niels Bohr objected: "Einstein, do not tell God what to do." Einstein accepted the “Copenhagen interpretation” only as a temporary, unfinished version, which, as physics progressed, should be replaced by a complete theory of the microworld. He himself attempted to create a deterministic nonlinear theory, the approximate consequence of which would be quantum mechanics.
Solvay's 1927 Congress on Quantum Mechanics.
1st row (from left to right): Irving Langmuir, Max Planck, Marie Curie, Henrik Lorenz, Albert Einstein, Paul Langevin, Charles Guy, Charles Wilson, Owen Richardson.
2nd row (left to right): Peter Debye, Martin Knudsen, William Bragg, Hendrik Kramers, Paul Dirac, Arthur Compton, Louis de Broglie, Max Born, Niels Bohr.
Standing (left to right): Auguste Piccard, Emile Henriot, Paul Ehrenfest, Eduard Herzen, Théophile de Donder, Erwin Schrödinger, Jules Emile Vershafelt, Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, Ralph Fowler, Leon Brillouin.

In 1928, Einstein saw off Lorentz on his last journey, with whom he became very friends in his last years. It was Lorenz who nominated Einstein for the Nobel Prize in 1920 and endorsed her the following year.
Albert Einstein and Hendrik Anton Lorenz in Leiden in 1921.

In 1929, the world celebrated Einstein's 50th birthday noisily. The hero of the day did not take part in the celebrations and hid in his villa near Potsdam, where he enthusiastically grew roses. Here he received friends - scientists, Tagore, Emmanuel Lasker, Charlie Chaplin and others.
Einstein and Rabindranath Tagore

Albert Einstein received an honorary doctorate from the Sorbonne University in Paris in November 1929.

Albert Einstein plays the violin during a charity concert at the New Synagogue in Berlin on January 29, 1930.

Portrait of Albert Einstein taken by the clairvoyant Madame Sylvia in Berlin in 1930. For a long time it hung in the visitor's hall in her office

Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein at the 1930 Solvay Congress in Brussels

Einstein opens a radio show. Berlin, August 1930

Einstein at the Berlin radio show, August 1930

In 1931, Einstein visited the United States again.
Einstein's departure to America. December 1930

Albert Einstein, in 1931, was struck by the enthusiasm of journalists in the United States who wanted him to explain his theory of relativity to them. Einstein said it would take at least three days

In Pasadena, he was greeted very warmly by Michelson, who had four months to live.
Albert Einstein, Albert Abraham Michelson, Robert Andrews Milliken. 1931

Returning to Berlin in the summer, Einstein, in a speech before the Physical Society, paid tribute to the memory of the remarkable experimenter who laid the foundation stone of the theory of relativity.
Until about 1926, Einstein worked in so many areas of physics, from cosmological models to investigating the causes of river meanders. Further, with rare exceptions, he focuses his efforts on quantum problems and the Unified Field Theory.
Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein. December 1925

As the economic crisis in Weimar Germany grew, political instability intensified, which contributed to the strengthening of radical nationalist and anti-Semitic sentiments. Insults and threats against Einstein became more frequent, and one of the leaflets even offered a large reward (50,000 marks) for his head. After the Nazis came to power, all of Einstein's works were either attributed to "Aryan" physicists, or declared a distortion of true science. Lenard, who headed the German Physics group, proclaimed: “The most important example of the dangerous influence of Jewish circles on the study of nature is Einstein with his theories and mathematical chatter, made up of old information and arbitrary additions ... We must understand that it is unworthy of a German to be a spiritual follower of a Jew ". An uncompromising racial cleansing unfolded in all scientific circles in Germany.
In 1933, Einstein had to leave Germany, to which he was very attached, forever.
Albert Einstein and his wife after exile in Belgium, where they lived in the Villa Savoyarde in Haan. 1933

Villa Savoyarde in Haan (Belgium), where Einstein lived for a short time after his expulsion from Germany. 1933

Einstein gives interviews to reporters at the Savoyarde Villa in Belgium. 1933

Albert Einstein with his wife in 1933 at a villa in Savoyarde.

Together with his family, he left for the United States of America on guest visas.
Albert Einstein in Santa Barbara, 1933

Soon, in protest against the crimes of Nazism, he renounced German citizenship and membership in the Prussian and Bavarian academies of sciences.
After moving to the United States, Albert Einstein was promoted to professor of physics at the newly established Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, NJ). The eldest son, Hans-Albert (1904-1973), soon followed (1938); he subsequently became a recognized specialist in hydraulics and professor at the University of California (1947). Einstein's youngest son, Edward (1910-1965), fell ill with severe schizophrenia around 1930 and ended his days in a Zurich psychiatric hospital. Einstein's cousin, Lina, died in Auschwitz, another sister, Bertha Dreyfus, died in the Theresienstadt concentration camp
Albert Einstein with his daughter and son. November 1930

In the United States, Einstein instantly became one of the most famous and respected people in the country, gaining a reputation as the most brilliant scientist in history, as well as the personification of the image of the "absent-minded professor" and the intellectual capabilities of man in general. The next January, 1934, he was invited to the White House to President Franklin Roosevelt, had a cordial conversation with him, and even spent the night there. Every day Einstein received hundreds of letters of various contents, to which (even children) he tried to answer. As a world-renowned natural scientist, he remained an approachable, modest, undemanding and affable person.
Portrait of Albert Einstein. 1934

In December 1936, Elsa died of heart disease; Marcel Grossman had died three months earlier in Zurich. Einstein's loneliness was brightened by his sister Maya,
Sister Maya

stepdaughter Margot (daughter of Elsa from her first marriage), secretary Ellen Ducas and cat Tiger. To the surprise of the Americans, Einstein never got a car or TV. Maya, after a stroke in 1946, was partially paralyzed, and every evening Einstein read books to his beloved sister.
In August 1939, Einstein signed a letter, initiated by the Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard, addressed to US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The letter drew the president's attention to the possibility that Nazi Germany would acquire an atomic bomb.
Albert Einstein receives a certificate of American citizenship from Judge Philip Foreman. October 1, 1940

After months of deliberation, Roosevelt decided to take this threat seriously and launched his own project to create atomic weapons. Einstein himself did not take part in these works. Later, he regretted the letter he signed, realizing that for the new leader of the United States, Harry Truman, nuclear energy serves as a deterrent. Later, he criticized the development of nuclear weapons, their use in Japan and the tests on the Bikini Atoll (1954), and considered his involvement in accelerating work on the American nuclear program to be the greatest tragedy of his life. His aphorisms were widely known: “We won the war, but not the peace”; "If the third world war will be fought with atomic bombs, then the fourth - with stones and sticks."
Celebrating the 70th anniversary. 1949

In the postwar years, Einstein became one of the founders of the Pugwash movement of scientists for peace. Although his first conference was held after the death of Einstein (1957), the initiative to create such a movement was expressed in the widely known Russell-Einstein Manifesto (co-written with Bertrand Russell), which also warned of the dangers of creating and using a hydrogen bomb. Within the framework of this movement, Einstein, who was its chairman, together with Albert Schweitzer, Bertrand Russell, Frederic Joliot-Curie and other world famous scientists, fought against the arms race, the creation of nuclear and thermonuclear weapons. Einstein also called for the creation of a world government in the name of preventing a new war, for which he received sharp criticism in the Soviet press (1947)
Niels Bohr, James Frank, Albert Einstein, October 3, 1954

Until the end of his life, Einstein continued to work on the study of problems of cosmology, but he directed his main efforts towards creating a unified field theory.
In 1955, Einstein's health deteriorated sharply. He wrote a will and said to his friends: "I have completed my task on earth." His last work was an unfinished appeal calling for the prevention of nuclear war.
His stepdaughter Margot recalled the last meeting with Einstein at the hospital: He spoke with deep calmness, about doctors, even with a slight humor, and waited for his death as an upcoming "phenomenon of nature." How fearless he was during his lifetime, how quiet and peaceful he met death. Without any sentimentality and without regret, he left this world.
Albert Einstein in the last years of his life (probably 1950)

The scientist who turned the idea of \u200b\u200bmankind about the Universe, Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955 at 1:25, at the 77th year of his life in Princeton from a ruptured aortic aneurysm. Before he died, he spoke a few words in German, but the American nurse could not reproduce them later.
On April 19, 1955, the funeral of the great scientist was held without wide publicity, which was attended by only 12 of his closest friends. His body was burned at the Ewing Cemetery crematorium, and his ashes were scattered in the wind.
Newspaper headlines with obituaries. 1955

Einstein was passionate about music, especially compositions from the 18th century. IN different years his preferred composers included Bach, Mozart, Schumann, Haydn, and Schubert, and in recent years Brahms. He played well the violin, which he never parted with.
Albert Einstein plays the violin. 1921

Albert Einstein's Violin Concerto. 1941

Along with Julian Huxley, Thomas Mann and John Dewey, he served on the advisory board of the First Humanist Society of New York
Thomas Mann with Albert Einstein at Princeton, 1938

He strongly condemned the "Oppenheimer case", which in 1953 was accused of "communist sympathies" and was removed from secret work.
Physicist Robert Oppenheimer and Albert Einstein talk at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. 1940s

Alarmed rapid growth anti-Semitism in Germany, Einstein supported the Zionist movement's call for a Jewish national home in Palestine and delivered a number of articles and speeches on this topic. The idea to open the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (1925) received especially active assistance from him.
Upon arrival in New York, the leaders of the World Zionist Organization met with Albert Einstein. In the photo Mossinson, Einstein, Chaim Weizmann, Dr. Ussyshkin. 1921

He explained his position:
Until recently, I lived in Switzerland, and while I was there, I was not aware of my Jewishness ...
When I arrived in Germany, I first learned that I was a Jew, and more non-Jews than Jews helped me to make this discovery ... Then I realized that only a joint business, which would be dear to all Jews in the world, can lead to the revival of the people ... If if we did not have to live among intolerant, soulless and cruel people, I would be the first to reject nationalism in favor of universal humanity.
Dr. Albert Einstein and Meyer Weisgal arrived at the Anglo-American Committee on Palestine. 1946

Albert Einstein testifies on behalf of the UN about illegal restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine.

In 1947, Einstein welcomed the creation of the State of Israel, hoping for a binational Arab-Jewish solution to the Palestinian problem. He wrote to Paul Ehrenfest in 1921: "Zionism is a truly new Jewish ideal and can restore the joy of existence to the Jewish people." After the Holocaust, he remarked: “Zionism did not protect German Jewry from destruction. But for those who survived, Zionism gave the inner strength to endure the disaster with dignity, without losing healthy self-esteem. " In 1952, Einstein even received an offer to become the second president of Israel, which the scientist politely refused, citing lack of experience in such work. All his letters and manuscripts (and even the copyright for the commercial use of his image and name) Einstein bequeathed to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Albert Einstein with Ben Gurion, 1951

In addition
Albert Einstein aboard the Portland, December 1931

Albert Einstein arrives at Newark Airport in April 1939.

Albert Einstein lectures at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study. 1940s

Albert Einstein 1947

Einstein Albert (1879-1955), an outstanding theoretical physicist, one of the founders of modern physics, developed the special and general theory of relativity.

Born in the German city of Ulm, into a poor Jewish family of Hermann and Pauline Einstein. Attended Catholic primary school in Munich (later he, believing in the existence of God, did not distinguish between Christian and Jewish beliefs). The boy grew up withdrawn and uncommunicative, did not show any significant success in school. At the age of six, at the insistence of his mother, he began to play the violin. Einstein's passion for music continued throughout his life.

After the final ruin of the father of the family in 1894, the Einsteins moved from Munich to Pavia near Milan (Italy). In the fall of 1895, Albert Einstein arrived in Switzerland to take the entrance examinations at the Higher Technical School (the so-called Polytechnic) in Zurich. Having shown himself brilliantly in the exam in mathematics, he at the same time failed the exams in botany and French. In October 1896, on the second attempt, he was admitted to the Faculty of Education. Here he met the Hungarian-born Serbian student Mileva Maric, who later became his wife.

In 1900, Einstein graduated from the Polytechnic with a diploma in mathematics and physics. In 1901 he received Swiss citizenship, but until the spring of 1902 he could not find a permanent job. Despite the hardships that plagued him in 1900-1902, Einstein found time to further study physics. In 1901, the Berlin Annals of Physics published his first article "Consequences of the Theory of Capillarity", devoted to the analysis of the forces of attraction between atoms of liquids on the basis of the theory of capillarity. July 1902 to October 1909 the great physicist worked in the patent office, mainly engaged in patenting inventions related to electromagnetism. The nature of his work allowed Einstein to devote his free time to research in the field of theoretical physics.

On January 6, 1903, Einstein married 27-year-old Mileva Maric. The influence of Mileva Maric, a certified mathematician, on the work of her husband remains an unresolved issue to this day. However, their marriage was more of an intellectual union, and Albert Einstein himself called his wife "a creature equal to me, as strong and independent as I am." As early as 1904, the Annals of Physics received from Albert Einstein a number of articles devoted to the study of problems in static mechanics and molecular physics. They were published in 1905, opening the so-called "Year of Miracles," when Einstein's four papers revolutionized theoretical physics, giving rise to the theory of relativity. In 1909-1913. he is a professor at the Zurich Polytechnic, in 1914-1933. - Professor at the University of Berlin and Director of the Institute of Physics.

In 1915 he completed the creation of the general theory of relativity or the modern relativistic theory of gravitation, established the connection between space, time and matter. Derived an equation describing the gravitational field. In 1921, Einstein became a Nobel laureate, as well as a member of many academies of sciences, in particular, a foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

After the Nazis came to power in 1933, the physicist was persecuted and left Germany forever, leaving for the United States.

After moving, he was promoted to professor of physics at the newly formed Institute for Basic Research in Princeton, New Jersey. At Princeton, he continued to work on the study of problems of cosmology and the creation of a unified field theory designed to combine the theory of gravity and electromagnetism. In the United States, Einstein instantly became one of the most famous and respected people in the country, acquired a reputation as the most brilliant scientist in the history of mankind, as well as the personification of the image of the "absent-minded professor" and the intellectual capabilities of man in general.

Albert Einstein died on April 18, 1955 in Princeton of aortic aneurysm. His ashes were burned in the Ewing Simtery crematorium, and the ashes were scattered in the wind.