Forms of human knowledge table. The result of knowledge - knowledge - the product of the relationship of thought to reality, existing in logically linguistic form, in the form of concepts, judgments, symbols, signs. It is impossible to comprehend the essence of objects and their properties.

Theory of knowledge First was mentioned by Plato in his book "State". Then he allocated two types of knowledge - sensual and mental, and this theory was preserved to this day. Cognition -this is the process of acquiring knowledge about the world around the world, its patterns and phenomena.

IN structure of knowledge Two elements:

• subject ("Hello" - man, scientific society);
• an object ("Cognitive" - \u200b\u200bnature, its phenomena, social phenomena, people, subjects, etc.).

Methods of knowledge.

Methods of knowledge generalized on two levels: empirical level knowledge of I. theoretical level.

Empirical methods:

1. Observation (Studying an object without intervention).
2. Experiment (Study occurs in a controlled medium).
3. Measure (Measure the degree of the value of the object, or weight, speed, duration, etc.).
4. Comparison (Comparison of similarities and differences in objects).

1. Analysis. A mental or practical (manual) process of separating the subject or phenomenon into components, disassembly and inspection of components.
2. Synthesis. The reverse process is the combination of components into an integer, identifying links between them.
3. Classification. Decomposition of objects or phenomena in the group on certain features.
4. Comparison. Detection of differences and similarities in compared elements.
5. Generalization. Less detailed synthesis - combining general signs without detecting connections. This process is not always separated from the synthesis.
6. Specification. The process of extracting private from the general, refinement for a better understanding.
7. Abstraction. Consideration of only one side of the subject or phenomenon, since the rest do not represent interest.
8. Analogy (identifying such phenomena, similarities), more advanced method of cognition than a comparison, as it turns on the search for similar phenomena in the time period.
9. Deduction (Movement from the general to the private, the method of knowledge, in which the logical conclusion comes out of the whole chain of conclusions), - in life, this type of logic has become popular thanks to Arthur Konan Doyle.
10. Induction - Movement from the facts to the general.
11. Idealization - Creating concepts for phenomena and objects that are not in reality, but there are similarities (for example, an ideal fluid in hydrodynamics).
12. Modeling - creation, and then studying the model of something (for example, a computer model of the solar system).
13. Formalization - An image of an object in the form of signs, symbols (chemical formulas).

Forms of knowledge.

Forms of knowledge (Some psychological schools are called simply types of knowledge) are the following:

1. Scientific knowledge. The type of knowledge based on logic scientific approach, conclusions; Also called rational knowledge.
2. Creativeor artistic knowledge. (It is - art). This type of knowledge reflects the world around the world using artistic images and symbols.
3. Philosophical knowledge. It lies in the desire to explain the surrounding reality, the place that the person occupies in it is, and what it should be.
4. Religious knowledge. Religious knowledge is often referred to a variety of self-knowledge. The object of study is God and his relationship with man, the influence of God for man, as well as the moral foundations characteristic of this religion. An interesting paradox of religious knowledge: the subject (man) studies the object (God), which acts as a subject (God), which created the object (man and the whole world at all).
5. Mythological knowledge. Cognition peculiar to primitive cultures. The way of knowledge of people who have not yet begun to separate themselves from the surrounding world, identified complex phenomena and concepts with the gods, the highest forces.
6. Self-knowledge. Knowledge of own mental and physical properties, self-sanitation. The main ways are self-analysis, self-surveillance, the formation of self-person, comparing itself with other people.

Let's summarize: Cognition is the ability of a person to mentally perceive external information, to process it and draw conclusions from it. The main goal of knowledge is both in the mastery of nature and in the improvement of the person himself. In addition, many authors see the goal of knowledge in the desire of a person to

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sensual knowledge

Cognition with the help of senses (eyesight, hearing, smell, taste, touch).

Forms of sensual knowledge:

feeling

This is a reflection of the individual properties of the object, phenomena, the process;

perception

Sensual image of a holistic picture of the subject;

representation

The image of the object of cognition imprinted in memory.

rational knowledge

Cognition by thinking.

Forms of rational knowledge:

concept

This is a thought that approves the general and essential properties of the subject, phenomena, the process;

judgment

This is an idea that claims or denying anything about the subject, phenomenon, process;

review (conclusion)

The mental connection between several judgments and the allocation of new judgment from them. Types of reference: inductive (from private to general); deductive (from total to private); Similarly.

intuition

The ability to directly comprehend the truth as a result of "insight", "Natila", "Transcriptions" without support for logical justifications and evidence (a peculiar form of conjugation of sensual and rational in knowledge). Types of intuition: Mystical - is associated with life experiences, emotions; Intellectual - associated with mental activity.

empiricism

The only source of all of our knowledge is sensual experience.

agnosticism

Philosophical position, denying the knowledge of the surrounding world.

rationalism

Our knowledge can be obtained only with the help of the mind, without support for feelings.

knowledge

The result of the knowledge of the reality, the content of the consciousness obtained by the person in the course of active reflection, the ideal reproduction of objective natural relations and relations of the real world.

false

Conscious distortion of object image

delusion



Lectures

What is knowledge? Classification of knowledge

Knowledge - The result of the cognition of reality, the content of consciousness obtained by a person in the course of active reflection, the ideal reproduction of objective natural relations and real-world relations.
The term "knowledge" is meaningful. (see the scheme "Knowledge. Multitude of the concept")
Knowledge types:
Lowish - is empirical. Based on common sense and ordinary consciousness. It is the most important indicative basis of the daily behavior of people, their relationship between themselves and with nature. It comes down to the statement of facts and their description.
Scientific - an understanding of reality in its past, present and future, reliable synthesis of facts. Carries out the foresight of various phenomena. Reality is taught in the form of distracted concepts and categories, general principles and laws that often acquire extremely abstract forms (formulas, graphs, schemes, etc.).
Practical - Mastering things, peace transformation.
Artistic - Holistic mapping of peace and man in it. Built on the image, and not on the concept.
Rational - Reality reflection in logical concepts and categories. Associated with rational thinking.
Irrational - Not related to rational thinking and even contradicts him. The subject is emotions, passions, experiences, intuition, will, as well as some phenomena, for example, abnormal, characterized by paradoxicality and non-obese laws of logic and science.
Personal - depends on the abilities of the subject and on the characteristics of its intellectual activity.
Forms of knowledge allocated in relation to scientific knowledge:
Doublecare - prototype, background of scientific knowledge (elements of science until the XVI century).
Unscientific - scattered, non-systematic knowledge that is not formalized and is not described by law.
Paranuchard - externally similar to scientific, but incompatible with the existing scientific knowledge. The wide class of parapatic knowledge includes the teachings on phenomena, the explanation of which is not convincing from the point of view of the criteria of scientific relations;
Lzhenochny - Consciously use speculation and prejudices. As symptoms of Plzhenaucas, a small-scale pathos is isolated, fundamental intolerance to the refuting arguments, as well as the pretentiousness. False scientific knowledge is very sensitive to the evil day, sensation. Its feature is that it cannot be combined with a paradigm, cannot have a systematic, versatility.
Anti-scientific - Unsopal and consciously distorting idea of \u200b\u200breality. . The prefix "Anti" draws attention to the fact that the subject and research methods are opposed to science.
See the "Classification of Knowledge" schema

Sensual and rational knowledge

Cognition has two forms - sensual knowledge and rational knowledge. Sensual and rational knowledge is two levels of knowledge and do not contradict each other. These two forms of cognition are in constant interaction and form an inseparable unity of the cognitive process. Rational forms of knowledge are impossible without the forms of sensual knowledge, because From here they draw the source material. At the same time, sensual knowledge is under the influence of rational.
Sensual knowledge is always subjective, but it is precisely this level of knowledge that communicates a person with the outside world.
Forms of sensual knowledge:
1. Feeling - Reflection of the individual properties of the subject, phenomena, the process resulting from their direct impact on the senses. With the help of these organs, a person feels certain properties of the subject - the form, color, smell, etc.
2. Perception - Sensual image of a holistic picture of the subject, process, phenomena directly affecting the senses. Perception also serves the main form of formation of representations.
3. View - Sensually visual, generalized image of the subject, process, phenomena, persistent and reproducible in consciousness and without direct impact of the items themselves on the senses. With other words, this is what has been preserved in the memory of a person after familiarizing with the subject.
Rational cognition - knowledge carried out by the mind (from Lat. Ratio is a mind, reason). The rational knowledge inherent in only a person is a more complex way of reflecting reality, which is carried out by thinking.
Forms of rational knowledge:
1. Concept - The thought that approves the general and essential properties of the object. Conditions expressed in speech in a certain word, communicate with each other and form a judgment.
2. judgment - Thought, approving or denying anything about the object.
3. Remembrance - A mental connection between several judgments and the removal of the new judgment. Example of logical conclusion: if a\u003e b, and b\u003e c, then a\u003e c. Or, for example: all people are mortal. Ivanov - man. Consequently, Ivanov Mute
Varieties of conclusions:
Inductive conclusion - From private to general.
Deaduitable conclusion - From general to specific.
Obtained by analogy.

Do you know the world? (Problems of the theory of knowledge)

To think about what kind of knowledge is, what are the ways to acquire knowledge, the person has become in deep antiquity when he realized himself as something opposing nature as a figure in nature. Over time, the conscious formulation of this issue and an attempt to decide it was acquired relatively slim form, then there was knowledge about the very knowledge. All philosophers, as a rule, one way or another, analyzed the problems of the theory of knowledge.
There were three approaches to the question of how a person will know the world:
Sensationalism (Epicur, F. Bacon, L. Feyerbach) - They believed that we would know the world feelings.
Rationalism (Plato, R. Descartes, B. Spinosa) - These philosophers argued that we would know the world mind.
Agnosticism (D. Yum) - denial of the possibility of knowledge of the world.

Lecture:

In the previous lesson, it was said about the elements of the human worldview. Among them, knowledge is important. Knowledge of the world, nature, the person is the result of their own cognitive and research activities. And also they dig for centuries and are transmitted from generation to generation as a precious experience. Knowledge is constantly deepening, expanding and improving. We remember the main definition of today's lesson:

Knowledge - This is one of the elements of a human worldview, acting in the form of assimiped concepts, laws, principles.

Gnosheology - Science of Knowledge

Is it possible to know everything? What are the limits of human knowledge? Answers to these and similar questions are looking for philosophical science Gnoseology - the doctrine of knowledge and opportunities for knowledge. Cognition is the main subject of gnoseology, which is the process of acquiring knowledge of the world around and oneself. In the course of cognitive activity, a person explores the external parties and the inner essence of objects and phenomena. One of the main issues of gnoseology is the question: "Do you know the world?". People in different ways respond to him and, accordingly, are divided into Gnostics (optimists), agnostics (pessimists) and skeptics. If Gnostics believe that the world is chatting, then the agnostics deny such an opportunity, and skeptics do not deny the possibility of knowledge of the world, but doubt the reliability of the knowledge gained, in the reliability of their truth.

Cognition begins with the sensual perception of the world and gradually goes into rational understanding of the world. Let's look at the level of knowledge.

Stages (levels) of knowledge

There are two levels of knowledge: sensual and rational. Sensual knowledge It occurs with the help of the senses (vision, touch, smell, rumor, taste). This is the immediate form of knowledge, in the process of which knowledge is obtained by direct contact. For example, you went out to the street and felt cold. Thus, the sensual level allows you to know only the external properties of the object of knowledge. This level includes three forms. Remember them:

Feeling - Reflection in the consciousness of the individual properties of the object of knowledge. For example, an apple is acidic, the voice is pleasant, the stove is hot.

Perception - Reflection of all properties of the object of knowledge safe. For example, we eat an apple, we feel his taste (separate property), but at the same time perceive the smell, the color, the shape of the apple in general.

Representation - The image of a perceived object of cognition, preserved in memory. For example, we can remember and imagine how tasty was an apple eaten yesterday. The presentation may occur not only with the help of memory, but also with the help of imagination. So, even before the construction of the house, the architect may present what it will be.

The result of sensual knowledge is form. The role of sensual knowledge is great. Feeling authorities associate a person with the outside world, without them he is not able to think and know. Sensual knowledge is inherent not only to a person, but also by the highest animals.

Next step - rational knowledge It happens with the help of the mind and abstract thinking. If sensual knowledge occurs directly, then rational is an indirect form of knowledge. For example, to find out cold on the street or there is no man not necessarily out of the house, it is enough to see the thermometer. If a person learns the external properties of the object of knowledge, then at the rational level, the internal properties of the object are established, its essence is established. This level of knowledge also includes three forms:

Concept - This is a thought, fixing the signs and properties of the object of knowledge. For example, "Tree". The concepts of human consciousness are associated with each other and form judgments.

Judgment - The thought, asserting or denying anything about a learned object. For example, "All trees belong to the plant class."

Review - The final conclusion that is formed in the process of thinking over the concepts and judgments. For example, "Spruce is a coniferous tree. Since all trees belong to the plant class, therefore, spruce is also a plant. "

The result of rational knowledge is knowledge. Rational knowledge is inherent only by a person. Consider illustration. Thinking is a holistic process that occurs as a result of sensual and rational knowledge.

What stage of knowledge is more important, primary? In relation to this issue, two directions opposing each other were distinguished in philosophy: rationalism and sensualism (empiricism). Rationalists the basis of knowledge recognize the mind and abstract thinking. For them, sensual knowledge is secondary. And sensualists (empiricals) on the first place put a feeling, perception and presentation, that is, feelings. For them, secondally rational knowledge.

In fact, sensual and rational levels of knowledge are a single process. Just in some cognitive processes, sensual knowledge prevails, and in other rational.

Types of knowledge

Cognition is possible in various fields. There are many types of knowledge, respectively and types of knowledge. Consider scientific and unscientific knowledge.

Scientific knowledge - This is a systemically organized process of obtaining objective and reasonable true knowledge.

Its features and distinguishing features are:

• Objectivity - The desire to explore the world as it is not dependent on the interests and aspirations of the subject of knowledge.
• Radiation - Reinforcement of knowledge of evidence, facts and logical conclusions.
• Rationality - Support of scientific knowledge on thinking, elimination of personal opinions, emotions, feelings.
• Systemability - Structure of scientific knowledge.
• Checker - confirmation of knowledge in practical activity.

Consider the process of scientific knowledge on the example of a biologist studying, which studies the dependence of the height of plants from climate. So, the scientist suggested that the trees are on average above in the area with a warm climate. (This is the formulation of the hypothesis, which is confirmed or refuted by the results of the study.) In search of evidence, the biologist went to the south, measured the height of the three hundred trees, recorded the measurement results. (This is the empirical level of scientific knowledge.) Returning to the laboratory, the scientist produced calculations, compared the data, evidence confirmed the correctness of his hypothesis and concluded. (This is theoretical level.)

Scientific knowledge is impossible without identifying causal relationships. One phenomenon or event is associated with any other, which is called the cause and generates a consequence. Imagine a very simple example. Petya and Kolya go along a narrow path (event). Petya began a coola on foot (event). The consequence is a sick leg. The reason is a narrow path. Thus, to identify causally-award ties means that it is necessary to establish the dependence of one phenomenon with the other.

One of the types of scientific knowledge is social knowledge.

Social knowledge - These are the knowledge of the laws and principles of the functioning of society, culture, man.

The result of social knowledge is social and humanitarian knowledge, which we study in the lessons of history and social studies. Social Condition is an integrated school subject and includes several socio-humanities (philosophy, sociology, economics, political science, lawwork, cultural studies, psychology, etc.). Social knowledge is different from the naturally scientific number of essential signs. Consider them:

• if a person is in the natural scientific knowledge of the subject, a subject of objects and phenomena, then in the social knowledge of the subject and the object of knowledge coincide, that is, people will know themselves;
• if the main feature of natural scientific knowledge is objectivity, then social and humanitarian knowledge is subjective, because the results of research of sociologists, historians, ethnographers, lawyers are interpreted depending on their own views and judgments;
• if scientists are natural scientists who study nature, seek to achieve absolute truth, then scientists who studying a person and society reaches the truth relative, because society is dynamically and constantly changing;
• the use of many natural scientific methods of knowledge in social knowledge is limited, for example, it is impossible to study the inflation rate under a microscope, this is done by abstraction.

Social facts (actions of individuals or groups), whose opinions and judgments, as well as the results of the material and intangible activities of people, are the impetus for the beginning of social knowledge. Social studies are aimed at the opening of historical patterns and social forecasting. To achieve these goals, scientists and researchers use social reality (practice), historical informants (archeology, documents) and generation experience.

Opening of historical pattern It happens when there is an objectively repeating connection between public phenomena and processes. Definitely historical events And the individuals are unique, for example, there can be no two absolutely identical wars or presidents. However, some of them are inherent in general features and trends. When these features and trends are constantly repeated, you can talk about historical patterns. An example of historical patterns is the fall of any empire.

In the study of society and the history there were two approaches:

formational (K. Marx, F. Engels);

civilizational (O. Spengler, A. Tynby).

At the heart of the classification of societies within the framework of the formation approach lies a natural change of social and economic formations from the lower to the highest, from a simple to complex: primitive Society → Slavelastic Society → Feudal Society → Capitalist Society → Communist Society. The driving force of such development is the class struggle, for example, in a slave-owned society - the struggle between slave owners and slaves, in feudal society - the struggle between feudalists and peasants. Throughout history, society develops, moving from one formation to another. The ultimate goal of this movement, according to the teachings of K. Marx, F. Engels, and then V.I. Lenin, is communism.

Public - Economic formation - This is the stage of the evolution of society, characterized by a certain step in the development of the productive forces and its corresponding production relations.

If the formational approach concentrates on the universal, the civilization approach studies the uniqueness and uniqueness of the history of each people or the country. Therefore, at the heart of the classification of societies within the civilization approach, there is a spiritual, ideological, cultural factor. This approach to studying history and society focuses on the locally regional characteristics of a particular society. So, they allocate Russian, Chinese, Japanese, Indian societies or civilization. There are civilizations that have long disappeared, for example, Mayan civilization, Roman civilization. Most of the modern scientists adhere to a civilization approach in the study of history and society.

Civilization - This is a stage of social development, which has sustainable traits of material production, spiritual culture, lifestyle of a particular region.

Social forecasting The science futurology is engaged. Its main goal is to develop options for the development of society or its objects. Prediction is possible in various spheres of society, in an economic, legal, cultural. It is carried out by such methods as analysis, comparison, questionnaire, experiment, etc. The value of social forecasting is large. For example, the forecasting of the labor market, gives information about in-demand professions and vacant positions.

Let's say briefly about unscientific knowledge and its views.

Unscientific knowledge - cognition of the surrounding world, based on faith and intuition.

• Ordinary knowledge Based on the observations and common sense of a person, agreed with his life experience. Miden knowledge have a great practical value, are a guideline of the daily behavior of a person, its relationship with other people and nature. Characteristic feature Miden knowledge is that they describe what is happening: "Paper is burning", "the subject, descended upwards will definitely fall to the ground," but do not explain why this is exactly what is not different.

• Mythological knowledge - This is a fantastic reflection of reality. Myths arose in primitive society. W. primitive people There was no excellence for understanding the true causes of the origin of man and peace, natural phenomena, so they were explained with the help of myths and legends. Myths exist and now. The heroes of modern myths are Santa Claus, Baba Yaga, Batman, etc.

• Religious knowledge - This is knowledge with support for religious texts (Bible, Quran, etc.).

• Artistic knowledge - this is knowledge of art, The world It is not reflected in the concepts, but in artistic images of works of literature or theater, music or cinema, architecture or painting.

• Folk wisdom - These are accumulated in centuries and transmitted from generation to the generation of fairy tales, proverbs and sayings, songs that learn how to behave in relation to others.

• Parastauka - The accumulating knowledge that has long arose when science has been not yet sufficiently developed. Unlike science, Parastauka does not provide facts based on assumptions that do not find their confirmation as a result of research. Parabayuki are Ufology, astrology, telepathy, magic, psychic and others.

The task: Give arguments that prove the benefit of knowledge for a person, society and the state. Write your opinion in the comments. Be active, let's help each other to replenish the piggy bank of the arguments for the essay)))

The topic is considered difficult, since we will study the essence of the internal processes of the brain and we will define the concept of truth, as well as highlight the types of knowledge. Every topic we begin with definition. So what is knowledge? If this is human then for what it is, what is the goal, what is its goal?

Recall what signs characterize human activity? This is, accordingly, these are signs and cognitive activities.

So, give a definition!

What is it characterized, what problems solves? The theory of knowledge is called Gnosheology (from Greek Gnosis - knowledge). Gnosetology solves a number of important cognitive problems of order.

So, do the world know? If you answer yes, you are Gnostick! If they are responsible negative, having due to the weak of human senses (well known, the fact that the sense of dogs is much stronger than the human, the vision of predatory birds is many times superior to the vision of a person), then you are agnostic. Irish philosopher D. Berkeley so illustrated this discussion on the example of the dispute of the Greek wise men of the Philonius and Gilas.

Truly, my opinion is that all our opinions are equally vigorous and unreliable. What we approve today, we condemn tomorrow ... And I don't think we can know anything in this life. Our abilities are too limited, and they are too small.

Philonius. How! You say that we can not know anything, Gilas?

Gilas. There is not a single thing about which we could know her actual nature or what she herself is in itself.

Philonius. You want to say that I really do not know what fire or water is?

Gilas. You can, of course, know that the fire is hot, and the water is flowing; But it means to know no more than what sensations are called in your own soul when the fire and water come into contact with your senses. As for their internal device, their true and valid nature, in this respect you are in the perfect darkness "(D. Berkley).

Try to determine who is Gnostic here, and who is agnostic? Gilas argues:

"... Our abilities are too limited, and they are too small ... There is not a single thing about which we could know her actual nature ... As for their internal device, their true and real nature, then in this respect you are in the perfect darkness ... "

He denies the possibility of true knowledge, he is agnostic. So, another important thing for our classes, the key term:

Truth is the correspondence of our ideas about a learned object of its real essence.

Others important questions Theories are solved depending on the type of worldview - and (practical). A man with a religious type of worldview on the question of the origin of the world will answer "this is the act of divine creation", and with scientific - from the point of view of the theory of "Big Explosion".

And the other person in this case will be right ... rights from the point of view of their type of worldview! Here we come to the types of truth. In this case, the truth is both subjective points of view equally generally accepted! Agnosticians argue the impossibility of achieving full knowledge about the subject, phenomenon. In their opinion, it is impossible to comprehend the essence of things, you can only get closer to complete, comprehensive knowledge. So they recognize the possibility of relative truth. Gnostics, on the contrary, recognize the possibility of obtaining complete knowledge - absolute truth. Thus, two types of truth are distinguished - absolute truth and relative truth.

Absolute truth is an exhaustive knowledge of the subject (phenomenon) that will never be refuted.

Relative truth -? Think about the wording?

We see that the complexity of the topic is, one type of truth easily turns into another, and then can turn into so, the representations of medieval people about the world's device were for them the absolute truth (the land - the center of the Universe) was refuted by the Heliocentric theory of Copernicus - Bruno, And today they seemed funny delusion.

What is the mechanism of cognitive activity of man? The beginning of him gives our senses that contact the known object, deliver information about it the brain (vision, touch, smell, hearing, taste). This primary information is

Other forms of sensory (experienced, empirical knowledge) - (Evaluation of the sensation received from the sensation and is an image of a perceived object, which our brain can be reproduced using abstract thinking at any time, without even contacting him by the senses.

For what types of spiritual activity is characteristic of but is based on rational logical thinking. But, the information gives it sensual knowledge, for example.

Science is conceptual knowledge. Accordingly, rational (mental) knowledge begins with
Concepts - definitions of the object being studied.
Concepts bind to B. The judgment is complete thought.
The chain of logical judgments turns into Review - the final conclusionwhich in science is wearing a form Theories explaining a learned phenomenon.

Thus, sensual knowledge is a prerequisite.

The main methods of knowledge that form the result of specific species are

• Religious knowledge - based on faith;
• Aesthetic - art facilities based on ideas about beautiful;
• Scientific - based on theoretical and logical arguments;
• Overseas - based on practical experience and everyday ideas of man.

Now let theoretical knowledge gained today on the example of the task solutions! First, we will execute the task of the 27 test from (on the example

We apply our knowledge on the topic "Types of Knowledge" and enter missing words and phrases in skipping.

And our answer, which we transferred to the form is a digital sequence. 769854. And now we make a complex written task 25 of demo veries 2016.

Task 25. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "relative truth"? Attracting the knowledge of a social science rate, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the criteria (s) of the definition of truth, and one proposal that reveals the features of this type of truth.

Again! Today we identified two truths - relative and absolute. So relative truth is the type of truth. Now let's remember that it is distinguished by a feature? For example, the result of a certain level of science development.

Let us definition:

"Relative truth is the type of truth characterizing a certain stage of development of science."

In defining truth, we see that this knowledge corresponding to real reality. We answer, adjusting to the wording of the question as much as possible:

"The criterion for determining the truth is the correspondence of the acquittive of reality."

One sentence reveals the features of this (relative) type of truth. What else is the relative truth?

"The relative truth is characterized by subjectivity."

And our full answer:

"The relative truth is the type of truth characterizing a certain stage of development of science.

1. The criterion for determining the truth is the correspondence of the acquittive of reality. 2. The relative truth is characterized by subjectivity. "

Thus, we today dismantled with you two topics from the types of knowledge. The concept of truth, its criteria.

Section Knowledge

Cognition: Levels and methods.

Cognition - the process of human activity, the main content of which is the reflection of objective reality in its consciousness, and the result is to obtain a new knowledge of the environment.

Representatives of various philosophical directions in different ways answered the question about the possibilities of knowledgeworld.

Cognition has two levels (two sides) - sensual knowledge - is carried out by the senses (vision, hearing, smelling, tanging, taste) and rational knowledge - is inherent only by man, is a more complex way of reflection of reality, which is carried out by thinking.

Forms of sensual knowledge

Feeling - reflection of the individual properties of the subject, i phenomena, the process resulting from them directly

The impact on the senses.

Perception - the sensual image of the integral picture I object, process, phenomena, directly

The senses under the authorities.

Representation - Sensually visual, generalized image of the object, process, phenomena, persistent and reproducible in consciousness and without direct impact of the items themselves on the senses.

Forms of rational knowledge

Concept - Thought that approves common and essential I properties of the subject, process, phenomena.

Judgment - Thought that claims or denying that-I either about the subject, process, phenomenon.

Review (conclusion) - a mental connection between several judgments and the allocation of new judgment from them.

Differently considers the question of the place of sensual and rational knowledge.

Empirism is the only source of all of our knowledge is sensual experience.

Rationalism - our knowledge can be obtained only with the help of the mind, without support for feelings.

Truth is knowledge that matches its subject that coincides with it.

Absolute Truth is an exhaustive reliable knowledge of nature, man and society; Knowledge that can never be refuted.

Relative Truth is incomplete, inaccurate knowledge that meets a certain level of development of society, which determines how to obtain this knowledge; This is knowledge, depending on certain conditions, the place and time of it.

Objective truth is such a content of knowledge that does not depend on a person or from humanity.

Criteria (meters, indicators, what certifies the truth and allows you to distinguish it from delusion ) Truth:

compliance with the laws of logic;

compliance with previously open laws of science;

practice;

simplicity, economical form.

The error is an unconscious distortion of an object's image, this is the content of knowledge that does not correspond to reality, but the truth adopted.

Lies are a conscious distortion of an object image.

Knowledge - The result of the cognition of reality, obtained by a person in the course of the active reflection of the objective natural relations and relations of the real world.

Types of knowledge

Scientific knowledge

Scientific knowledge is a special type of cognitive activity aimed at developing objective, systems Organized I. reasonable Knowledge of nature, man and society.

The main features of scientific knowledge are the following:

Objectivity of the mined knowledge;

The development of the conceptual apparatus (categoricality);

Rationality associated with consistency,

Systemability;

Evidence and verifiability;

High level of knowledge generalization;

Versatility;

The use of special ways and methods of cognitive activity.

Scientific knowledge has its own levels, shapes and methods.

Law - Objective, substantial, universal, repeated, steady connection between phenomena and processes.

Problem - conscious wording of issues arising in the course of knowledge and requiring an answer.

Hypothesis (gr. Hypothesis - the base, assumption) - a scientific assumption formulated on the basis of a number of facts, the true meaning of which is vaguely, wears probabilistic nature and needs proof, verificationJustification.

Theory - the most developed form of scientific knowledge, giving holistic mapping of natural and substantial connections A certain area of \u200b\u200breality, system of laws.

Method (research path) is understood as instrument, means of knowledge.

The universal methods of scientific knowledge include analysis and synthesis.

Analysis (gr. Analysis - decomposition) - the process of mental or actual decomposition of the whole to composite parts.

Synthesis (gr. Synthesis - connection) - the process of mental or actual reunification of the whole of parts.

Induction (Lat. Inductio - guidance) - the path of experienced study of phenomena, during which the transition to general provisions are made from separate factor. Separate facts seem to bring on general.

Deduction (Lat. Deductio - derived) - proof or approval (consequence) from one or more other statements (parcels) based on the laws of logic, which is reliable.

Universal method of scientific knowledge is analogy (gr. Analogia - compliance) - similarities of non-identical objects in some sides, qualities, relationships. In modern science, the developed area of \u200b\u200bsystematic analogy is the so-called similarity theory, widely used in modeling.

Modeling - reproduction of the characteristics of some object on another object (model) specifically designed to study them.

Abstraction (from Lat. Abstractio - distraction) - one of the universal methods of knowledge, consisting in mental distraction from a number of properties of objects and relations between them and allocating any property or relationship.

Formalization (Lat. forma - view, image) - clarification of the content of the cognition carried out by means of the objects studied, phenomena, processes are compared with some material structures, allowing to identify and fix the essential and patterns of the objects under consideration.

Mathematization - Using various methods of measurement, allowing to attribute to material objects and their properties certain numbers, and then instead of labor-intensive work with objects to operate with numbers according to certain mathematical rules.

"Science formulates its conclusions in ____________ (1), laws and formulas, making an emotional relationship of knowing _____________ (2) to studied phenomena. All that science makes its ___________ (3), it explores on the part of the laws and _______ (4). Scientific

knowledge is based on the system __________ (5) and produces its own ___________ (6), different from

normal. "

A) question e) theory

B) object g) language

C) problem 3) subject

D) method i) reason

Answer: dried.

Social sciences, their classification

Social sciences are a form of spiritual activities of people, destinations on the production of knowledge of society.

The most common knowledge of society as a whole is designed to give such sciences as philosophy and sociology.

The most important social sciences

Social and humanitarian knowledge

Social knowledge is the process of acquiring and developing knowledge about man and society.

Features of social knowledge

1. Subject and object of knowledge coincide.

2. Obtained social knowledge is always associated with interests. individual subjects knowledge.

3. Social knowledge is always loaded with an assessmentThis is value knowledge. Natural science - "Rough Truths", social studies - "Truth of the Heart".

4. The complexity of the object of knowledge - societies that possesses a variety of different structures and is in constant development. Therefore, the establishment of social laws is difficult.

5. Since social life changes very quickly, then in the process of social knowledge, we can talk about the establishment of only relative truths.

6. The possibility of using such a method of scientific knowledge as an experiment is limited.

Describe and understand social phenomena allows the right approach to them. This means that social cognition should rely on the following principles:

Consider social reality in development;

Study social phenomena in their diverse bonds, in interdependence;

To identify common (historical patterns) and special in public phenomena.

Interpretation Social Fact is a complex procedure for its interpretation, generalizations, explanations.