In fact, a comma. Punctuation guide. Always write WITHOUT commas

Jigsaws and circular saws 28.12.2020

Jigsaws and circular saws

If the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged in another place of the sentence without violating its structure (usually this happens with the conjunctions "and" and "but"), then the union is not included in the introductory construction - a comma need.

For example: "Firstly, it became dark, and secondly, everyone is tired."

If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then the comma after the union (usually with the union "a") not put.

For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “… and therefore…”, “…, maybe,…”, “…, which means…”.

If the introductory word can be deleted or rearranged, then the comma need after the conjunction "a", since it is not associated with the introductory word.

For example: "She not only did not love him, but, perhaps, even despised him."

For example: “And really, it was not worth doing it”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have also emerged”; "But of course everything ended well."

It happens rarely: if at the beginning of the sentence there is an accession union, and the introductory construction stands out intonationallythen commas are REQUIRED.

For example: "But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."

Always write WITHOUT commas:

firstly

at first sight

for sure

similarly

more or less

literally

in addition

eventually

in the end

as a last resort

best case scenario

anyway

at the same time

overall

basically

especially

in some cases

through thick and thin

afterwards

otherwise

as a result

concerning

in this case

in the same time

in this regard

mainly

often

exclusively

as maximum

meanwhile

just in case

in case of emergency

if possible

as far as possible

still

practically

about

for all (with) that

with (all) desire

on occasion

likewise

the biggest

the least

actually

in addition

to top it off

by the proposal

by decree

by decision

traditionally

A comma is NOT at the beginning of a sentence:

"Before ... I ended up ..."

"Since…"

"Before as…"

"Though…"

"As…"

"In order to…"

"Instead of…"

"Actually ..."

"While…"

"All the more so ..."

"Nonetheless…"

"Despite the fact that ..." (while - separately); a comma is NOT placed before the "what".

"If…"

"After…"

"And ..."

« Finally"In the meaning of" finally "- not separated by commas.

« And this despite the fact that ..."- always put a comma in the middle of a sentence!

« Based on this, …"- at the beginning of the sentence, a comma is put.

BUT: "He acted so on the basis of ..." - no comma is put.

« After all, if ... then ..."- a comma before" if "is not put, since then comes the second part of the double conjunction -" then ". If “then” is not present, then a comma is placed before the “if”!

« In less than two years ..."- no comma is placed before" what ", because it is not a comparison.

Comma before "as" placed only in case of comparison.

« Politicians like Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ... "- the comma is put, because there is a noun "politics".

BUT: “... politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ... "- no comma is placed before" how ".

No commas are used:

"God forbid", "God forbid", "for God's sake" - not separated by commas, + the word "god" is written with a small letter.

BUT: commas are put on two sides:

"Thank God"in the middle of the sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word "God" in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - highlighted with a comma (on the right side).

"By God" - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word "god" in this case is written with a small letter).

"Oh my God" - separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence "god" - with a small letter.

1. If the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate turnover, commas are putbefore the introductionand after all the stand-alone turnover... No comma after the introductory word(in other words, the comma, which was supposed to "close" the introductory word, is transferred to the end of the isolated turn).

Little by little, everyone who has completed some rather important homework, such as those who have talked with their doctor about the weather and about a small pimple that has jumped on their nose, who have learned about the health of their horses and their children, join their society, however showing great talents... N. Gogol, Nevsky prospect. ... Vera Nikolaevna experienced before her master - in general, not at all like Ivan the Terrible - a thrill in love, maybe even admiration for a loyal subject. V. Kataev, The Grass of Oblivion. I'm also used to writing my thoughts on just about anything, particularly on cigarette boxes. K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose. ... Regarding the gold that Cagliostro mined without any difficulty from all other metals, for example copperturning them into gold with the touch of his hands, Stroganov also had a low opinion.Yu. Tynyanov, Citizen Ocher.

2. If the introductory word is inside a separate turnover - it separated by commas on both sides, while the signs at the beginning and at the end of the isolated turn are preserved.

Overwhelmed by these bitter thoughts not quite, however, fair and inspired by Anikanov's letter that worried himTravkin emerged from the barn into the cold dawn.E. Kazakevich, Star. This is my composition - or rather a lecture - has neither a definite form, nor a chronological structure, which I do not recognize ... V. Kataev, My Diamond Crown.

3. If the introductory word is at the end of a separate turnover, commas are put before a separate turnoverand after him. No comma before the introductory word.

And instead of a speck in front, another road appeared, that is, not that a road, an earthly scratch, groove rather. V. Astafiev, So I want to live. For the holidays we decided to go somewhere, to Kiev for example.

Introductory sentences have meanings close to the meanings of introductory words and combinations. They are separated by commas, or, much more rarely, by a dash:I was led as they said in the old days, the mysterious power of predestination.V. Kataev, Holy well.Now,as befitting the real state, Schwambrania needed a history... L. Kassil, Conduit and Schwambrania.how it is customary to say in newspaper reports, "Its walls have been seen" by many famous people... K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose. ...Sitting here on pain of death and - even worse - in the pouring rain.E. Kazakevich, Star.

Note. Introductory words and word combinations:

and) indicate the degree of reliability of the message, the fact: no doubt, certainly, no doubt, or rather, true, probably (very likely), apparently, it is visible, without any doubt, perhaps, in fact, in fact, indeed, it must be, I think, naturally, it is known, it seems, it would seem, it would seem, as you see, as you can see, of course, maybe, maybe, probably, I hope, I must think, undoubtedly, it turns out, isn't it, it turned out, obviously, apparently, in all probability, perhaps, truly, I suppose, in fact (as a matter of fact), in essence, read, truth, right, right word, of course, of course, therefore, an hour, whatever you say (speak);

b) indicate the degree of commonality of what is said: happens, it happened, as usual, as always, as usual, as usual, it happens, it happens ;

in) express an emotional assessment of what is being reported: a sinful deed, a known thing, as unfortunately, as unfortunately, as strange as it may seem, to annoyance, to amazement, fortunately, unfortunately, to chagrin, to sorrow, to joy, unfortunately, to shame, to surprise, to misfortune, for joy, for happiness, in some way, the hour is not right, there is nothing (what) to conceal, unfortunately, fortunately, a strange thing, an amazing thing, what a good ;

d) contain an indication of the source of the message: i see, they say, I think, it is known, as they said, as it is known, as I suppose, as I remember, as I remember, as I hear, in your opinion, in your opinion, in your opinion (whom, who), i remember, I remember, in my opinion, by the concept (whose), according to the proverb, according to legend, according to reasoning (whose), according to (whose), according to (whose), rumored, for reasons (whose), reportedly (whose), in your opinion, in your conviction (whose), say, hear, hear, from the point of view, apparently ;

e) characterize the way of expressing thoughts: or rather, blame, generally speaking, roughly speaking, in other words, in other words, in other words, as they say, as they say, whatever they say, whatever you like, in short, in short, it's easy to say, better to say, by the way, one might say, To put it mildly, to put it mildly, on the contrary, in one word, frankly, in expression, simply say, frankly, in a word, in a word, in fact, in fact, with permission to report, with permission to say, so to speak, what is called ;

e) indicate the expressive nature of the statement: say without flattery, if you tell the truth, except for jokes, between us, between us, be told between us, between us, you must tell the truth, I must confess, I must say, not by nightfall, be told, there is nothing to say, to your heart, really, really to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to confess, I confess, to tell you frankly, to tell you, to tell you frankly, to tell between us, to tell in good faith, to say in honor, it's funny to say I assure you to be honest ;

g) indicate the relationship between the parts of the utterance: to top it all, in the end, at the same time, in general, in general and in general, in general, firstly, secondly, thirdly (etc.), in any case, however, in particular, it turns out, the main thing, the main thing, mainly, means, so, as noted, as indicated, for example, in addition, by the way, by the way, for example, to say, by the way, by the way , finally, (as) for example, on the contrary, on the contrary, in one word, I repeat, I emphasize, in addition, first of all, to say roughly, moreover, in addition, in addition, therefore, with all that, on the one hand, on the other hand , for its part, therefore, thus, nevertheless ;

h) call for attention: believe (whether), see (whether), see (whether), imagine (those), you know, you understand, if you want, if you want, mind you (those) yourself, you know (whether), you know (whether), as you want, you can (myself) imagine, do not believe, do not believe, believe (those), please have mercy (those), remember (whether), understand (whether), listen (those), imagine (those), imagine (those) myself, sorry (those) me, do (those) mercy tell (those) at the mercy, agree ;

and) express a limitation or clarification of a statement: without exaggeration, to one degree or another, at least, at least .

Comma after unionput, if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged to another place of the sentence without violating its structure.

I only found out that he had once been a coachman for an old childless lady, fled with the three horses entrusted to him, disappeared for a whole year and, should beconvinced in practice of the disadvantages and disasters of a wandering life, he returned himself, but already lame ...I. Turgenev, Singers. However, Volodya, seeing how difficult it was for the boy, did not swear at all, and, on the contrary, said something encouraging.Yu. Vizbor, An alternative to the top Key ... Before leaving, I took out a list from under the glass and with extreme pressure blotted out the word “Volobuy” with my rainbow pen. I decided on this because it was shaggy with paper fibers. and, means, he was already scratched before me with a claw ...K. Vorobyov, Here comes a giant. She suffered for a very long time after separation, but, as known, time heals any wounds.

If the withdrawal of the introductory word is impossible (that is, the union is included in the introductory construction, forming a single combination with it), then the comma after the union not put (usually this happens in a union and).

“You are not hindering me in the least,” he objected, “if you please yourself, shoot, but by the way, as you please; your shot is yours; I am always ready for your service. "A. Pushkin, Shot. You seem to have loved the Portuguese afterwards, // Maybe, with the Malay you left.A. Vertinsky, Where are you now ... The grass in our meadow, yellowed and blown away, nevertheless remained alive and soft, free from the game were busy on it, better to say, lost guys.V. Rasputin, French Lessons. Whether gas appears by chance or not, whether it is associated with cyclones, which meanswhether it is possible to predict on this basis - the question requires clarification.A. Gladilin, Forecast for tomorrow.

The introductory word is usually does not separate punctuation mark from the affiliation at the beginning of the sentence.

And indeed During these four years, while I serve in the gymnasium, I feel that strength and youth are dripping out of me every day.A. Chekhov, Three Sisters. “No, life is still wise, and you have to obey its laws,” he said thoughtfully. - And besides, life is Beautiful".A. Kuprin, Lenochka. And generally speaking , now, when he was a little distracted from the thought of the missing violin and began to believe that it was he who had been stolen from his personal belongings, household property, some kind of shy awkwardness appeared in him ...A. and G. Weiners, Visit to the Minotaur. On the second floor there was a soft carpet in the corridor, and Dmitry Alekseevich felt the closeness of his superiors. And indeed, he immediately saw a plate of thick glass: "Director."V. Dudintsev, Not by bread alone. In 1925, he seemed to have some time left. Yes besides, he already did something worthwhile.D. Granin, Bison.

Russian is one of the most difficult languages \u200b\u200bin the world. A huge number of rules and exceptions lead to the fact that it is difficult to master the language at a good level not only for foreigners, but also for the indigenous people of Russia.

When writing and editing texts, you often need to brush up on the rules of the Russian language. In order not to go to Google or Yandex every time, I have collected the most important rules on my blog. And I want to start with the rules of punctuation in Russian.

Comma or not

« Besides"- always separated by commas (both at the beginning and in the middle of a sentence).

« Probably"In the meaning" very likely, most likely "- separated by commas. For example: "Of course, all because of the brandy and the steam room, otherwise he would most likely remain silent." In the meaning of "fastest" - it does not stand out. For example: "This way most likely it was possible to come to the house."

« Rather"Is not separated by commas:

if in the meaning "better, more willingly" For example: "She would rather agree to die than betray him."
if it means "better to say". For example: "uttering a remark or rather an exclamation."

« Rather"Is separated by a comma if this is an introductory word expressing the author's assessment of the degree of reliability of a given statement in relation to the previous one (in the meaning of" most likely "or" most likely "). For example: "He cannot be called an intelligent person - rather, he is on his own mind."

« Of course», « of course"- is not distinguished by commas at the beginning of the response, pronounced in a tone of confidence, conviction:" Of course it is! "
In other cases, a comma is needed.

The expressions " generally», « generally"Are set apart in the meaning of" in short, in a word ", then they are introductory and are separated by commas.

« First of all"Are separated by commas as introductory words in the meaning of" first ". For example: "First of all, he's a pretty capable person." The comma is not used if these words are used in the meaning "first, first". For example: "First of all, you need to see a specialist." Comma after " and», « but"Etc. is not needed:" But first of all, I want to say. " When clarifying, the entire turnover is highlighted: "There is a hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed."

« At least», « at least"- are isolated only when inverted:" This issue has been discussed twice, at least. "

« In turn"- is not highlighted with a comma in the meaning" from its side "," in response when the turn came. " And as input they are isolated.

« Literally"- not an introductory one, not separated by commas.

« Consequently". If in the meaning "therefore, thus, means", then commas are needed. For example: "So you are therefore our neighbors."
BUT! If in the meaning "therefore, therefore, proceeding from the fact that", then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I have found a job, therefore we will have more money”; “You are angry, therefore you are wrong”; "You cannot bake a cake, therefore I will bake it."

« Least". If the meaning is "at least", then no commas. For example: "At least I will wash the dishes"; "He made at least a dozen mistakes."
BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional assessment, then with a comma. For example: "At the very least, this approach presupposes control", "This requires at least an understanding of politics."

« That is, if», « especially if"- a comma is usually not needed.

« I.e»Is not an introductory word and is not separated by commas on either side. This is a union, a comma is placed in front of it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight a certain isolated construction or subordinate clause that follows it).
For example: "There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour of walking" (no comma is needed), "There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, if you are not in a hurry, an hour of walking" (the comma after "that is" is placed to highlight the subordinate clause sentence "if you go slowly").

« Anyway"Are separated by commas as introductory, if they are used in the meaning" at least ".

« Besides», « besides», « above all (other things)», « apart from everything (other things)"Are set aside as introductory.
BUT! "Other than that" is a union, a comma is NOT needed. For example: "In addition to the fact that he himself does nothing, he also makes claims against me."

« Thereby», « thanks to», « thanks to this"And" along with this"- a comma is usually not required. Segregation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.

« Especially"- no comma.

« Especially when», « especially since», « especially if" etc. - a comma is needed before "all the more". For example: "Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement", "even more so if it is meant", "rest, especially since a lot of work awaits you", "you cannot sit at home, especially if your partner invites to dance. "

« Moreover"- highlighted with a comma only in the middle of the sentence (left).

« Nonetheless"- the comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: "He decided everything, nevertheless I will try to convince him."
BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.

If a " but"In the meaning" but ", then the comma on the right side is NOT put. (An exception is if it is an interjection. For example: "However, what a wind!").

« Finally"- if in the meaning" in the end ", then the comma is NOT put.

« Really"Is not separated by commas in the meaning of" really "(that is, if this is a circumstance expressed in an adverb), if it is synonymous with the adjective" valid "-" real, genuine ". For example: “The bark itself is thin, not like that of an oak or pine, which really are not afraid of hot sun rays”; "You are really very tired."

« Really»Can act as an introductory and stand alone. The introductory word is distinguished by intonation isolation - it expresses the speaker's confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In controversial cases, the issue of the placement of punctuation marks is decided by the author of the text.

« Because of"- the comma is NOT needed if it is a union, that is, if it can be replaced with" because ". For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical checkup because he fought in Vietnam”, “maybe all because I love it when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because to “because” replace it is impossible).

« Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is "anyway". Then this is introductory. For example: "She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything."
BUT!The adverbial expression “one way or another” (the same as “one way or another” or “in any way”) does NOT require punctuation. For example: "The war is somehow necessary."

Always no commas

firstly;
at first sight;
like;
like;
for sure;
similarly;
more or less;
literally;
in addition;
in the (final) end;
in the end;
as a last resort;
best case scenario;
anyway;
at the same time;
overall;
basically;
especially;
in some cases;
through thick and thin;
subsequently;
otherwise;
as a result;
concerning;
all the same;
in this case;
in the same time;
generally;
in this regard;
mainly;
often;
exclusively;
as a maximum;
meanwhile;
just in case;
in case of emergency;
whenever possible;
as far as possible;
still;
practically;
about;
for all (with) that;
with (all) desire;
on occasion;
wherein;
equally;
the biggest;
the least;
actually;
generally;
maybe;
as if;
in addition;
to top it off;
i suppose;
by the proposal;
by order;
by decision;
as if;
traditionally;
ostensibly.

The comma is not placed at the beginning of a sentence

"Before ... I ended up ...".
"Since…".
"Before as…".
"Though…".
"As…".
"In order to…".
"Instead of…".
"In general ...".
"While…".
"All the more so ...".
"Nonetheless…".
"Despite the fact that ..." (while - separately); a comma is NOT placed before the "what".
"If…".
"After…".
"And ...".

The comma is placed depending on the position of the words (a) in the text

« Finally"In the meaning of" finally "- not separated by commas.

« And this despite the fact that… "- in the middle of the sentence, a comma is put!

« Based on this, ... "- at the beginning of the sentence, a comma is put. BUT: "He acted so on the basis of ..." - no comma is put.

« Less than two years… "- no comma is placed before" what ", because it is not a comparison.

Comma before " how»Is put only in case of comparison. For example: "Such politicians as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - a comma is put, because there is a noun "politics". BUT: "... politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - no comma is put before "how".

« God grant», « god forbid», « for God's sake"- not separated by commas.

BUT: commas are put on both sides:

"Thank God" - in the middle of a sentence, separated by commas on both sides. If at the beginning of a sentence, it is highlighted with a comma (on the right side).
"By God" - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides.
"Oh my God" - separated by commas on both sides.

Something about introductory words

If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then the comma after the union (usually with the union "a") is not put. For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “… and therefore…”, “…, maybe,…”, “…, which means…”.

If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then the comma is needed after the conjunction "a", since it is not associated with the introductory word, that is, soldered combinations such as "which means", "but by the way," "and therefore", " and maybe ", etc. For example:" She not only did not love him, but, perhaps, even despised him. "

If at the beginning of the sentence there is a compositional union (in the connecting meaning) "and", "yes" in the meaning of "and", "too", "also", "and that", "and then", "yes and", "a also "and others, and then the introductory word, then the comma in front of it is not needed. For example: “And really, it was not worth doing it”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have also emerged”; "But of course everything ended well."

It happens rarely: if at the beginning of the sentence there is a connecting union, and the introductory construction is highlighted intonationally, then commas are needed. For example: "But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."

The main groups of introductory words and phrases

(separated by commas + on both sides if in the middle of a sentence)

1. Expressive feelings of the speaker (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:

to chagrin;
to amazement;
unfortunately;
to chagrin;
unfortunately;
to joy;
unfortunately;
to shame;
fortunately;
to the surprise;
to horror;
unfortunately;
for joy;
for luck;
the hour is not even;
there is nothing to hide;
unfortunately;
fortunately;
strange affair;
an amazing thing;
what good, etc.

2. Expressing the speaker's assessment of the degree of reality of what is reported (confidence, uncertainty, assumption, possibility, etc.):

without any doubts;
certainly;
indisputably;
may be;
right;
probably;
apparently;
possibly;
indeed;
in fact;
should be;
i think;
it seems;
seemingly;
of course;
can;
may be;
probably;
i hope;
presumably;
is not it;
undoubtedly;
obvious;
apparently;
most likely;
genuinely;
perhaps;
i suppose;
in fact;
essentially;
true;
right;
of course;
goes without saying;
tea, etc.

3. Indicating the source of the reported:

say;
they say;
transmit;
in your;
in the opinion of ...;
i remember;
to my mind;
our way;
according to legend;
according to ...;
according to…;
rumored;
reported by ...;
in your opinion;
audible;
reported by others.

4. Indicating the connection of thoughts, the sequence of presentation:

generally;
at first;
secondly, etc .;
however;
means;
in particular;
the main thing;
further;
means;
so;
eg;
besides;
by the way;
by the way;
by the way;
by the way;
finally;
vice versa;
eg;
opposite;
i repeat;
i emphasize;
more than that;
on the other hand;
one side;
that is;
in this way, etc .;
howbeit;
whatever it was.

5. Indicating the techniques and methods of formulating the expressed thoughts:

or rather;
generally speaking;
in other words;
if I may say so;
if I may say so;
in other words;
in other words;
in short;
better to say;
to put it mildly;
in a word;
to put it simply;
word;
as a matter of fact;
if I may say so;
so to speak;
to clarify;
what is called etc.

6. Appeals to the interlocutor (reader) in order to draw his attention to the reported, to instill a certain attitude towards the facts presented:

believe (whether);
do you believe (whether);
see (whether);
you see);
imagine (those);
let's say;
do you know);
do you know);
sorry);
believe (those);
you are welcome;
understand (those);
do you understand (whether);
do you understand (whether);
listen (those);
suppose;
imagine;
sorry);
let's say;
agree;
agree, etc.

7. Assessment-indicating measures of what is said:

at least at least - they are isolated only with inversion: "This issue was discussed twice, at least";
the biggest;
the least.

8. Indicating the degree of commonality of the reported:

it happens;
happened;
as usual;
according to custom;
happens.

9. Expressive expressions:

no jokes;
between us it will be said;
between us speaking;
need to say;
it will not be said in reproach;
to tell the truth;
conscientiously;
in fairness;
confess to say;
to tell the honor;
funny to say;
honestly.

Comparative expressions are written without commas

poor as a church mouse;
white as a harrier;
white as a sheet;
white as snow;
beat like a fish on ice;
pale as death;
shines like a mirror;
the disease vanished like a hand;
be afraid like fire;
wanders like a restless person;
rushed like mad;
mumbles like a sexton;
ran in like a madman;
lucky, as a drowned man;
turns like a squirrel in a wheel;
seen as during the day;
squeals like a pig;
lying like a gray gelding;
everything goes like clockwork;
everything is as if on selection;
jumped up as if scalded;
jumped up as if stung;
stupid as a cork;
looked like a wolf;
naked like a falcon;
hungry as wolf;
as far as heaven from earth;
trembled as in a fever;
trembled like an aspen leaf;
everything to him is like water off a duck's back;
wait like manna from heaven;
wait like a holiday;
lead a cat and dog life;
live like a bird of heaven;
fell asleep as if dead;
froze like a statue;
lost like a needle in a haystack;
sounds like music;
healthy as a bull;
know how flaky;
have at one's fingertips;
fits like a cow's saddle;
goes alongside as sewn;
as if he had sunk into the water;
ride like cheese in butter;
swinging like a drunk;
swayed (swayed) like jelly;
beautiful as a god;
red as a tomato;
red as a lobster;
strong (strong) like an oak;
screams like a public speaker;
light as a feather;
flies like an arrow;
bald as a knee;
like a shower;
waves his hands like a mill;
rushes about like crazy;
wet as a mouse;
gloomy as a cloud;
die like flies;
hope like a stone wall;
to the people like a herring in a barrel;
dress up like a doll;
you can't see your ears;
dumb like a grave;
dumb like a fish;
rush (rush) like crazy;
rush (rush) like crazy;
worn like a fool with a written sack;
worn like a chicken and an egg;
needed like air;
needed like last year's snow;
needed as a fifth spoke in a chariot;
needs a fifth leg like a dog;
peel off like sticky;
one like a finger;
stayed like a crab aground;
stopped rooted to the spot;
razor sharp;
differ as day from night;
be different as heaven from earth;
bake like pancakes;
turned pale as a sheet;
turned pale as death;
repeated as if delirious;
you will go as dear;
remember the name;
remember as in a dream;
to get into the soup like chickens
hit like a butt on the head;
crumble like a cornucopia;
similar as two drops of water;
went to the bottom like a stone;
appear as if by pike;
devotee like a dog;
stuck like a bath leaf;
fall through the ground;
use (sense) as from a goat of milk;
disappeared as if he had sunk into the water;
just like a knife to the heart;
blazed as if on fire;
works like an ox;
understands like a pig in oranges;
dissipated like smoke;
play like a note;
grow like mushrooms after rain;
grow by leaps and bounds;
drop from the clouds;
fresh as blood and milk;
fresh like a cucumber;
sat as if chained;
sit on pins and needles;
sit like on coals;
listened as if spellbound;
looked as if enchanted;
slept like a dead man;
rush like a fire;
stands like an idol;
slender as a Lebanese cedar;
melts like a candle;
hard as stone;
dark as at night;
as accurate as a clock;
skinny as a skeleton;
cowardly like a hare;
died as a hero;
fell as if knocked down;
rested like a ram;
rested like a bull;
mulish;
tired as a dog;
cunning as a fox;
cunning as a fox;
gushing like a bucket;
walked as if dropped into water;
walked like a birthday boy;
walk like a thread;
cold as ice;
thin as a splinter;
black as coal;
black as hell;
feel at home;
feel like a stone wall;
feel like a fish in water;
staggered like a drunken man;
she is like an execution;
as clear as twice two is four;
clear as day, etc.

A few words about homogeneous members of the sentence

The following stable expressions are not homogeneous and therefore are not separated by commas:

neither this nor that;
neither fish nor fowl;
neither stand nor sit;
neither end nor edge;
neither light nor dawn;
neither hearing nor spirit;
neither to myself nor to people;
neither sleep nor spirit;
neither here nor there;
for no reason at all;
neither give nor take;
no answer, no hello;
neither yours nor ours;
neither subtract nor add;
and so and so;
both day and night;
and laughter and grief;
and cold and hunger;
both old and young;
about this and that;
both;
and in both.

General rule: the comma is not placed inside the whole phraseological expressions, formed by two words with the opposite meaning, connected by a repeated union "and" or "neither."

Never separated by commas

1. Verbs in the same form indicating movement and its purpose.

I'll go for a walk.
Sit down and rest.
Go see.

2. Forming semantic unity.

Can't wait.
Let's sit and talk.

3. Paired combinations of synonymous, antonymic or associative nature.

Search for truth-truth.
There is no end-edge.
Honor, praise everyone.
Off we go.
Everything is sewn-covered.
Anything expensive to see.
Purchase and sale issues.
Greet with bread and salt.
Tie hand and foot.

4. Complicated words (interrogative-relative pronouns, adverbs, to which something is opposed).

For someone else, but you can't.
Somewhere, where, and everything is there.

Today, a far from idle question has come to our attention: is it possible to separate the word "finally" with commas and what are the conditions for their statement. Let's look at examples and subtleties of word usage, because punctuation is always more difficult than spelling.

It all depends on the meaning

It so happened that in Russian grammar it is impossible to derive universal rules, because much is left to the mercy of the author. The word considered today can be both an introductory and an adverb. Naturally, if it is introductory, then it is separated by commas, if the adverb is not. The difficulty lies in understanding this fine line. However, these are not all possible options. The question is: "Do you finally separate out" with commas? " - may disappear if the definition "finally" splits into the noun "end" and the preposition "on". In this case, of course, no commas are needed. For example: "At the end of the rope we tied a kite." But further we will discuss not so simple cases.

"Finally" as an introductory word

Everything seems to be relatively clear here. Even a person who does not remember the school curriculum will immediately say that water words are always separated by commas. If they are at the beginning of a sentence, then one comma, if at the end - a comma and a period, and if in the middle - two commas. There is only one difficulty - to find out exactly when "finally" should be separated by commas. The object of research is an introductory word under the following conditions:

If indicates the connection of thoughts or the order of presentation. For example: “Why should Petrov be fired? First, it does not meet the standards. Secondly, he is very sloppy. Finally, I just don't like him! " For convenience, you can try to mentally replace “finally” with “and more”, if the replacement is possible, then the word is definitely introductory.
Subjective assessment or emotion. For example: "Where, finally, are my things, how long can you wait for these porters?"

Of course, all this is quite difficult to understand the first time, but when the whole picture is in front of the reader, we hope the meaning will become clear.

Synonyms that cancel commas

Punctuation of the Russian language is much more difficult than spelling, therefore, in order not to be mistaken, you need to look for various analogues that make the mysterious obvious. Mental substitution often helps in this sense. If instead of “finally” you can put “at the end”, “as a result of everything”, “after everything”, then it should not be singled out. For example: "My journey home was long and full of adventure, but I finally got home at about 6 am."

Perhaps the most difficult task for a reviewer of such texts, especially when the author cannot be asked about his intention, is to correctly understand the original meaning.

The case when nuances decide the outcome of the struggle with grammar

Continuing the conversation about whether it is worth highlighting "finally" with commas or not, one cannot but mention one trick that often works. If you can replace “finally” with “finally” in a sentence, then commas are not needed. For example, the famous Cheburashka phrase "we built, we built and finally built" does not need commas. in it you can painlessly, without loss of meaning, replace “finally” with “finally”. And now we are ready to answer one more question that worries many: “finally” is highlighted with commas? No, it does not stand out.

Optional cases

Yes, there is still such a situation when the object of research combines the function of an adverb and an introductory word. In these cases, the speaker's emotions come to the fore, and then the comma is put. For example: "A young man thoughtlessly threw money down the drain, and was finally left penniless!"

For the sake of fairness, it must be said that such delights are rare, and rather it is the author's area of \u200b\u200bresponsibility. The reader has probably heard the phrase "author's style" - this is it. When a writer allows himself certain liberties in the placement of punctuation marks, and then the latter turn into a headache for philologists and all writers, because they are collected in a corpus of so-called exceptions. Our task is not so difficult yet, it is necessary first to understand the basic principles.

Another subtlety that needs to be mentioned

The arrangement is also influenced by the fact that the introductory word is located next to the connecting union, and they are located at the beginning of the sentence. For instance:

Indeed, the child had dropped his lollipop, and now he was crying bitterly.
And of course, I came first to my birthday, however, as always.
And finally, Petrov is just a bad author, let's fire him from the newspaper.

True, in the latter case, options are possible, if the object of research indicates a connection between thoughts and is in the middle or end of the sentence, then "and finally" is separated by commas on both sides, even though there is a union. For example: “First, I want to thank all the readers of my books, to be honest, they are mediocre (just kidding). Secondly, my parents, who sent me to the Faculty of Philology, and I learned to add sentences from words and comprehended the secrets of punctuation and spelling, though not all. Thirdly, my wife, who tolerates me. Fourth, my friends, and finally my cat, who supported me lying on her knees as I wrote each of my novels. "

Against ambiguity

You can spend your life studying your native language and still not master all the subtleties. But if the reader needs to avoid ambiguity, then let him choose only one hundred percent cases of setting or missing commas: "Finally, dad came home from work and brought a chocolate bar, we have been waiting for him for so long." And in cases where this is an introductory word, you can replace it with a more obvious analogue or even remove it: “But where, finally, is my pen! Where did I touch her ?! " Remove "finally" in your mind and nothing will change.

But this is important only if you are an editor or proofreader, the author can take some liberty. But experience says that the author, if he is not of that scale, is rather subordinate to those who fearfully hang over him. Therefore, it is better to use the Russian language within the normal range, so that there is no ambiguity and problems.

There is only one small detail left. There is a famous line from the "Spleen" group: "Late at night, through all the commas, I finally reached the point." What about commas that lead to a period? In different sources in their own way, but according to the rules that exclude the author's style, you need to write without commas, because you can painlessly replace it with "finally".

Of course not a comma

Punctuation guide

“Of course”, “of course” - the word of course is not separated by commas at the beginning of the response, uttered in a tone of confidence, conviction: Of course it is!
In other cases, a comma is needed.

Expressions "in general", "in general" are isolated in the meaning of "in short, in a word", then they are introductory.

"First of all" are isolated as introductory in the meaning of "first" (First of all, he is a fairly capable person).
These words do not stand out in the meaning of "first, first" (First of all, you need to contact a specialist).
The comma after "a", "but", etc. is not needed: "But first of all, I want to say."
When clarifying, the entire turnover is highlighted: "There is a hope that these proposals, primarily from the Ministry of Finance, will not be accepted or will be changed."

"At least", "at least" - are isolated only with the inversion: "This issue has been discussed twice, at least."

"In turn" - is not highlighted with a comma in the meaning of "on their part", "in response when the turn came." And the quality of the introductory is isolated.

"Literally" - not an introductory one, it is not separated by commas

"Consequently". If in the meaning "therefore, thus, means", then commas are needed. For example: "So you are therefore our neighbors."
BUT! If in the meaning “therefore, therefore, proceeding from the fact that”, then the comma is needed only on the left. For example: “I have found a job, therefore we will have more money”; "You are angry, therefore you are wrong"; "You cannot bake a cake, therefore I will bake it."

"Least". If the meaning is "at least", then no commas. For example: "At least I will wash the dishes"; "He made at least a dozen mistakes."
BUT! If in the meaning of comparison with something, emotional assessment, then with a comma. For example: "At the very least, this approach presupposes control", "This requires at least an understanding of politics."

"That is, if", "especially if" - a comma, as a rule, is not needed

“That is,” is not an introductory word and is not comma-separated on either side. This is a union, a comma is placed in front of it (and if in some contexts a comma is placed after it, then for other reasons: for example, to highlight a certain isolated construction or subordinate clause that follows it).
For example: "There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, an hour of walking" (a comma is needed), "There are still five kilometers to the station, that is, if you go slowly, an hour of walking (a comma after" that is "is put to highlight "If you go slowly").

"In any case" are separated by commas as introductory, if they are used in the meaning "at least".

“In addition”, “in addition to this”, “in addition to everything (other things)”, “apart from everything (other things)” are set aside as introductory.
BUT! "Apart from the fact that" is a union, the comma is NOT needed. For example: "In addition to the fact that he himself does nothing, he also makes claims against me."

“Because of this,” “because of that,” “because of this,” and “along with that” - a comma is usually not required. Segregation is optional. The presence of a comma is not an error.

"All the more so" - without a comma.
“Especially when”, “especially since”, “even more if”, etc. - a comma is needed before "all the more". For example: “Such arguments are hardly needed, especially since this is a false statement”, “even more so if it is meant”, “rest, especially since a lot of work awaits you”, “you cannot sit at home, especially if your partner invites to dance. "

"Moreover" - is highlighted with a comma only in the middle of the sentence (left).

"Nevertheless" - the comma is placed in the middle of the sentence (on the left). For example: "He decided everything, nevertheless I will try to convince him."
BUT! If “but nevertheless”, “if nevertheless”, etc., then commas are NOT needed.

If “however” means “but”, then the comma on the right side is NOT put. (An exception is if it is an interjection. For example: "However, what a wind!")

"In the end" - if it means "in the end", then the comma is NOT put.

"Really" is not separated by commas in the meaning of "really" (that is, if this is an adverbial circumstance), if it is synonymous with the adjective "valid" - "real, genuine". For example: “The bark itself is thin, not like that of an oak or pine, which really are not afraid of hot sun rays”; "You are really very tired."

"Really" can act as an introductory one and stand apart. The introductory word is distinguished by intonation isolation - it expresses the speaker's confidence in the truth of the reported fact. In controversial cases, the issue of the placement of punctuation marks is decided by the author of the text.

“Because of that” - the comma is NOT needed if it is a union, that is, if it can be replaced with “because”. For example: “As a child, he underwent a medical examination, because he fought in Vietnam,” “maybe all because I love it when a person sings” (a comma is needed, because with “because” replace it is impossible).

"Anyway". A comma is needed if the meaning is "anyway". Then this is introductory. For example: "She knew that, one way or another, she would tell Anna everything."
BUT! The adverbial expression “one way or another” (the same as “one way or another” or “in any case”) does NOT require punctuation. For example: "War is necessary in one way or another."

Always no commas:

firstly
at first sight
like
like
for sure
similarly
more or less
literally
in addition
eventually
in the end
as a last resort
best case scenario
anyway
at the same time
overall
basically
especially
in some cases
through thick and thin
afterwards
otherwise
as a result
concerning
all the same
in this case
in the same time
generally
in this regard
mainly
often
exclusively
as maximum
meanwhile
just in case
in case of emergency
if possible
as far as possible
still
practically
about
for all (with) that
with (all) desire
on occasion
wherein
likewise
the biggest
the least
actually
generally
maybe
as if
in addition
to top it off
i suppose
by the proposal
by decree
by decision
like
traditionally
ostensibly

The comma is not used at the beginning of a sentence:

"Before ... I ended up ..."
"Since…"
"Before as…"
"Though…"
"As…"
"In order to…"
"Instead of…"
"Actually ..."
"While…"
"All the more so ..."
"Nonetheless…"
"Despite the fact that ..." (while - separately); a comma is NOT placed before the "what".
"If…"
"After…"
"And ..."

“Finally” in the meaning of “finally” is NOT separated by commas.

"And this despite the fact that ..." - in the middle of the sentence, a comma is ALWAYS!

"Based on this, ..." - at the beginning of the sentence, a comma is put. BUT: "He acted so on the basis of ..." - the comma is NOT put.

"After all, if ..., then ..." - the comma before "if" is NOT put, since then comes the second part of the double conjunction - "then". If “then” is not present, then a comma is placed before the “if”!

"Less than two years ..." - a comma before "what" is NOT put, because it is NOT a comparison.

The comma in front of "HOW" is used only in case of comparison.

"Such politicians as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - the comma is put, because there is a noun "politics".
BUT: "... politicians such as Ivanov, Petrov, Sidorov ..." - a comma is NOT placed before "how".

Commas are NOT used:
“God forbid”, “God forbid”, “for God's sake” - do not stand out with commas, + the word “god” is written with a small letter.

BUT: commas are put on two sides:
"Thank God" in the middle of the sentence is highlighted with commas on both sides (the word "God" in this case is written with a capital letter) + at the beginning of the sentence - highlighted with a comma (on the right side).
"By God" - in these cases, commas are placed on both sides (the word "god" in this case is written with a small letter).
"Oh my God" - separated by commas on both sides; in the middle of the sentence "god" - with a small letter.

If the introductory word cannot be removed or rearranged, then the comma after the union (usually with the union "a") is NOT put. For example: “She just forgot about this fact, or maybe she never remembered it”, “… and therefore…”, “…, maybe,…”, “…, which means…”.

If the introductory word can be removed or rearranged, then the comma is NECESSARY after the conjunction "a", since it is not associated with the introductory word, that is, soldered combinations such as "which means", "but by the way", "and therefore", " and maybe ", etc. For example:" She not only did not love him, but, perhaps, even despised him. "

If at the beginning of the sentence there is a compositional union (in the connecting meaning) ("and", "yes" in the meaning of "and", "too", "also", "and then", "otherwise", "yes and", " and also ”, etc.), and then the introductory word, then the comma in front of it is NOT needed. For example: “And really, it was not worth doing it”; “And perhaps it was necessary to do something differently”; “Finally, the action of the play is ordered and divided into acts”; “Besides, other circumstances have also emerged”; "But of course everything ended well."

It happens rarely: if at the beginning of a sentence there is a connecting union, and the introductory construction is highlighted intonationally, then commas are NECESSARY. For example: "But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin decisively announced ..."; "And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing."

The main groups of introductory words and phrases
(separated by commas + on both sides in the middle of the sentence)

1. Expressive feelings of the speaker (joy, regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message:

annoyed
to amazement
unfortunately
chagrin
unfortunately
to joy
unfortunately
to shame
fortunately
to the surprise
to horror
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what good, etc.

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tea, etc.

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reported by others.

{!LANG-690901073ee3091b7fe29ddfc8865bfb!}

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what is called etc.

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agree, etc.

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the biggest
the least

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honestly.

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clear as day, etc.

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{!LANG-59bc8b8251ab8ab1caa0449e2abdc7ca!}

neither this nor that;
neither fish nor fowl;
neither stand nor sit;
neither end nor edge;
neither light nor dawn;
neither hearing nor spirit;
neither to myself nor to people;
neither sleep nor spirit;
neither here nor there;
for no reason at all;
neither give nor take;
no answer, no hello;
neither yours nor ours;
neither subtract nor add;
and so and so;
both day and night;
and laughter and grief;
and cold and hunger;
both old and young;
about this and that;
both;
and in both.

{!LANG-c9efca3a2ed4c2b20ce7e78b882918d3!}

{!LANG-dbd49a9af128ab779cf66369bedac15a!}

{!LANG-51126f26f69bd5dba85b5e34a3416d08!}
I'll go for a walk.
Sit down and rest.
Go see.

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Can't wait.
{!LANG-52ef79c522a7abc2290cf543b9b157cd!}

{!LANG-87c1e2c9947759df8b8d877073b8f780!}
Search for truth-truth.
There is no end-edge.
Honor, praise everyone.
Off we go.
Everything is sewn-covered.
Anything expensive to see.
Purchase and sale issues.
Greet with bread and salt.
Tie hand and foot.

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For someone else, but you can't.
Somewhere, where, and everything is there.