In France, onion soup has long been considered a delicacy. It was this dish that put ...
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Coat of arms of Trieste |
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| Country | Italy |
| Administrative division of Italy | Friuli Venezia Giulia |
| Provinces | Trieste Province |
| Postcode | 34100 |
| Telephone code | +39 40 |
| Timezone | UTC + 1, in summer UTC + 2 |
| ISTAT | 032006 |
| Official site | http://www.comune.trieste.it/ (Italian) |
| Area | 84.49 km² |
| Center height | 2 m |
| Density | 2,445 people / km² |
| Official language | italian |
| Coordinates | Coordinates: 45 ° 38'00 ″ s. sh. 13 ° 48'00 ″ east d. / 45.633333 ° N sh. 13.8 ° E d. (G) (O) (I) 45 ° 38'00 ″ s. sh. 13 ° 48'00 ″ east d. / 45.633333 ° N sh. 13.8 ° E d. (G) (O) (I) |
| Ethno-burial | triestini |
| Population | 205,374 people (2008) |
Trieste (Italian and Vienna Trieste, Friulian Triest, Slovenian and Croatian Trst, Latin Tergeste, Tergestum) is a city in the Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, the administrative center of the province of the same name. In the past - a free imperial city, the capital of the Austrian Primorye, a separate free territory.
Trieste is located in the depths of the Gulf of Trieste of the Adriatic Sea, 145 km east of Venice, next to the Slovenian border. According to the 1991 census, the city's population was 231,000; and in 2007 - 203 356 people. Martyr St. Just of Trieste is considered the patron saint of the city. City Festival - November 3.
History
Trieste is mentioned by Caesar in the "Notes on the Gallic War" as Tergest. The first city walls were built under Octavian, who in 33 BC. e. also ordered to adapt the bay for receiving ships. Later Tergest found himself in the shadow of nearby Aquileia.
In the Middle Ages, it was a significant trade center, for which there was a struggle of various states. The Italian king Lothair II in 947 made it a free community headed by a bishop-count. In 1202 captured by the Venetian Republic, for a long time tried to free himself, calling for the help of the emperor and the Habsburgs. The last townspeople swore allegiance in 1382.
Although for centuries Trieste remained the main (and sometimes the only) port of the Habsburg monarchy, its development proceeded so slowly that even at the beginning of the 18th century it was a little remarkable, sleepy town with a population of 5,700 inhabitants. Charles VI of Habsburg, having attended to the arrangement of maritime communication with the newly acquired possessions in southern Italy, in 1719 declared Trieste a free imperial city.
The privileges bestowed by the emperor laid the foundation for the rapid growth of Trieste. By 1891, when the rights of the free city were revoked, Trieste had grown 27 times. Two thirds of the population at that time were Italians. Austro-Hungarian Trieste at the turn of the century is one of the largest ports in the Mediterranean, and moreover, the pearl of the so-called. Austrian Riviera, where the upper classes of Viennese society spent the winter months.
From the moment of its formation (1860), the Italian kingdom considered the acquisition of Trieste one of the goals of its foreign policy and, under the guarantees of the London Pact (according to which the Entente countries promised Trieste to the Italians), entered the First World War. As a result of the war, not only Trieste, but almost the entire Austrian Primorye, from which the Venezia Giulia region was formed, went to Italy.
In 1943-1945, during the Second World War, Trieste was under German occupation; the Risiera de San Sava concentration camp operated here. 1945-1947 was ruled by the Anglo-American military authorities; in 1947-1954, Trieste with a small district was the so-called. The free territory of Trieste is controlled by these authorities. According to the Italian-Yugoslav agreement of 1954 (with the participation of Great Britain and the United States), Trieste and the territories to the north of it were transferred to Italy, and the territories south of Trieste to Yugoslavia (after its collapse, it was divided between Slovenian Primorye and the Croatian province of Istria).
Throughout its history, Trieste has accumulated great wealth, but was forced to give them to the Austrian emperor as payment for the patronage of the city back in the XIV century. And no sooner had the city become Italian in the first half of the 20th century, when it almost changed its citizenship, having spent several years in the status of the Free Territory of Trieste, for which Italy and Yugoslavia fought.
UNDER THE AUSTRIAN CROWN
For many centuries Trieste lived under the rule of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty, flourished, but secretly dreamed of independence.
The Italian city of Trieste is located in the northwest of the Balkan Peninsula, on the shores of the Gulf of Trieste, on the northern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It is a large port with a convenient harbor, rising from the coastline up the steep slope of Colle li San Giusto. This hill and the neighboring ones are the end of the Karst Plateau, which drops off into the sea. The surrounding hills are riddled with many caves formed by rainwater and streams.
Trieste is one of the historical centers of northeastern Italy, formed under the influence of Latin, Slavic and Germanic cultures.
People have been building their settlements here since the 2nd millennium BC. e. The most famous are the Illyrians, in the X-IX centuries. BC e. - Adriatic Veneti, which named their settlement Tergeste (trading place).
The history and the current administrative and political state of Trieste is determined by its geographical position between two enemies from the early Middle Ages to World War II - Austria and Italy.
BABYLON ON ADRIATIC
In Trieste, dozens of languages \u200b\u200band peoples mixed in the most bizarre way, and each of the representatives of these peoples has every right to claim that he is the indigenous inhabitant of Trieste.
Being a part of Austria-Hungary affected the appearance of Trieste, which retained the external features of a typical Austrian city (after all, Trieste was part of Austria for almost 600 years) with artsy-style houses that form a whole area called the Austrian Quarter. In Italy itself, Trieste is considered the most "non-Italian" city of the country, citing two facts in confirmation: the central part of the city was built up according to the plan of the Austrian Archduchess Maria Theresa (1717-1780), and Trieste officially became part of modern Italy later than all other cities in the country - only in 1954
Another striking detail is the large, even by Mediterranean standards, variety of coffee shops. The townspeople calling themselves "triestini" claim that it was from their city that coffee began to be imported into Europe.
For the inhabitants of Eastern Europe, Trieste is Italy's northern gateway, and it is not surprising that so many people from the Balkan countries live here. And the state border with Slovenia is not far from the city, and it is quite possible to reach it on foot. The proximity to the border is also expressed in the fact that, despite the fact that the official language here is Italian, the inscriptions on street signs and signs in Trieste are usually made in two languages: Italian and Slovenian.
Due to its extremely advantageous geographical position in terms of commodity exchange, Trieste has become a center of foreign trade for the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. The city is the most important point of the so-called "Corridor 5" transport linking Western and Eastern Europe through Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary, Ukraine and Bosnia.
Today Trieste is one of the richest regions in the country.
In addition to a large seaport, there is an oil terminal in Trieste, from which the Transalpine pipeline stretches to Germany, through which imported oil is transported, as well as oil products obtained at city oil refineries.
Trieste is a large industrial center of the Adriatic, where they manufacture ship engines, build and repair ships, produce glass, paper and jute products.
The main and most romantic attraction of Trieste is the Miramare Castle (Castello Miramare). The castle was built on a cliff protruding into the Adriatic Sea in the vicinity of Trieste by the extremely talented architect Karl Juncker. The style of the castle is difficult to define, sometimes it is called historical romanticism: here you can see the motives of the Gothic, Arabian, Byzantine, Romanesque and Renaissance styles. The construction customers and owners were the Austrian Archduke Maximilian (the future emperor of Mexico) and his wife Charlotte of Belgium. All the halls of the castle face the sea (and the name translates as "Looking into the sea") and are illuminated by the sun all day. The castle has survived, and the fate of its owners is tragic: being the emperor of Mexico, Maximilian was shot by the Republicans, and Charlotte had lost her mind before that.
The pride of all triestines is the main branches of the largest international scientific organizations located in the city: the International Center for Theoretical Physics, the International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, as well as the branch of the National Institute of Nuclear Physics.
FUN FACTS
■ The builder of Miramare Castle, Austrian Karl Juncker (1827-1882), was a very wealthy man and an unusually talented architect, whose creative life was marred by an incurable illness: Juncker suffered from schizophrenia, which left an imprint on the appearance of the last architectural creations of his life.
■ Archduke Maximilian found the site for the construction of the Miramare castle by accident. In the spring of 1855, he was on a boat trip when a strong wind unexpectedly blew in and had to seek shelter in the bay of Grignano, protected from the north by a rocky ledge. The Archduke was so impressed by the sheer, pristine beauty of the coastline and hilly shores that he immediately decided to build his dream castle here.
■ In Trieste, the only active beach in Europe has survived, divided into male and female halves by a wall that goes into the sea called Pedochin.
■ In 1882 in Trieste, an Italian irredentist (activist of the resistance movement to the Austrians) named Guillermo Oberdan attempted the life of the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph I (1830-1916). It is surprising that at that time the city bore the honorary title urbs fidelissima (the most faithful city) for refusing to participate in the revolutionary upheavals of the 1840s. Oberdan was arrested, tried and executed. Emperor Franz Joseph I ruled Austria-Hungary for another 35 years, but never came to Trieste again.
■ Trieste was incredibly lucky in 1470, when, by pure chance, the Ottoman Turks passed through, burning everything in their path, just seven kilometers from Trieste: their main goal was the Friuli region.
■ In the 1st century. Pliny the Elder (22 / 24-79) wrote about Trieste as a large port and commercial city in his Natural History.
■ On May 1-2, 1945, Trieste was liberated and occupied by units of the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army. A week later, on June 9, 1945, Anglo-American troops entered the city with the intention of preventing Yugoslavia from occupying the regions surrounding Trieste. The fate of Trieste, through an incredibly difficult and confusing diplomatic game, was decided in favor of Italy.
■ The Free Territory of Trieste (Free State of Trieste) from 1947 to 1954 was officially considered a UN mandate territory. The UN Security Council thus tried to maintain a balance in this multinational region and reduce the risk of territorial conflicts between Italy and Yugoslavia. The territory was ruled by military governors: an American, an Englishman and a Yugoslav. The territory was divided by the so-called "Morgan Line" (named after British General William Morgan) into the Anglo-American zone A (Trieste and adjacent coastal regions) and the Yugoslavian zone B (part of the Istrian coast). On October 5, 1954, an agreement was signed in London, according to which Zone A was annexed to Italy, and Zone B to Yugoslavia. For all eight years of its existence, the territory, not being an independent state, had its own currency (Trieste lira) and postage stamps.
K: Introduced in 1849 K: Disappeared in 1919Austrian Littoral was a multinational entity. Here they spoke Italian, Slovenian, Croatian, German, Friulian and Istro-Romanesque. In 1910, the area of \u200b\u200bKyustenland was 7969 km², and the population exceeded 894 thousand people. The main industrial center was Trieste - the main seaport of Austria-Hungary. The economy of other coastal territories was tied to agriculture and tourism (the coastal strip of the Adriatic was dubbed the Austrian Riviera).
After the loss of these provinces, Austria finally lost its access to the sea.
see also
Write a review on the article "Austrian Primorye"
Links
- Austrian coastal country // Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - SPb. , 1890-1907.
An excerpt characterizing the Austrian Littoral
Summer has come completely unnoticed. And it was this summer (according to my mother's promise) that I had to see the sea for the first time. I have been waiting for this moment since winter, since the sea was my old "great" dream. But by a completely stupid accident, my dream almost turned to dust. There were only a couple of weeks left before the trip, and in my mind I was already almost "sitting on the shore" ... But, as it turned out, the shore was still far away. It was a pleasant warm summer day. Nothing much happened. I was lying in the garden under my beloved old apple tree, reading a book and dreaming about my favorite gingerbread ... Yes, yes, exactly about gingerbread. From a small neighborhood store.I don’t know if I have ever eaten anything tastier afterwards? Even after so many years, I still perfectly remember the amazing taste and smell of this amazing delicacy melting in my mouth! They were always fresh and unusually soft, with a dense, sweet crust of glaze that bursts at the slightest touch. Deliciously smelling of honey and cinnamon, and something else that was almost impossible to catch ... It was for these gingerbread that I was going to go without hesitation for a long time. It was warm, and I (according to our common custom) was dressed only in short shorts. The store was nearby, literally a couple of houses away (there were only three of them on our street!).
Small shops in private houses, which usually occupied only one room, were very popular in Lithuania at that time. They literally grew like mushrooms after rain and were usually kept by citizens of Jewish nationality. Just like this store I went to, belonged to a neighbor named Schreiber. He was always a very pleasant and courteous person, and had very good products, and especially sweets.
To my surprise, when I got there, I could not even go inside - the store was packed with people. Apparently they brought something new and no one wanted to blunder, being left without a novelty ... So I stood in a long line, stubbornly not going to leave and patiently waited when I would finally get my favorite gingerbread. We moved very slowly, because the room was packed to capacity (and it was about 5x5 meters in size) and because of the huge "uncles and aunts" I could not see anything. When suddenly, having taken the next step, I, with a wild yell, flew head over heels down the roughly knocked down wooden stairs and plopped down on the same rough wooden boxes ...
It turns out that the owner, either in a hurry to sell a new product, or simply forgetting, left open the lid of his (seven-meter depth!) Basement, into which I managed to fall. Apparently I hit very hard, since I did not remember at all how and who pulled me out of there. Around were very frightened faces of people and the owner, endlessly asking if everything was all right with me. Of course, I was hardly okay, but for some reason I didn't want to admit it and I said that I would go home. I was accompanied by a whole crowd ... Poor grandmother was almost hit by a blow when she suddenly saw this whole stunning "procession" leading me home ...
I lay in bed for ten days. And, as it turned out later, it was considered simply incredible that I managed to get off with just one scratch after such a stunning "flight" upside down to a depth of seven meters ... The owner Schreiber for some reason came to us every day, brought a kilogram of sweets and asked everything Am I really feeling good ... To be honest, he looked quite scared.
Whatever it was, but I think that someone laid a "pillow" for me ... Someone who believed that it was still too early for me to break up. There were a lot of such "strange" cases in my, then still very short, life. Some happened and after that very quickly disappeared into oblivion, others for some reason were remembered, although they were not necessarily the most interesting. So I, for some reason unknown to me, very well remember the incident with the ignition of the fire.
All the kids in the neighborhood (including me) loved to burn fires. And especially when we were allowed to fry potatoes in them! .. It was one of our favorite delicacies, and we generally considered such a fire almost a real holiday! And how could anything else be compared to a burning, just fished out of a burning fire with sticks, stunningly smelling potatoes strewn with ash ?! I had to try very hard, wanting to remain serious, seeing our waiting, tensely concentrated faces! We sat around the fire, hungry Robinsons Crusoe as if we hadn't eaten for a month. And at that moment it seemed to us that nothing in this world could be tastier than that small, smoking ball slowly baking in our fire!
A city in the Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, the administrative center of the province of the same name. In the past it was a free imperial city, the capital of the Austrian Primorye, a separate free territory. Trieste is located in northeastern Italy on the border with Slovenia. It is a large port, operating since 1719, and the only place in the Adriatic where the natural depth of the sea allows it to receive the largest ships.
Trieste is mentioned by Caesar in the "Notes on the Gallic War" as Tergest. The first city walls were built under Octavian, who in 33 BC. also ordered to adapt the bay for receiving ships. Later Tergest found himself in the shadow of nearby Aquileia. In the Middle Ages, it was a significant trade center, for which there was a struggle of various states. In the V-IX centuries. Trieste was conquered by the Ostrogoths, Byzantium, Lombards, Franks. The Italian king Lothair II in 947 made it a free community headed by a bishop-count. In 1202 he was captured by the Venetian Republic, for a long time he tried to free himself, appealing for the help of the emperor and the Habsburgs. The last townspeople swore allegiance in 1382.
Although for centuries it remained the main (and sometimes the only) port of the Habsburg monarchy, its development went so slowly that even at the beginning of the 18th century it was a little remarkable, sleepy town with a population of 5,700 inhabitants. Charles VI of Habsburg, having attended to the arrangement of maritime communication with the newly acquired possessions in southern Italy, in 1719 declared Trieste a free imperial city.
The privileges bestowed by the emperor laid the foundation for the rapid growth of Trieste. In 1797 and 1805 it was occupied by French troops, in 1809 it was annexed by France and until 1813 was part of the Illyrian provinces. By 1891, when the rights of the free city were revoked, Trieste had grown 27 times. Two thirds of the population at that time were Italians. Austro-Hungarian Trieste at the turn of the century is one of the largest ports in the Mediterranean, and moreover, the pearl of the so-called. Austrian Riviera, where the upper classes of Viennese society spent the winter months.
After World War I, 1914-1918, it became part of Italy. In 1943, during the 2nd World War 1939-1945, it was occupied by Nazi Germany. On May 1-2, 1945, liberated by the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army, on June 9, 1945, the Anglo-American troops entered the city (they were there until 1954).
The fate of Trieste has long been the object of diplomatic strife. Under the peace treaty with Italy (February 10, 1947), Trieste with a small district was allocated to the "Free Territory of Trieste" and received the status of a free port. However, the conditions for the existence of the "Free Territory of Trieste" defined by the peace treaty (demilitarization, withdrawal of foreign troops, democratization, etc.) were not respected. According to the Italian-Yugoslav agreement of 1954 (negotiations were conducted with the participation of Great Britain and the United States), the area of \u200b\u200bthe "Free Territory of Trieste" was liquidated, Trieste and the territory adjacent to it in the west (223 km 2) were transferred to Italy, the territory to the east of Trieste (about 520 km 2) passed to Yugoslavia. In 1975 Yugoslavia and Italy signed the Treaty on the State Border in the Trieste region.
One of the city's landmarks is the San Giusto Castle, which crowns the hill of the same name. It was built in the XIV century by order of Frederick III of Austria for his governor in these lands. Now behind the thick, green fortified walls, which offer a fantastic view of the city, there is a weapons museum.
For a person interested in history, walking around Trieste is a delight. Although this city is largely medieval, earlier civilizations have also left their mark here. There is a mini-Romanesque forum here, right at the foot of the fortress on the same hill. In the old town, an arch has been preserved - a fragment of a Romanesque wall dating from the 1st century BC. In the 30s of the XX century, a whole Romanesque theater was discovered during excavations. Now it is located at a sufficient distance from the sea, and once it was built almost at the water's edge. Since ancient times, the sea gave way to land, on which the port was founded.
The city center is the main Piazza Unity of Italy, facing the sea in the old port area, and behind it lies the main shopping street Corso Italia. Initially, this square was simply called Grande, or "large". It began to acquire its present appearance in the 19th century, when luxurious palaces - palazzo - appeared along its perimeter one after another. Today they house the governor's palace, the building of the government of the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, to which Trieste belongs, and the building of the government of the province of Trieste.
The church of Sant'Antonio Taumaturgo, crowning the Canale Grande, is somewhat reminiscent of the buildings of the Mussolini era. All the bulky buildings of Borgo Tereziano (new town) contrast strongly with the old town, which descends from the castle along the San Giusto hill to the sea. The old town, although not large, is very cozy and cute with its narrow streets, each of which, even one door long, has its own name. In the vicinity of the city there is a large grotto ("Grotta Jigante" in the natural park "Val Rosandra"), the romantic Miramare castle (mid-19th century), the medieval Duino castle. And also the house in which James Joyce wrote "Ulysses", the German concentration camp "Risiera de San Sabba".
