Low back pain during pregnancy is a common complaint of women in position ....
Author Alexander Sergeevich Solodkov
Alexey Solodkov, Elena Sologub
Human physiology. General. Sports. Age
Textbook for higher educational institutions of physical culture
Edition 6, revised and enlarged
Approved by the Ministry of Physical Culture and Sports of the Russian Federation as a textbook for higher educational institutions of physical culture
The publication was prepared at the Department of Physiology of the National state university physical culture, sports and health named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg
Reviewers:
IN AND. Kuleshov, Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (VmedA named after S.M. Kirov)
THEM. Kozlov, doctor biol, and doctor ped. Sciences, prof.
(NSU named after P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg)
Foreword
Human physiology is theoretical basis a number of practical disciplines (medicine, psychology, pedagogy, biomechanics, biochemistry, etc.) different conditions activities. Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of regulation of various functions of the body has essential in understanding the course of recovery processes during and after strenuous muscular work.
Revealing the main mechanisms that ensure the existence of an integral organism and its interaction with the environment, physiology makes it possible to find out and study the conditions and nature of changes in the activity of various organs and systems in the process of human ontogenesis. Physiology is a science that carries out systems approach in the study and analysis of diverse intra- and intersystem interconnections of a complex human body and bringing them into specific functional formations and a unified theoretical picture.
It is important to emphasize that Russian researchers play a significant role in the development of modern scientific physiological concepts. Knowledge of the history of any science is a necessary prerequisite for a correct understanding of the place, role and significance of discipline in the content of the socio-political status of society, its influence on this science, as well as the influence of science and its representatives on the development of society. Therefore, the consideration of the historical path of development of individual sections of physiology, the mention of its most prominent representatives and the analysis of the natural science base, on which the basic concepts and concepts of this discipline were formed, make it possible to evaluate state of the art subject and determine its further promising directions.
Physiological science in Russia in the 18th – 19th centuries is represented by a galaxy of brilliant scientists - I.M. Sechenov, F.V. Ovsyannikov, A. Ya. Danilevsky, A.F. Samoilov, I.R. Tarkhanov, N.E. Vvedensky and others. But only I.М. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov is credited with creating new directions not only in Russian, but also in world physiology.
Physiology as independent discipline began to teach in 1738 at the Academic (later St. Petersburg) University. A significant role in the development of physiology belongs to the Moscow University, founded in 1755, where the Department of Physiology was opened in its structure in 1776.
In 1798, the Medical-Surgical (Military-Medical) Academy was founded in St. Petersburg, which played an exceptional role in the development of human physiology. The Department of Physiology created with her was successively headed by P.A. Zagorsky, D.M. Vellansky, N.M. Yakubovich, I.M. Sechenov, I.F. Zion, F.V. Ovsyannikov, I.R. Tarkhanov, I.P. Pavlov, L.A. Orbeli, A.V. Lebedinsky, M.P. Brestkin and other outstanding representatives of physiological science. Behind each named name there are discoveries in physiology of world significance.
Physiology was included in the curriculum at physical education universities from the first days of their organization. Created by P.F. Lesgaft in 1896 for the Higher Courses of Physical Education immediately opened a physiology room, the first head of which was Academician I.R. Tarkhanov. In subsequent years, physiology was taught here by N.P. Kravkov, A.A. Walter, P.P. Rostovtsev, V. Ya. Chagovets, A.G. Ginetsinsky, A.A. Ukhtomsky, L.A. Orbeli, I.S. Beritov, A.N. Krestovnikov, G.V. Folbort and others.
The rapid development of physiology and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in the country led to the emergence in the 30s of the 20th century of a new independent section of human physiology - the physiology of sports, although individual works devoted to the study of body functions during physical activity were published at the end of the 19th century (I O. Rozanov, S. S. Gruzdev, Yu.V. Blazhevich, P.K. Gorbachev and others). It should be emphasized that systematic research and teaching of sports physiology began in our country earlier than abroad, and were more purposeful. By the way, let us note that it was only in 1989 that the General Assembly of the International Union of Physiological Sciences made a decision to create a commission "Physiology of Sport" with it, although similar commissions and sections are in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, the All-Union Physiological Society. I.P. Pavlov State Sports Committee of the USSR existed in our country since the 1960s.
The theoretical prerequisites for the emergence and development of sports physiology were created by the fundamental works of I.M. Sechenov, I.P. Pavlova, N.E. Vvedensky, A.A. Ukhtomsky, I. S. Beritashvili, K. M. Bykov and others. However, a systematic study of the physiological foundations of physical culture and sports began much later. Especially great merit in the creation of this section of physiology belongs to L.A. Orbeli and his student A.N. Krestovnikov, and it is inextricably linked with the formation and development of the University of Physical Culture. P.F. Lesgaft and his Department of Physiology - the first such department among physical education universities in the country and in the world.
After the creation in 1919 of the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Physical Education. P.F. Lesgaft, this subject was taught by L.A. Orbeli, A.N. Krestovnikov, V.V. Vasilieva, A.B. Gandelsman, E.K. Zhukov, N.V. Zimkin, A.S. Mozzhukhin, E.B. Sologub, A.S. Solodkov and others. In 1938 A.N. Kreetovnikov published the first in our country and in the world "Textbook of Physiology" for the institutes of physical culture, and in 1939 - the monograph "Physiology of Sport". An important role in the further development of teaching the discipline was played by three editions of the "Textbook of Human Physiology" edited by N.V. Zimkina (1964, 1970, 1975).
The formation of sports physiology was largely due to the widespread implementation of fundamental and applied research on the subject. The development of any science poses for representatives of many specialties more and more new practical problems, to which the theory can not always and immediately give an unambiguous answer. However, as D. Croucroft wittily noted (1970), "... scientific research has one strange feature: it has a habit, sooner or later, to be useful for someone or for something." Analysis of the development of educational and scientific directions of sports physiology clearly confirms this position.
The requests of the theory and practice of physical education and training require physiological science to disclose the characteristics of the functioning of the body, taking into account the age of people and the laws of their adaptation to muscle activity... The scientific principles of physical education of children and adolescents are based on the physiological laws of human growth and development at different stages of ontogenesis. In the process of physical upbringing, one should not only improve motor readiness, but also form the necessary psychophysiological properties and qualities of a person, ensuring his readiness for work, for vigorous activity in the conditions of the modern world.
The formation of various organs and systems, motor qualities and skills, their improvement in the process of physical education can be successful if scientifically grounded application of various means and methods of physical culture, as well as, if necessary, intensification or reduction of muscle loads. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the age-sex and individual characteristics of children, adolescents, mature and elderly people, as well as the reserve capabilities of their body at different stages of individual development. Knowledge of such patterns by specialists will protect the practice of physical education from the use of both insufficient and excessive muscle loads that are dangerous to human health.
By now, considerable factual materials on sports and age physiology have been accumulated, presented in the corresponding textbooks and teaching aids. However, in recent years, new data have appeared on some sections of the subject that were not included in previous editions. In addition, due to the constantly changing and supplemented curriculum the content of the previously published sections of the discipline does not correspond to the modern thematic plans, according to which teaching is carried out in physical education universities in Russia. With this in mind, the proposed textbook contains systematized, supplemented and, in some cases, new materials within the framework of today's educational and scientific information on the subject. The corresponding sections of the textbook also include the results of the authors' own research.
In 1998-2000. A.S. Solodkov and E.B. Sologub published three textbooks on general, sports and age physiology, which were widely demanded by students, approved by teachers and served as the basis for training modern textbook... The textbook published by them in 2001 complies with the new discipline program, the requirements of the State Standard of Higher Professional Education Russian Federation and includes three parts - general, sports and age physiology.
Despite the large circulation of the first edition (10 thousand copies), two years later the textbook was not in stores. Therefore, after making some corrections and additions, in 2005 the textbook was republished in the previous edition. However, by the end of 2007 it proved impossible to acquire it anywhere. At the same time, from various regions of the Russian Federation, the CIS countries, the Department of Physiology regularly receives proposals on the need for the next reprint of the textbook. In addition, the authors have at their disposal some new materials that meet the requirements of the Bologna Process for specialists in physical culture and sports.
In the prepared third edition of the textbook, along with taking into account and implementing certain comments and suggestions of readers in it, two new chapters are also included: "The functional state of athletes" and "The influence of the genome on the functional state, performance and health of athletes." For the last chapter, some materials were presented by N.M. Konevoy-Hanson, for which the authors are sincerely grateful to Natalia Mikhailovna.
All comments and suggestions on the fifth edition, aimed at improving the quality of the textbook, the authors will be gratefully accepted.
Part I
General physiology
Any coach and teacher for a successful professional activity knowledge of the functions of the human body is necessary. Only taking into account the peculiarities of his life can help to correctly manage the growth and development of the human body, preserve the health of children and adults, maintain performance even in old age, rational use muscle loads in the process of physical education and sports training.
1. Introduction. History of physiology
The formation date of modern physiology is 1628, when the English physician and physiologist William Harvey published the results of his research on circulation in animals.
Physiology the science of the functions and mechanisms of activity of cells, tissues, organs, systems and the whole organism as a whole. The physiological function is the manifestation of the vital activity of the organism, which has an adaptive value.
1.1. The subject of physiology, its relationship with other sciences and importance for physical culture and sports
Physiology as a science is inextricably linked with other disciplines. It is based on knowledge of physics, biophysics and biomechanics, chemistry and biochemistry, general biology, genetics, histology, cybernetics, anatomy. In turn, physiology is the basis of medicine, psychology, pedagogy, sociology, theory and methods of physical education. In the process of development of physiological science from general physiology different private sections: physiology of work, physiology ...
Alexey Solodkov, Elena Sologub
Human physiology. General. Sports. Age
Textbook for higher educational institutions of physical culture. 7th edition
Approved by the Ministry of Physical Culture and Sports of the Russian Federation as a textbook for higher educational institutions of physical culture
The publication was prepared at the Department of Physiology of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after V.I. P.F. Lesgaft, St. Petersburg
Reviewers:
V. I. Kuleshov, Dr. med. Sciences, prof. (VmedA named after S.M. Kirov)
I. M. Kozlov, doctor biol. and doctor ped. Sciences, prof. (NSU named after P.F.Lesgaft, St. Petersburg)
© Solodkov A.S., Sologub E. B., 2001, 2005, 2008, 2015, 2017
© Publishing, LLC Publishing house "Sport", 2017
* * *Solodkov Aleksey Sergeevich - Professor of the Department of Physiology of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after V.I. PF Lesgaft (for 25 years head of the department 1986–2012).
Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Academician of the Petrovsk Academy of Sciences and Arts, Honorary Worker of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the "Physiology of Sports" section and member of the Board of the St. Petersburg Physiological Society. I.M.Sechenov.
Sologub Elena Borisovna - Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor. Since 2002 he has been living in New York (USA).
At the Department of Physiology of the National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health named after PF Lesgaft worked from 1956, from 1986 to 2002 - as a professor of the department. Was elected academician of the Russian Academy of Medical and Technical Sciences, Honorary Worker higher education Russia, a member of the Board of the St. Petersburg Society of Physiologists, Biochemists and Pharmacologists. I.M.Sechenov.
Foreword
Human physiology is the theoretical basis for a number of practical disciplines (medicine, psychology, pedagogy, biomechanics, biochemistry, etc.). Without understanding the normal course of physiological processes and the constants characterizing them, various specialists cannot correctly assess the functional state of the human body and its performance in various conditions of activity. Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms of regulation of various functions of the body is important in understanding the course of recovery processes during and after intense muscular work.
Revealing the main mechanisms that ensure the existence of an integral organism and its interaction with the environment, physiology makes it possible to find out and study the conditions and nature of changes in the activity of various organs and systems in the process of human ontogenesis. Physiology is a science that carries out systems approach in the study and analysis of diverse intra- and intersystem interconnections of a complex human organism and their reduction into specific functional formations and a unified theoretical picture.
It is important to emphasize that Russian researchers play a significant role in the development of modern scientific physiological concepts. Knowledge of the history of any science is a necessary prerequisite for a correct understanding of the place, role and significance of discipline in the content of the socio-political status of society, its influence on this science, as well as the influence of science and its representatives on the development of society. Therefore, consideration of the historical path of development of individual sections of physiology, mention of its most prominent representatives and analysis of the natural science base, on which the basic concepts and concepts of this discipline were formed, make it possible to assess the current state of the subject and determine its further promising directions.
Physiological science in Russia in the XVIII-XIX centuries is represented by a galaxy of brilliant scientists - I. M. Sechenov, F. V. Ovsyannikov, A. Ya. Danilevsky, A. F. Samoilov, I. R. Tarkhanov, N. E. Vvedensky and others. But only IM Sechenov and IP Pavlov are credited with creating new directions not only in Russian, but also in world physiology.
Physiology as an independent discipline began to be taught in 1738 at the Academic (later St. Petersburg) University. A significant role in the development of physiology belongs to the Moscow University, founded in 1755, where the Department of Physiology was opened in its structure in 1776.
In 1798, the Medical-Surgical (Military-Medical) Academy was founded in St. Petersburg, which played an exceptional role in the development of human physiology. The Department of Physiology created with her was successively headed by P.A.Zagorsky, D.M. Vellansky, N.M. Yakubovich, I.M.Sechenov, I.F. P. Pavlov, L. A. Orbeli, A. V. Lebedinsky, MP Brestkin and other outstanding representatives of physiological science. Behind each named name there are discoveries in physiology of world significance.
Physiology was included in the curriculum at physical education universities from the first days of their organization. At the Higher Courses of Physical Education, created by PF Lesgaft in 1896, a physiology room was immediately opened, the first head of which was Academician I.R. In subsequent years, physiology was taught here by N.P. Kravkov, A.A. Walter, P.P. Rostovtsev, V.Ya. Chagovets, A. G. Ginetsinsky, A. A. Ukhtomsky, L. A. Orbeli, I. S. Beritov, A. N. Krestovnikov, G. V. Folbort and others.
The rapid development of physiology and the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in the country led to the emergence in the 30s of the 20th century of a new independent section of human physiology - the physiology of sports, although individual works devoted to the study of body functions during physical activity were published at the end of the 19th century (I O. Rozanov, S. S. Gruzdev, Yu. V. Blazhevich, P. K. Gorbachev and others). It should be emphasized that systematic research and teaching of sports physiology began in our country earlier than abroad, and were more purposeful. By the way, let us note that it was only in 1989 that the General Assembly of the International Union of Physiological Sciences made a decision to create a commission "Physiology of Sport" with it, although similar commissions and sections are in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, the All-Union Physiological Society. IP Pavlova Goskomsport of the USSR existed in our country since the 1960s.
Theoretical prerequisites for the emergence and development of sports physiology were created by the fundamental works of I.M.Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov, N.E. Vvedensky, A.A.Ukhtomsky, I.S.Beritashvili, K.M.Bykov and others. However, a systematic study of the physiological foundations of physical culture and sports began much later. Especially great merit in the creation of this section of physiology belongs to L.A. Orbeli and his student A.N. PF Lesgaft and his Department of Physiology - the first such department among physical education universities in the country and in the world.
After the creation in 1919 of the Department of Physiology at the Institute of Physical Education. P.F.Lesgaft teaching this subject carried out by L. A. Orbeli, A. N. Krestovnikov, V. V. Vasilieva, A. B. Gandelsman, E. K. Zhukov, N. V. Zimkin, A. S. Mozzhukhin, E. B. Sologub, A. S. Solodkov, etc. In 1938 A. N. Krestovnikov published the first in our country and in the world "Textbook of Physiology" for the institutes of physical culture, and in 1939 - the monograph "Physiology of Sport". An important role in the further development of teaching the discipline was played by three editions of the "Textbook of Human Physiology" edited by NV Zimkin (1964, 1970, 1975).
The formation of the physiology of sports was largely due to the widespread conduct of fundamental and applied research on the subject. The development of any science poses for representatives of many specialties more and more new practical problems, to which the theory can not always and immediately give an unambiguous answer. However, as D. Croucroft wittily noted (1970), "... scientific research has one strange feature: it has a habit, sooner or later, to be useful for someone or for something." Analysis of the development of educational and scientific directions of sports physiology clearly confirms this position.
The requests of the theory and practice of physical education and training require physiological science to disclose the peculiarities of the functioning of the organism, taking into account the age of people and the laws of their adaptation to muscular activity. The scientific principles of physical education of children and adolescents are based on the physiological laws of human growth and development at different stages of ontogenesis. In the process of physical upbringing, one should not only improve motor readiness, but also form the necessary psychophysiological properties and qualities of a person, ensuring his readiness for work, for vigorous activity in the conditions of the modern world.
The textbook has been prepared in accordance with new program on physiology for universities of physical culture and the requirements of the State Standard of Higher Professional Education.
For students, graduate students, researchers, teachers, trainers and doctors working in the field of physical culture.
FOREWORD ...... 3 Part I. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY ...... 8 1. Introduction. History of physiology ...... 8 1. 1. The subject of physiology, its relationship with other sciences and importance for physical culture and sports ...... 8 1. 2. Methods of physiological research ...... 9 1 . 3. Short story physiology ...... 10 2. General laws of physiology and its basic concepts ...... 12 2. 1. Basic functional characteristics of excitable tissues ...... 12 2. 2. Nervous and humoral regulation of functions. ..... 14 2. 3. Reflex mechanism of activity nervous system...... 15 2. 4. Homeostasis ...... 16 2. 5. The emergence of arousal and its conduction ...... 17 3. Nervous system ...... 21 3.1. The main functions of the central nervous system ...... 21 3. 2. The main functions and interactions of neurons ...... 21 3. 3. Features of the activity of the nerve centers ...... 25 3. 4. Coordination of the activity of the central nervous system .. .... 29 3. 5. Functions of the spinal cord and subcortical regions of the brain ...... 33 3. 6. Autonomic nervous system ...... 39 3. 7. Limbic system ...... 43 3. 8. Functions of the cerebral cortex ... 43 4. Higher nervous activity ... 49 4. 1. Conditions of formation and varieties conditioned reflexes... 49 4. 2. External and internal inhibition of conditioned reflexes ... 52 4. 3. Dynamic stereotype ... 52 4. 4. Types of higher nervous activity, the first and second signal system ...... 53 5. Neuromuscular apparatus ...... 55 5. 1. Functional organization of skeletal muscles ...... 55 5. 2. Mechanisms of contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers .... .. 57 5. 3. Single and tetanic contraction. Electromyogram ...... 60 5. 4. Morphofunctional bases muscle strength...... 63 5. 5. Modes of muscle work ...... 67 5. 6. Energy of muscle contraction ...... 68 6. Free movements ...... 71 6.1. Basic principles of the organization of movements ... 71 6. 2. The role of different parts of the central nervous system in the regulation of postural-tonic reactions ... 75 6. 3. The role of different parts of the central nervous system in the regulation of movements ... 77 6. 4. Descending motor systems ... 81 7. Sensory systems ... 83 7. 1. General plan of the organization and function of sensory systems ... 83 7. 2. Classification and mechanisms excitation of receptors ... 84 7. 3. Properties of receptors ... 86 7. 4. Coding of information ... 87 7. 5. Visual sensory system ... 88 7 . 6. Auditory sensory system ... 93 7. 7. Vestibular sensory system ... 96 7. 8. Motor sensory system ... 99 7. 9. Sensory systems of the skin, internal organs, taste and smell ...... 102 7. 10. Processing, interaction and the meaning of sensory information ...... 105 8. Blood ...... 109 8. 1. Composition, volume and function of blood. ..... 110 8. 2. Blood corpuscles ...... 112 8. 3. Physicochemical properties of blood plasma ...... 116 8. 4. Blood coagulation and transfusion ...... 118 8. 5. Regulation of the blood system ...... 121 9. Blood circulation ...... 123 9. 1. The heart and its physiological properties ...... 123 9. 2. The movement of blood through the vessels (hemodynamics) ...... 128 9. 3. Regulation of cardio-vascular system...... 132 10. Breathing ...... 136 10. 1. External respiration ...... 136 10. 2. Exchange of gases in the lungs and their transport by blood ...... 139 10 3. Regulation of respiration ...... 143 11. Digestion ...... 145 11. 1. general characteristics digestive processes ...... 145 11. 2. Digestion in various departments gastrointestinal tract...... 147 11. 3. Absorption of food digestion products ...... 153 12. Metabolism and energy ...... 155 12. 1. Protein metabolism ...... 155 12. 2. Exchange of carbohydrates ... 156 12. 3. Exchange of lipids ... 157 12. 4. Exchange of water and mineral salts ... 159 12. 5. Exchange of energy .... .. 160 12. 6. Regulation of metabolism and energy ...... 163 13. Excretion ...... 165 13. 1. General characteristics of excretory processes ...... 165 13. 2. Kidneys and their functions ...... 165 13. 3. The process of urination and its regulation ...... 168 13. 4. Homeostatic function of the kidneys ...... 170 13. 5. Urination and urination .... .. 170 13. 6. Sweating ...... 171 14. Heat exchange ...... 173 14. 1. Human body temperature and isothermia ...... 173 14. 2. Mechanisms of heat generation .. .... 174 14. 3. Mechanisms of heat transfer ...... 176 14. 4. Regulation of heat exchange ...... 177 15. Internal secretion ...... 178 15. 1. General characteristics of the endocrine system ...... 178 15. 2. Functions of the endocrine glands ...... 181 15. 3. Changed endocrine functions in various conditions ...... 192 Part II. SPORT PHYSIOLOGY ...... 198 Section I. GENERAL SPORT PHYSIOLOGY ...... 198 1. Sports physiology- educational and scientific discipline ...... 199 1. 1. Sports physiology, its content and tasks ...... 199 1. 2. The Department of Physiology and its role in the formation and development of sports physiology ..... 201 1. 3. State and development prospects of sports physiology ...... 206 2. Adaptation to physical activity and reserve capacities of the body ...... 210 2. 1. Dynamics of body functions during adaptation and its stages .. .... 211 2. 2. Physiological characteristics of adaptation to physical activity ... 215 2. 3. Urgent and long-term adaptation to physical activity ... 217 2. 4. Functional adaptation system ... ... 221 2. 5. The concept of the physiological reserves of the body ... 224 3. Functional states of athletes ... 226 3. 1. General characteristics of functional states ... 226 3.2 Physiological patterns of development of functional states ...... 229 3. 3. Types of functional states ...... 231 4. Functional changes in the body during physical exertion ...... 237 4. 1. Change changes in the functions of various organs and systems of the body ...... 237 4. 2. Functional shifts at loads of constant power ...... 240 4. 3. Functional shifts at loads of variable power ...... 241 4. 4. Applied value functional changes to assess the performance of athletes ... 243 5. Physiological characteristics of the states of the organism during sports activities ... 244 5. 1. The role of emotions in sports activities ... 244 5. 2. Pre-start states ...... 247 5. 3. Warming up and practicing ...... 250 5. 4. Steady state during cyclic exercises ...... 252 5. 5. Special states of the organism during acyclic, static and exercises of variable power ...... 253 6. Physical working capacity of an athlete ...... 254 6. 1. The concept of physical working capacity and methodological approaches to its definition ...... 255 6. 2. Principles and methods testing physical performance ... 257 6. 3. Connection of physical performance with the orientation of the training process in sports ... 262 6. 4. Reserves of physical performance ... 264 7. Physiological bases of fatigue in athletes ...... 269 7. 1. Definition and physiological mechanisms of fatigue development ...... 269 7. 2. Factor fatigue and the state of body functions ...... 273 7. 3. Features of fatigue in different types physical activity ... 275 7. 4. Pre-exhaustion, chronic fatigue and overwork ... 278 8. Physiological characteristics of recovery processes ... 281 8. 1. General characteristics of recovery processes ... ... 281 8. 2. Physiological mechanisms of recovery processes ... 283 8. 3. Physiological patterns of recovery processes ... 285 8. 4. Physiological measures to increase the efficiency of recovery ... 288 Section II. PRIVATE SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY ...... 291 9. Physiological classification and characteristics physical exercise...... 291 9. 1. Different criteria for the classification of exercises ...... 292 9. 2. Modern classification physical exercises ...... 293 9. 3. Physiological characteristics of sports postures and static loads ...... 294 9. 4. Physiological characteristics of standard cyclic and acyclic movements ...... 298 9. 5. Physiological characteristic of non-standard movements ...... 303 10. Physiological mechanisms and patterns of development of physical qualities ...... 305 10. 1. Forms of manifestation, mechanisms and reserves of strength development ...... 306 10. 2. Forms manifestations, mechanisms and reserves for the development of speed ...... 310 10. 3. Forms of manifestation, mechanisms and reserves for the development of endurance ...... 313 10. 4. The concept of dexterity and flexibility. Mechanisms and patterns of their development ...... 318 11. Physiological mechanisms and patterns of motor skills formation ...... 320 11. 1. Motor skills, skills and methods of their research ...... 320 11. 2 Physiological mechanisms of motor skills formation ...... 321 11. 3. Physiological regularities and stages of motor skills formation ...... 324 11. 4. Physiological bases of motor skills improvement ...... 330 12. Physiological fundamentals of fitness development ...... 333 12. 1. Physiological characteristics of training and the state of fitness ...... 334 12. 2. Testing functional preparedness athletes at rest ...... 336 12. 3. Testing the functional readiness of athletes at standard and extreme loads ...... 339 12. 4. Physiological characteristics of overtraining and overstraining ...... 343 13. Sports performance in special environmental conditions ... 346 13. 1. Influence of air temperature and humidity on sports performance ... 346 13. 2. Sports performance under conditions of changed barometric pressure ... 348 13 3. Sports performance when changing climatic conditions ...... 353 13. 4. Physiological changes in the body during swimming ...... 355 14. Physiological foundations of women's sports training ...... 357 14 . 1. Morphofunctional features female body...... 357 14. 2. Changes in body functions during training ...... 365 14. 3. Influence of the biological cycle on the working capacity of women ...... 370 14. 4. Individualization of the training process taking into account phases of the biological cycle ... 373 15. Physiological and genetic characteristics of sports selection ... 375 15. 1. Physiological and genetic approach to sports selection ... 376 15. 2. Hereditary influences on the morpho-functional characteristics and physical qualities of a person ...... 378 15. 3. Taking into account the physiological and genetic characteristics of a person in sports selection ...... 383 15. 4. The value of genetically adequate and inadequate choice of sports activity and sensorimotor dominance ...... 390 15. 5. Use of genetic markers to search for highly and rapidly trained athletes ...... 395 16. The influence of the genome on the functional state, performance and health of athletes ...... 398 16. 1. Storage, transmission of hereditary information and decoding of the genome ... 398 16. 2. Genetic DNA markers in sports ...... 402 16. 3. Genetic doping in sports ...... 405 16. 4. Doping detection ...... 415 16. 5. Health risks. ..... 417 17. Physiological foundations of health-improving physical culture ...... 421 17. 1. The role of physical culture in the conditions of modern life ...... 422 17. 2. Hypokinesia, physical inactivity and their effect on the body person ...... 425 17. 3. The main forms of health-improving physical culture and their influence on the functional state of the body ...... 428 Part III. AGE PHYSIOLOGY ...... 435 1. General physiological patterns of growth and development of the human body ...... 435 1. 1. Periodization and heterochrony of development ...... 435 1. 2. Sensitive periods...... 438 1. 3. The influence of heredity and the environment on the development of the body ... 441 1. 4. Epoch-making and individual acceleration, biological and passport age ... 444 2. Physiological characteristics of the body of children of preschool and primary school age and their adaptation to physical activity ... ... 448 2. 1. Development of the central nervous system, higher nervous activity and sensory systems ... 448 2. 2. Physical development and the musculoskeletal system ...... 456 2. 3. Features of blood , blood circulation and respiration ...... 457 2. 4. Peculiarities of digestion, metabolism and energy ...... 461 2. 5. Features of thermoregulation, processes of excretion and activity of endocrine glands ...... 462 2. 6. Physiological characteristics of adaptation of children of preschool and primary school age to physical activity ... 466 3. Physiological characteristics of the organism of children of middle and senior school age and their adaptation to physical activity ... 488 3.1 . Development of the central nervous system, higher nervous activity and sensory x systems ...... 489 3. 2. Physical development and musculoskeletal system ...... 494 3. 3. Peculiarities of blood, blood circulation and respiration ...... 497 3. 4. Peculiarities of digestion , excretion and endocrine system ...... 500 3. 5. Features of thermoregulation, metabolism and energy ...... 506 3. 6. Physiological characteristics of adaptation of children of middle and senior school age to physical activity .... .. 508 4. Physiological features of a physical education lesson at school ... 530 4. 1. Physiological substantiation of the rationing of physical activity for school-age children ...... 530 4. 2. Changes in the functions of the body of schoolchildren in a physical lesson culture ...... 533 4. 3. Influence of physical culture lessons on physical, functional development, working capacity and health status of schoolchildren ...... 536 4. 4. Physiological and pedagogical control over physical culture lessons and physiological criteria of recovery organism of schoolchildren ...... 543 5. Physiological features organ ism of people of mature and old age and their adaptation to physical activity ... 548 5. 1. Aging, life expectancy, adaptive reactions and reactivity of the body ... 549 5. 2. Age characteristics of the musculoskeletal system , vegetative and sensory systems ...... 553 5. 3. Age characteristics of regulatory systems ...... 557 5. 4. Physiological characteristics of adaptation of people of mature and elderly age to physical activity ...... 561 6 . Physiological features of information processing in athletes of different ages...... 573 6. 1. The value of information processing processes for sport and their age characteristics ...... 573 6. 2. Physiological foundations of the processes of perception, decision-making and programming of response actions ...... 575 6. 3. Speed and efficiency of tactical thinking. The brain capacity ...... 579 6. 4. Noise resistance of athletes, its age characteristics ...... 582 7. Functional asymmetries of athletes of different ages ...... 583 7. 1. Motor asymmetries in humans, their age characteristics ...... 583 7. 2. Sensory and mental asymmetries. Individual profile of asymmetry ...... 586 7. 3. Manifestation of functional asymmetry in athletes ...... 589 7. 4. Physiological bases of training process control taking into account functional asymmetry ...... 593 8. Physiological bases individual-typological characteristics of athletes and their development in ontogenesis ... 595 8. 1. Individual-typological characteristics of a person ... 596 8. 2. Development of typological characteristics in ontogenesis ... 598 8 3. Individual-typological characteristics of athletes and their consideration in the training process ...... 601 8. 4. Individual-typological characteristics of biorhythms and their influence on human performance ...... 604 CONCLUSION ...... 609
Publisher: "Sport" (2015)
The textbook has been prepared in accordance with the new physiology program for universities of physical culture and the requirements of the State Standard of Higher Professional Education.
For students, graduate students, researchers, teachers, trainers and doctors working in the field of physical culture.
FOREWORD ...... 3 Part I. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY ...... 8 1. Introduction. History of physiology ...... 8 1. 1. The subject of physiology, its relationship with other sciences and importance for physical culture and sports ...... 8 1. 2. Methods of physiological research ...... 9 1 3. Brief history of physiology ...... 10 2. General laws of physiology and its basic concepts ...... 12 2. 1. Basic functional characteristics of excitable tissues ...... 12 2. 2. Nervous and humoral regulation of functions ... 14 2. 3. Reflex mechanism of the nervous system ... 15 2. 4. Homeostasis ... 16 2. 5. The emergence of excitement and its conduction .. .... 17 3. Nervous system ...... 21 3. 1. Basic functions of the central nervous system ...... 21 3. 2. Basic functions and interactions of neurons ...... 21 3.3. Features of the activity of the nerve centers ...... 25 3. 4. Coordination of the activity of the central nervous system ...... 29 3. 5. Functions of the spinal cord and subcortical parts of the brain ...... 33 3. 6. Autonomic nervous system ...... 39 3. 7. Limbic system ...... 43 3. 8. Functions of the cerebral cortex ...... 43 4. Higher n Nervous activity ...... 49 4. 1. Conditions of formation and varieties of conditioned reflexes ...... 49 4. 2. External and internal inhibition of conditioned reflexes ...... 52 4. 3. Dynamic stereotype. ..... 52 4. 4. Types of higher nervous activity, the first and second signaling systems ...... 53 5. Neuromuscular apparatus ...... 55 5. 1. Functional organization of skeletal muscles .. .... 55 5. 2. Mechanisms of contraction and relaxation of muscle fibers ...... 57 5. 3. Single and tetanic contraction. Electromyogram ...... 60 5. 4. Morphofunctional bases of muscle strength ...... 63 5. 5. Modes of muscle work ...... 67 5. 6. Energy of muscle contraction ...... 68 6. Voluntary movements ...... 71 6. 1. Basic principles of the organization of movements ...... 71 6. 2. The role of various parts of the central nervous system in the regulation of postural-tonic reactions ...... 75 6. 3. The role of various parts of the central nervous system in the regulation of movements ... 77 6. 4. Descending motor systems ... 81 7. Sensory systems ... 83 7. 1. General plan of organization and function sensory systems ...... 83 7. 2. Classification and mechanisms of receptor excitation ...... 84 7. 3. Properties of receptors ...... 86 7. 4. Coding of information ...... 87 7. 5. Visual sensory system ... 88 7. 6. Auditory sensory system ... 93 7. 7. Vestibular sensory system ... 96 7. 8. Motor sensory system ...... 99 7. 9. Sensory systems of the skin, internal organs, taste and smell. ..... 102 7. 10. Processing, interaction and meaning of sensory information ...... 105 8. Blood ...... 109 8. 1. Composition, volume and function of blood ...... 110 8. 2. Blood corpuscles ...... 112 8. 3. Physicochemical properties of blood plasma ...... 116 8. 4. Blood coagulation and transfusion ...... 118 8. 5 . Regulation of the blood system ...... 121 9. Blood circulation ...... 123 9. 1. The heart and its physiological properties ...... 123 9. 2. The movement of blood through the vessels (hemodynamics) .. .... 128 9. 3. Regulation of the cardiovascular system ...... 132 10. Breathing ...... 136 10. 1. External respiration ...... 136 10. 2. Gas exchange in the lungs and their blood transport ...... 139 10. 3. Regulation of respiration ...... 143 11. Digestion ...... 145 11. 1. General characteristics of the digestive processes ...... 145 11. 2. Digestion in various parts of the gastrointestinal tract ...... 147 11. 3. Absorption of food digestion products ...... 153 12. Metabolism and energy ...... 155 12. 1. Protein metabolism ...... 155 12. 2. The metabolism of carbohydrates ...... 15 6 12. 3. Exchange of lipids ... 157 12. 4. Exchange of water and mineral salts ... 159 12. 5. Exchange of energy ... 160 12. 6. Regulation of metabolism and energy ...... 163 13. Excretion ...... 165 13. 1. General characteristics of excretory processes ...... 165 13. 2. Kidneys and their functions ...... 165 13 3. The process of urination and its regulation ...... 168 13. 4. Homeostatic function of the kidneys ...... 170 13. 5. Urination and urination ...... 170 13. 6. Sweating .. .... 171 14. Heat exchange ...... 173 14. 1. Human body temperature and isothermy ...... 173 14. 2. Mechanisms of heat generation ...... 174 14. 3. Mechanisms heat transfer ...... 176 14. 4. Regulation of heat exchange ...... 177 15. Internal secretion ...... 178 15. 1. General characteristics of the endocrine system ...... 178 15. 2 Functions of endocrine glands ...... 181 15. 3. Changes in endocrine functions in various conditions ...... 192 Part II. SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY ...... 198 Section I. GENERAL SPORT PHYSIOLOGY ...... 198 1. Sports physiology is an educational and scientific discipline ...... 199 1. 1. Sports physiology, its content and objectives. ..... 199 1. 2. Department of Physiology and its role in the formation and development of sports physiology ...... 201 1. 3. State and prospects for the development of sports physiology ...... 206 2. Adaptation to physical loads and reserve capacities of the body ...... 210 2. 1. Dynamics of body functions during adaptation and its stages ...... 211 2. 2. Physiological characteristics of adaptation to physical loads. ..... 215 2. 3. Urgent and long-term adaptation to physical activity ...... 217 2. 4. Functional adaptation system ...... 221 2. 5. The concept of the physiological reserves of the body ... ... 224 3. Functional states of athletes ... 226 3. 1. General characteristics of functional states ... 226 3. 2. Physiological patterns of development of functional states ... 229 3. 3 Types of functional states ...... 231 4. Functional changes in the body during physical exertion ...... 237 4. 1. Changes in the functions of various organs and systems of the body ...... 237 4. 2. Functional shifts at loads of constant power ...... 240 4. 3. Functional shifts at loads of variable power ...... 241 4. 4. Applied value of functional changes to assess the performance of athletes ...... 243 5. Physiological characteristics of the organism's states during sports activity ...... 244 5. 1. The role of emotions during sports activity ...... 244 5. 2. Pre-start states iya ...... 247 5. 3. Warm-up and training ...... 250 5. 4. Steady state during cyclic exercises ...... 252 5. 5. Special states of the body with acyclic, static and exercises of variable power ...... 253 6. Physical working capacity of an athlete ...... 254 6. 1. The concept of physical working capacity and methodological approaches to its definition ...... 255 6. 2. Principles and methods testing physical performance ... 257 6. 3. Connection of physical performance with the orientation of the training process in sports ... 262 6. 4. Reserves of physical performance ... 264 7. Physiological bases of fatigue in athletes ...... 269 7. 1. Definition and physiological mechanisms of the development of fatigue ...... 269 7. 2. Factors of fatigue and the state of body functions ... physical exertion ...... 275 7. 4. Prefatigue, chronic fatigue and overwork ...... 278 8. Physiological characteristics of restorative processes ... 281 8. 1. General characteristics of recovery processes ... 281 8. 2. Physiological mechanisms of recovery processes ... 283 8. 3. Physiological patterns of recovery processes ... .. 285 8. 4. Physiological measures to improve the efficiency of recovery ...... 288 Section II. PRIVATE SPORT PHYSIOLOGY ...... 291 9. Physiological classification and characteristics of physical exercises ...... 291 9. 1. Various criteria for the classification of exercises. ..... 292 9. 2. Modern classification of physical exercises ...... 293 9. 3. Physiological characteristics of sports postures and static loads ...... 294 9. 4. Physiological characteristics of standard cyclic and acyclic movements ...... 298 9. 5. Physiological characteristics of non-standard movements ...... 303 10. Physiological mechanisms and patterns of development of physical qualities ...... 305 10. 1. Forms of manifestation, mechanisms and reserves of strength development ...... 306 10. 2. Forms of manifestation, mechanisms and reserves of development of speed ...... 310 10. 3. Forms of manifestation, mechanisms and reserves of endurance development ...... 313 10. 4. Concept about agility and flexibility. Mechanisms and patterns of their development ...... 318 11. Physiological mechanisms and patterns of motor skills formation ...... 320 11. 1. Motor skills, skills and methods of their research ...... 320 11. 2 Physiological mechanisms of motor skills formation ...... 321 11. 3. Physiological regularities and stages of motor skills formation ...... 324 11. 4. Physiological bases of motor skills improvement ...... 330 12. Physiological fundamentals of fitness development ...... 333 12. 1. Physiological characteristics of training and the state of fitness ...... 334 12. 2. Testing of functional fitness of athletes at rest ...... 336 12. 3. Testing of functional fitness of athletes with standard and extreme loads ...... 339 12. 4. Physiological characteristics of overtraining and overstrain ...... 343 13. Sports performance in special environmental conditions ...... 346 13. 1. Influence of temperature and humidity air for sports performance ...... 346 13. 2. Sports performance under conditions of altered barometric pressure ...... 348 13. 3. Sports performance under changing climatic conditions ...... 353 13. 4. Physiological changes in the body during swimming ...... 355 14. Physiological foundations of sports training for women ...... 357 14. 1. Morphofunctional characteristics of the female body ...... 357 14. 2. Changes in functions organism in the process of training ...... 365 14. 3. Influence of the biological cycle on the working capacity of women ...... 370 14. 4. Individualization of the training process taking into account the phases of the biological cycle ...... 373 15. Physiology -genetic features of sports selection ... 375 15. 1. Physiological and genetic approach to sports selection ... 376 15. 2. Hereditary influences on the morpho-functional characteristics and physical qualities of a person ... 378 15. 3. Taking into account the physiological and genetic characteristics of a person in sports selection ... and inadequate choice of sports activity and sensorimotor dominance ...... 390 15. 5. Use of genetic markers to search for highly and rapidly trained athletes ...... 395 16. The influence of the genome on the functional state, performance and health of athletes .. .... 398 16. 1. Storage, transmission of hereditary information and decoding of the genome ...... 398 16. 2. Genetic DNA markers in sports ...... 402 16. 3. Genetic doping in sports .. .... 405 16. 4. Detection of doping ...... 415 16. 5. Health risks ...... 417 17. Physiological foundations of health-improving physical culture ...... 421 17. 1. The role of physical culture in the conditions of modern life ... 422 17. 2. Hypokinesia, physical inactivity and their effect on the human body ... 4 25 17. 3. The main forms of health-improving physical culture and their influence on the functional state of the body ...... 428 Part III. AGE PHYSIOLOGY ... 435 1. General physiological patterns of growth and development of the human body ... 435 1. 1. Periodization and heterochronism of development ... 435 1. 2. Sensitive periods ... ... 438 1. 3. The influence of heredity and the environment on the development of the body ... 441 1. 4. Epoch-making and individual acceleration, biological and passport age ... 444 2. Physiological characteristics of the body of preschool children and primary school age and their adaptation to physical activity ... 448 2. 1. Development of the central nervous system, higher nervous activity and sensory systems ... 448 2. 2. Physical development and musculoskeletal system ...... 456 2. 3. Peculiarities of blood, blood circulation and respiration ...... 457 2. 4. Peculiarities of digestion, metabolism and energy ...... 461 2. 5. Peculiarities of thermoregulation, processes excretion and activity of endocrine glands ... 462 2. 6. Physiological characteristics of adaptation of preschool and primary school children about age to physical activity ... 466 3. Physiological characteristics of the organism of children of middle and senior school age and their adaptation to physical activity ... 488 3. 1. Development of the central nervous system, higher nervous activity and sensory systems ...... 489 3. 2. Physical development and musculoskeletal system ... ... 494 3. 3. Peculiarities of blood, blood circulation and respiration ... 497 3. 4. Peculiarities of digestion, excretion and endocrine system ... 500 3. 5. Peculiarities of thermoregulation, metabolism and energy ...... 506 3. 6. Physiological characteristics of adaptation of children of middle and senior school age to physical activity ...... 508 4. Physiological characteristics of a physical education lesson at school ...... 530 4.1. Physiological substantiation of standardization of physical activity for schoolchildren ...... 530 4. 2. Changes in the functions of the body of schoolchildren in the physical culture lesson ...... 533 4. 3. The influence of physical culture lessons on physical, functional development, working capacity and the state of health of schoolchildren ... 536 4. 4. Physiological and pedagogical control over physical education and physiological criteria for the recovery of the body of schoolchildren ... 543 5. Physiological characteristics of the body of people of mature and old age and their adaptation to physical activity. ..... 548 5. 1. Aging, life expectancy, adaptive reactions and reactivity of the body ...... 549 5. 2. Age characteristics of the musculoskeletal system, autonomic and sensory systems ...... 553 5 3. Age characteristics of regulatory systems ...... 557 5. 4. Physiological characteristics of adaptation of people of mature and elderly age to physical activity ...... 561 6. Physiological characteristics of information processing in athletes of different ages .... .. 573 6. 1. The value of information processing processes for sport and their age characteristics ...... 573 6. 2. Physiological foundations of the processes of perception, decision-making and programming of response actions ...... 575 6. 3. The speed and efficiency of tactical thinking. The brain capacity ...... 579 6. 4. Noise resistance of athletes, its age characteristics ...... 582 7. Functional asymmetries of athletes of different ages ...... 583 7. 1. Motor asymmetries in humans, their age characteristics ...... 583 7. 2. Sensory and mental asymmetries. Individual profile of asymmetry ...... 586 7. 3. Manifestation of functional asymmetry in athletes ...... 589 7. 4. Physiological foundations of training process control taking into account functional asymmetry ...... 593 8. Physiological foundations individual-typological characteristics of athletes and their development in ontogenesis ...... 595 8. 1. Individual-typological characteristics of a person ...... 596 8. 2. Development of typological characteristics in ontogenesis. ..... 598 8. 3. Individual-typological characteristics of athletes and their consideration in the training process ...... 601 8. 4. Individual-typological characteristics of biorhythms and their influence on human performance ...... 604 CONCLUSION ... 609
Publisher: "Sport" (2015)
