Acne (acne, acne, pimples)- an inflammatory process that occurs in the hair follicle and sebaceous gland. This is the most common skin lesion. Everyone has experienced it in different ways. This problem is especially relevant for young people, as the risk of acne increases significantly during the period of growing up.

Skin anatomy

The skin is the largest organ of our body, the area of ​​which reaches 1.5-2 m². Its function is to protect the human body from external adverse factors. In addition, the skin performs a number of important tasks:

• body thermoregulation
• excretion of harmful substances
• breath
• sweat and sebum production
• accumulation of energy reserves (in the form of subcutaneous fat)
• perception of stimuli (touch, temperature, pressure)

Anatomically, the skin consists of three layers:

1. epidermis or superficial layer- Represented by squamous stratified epithelium. This part of the skin has five layers. Gradually, cells from the lower layer rise to the surface. This journey takes them about a month. There is less water in the cells and the metabolism stops. Therefore, the upper layer becomes keratinized and becomes "dead". Its cells are gradually exfoliated. Thus, there is a gradual replacement of old skin cells with new ones.


2. The actual skin (dermis) or deep layer. It is made up of fibrous connective tissue.

   The dermis is also divided into two layers.

   • Upper - papillary, denser. It is saturated with blood capillaries, nerve fibers and has the appearance of papillae that are pressed into the epidermis, forming thin grooves. Here are the openings of the sebaceous and sweat glands. The secret of which moistens the skin.
   • Reticulate layer contains sebaceous and sweat glands, as well as hair follicles. Elastic fibers are woven into it, which are responsible for the elasticity of the skin. Also there are unstriated muscle fibers, they raise the hair and cause "goose bumps".


3. Subcutaneous fat (hypoderm) makes up the bottom layer. It has a looser structure and contains a large amount of connective tissue and accumulations of fat cells. Its function is to protect against temperature changes, absorb shocks and store nutrients.

The skin is one of the most important human organs. Therefore, his diseases, such as acne, bring not only aesthetic defects, but also psychological discomfort. Diseases prevent the skin from performing its functions. In this case, the normal functioning of the whole organism is disrupted. Therefore, acne must be treated no less carefully than other diseases.

Causes of acne

What can cause acne?

1. Disorders in the hormonal system.

   Hormones regulate the activity of the whole organism, including the skin. The appearance of acne is affected by:

   • Testosterone – refers to the male sex hormones androgens, which are synthesized in the sex glands of both men and women. Increased testosterone production makes the sebaceous glands work more intense. Sebum accumulates in the glands. This creates favorable conditions for the development of bacteria. In women, the predominance of testosterone can cause excessive hair growth, acne often occurs, and the skin becomes thick and rough. There are cases when the content of androgens does not exceed the norm, and changes in the body are caused by increased sensitivity to testosterone. The predominance of testosterone in women may be associated with ovarian dysfunction, polycystic ovaries.
   
   
   • Progesterone - refers to the female sex hormones gestagens. Produced in both sexes by the ovaries, testicles and adrenal glands. It begins to act on the female body in the second half of the menstrual cycle. It is with him that the deterioration of the skin before the onset of menstruation is associated. This hormone makes it easily stretchable, edematous, increases the production of sebum, promotes the retention of fats in the skin.
   In adolescence (10-18 years), the formation of the endocrine system and puberty take place. Pituitary hormones affect the function of the gonads and the synthesis of sex hormones. Often this process is uneven. Testosterone predominates in the teenage body during this period. It also causes the frequent appearance of acne in adolescents.
2. Imbalance of the autonomic nervous system.

   Normally, in humans, the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are in balance. They regulate the work of all organs of the human body. One of them temporarily prevails over the other, depending on the situation and environmental conditions. Violations of this balance and intensive work of one of the departments leads to an increase in the tone of the vagal innervation of the sebaceous glands, as well as hyperproduction of sebum. The cause of impaired functioning of the nervous system can be: stress, lack of sleep, fatigue, increased physical activity, endocrine restructuring of the body (for example, after childbirth).



3. Hyperactivity of the sebaceous glands.

   Normally, the secret of the sebaceous glands (sebum) has bactericidal properties. It protects the skin from drying out, premature aging, UV radiation, frostbite and is an antioxidant. However, if the sebaceous glands work excessively actively, then sebum does not have time to be distributed over the surface of the skin, but accumulates in the sebaceous gland. In this case, the conditions for the reproduction of bacteria become favorable. As a result, those microorganisms that lived on the skin and did not harm it begin to multiply actively. Their activity causes the appearance of acne.



4. Changes in the composition of sebum.

   With increased production of sebum, its composition changes. The concentration of linoleic acid decreases. This leads to the fact that the pH level is disturbed and the reaction of the skin becomes more alkaline. As a result, the permeability of water to the mouth of the follicles increases. This creates conditions for the growth of microorganisms. In addition, sebum becomes thicker. This prevents it from being brought to the surface. As a result, comedones are formed.



5. Stress and mental stress.

   They significantly undermine the body's defenses. Strong nervous shocks can undermine the immune system and hormonal balance, cause an imbalance in the NS, and as a result of these disorders, acne appears.



6. Fall of local immunity and activation of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms.

   Local immunity of the skin is provided by a system of immune cells. The most important of them are Langerhans cells. They activate the reaction of local immunity and control the activity of specific cells (epidermal macrophages, epitheliocytes). The protective forces of the skin are badly affected by:

   • uncontrolled use of cosmetics
   • excessive UV exposure
   • stress
   • bad habits
   • malnutrition
   If the natural protection is broken, then the appearance of acne is caused by such bacteria: Propionibacterium acnes, Propionibacterium granulosum, Staphylococcus epidermidis, as well as fungi and subcutaneous mites.


7. hereditary predisposition.

   If parents have had acne, then chances are that their children will also suffer from this problem. A person's skin type is genetically determined. The following traits are inherited from parents:

   • increased testosterone levels
   • features of local immunity of the skin
   • the level of sensitivity of the sebaceous glands to the effects of sex hormones
   • violation of the functioning of the upper layers of the epithelium (not removed in time, thickens)
   • tendency to form defective sebaceous glands
   • production of sebum with altered properties (irritating to the skin, too thick)
   The occurrence of spherical or conglobate acne in men is also inherited and is associated with the Y chromosome.


8. Diet disorders.

   Flour and confectionery products contain a lot of simple carbohydrates. Their entry into the body leads to the production of large amounts of insulin and insulin-like growth factor. In this regard, the level of the male sex hormone rises, which causes increased production of sebum. As a result, favorable conditions for the life of bacteria are created.

   The abundance of fats in the diet leads to the fact that they enter the blood in large quantities and are subsequently excreted through the skin. The sebaceous glands cannot cope with the excretion of sebum. It accumulates and is colonized by bacteria.



9. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, endocrine glands, genital organs.

   Often acne is a symptom of internal diseases. For example, diseases of the digestive system lead to the fact that food is not fully absorbed and stagnates. In this case, a large number of toxins are formed in the gastrointestinal tract. They are absorbed into the blood. And since the skin also performs an excretory function, toxins, released through the skin, cause acne.

   Acne can be a symptom of the following conditions and diseases:

   • irritable bowel syndrome
   • acute and chronic gastritis
   • stones in the bile ducts
   Acne also occurs when kidneys unable to eliminate toxins. The cause may be such diseases: renal failure, kidney stones, pyelonephritis.

   Diseases of the genital organs closely associated with acne. They can be caused by: polycystic ovaries, ovarian sclerocystosis, previous infections and gynecological operations, abortion. At the same time, the production of female sex hormones is disrupted and, as a result, rashes on the face.

   Diseases of the endocrine glands , which are responsible for hormonal balance, can also cause acne. These can be: diseases of the pituitary gland (hypopituitarism, prolactinoma), adrenal glands (Andosteroma tumor, causing excessive secretion of male sex hormones).

   Availability focus of chronic infection in the body, such as carious teeth, sinusitis also worsens the condition of the skin. Microorganisms are carried with the blood stream and penetrate into various organs and tissues, causing areas of inflammation. Also, with these diseases, general and local immunity falls.



10. Taking certain medications.

    Pimples often appear during or after treatment with various medications. Such acne is called medical:

    • Hormonal contraceptives: Ovral, Norlestrin, Lestrin, Norinil - can disrupt the natural production of female hormones estrogen.
    • Antiepileptic drugs: Phenytoin, Trimethadion - cause skin irritation when removed through the skin.
    • Anti-tuberculosis drugs: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol - disrupt the metabolism of vitamins and liver function.
    • Antidepressants: Amineptine, Methohexital, Surital, Pentotal - can cause hormonal imbalance and allergies.
    • Steroid hormones: local corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, gestagens - affect the production of insulin and testosterone, as a result of which a large amount of glycerol and fatty acids accumulate in the sebaceous glands.
    • Antibiotics : Unidox, Solutab, Tetracycline, Doxycycline - can cause an allergic reaction and dysbacteriosis.
    • vitaminsB 1 , B 2 , B 6 , B 12 , D 2- a rash can be a manifestation of hypervitaminosis and allergies.


11. Use of unsuitable cosmetics.

    Cream, powder, lotion, blush and eye shadow - these types of cosmetics can worsen the condition of the skin. Therefore, masking acne causes an increase in the number of rashes. Viscous products that contain oils and glycerin are considered especially dangerous. Comedogenic is cosmetics that clogs pores, provokes the appearance of comedones, creates a microfilm on the surface of the skin that prevents breathing. Any of the components can cause acne if it is not accepted by the body and irritates the skin. Therefore, even a water-based product can be comedogenic.



12. Wrong cosmetic care.

    Both poor personal hygiene and excessive cleaning can cause acne. This is due to the fact that the natural protection and acid-base balance of the skin are disturbed.



13. Lack of vitamins A and E.

    a lack of vitamin A (retinol ) leads to hyperkeratosis (enlargement and compaction of the upper layer of the epidermis). Also, its deficiency is manifested in peeling of the skin, its premature aging, interruptions in the work of the sebaceous glands, the appearance of acne, stretch marks and scars after acne. Retinol ensures the normal functioning of the skin and the immune system, increases resistance to microorganisms and accelerates the recovery of epithelial cells. In addition, this vitamin is involved in the production of female sex hormones, which are responsible for the cleanliness of the skin.
    Effective skin protection is provided by the interaction of vitamins A and E ( tocopherol ). The latter restores damaged cell membranes, neutralizes free radicals that destroy cells and lead to aging. Also vitamin E favorably affects the functioning of the genital organs and the production of hormones by them.



14. Minor skin injuries.

    If the skin is prone to acne, then even microtrauma can worsen its condition. Therefore, it is not recommended to once again touch your face with your hands, you should avoid rubbing the skin on clothes or a telephone receiver. Trying to pop a pimple on your own also causes the infection to spread to nearby areas of the skin. Most often, this process goes in the direction from the nose to the ear. It is especially not recommended to squeeze out acne in the area of ​​​​the nasolabial triangle.

What does acne look like?

Acne (blackheads) - inflammation of the sebaceous glands. They look like red pimples. These inflammatory nodules are often painful and cause a lot of discomfort to a person. Gradually, a purulent island forms in the center of the focus of inflammation.

Most often, acne occurs on those areas of the skin where a large number of sebaceous glands are located. These are the face, neck, chest and back. A person suffering from acne usually has manifestations of oily seborrhea. The skin becomes shiny, porous and thick, with a large number of comedones and inflammatory elements.

Why does acne occur?

Inflammation of the sebaceous glands, colloquially - acne, is a signal of the body about intoxication. Various triggers can provoke poisoning: malnutrition, medication and vitamins, alcohol, weight loss. Absorbed through the walls of the intestine, toxic metabolites enter the bloodstream, which negatively affects the condition of the skin. Enterosgel enterosorbent will help eliminate poisoning and improve the appearance of the skin. Due to the structure of the hydrophobic sponge, the agent glides along the walls of the gastrointestinal tract without sticking or lingering on the mucous membranes, as powder sorbents do, the formula of which consists of the smallest crystals. The gel-like sorbent favorably differs in that it absorbs predominantly harmful substances that cause skin inflammation, without removing vitamins, protein, and beneficial bacteria. The course intake of Enterosgel will help cleanse the body of toxins and restore a healthy look to the skin.

The sebaceous gland becomes inflamed after the duct that removes sebum is clogged. This occurs as a result of the fact that the keratinized scales of the epidermis and the secretion of the gland blocked the opening of the sebaceous-hair duct. A plug is formed - a comedone. At the same time, sebum accumulates in the gland, and favorable conditions are created for the growth of bacteria. The body attacks pathogens with leukocytes. As a result, pus forms in place of accumulated sebum. It is a cloudy white-yellow liquid, consisting of microorganisms, living and dead leukocytes, fat and various enzymes.

Often, after the acne element disappears, a dark spot, scar or scar forms in its place. Therefore, it is so important to take measures to prevent the appearance of acne acne and their proper treatment. And although this process can take quite a long time, it is necessary to bring the treatment to the complete disappearance of the rashes.

What are the forms of acne?

All elements of acne can be divided into two forms:

1. inflammatory form. These include elements that are prone to inflammation and suppuration:
   • ordinary are the most common acne vulgaris. They usually go away on their own by age 18;
   • acne conglobata- large spherical elements. They are prone to the formation of cysts and cavities with pus;
   • lightning fast- appear quickly and strongly suppurate. In their place, a wound resembling an ulcer often forms. At the same time, the state of health deteriorates significantly, intoxication of the body begins, the temperature rises. More common in male adolescents 13-17 years old;
   • mechanical acne- occur as a result of mechanical action on the skin. Often there are places where clothing squeezes or rubs the skin.
2. non-inflammatory form comedones (black dots), blockage of the mouth of the follicle with desquamated epithelium and thickened sebum.

Age classification

Baby acne. Newborn acne is isolated separately. It occurs in infants due to the ingestion of maternal sex hormones into the blood. Pimples look like closed comedones. Subject to the rules of hygiene, these elements disappear on their own after a few weeks. They do not suppurate and do not leave marks on the skin of the child.

Teenage and youthful acne. It is observed in 90% of adolescents 12-16 years old. Rashes are papules and pustules with purulent contents.

Acne in adults (late acne)
The onset of acne in adulthood is rare. The appearance of a large amount of acne after 30 years may indicate a serious illness. Therefore, unlike adolescents, adults need a thorough medical examination. You may need to consult a dermatovenerologist, endocrinologist, gastroenterologist, gynecologist (urologist).

Acne in adults can be associated with taking medications, hormonal drugs and vitamin cocktails, malfunctioning of the adrenal glands.

What are the degrees of acne?

To determine the severity of acne, you need to divide the face with an imaginary line from the crown to the chin. Then they count the foci of inflammation (both pronounced and those where the inflammation is just beginning). The choice of treatment depends on the severity. Therefore, it is better not to ignore this stage.

Acne severity score:
1st degree (mild) - less than 10
2nd degree (medium) - 10-20
3rd degree (severe) - 21-30
4th degree (very severe) - more than 30

Acne treatment

acne treatment- a long process that includes many procedures. It is best to start with a consultation with a dermatologist. The choice of methods largely depends on the causes of acne. It may also be necessary to treat concomitant chronic diseases that cause acne.

The main stages of acne treatment are aimed at:

• prevent the formation of comedones
• clear clogged ducts
• stop bacteria from multiplying
• reduce sebum secretion
• cure skin inflammation

How to treat acne at home?

With the right care and proper selection of products, you can cope with acne on your own. This is especially true of juvenile acne, the appearance of which is not associated with serious diseases.

Before you start treating acne at home, you need to cleanse your face. For oily skin, gels and foams for washing with antibacterial components are well suited. They increase local immunity and normalize the functioning of the sebaceous glands. Their pH should not exceed 4.5. These products should be washed at least twice a day. Do not use ordinary toilet soap for washing. It dries out the skin too much. After such cleansing, she tries to compensate for the lack of moisture, and the sebaceous glands produce a secret in an enhanced mode.

Hot water is not the best option for oily skin. It is best to wash with water at room temperature. It invigorates the skin, improves its tone and narrows enlarged pores.

A necessary procedure is peeling. This procedure is aimed at exfoliating the upper keratinized layer of the epithelium. To do this, you can use ready-made scrubs and peeling products. They must be applied at least twice a week. For those who prefer cosmetics based on natural ingredients, we can offer several recipes:

1. Mix equal proportions of baking soda, finely ground salt and shaving foam or shower gel.
2. Take equal parts ground coffee and fine sea salt.
3. Grind dry rye bread in a coffee grinder and add a tablespoon of kefir.
4. Dissolve several aspirin tablets in a small amount of water.
5. Take 2 tablespoons of green clay and 3 tablespoons of sour milk.

The skin must be prepared before cleansing. After washing with detergents, the face is steamed over a pot of hot water. Any composition for scrub is applied to wet skin. Spread the mixture evenly over the face and gently massage in circular motions. After that, the face must be rinsed with cool water and a healing cream applied to it. For these purposes, Bepanten or Pantestin is perfect.

This procedure is preferably carried out at night. The fact is that this method of cleaning injures the upper layers of the skin.

Therefore, after scrub and peeling, redness occurs. The skin needs to be given a few hours to recover, and after that apply cosmetics. The systematic use of such products provides deep cleansing of pores, removal of comedones and elimination of bacteria. The skin is evened out, pores, small scars and spots after acne become less noticeable.

Natural acne treatments have been practiced for centuries. Traditional medicine has accumulated a lot of experience and helps to effectively get rid of acne. We offer you recipes for the most effective masks that you can prepare at home. The systematic use of these products perfectly cleanses the skin and soothes inflammation. In addition, natural components practically do not cause allergic reactions.

How to prepare a mask	What is the effect of the components of the mask	How to smear and what to smear	What result should be after application and after how many sessions to wait for the effect
Brewer's yeast (1 tbsp) add 1 tbsp. l. milk, mix to the consistency of thick sour cream	Vitamins B and H, iron, phosphorus, zinc, chromium, potassium, selenium and magnesium saturate the skin with useful substances, improve blood circulation	Apply a thin layer on cleansed face	Makes the skin smooth, soothes inflammation. If you replace milk with water and lemon juice, the skin will whiten and clear of bacteria.
Grate an apple on a fine grater, add 1 tbsp. l. yogurt, and 1 tsp. honey	Cleanses and smoothes the skin, improves cell nutrition	Mix the resulting slurry thoroughly and apply to clean, dry skin. Wash off with cool water after 20 minutes	The acids found in apple juice prevent the growth of acne-causing micro-organisms. The skin becomes smooth and elastic after the first session
Alcohol tincture of calendula (1 tablespoon) mixed with the same amount of flour. Add some water	Calendula disinfects the skin, kills bacteria that cause inflammation of comedones	Mix all the ingredients until the consistency of thick sour cream. Apply the resulting mask on the face. Leave on for 10 minutes and rinse with cool water	After removing the mask, the skin will become tender and pink. Existing acne will decrease somewhat and become less noticeable. You need to repeat this procedure 3 times a week.
Beat the egg white, add 1 tsp. lemon juice and 1 tbsp. l. strawberries	Reduces oily skin, tightens pores, relieves inflammation	The resulting mixture is applied to the prepared skin for 20 minutes. Then rinse with cool water	Apply regularly 2-3 times a week. After 10 days, the skin condition will noticeably improve. Breakouts will be less. Whiten freckles and age spots after acne
Grate half a pear, add 2 tsp. lemon juice	Narrows pores, eliminates oily sheen, helps to remove dead epithelium	The resulting slurry is applied to the face for 10-15 minutes. Then remove in a circular motion and wash with cool water.	Do it in 2 days. The skin becomes fresher and softer. The ducts of the glands are cleared of sebaceous plugs. Inflammation occurs much less frequently. The effect is noticeable after 3-5 times
Pulp of white or pink grapes (2 tsp) mixed with beaten chicken protein	Fruit acids cleanse the skin of dead cells, make it velvety and elastic	Blend until smooth and apply on face. Withstand 15 min. and rinse with cold water	The skin becomes cleaner, the pores on it are cleansed and less visible. For a lasting effect, you need to make masks for a month.
Ripe viburnum berries crush and squeeze the juice	Herbal antibiotics and phytoncides kill bacteria. Trace elements nourish the skin and normalize the activity of the sebaceous glands	Soak a gauze cloth in viburnum juice and place on cleansed face. Withstand 30 min. Wash off with warm water. Apply a nourishing cream to the skin	The high efficiency of this mask is explained by the rich composition of viburnum juice. It has a complex therapeutic effect, relieves inflammation of acne, reduces redness and whitens post-acne spots.
Grate one medium carrot. Add a few drops of lemon juice and vegetable oil	Contains large amounts of vitamin C and provitamin A	Thoroughly cleanse and dry the skin. Apply the resulting slurry in a thin layer over the entire face. Top with a napkin. Leave for 10-15 min. then rinse with warm water without soap	Helps restore skin balance and normalize the functioning of the sebaceous glands. Moisturizes and nourishes the skin. Do 2 times a week. Improvement is noticeable after 4-5 treatments
Baking soda 4 tbsp. l. and a small amount of water	Soda dissolves sebaceous plugs, normalizes pH, cleanses pores and removes dead cells	Mix baking soda and a small amount of water until a paste is obtained. You can add 1 tsp. wheat flour. Leave for 10 min. and wash away	The result is noticeable from the first time. The skin is cleared of comedones, it becomes smooth, the color evens out. Do it regularly 1-2 times a week until the desired result is achieved. Then 2-3 times a month to prevent recurrence of rashes
Aspirin tablets, liquid honey, olive oil, or moisturizer	Acetylsalicylic acid dries up inflammatory elements, completely removes minor inflammation. Prevents the spread of infection	Crush 2-4 aspirin tablets. Add a few drops of water to make a paste. Mix with the rest of the ingredients. Apply to prepared skin and allow the mask to dry.	The balance of the skin is restored, spots after acne and oily sheen disappear. Apply once a week for 2-3 months
Green clay 1 tbsp. l., honey 1 tsp, water 2 tbsp. l.	It has a rich composition, has an anti-inflammatory and soothing effect on the skin.	Mix all components until a homogeneous mass is obtained. Apply the mask on your face and leave to dry. Wash off with warm water	Repeat the procedure no more than 2 times a week. The result is obvious after the first procedure. Peeling is eliminated, inflammation disappears, pores are cleansed and narrowed, the process of cell regeneration is accelerated, oily sheen disappears
Cucumber 3 tbsp. l., alcohol tincture of calendula 1 tbsp. l, honey 1 tsp	Relieves inflammation, tones, tightens pores, evens out complexion	Peel the cucumber and turn it into a pulp on a blender or on a fine grater. Add the rest of the ingredients to the pulp and apply on the prepared face. Leave on for 15-20 minutes, then rinse	An immediate effect of refreshing and reducing inflammation is guaranteed. The mask must be repeated every other day until the acne disappears completely.
White clay 1 tbsp, sour milk 1 tsp, egg white	Reduces oily skin, cleanses pores, removes keratinized epithelium, evens out complexion	Mix all the ingredients to get a homogeneous mass. Apply the paste on your face and let it dry. Then rinse thoroughly with warm water	After the first procedure, the skin looks noticeably better: inflammation is reduced, the structure of the skin improves. Apply the mask at least twice a week for three months. And then once a week
Aloe leaves	The substances contained in this plant have a powerful anti-inflammatory and healing effect, and also intensively rejuvenate the skin.	Grind 2-3 leaves of aloe and pour a glass of cold water. After an hour, boil the infusion for 2 minutes and strain. After cooling, apply aloe gruel on the face for 20 minutes.	Do the mask 2 times a week for 2 months. If necessary, in a month you can repeat the course of cosmetic procedures
Ripe tomatoes and lemon juice	The lycopene found in tomatoes helps prevent acne and get rid of acne blemishes. It activates collagen production and promotes skin rejuvenation	Grate a few small ripe tomatoes on a fine grater or chop in a blender. Add a few drops of lemon juice to the resulting mass and apply on the face for 15 minutes. Then rinse with warm water	Such masks can be done in 1-2 days. The course of treatment is 10-14 days. If necessary, the procedure can be continued

Before proceeding with the treatment of acne with masks, it is necessary to conduct an allergy test. To do this, the finished composition of the mask is applied to a small area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe skin of the wrist for 20 minutes. If during this time there is no itching, burning and other unpleasant sensations, you can use a face mask.

Ointments for acne treatment

Ointments for acne are a drug. They have been used for a long time and have a number of undeniable advantages:

• ointments are based on substances that have a powerful effect on pathogens
• ointments penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin
• have a long-term effect.

Name of the ointment	Ointment components		How to smear and what to expect from her
Ointment Zinerit	Antibiotic erythromycin zinc acetate	It has a depressing effect on bacteria that cause inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the appearance of acne. Prevents bacteria from adapting to the antibiotic, reduces inflammation and redness. Dries out acne	Apply to clean skin 2 times a day. The result becomes noticeable after 10 days of use. The full course is 10 weeks. This guarantees complete relief from acne.
Sulfuric ointment	Sulfur	Restores damaged cells and enhances the division and growth of new ones. Quickly heals superficial skin lesions, softens it, removes individual particles of the epithelium	The course of application is 7-10 days. During this time, it is possible to cure acne. Apply to cleansed skin before bed once a day. Prevents the formation of scars and scars after acne
Synthomycin ointment	Antibiotic synthomycin Castor oil	Disinfect the skin, stop the growth and reproduction of bacteria Eliminates post-acne spots	Remove make-up and impurities from the skin. Apply liniment in a thin layer. The effect is observed for 2-4 days, unlike other means, it lasts for a long time
Zinc ointment	Zinc	Dries, disinfects, treats inflammation	Small acne disappears in a matter of hours. When systematically applied to clean skin, the ointment can significantly reduce the number of rashes and even completely get rid of acne.

Acne creams

Acne creams are a relatively new treatment. They are produced by pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies. Creams and gels are perfectly absorbed and do not leave marks on the skin. You can use them daily and apply makeup over them.

Cream name	Cream ingredients	What effect does each component have?	How to apply and what to expect
Baziron cream	Benzoyl peroxide, aqueous	Antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium Acnes and Staphylococcus Epidermidis. Under the action of the drug, the saturation of tissues with oxygen increases, the formation of a secret in the sebaceous glands is inhibited	The skin is softened, moisturized, becomes even, smooth, redness disappears
Skinoren cream and gel	Azelaic acid	Substance with strong antimicrobial activity. Prevents the growth of bacteria Propionibacterium Acnes and the formation of fatty acids in the epidermis	To treat the face, squeeze out a strip of cream or gel 2.5 cm long. Apply the cream evenly to the cleansed face and rub it in lightly. Use 2 times a day. Eliminates redness and prevents the appearance of inflammatory and non-inflammatory forms of acne
Klenzit cream	Dapalen	A medicinal substance derived from retinoid. It has anti-inflammatory and comedonolytic activity. Reduces the intensity of the inflammatory process. Prevents blockage of the mouths of sebaceous hair follicles	It is applied pointwise only to places where there is acne. It is used to prevent suppuration of acne and their drying. Do not rub or apply to the entire surface of the skin
Differin cream and gel	Retinoid (analogous to vitamin A)	Reduces inflammation in deep skin layers. Promotes the free outflow of sebum from the gland. Reduces the number of bacteria in the sebaceous glands	The minimum course of treatment is 3 weeks. The cream is applied in a thin layer (without rubbing) on ​​problem areas once a day before bedtime. You need to cleanse and dry your skin first.
Kvotlan cream	triethylene glycol ethyl carbitol Cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate	Decontaminates the skin and creates a barrier to bacteria Destroys bacteria, viruses and fungi Accelerates healing and regeneration processes	Apply with fingertips to areas with foci of inflammation. The result of the treatment is visible in a week. The skin becomes clean, inflammation, scars, post-acne disappear
Klerasil ultra - fast action cream	2% salicylic acid	Penetrates deep into pores to exfoliate dead skin cells and helps relieve redness and inflammation of acne	Clear skin. Apply a small amount to the elements of acne. Use morning and evening. Reduces acne in 4 hours. It is advisable to combine with a cleansing gel or lotion.
Klindovit	Antibiotic clindamycin	Accumulates in comedones and prevents the growth of microorganisms	Within 10 days completely eliminates purulent acne. Also effective on other rashes
Acne Cream "Clean Skin" Garnier	Salicylic acid Regenerating complex	Reduces acne and prevents new breakouts Improves the overall condition of the skin, accelerates healing	The effect appears after 24 hours. Complete relief from acne occurs after 2 weeks of use. Provides a healthy appearance of the skin, has a mattifying effect, eliminates oily shine in the T-shaped zone and traces of acne
Cream-gel for problem skin anti-acne "Before and after"	Complex of extracts of green tea, succession, calendula, chamomile, arnica	The antimicrobial effect is due to the interaction and mutual reinforcement of the components. Has a strong healing effect. Inhibits the secretion of the sebaceous glands	Apply 2 times a day. Apply to clean, dry skin. The duration of the course is individual, it is 2-6 weeks.

Care must be taken when using creams, ointments and gels. It is not recommended to apply a large amount of the product to the skin. Also, you can not combine drugs of different brands - this can lead to allergies. Do not expect a quick result - the acne treatment process takes a long time and requires patience.

How to treat acne on different parts of the body? (Video)

Acne sometimes appears on other parts of the body. There can be many reasons for this unpleasant phenomenon. It is advisable to consult a dermatologist about this. You can treat yourself only if you are sure that acne is not the result of an infectious disease and sexually transmitted diseases. In such a situation, a special approach and the use of special means of treatment will be required.

How to treat acne on the genitals?

What to use		How to apply?
Tsiteal	Disinfects skin and mucous membranes	It is an antiseptic foaming solution. It must be diluted with water 1:5 or 1:3 and used for washing. After the procedure, thoroughly rinse the genitals with water.	Microorganisms that cause infection of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles are destroyed
Diana-35	Eliminates hormonal imbalance in women. Is a contraceptive	Apply one tablet once a day. Drink according to the scheme according to the instructions	Normalizes the hormonal background. Regulates the production of sex hormones
Decoctions of chamomile or calendula	Soothe the skin, disinfect, relieve inflammation	Used to wash the genitals twice a day	Relief occurs in 2-3 days. With regular use, acne disappears in 10-14 days

How to treat acne on the forehead?

What to use	What effect does the remedy have?	How to apply?	What effect and when should come?
Lemon juice	Has astringent properties, disinfects, tightens pores	Squeeze out the juice of a lemon, moisten a cotton swab in it and wipe the skin in the morning and evening	The skin looks smooth, acne scars disappear. Pimples do not go into a purulent stage, but resolve
Chatterbox for the face	Reduces oily skin, disinfects, tightens pores	Chatterbox is prepared in a pharmacy according to a doctor's prescription. It is applied with a cotton swab to cleansed skin.	The skin in the forehead area is cleared of rashes, the pores open and are cleansed. For the greatest therapeutic effect, wipe the entire oval of the face with a talker. Noticeable improvement occurs in 3-5 days
Klenzit with	Reduces the production of sebum, prevents the appearance of new acne	Apply a small amount of gel to problem areas	Great for inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne. Rashes decrease within a day and disappear after 7-10 days

How to treat acne on the chin?

What to use	What effect does the remedy have?	How to apply?	What effect and when should come?
Dalacin gel	Dries out acne and prevents the growth of bacteria in the deep layers of the skin	Apply to the skin of the face 2 times a day (morning and evening)	The course of treatment is from 6 weeks to 6 months (in severe forms)
Curiosin	Destroys acne without a trace. Makes skin less oily	Use morning and evening. Apply to clean skin	It does not cause complications and contributes to the rapid resolution of acne. Healing takes place in 2-3 days. There are no traces left at the site of acne

How to treat acne on the face?

What to use?	What effect does the remedy have?	How to apply?	What effect and when should come?
Streptocid ointment	Suppresses pathogenic microflora	Apply the ointment on the acne and a small area around. Repeat 2 times a day for two weeks	Complete disappearance of acne in a few days
Tsindol	Disinfectant and antiseptic agent. Prevents the appearance of new foci of inflammation	Shake the mash and apply with a cotton swab to the affected areas 2-3 times a day. The course is 10-20 days	After a few days, redness and inflamed areas completely disappear.

How to treat acne on the back?

What to use	What effect does the remedy have?	How to apply?	What effect and when should come?
Alcohol solution of salicylic acid	Dries acne, eliminates spots, prevents the appearance of scars. Has a strong anti-inflammatory effect	Topically apply on acne twice a day	Relief occurs already in the first hours after application. Elements of the rash disappear without a trace for 2-4 days
Tar soap	Dries the skin, exfoliates dead cells, heals minor injuries	Lather and lather the skin, rinse well with water. You can use a moisturizer if needed.	Acne on the back gradually disappears. With regular use, the skin becomes cleaner for 5-7 days

How to treat acne on the legs?

What to use	What effect does the remedy have?	How to apply?	What effect and when should come?
Cauterization with iodine	Antiseptic, perfectly disinfects the skin. Promotes resorption of acne and deep subcutaneous pimples	2 times a day, lubricate the areas of inflammation with a cotton swab	After 24 hours, acne will noticeably decrease in size and soon completely disappear.
Badyaga Forte gel	Biologically active ingredients stimulate immunity in the skin, improve blood circulation	Apply a thin layer 2 times a day	The color of the skin is evened out, minor defects are resolved, and the damage is quickly healed. The course of treatment is 5-7 days

How to treat acne on the hands?

What to use	What effect does the remedy have?	How to apply?	What effect and when should come?
Aloe leaves	Clears acne from pus and heals	Cut a fresh aloe leaf lengthwise and apply the pulp to the pimple overnight. Fix with adhesive tape	After 2 nights, the acne will completely clear and heal.
White clay and tea tree oil	Disinfects and prevents the growth of microorganisms. Eliminates manifestations of allergies	Mix 3-4 tablespoons of clay with 0.5 cups of water. Add 5 drops of tea tree essential oil. Apply to clean skin, leave for 20 minutes, rinse with warm water	Leaves hands clean & smooth. Eliminates acne effectively

How to treat acne on the pope?

What to use	What effect does the remedy have?	How to apply?	What effect and when should come?
Blue clay and badyagi powder	Saturates with minerals, treats inflammation, disinfects and cleanses. Eliminates cellulite	Mix the components in equal proportions and dilute with water until a thin slurry is formed. Apply to clean skin, leave to dry. Wash off with warm water	It is recommended to repeat the procedure several times a week. After a few days, the rashes become significantly less
Liquid soap and sea salt scrub	Tones the skin, eliminates bacteria, eliminates keratinized epithelium	Mix a tablespoon of fine salt with a small amount of liquid soap. Massage into skin and rinse with water. Do not injure acne, where there are pockets of pus	Clean healthy skin in a week. After the procedure, lubricate the skin with an antiseptic cream.

How to treat acne on the body?

What to use	What effect does the remedy have?	How to apply?	What effect and when should come?
Baker's yeast and lemon juice	Saturates the skin with vitamin B, normalizes its balance, improves blood circulation	Dilute the yeast with warm water until the density of sour cream. Add a few milliliters of lemon juice	The skin acquires a healthy appearance and gradually gets rid of acne
Ointment Levomekol	The antibiotic in its composition fights microorganisms. Methyluracil heals wounds and stimulates local immunity	Apply the ointment to a gauze pad and apply to the boil for 24 hours	Treats purulent inflammatory process, promotes speedy healing

For those who seek to get rid of acne as soon as possible, we recommend combining self-treatment with salon procedures. In order to completely solve skin problems, it is also necessary to adjust the diet and take a vitamin-mineral complex. From the diet it is desirable to exclude fatty, sweet, spicy and smoked. An active lifestyle also has a beneficial effect on the condition of the skin. Regular exercise and walks in the fresh air will gradually restore a healthy look to your skin.

Acne treatment requires strict adherence to all recommendations. But those who are determined to fight for beautiful skin will be rewarded with excellent results.

» Hyperkeratosis and acne
» Comedogenic cosmetics and acne
» Demodex subcutaneous mite
» Propionibacterium acnes and Propionibacterium granulosum
» Irritated skin and acne
» Heredity and acne
» Nutrition and acne
» Medicines and acne
» Steroids and acne

Types of acne

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How to deal with acne (acne, blackheads, comedones)

Types of acne (acne, blackheads, comedones)

First, let's understand the definition of acne (acne, blackheads, comedones)

Acne (lat. acne, distorted Greek akmē peak)- a collective designation of inflammatory diseases of the sebaceous glands, more often the term is applied to acne and pimples.

Acne - acne, pimple-like tubercles, skin rash elements. In the medical literature, acne is often referred to simply as "acne" or "acne vulgaris". However, these terms are not equivalent. Acne is a particular manifestation of acne, characterized by inflammation of the sebaceous glands.

Pimples - acne, blackheads, small inflamed bumps on the skin. Acne is a particular manifestation of acne, characterized by inflammation of the sebaceous glands.

Comedo (Novolat. acne comedonica) - a type of plug formed when the mouth of the hair follicle is blocked by horny masses (lowered epithelium mixed with thick lard). With inflammation of comedones, pimples (acne, blackheads) occur.

What types of acne (acne, blackheads, comedones) exist?

Due to the fact that acne is a very diverse disease due to the causes of its occurrence, the mechanism of development, and the individual characteristics of the skin, there is no single and comprehensive classification of acne. Below are several classifications, the study of which in total makes it possible to correctly diagnose and choose the optimal treatment tactics.

1. Classification according to the inflammatory nature of the manifestation of acne (acne, blackheads, comedones)

Comedones occur when the ducts of the sebaceous glands or the mouths of the hair follicles are clogged with plugs.

Such plugs consist of excess thick sebum mixed with keratinized scales of dead skin cells.

If an infection enters such a gland, a papule (nodule) or pustule (abscess) develops.

After a while, the pus "melts" the epidermis and comes out.

The inflammatory infiltrate of leukocytes that surrounded the pimple resolves.

If the abscess was large, after its healing, a scar may remain.

1.1 Non-inflammatory manifestations of acne (acne/blackheads/comedones)

1.1.a Blackheads (blackheads, open comedones)

If a blockage forms at the top of a pore, open comedones form. In appearance, the sebaceous plug first resembles a slightly white or transparent liquid, then the lard begins to harden and a dense white or yellow lump forms in the pore.

If the pore was open, then under the influence of oxygen, the fat begins to oxidize and acquires a characteristic black head - black dots (melanin, a product of tyrosine oxidation, gives the cork a dark color).

1.1.b Whiteheads (wen, whiteheads, closed comedones, microcysts, milia)

If the congestion is formed in the lower part of the pore, deep under the skin, the ducts of the sebaceous glands expand from excess sebum and the so-called wen is formed - an accumulation of fat, cystic blood clots that do not have access to the surface of the skin.

Closed comedones can rise above the surface of the skin, and can be felt tactile on palpation in the form of small millet-like tubercles. They are best seen when stretching the skin. On the surface of the skin, they often appear as white nodules of varying sizes. Nodules the size of millet grains are called miliums (milium - from Latin “millet grain”) or, in the common people, “millet”.

1.2 Inflammatory manifestations of acne (acne/blackheads/comedones)

If the comedone becomes infected, inflammation occurs.

Then the comedone turns into a papule (nodule) or pustule (abscess).

Let's see how they differ.

1.2.a Papule (nodule)

A papule (nodule) is a sharply demarcated, dense, cavityless formation, usually slightly elevated above the skin surface, with a diameter of 1 mm to 3 cm.

According to the Western classification, papules with a diameter of more than 1 cm are called nodes.

Papules (one type of inflammatory acne) look like dense red nodules, resembling small balls on the surface of the skin. Redness is accompanied by suppuration and swelling of the adjacent skin.

Depending on the type of papule, the color varies from pink to bright red or bluish-purple. If you press on the papule, it changes its color to a paler one. We do not see a white inflamed head in a papule, unlike a pustule.

Most papules form from closed comedones. If the papule formed at the site of an open comedone, an enlarged mouth of the hair follicle with a dark plug is visible on its surface.

1.2.b Pustule (abscess)

Pustule (abscess)- abdominal acute inflammatory element with purulent contents, resulting from a purulent process in the epidermis or dermis.

Pustules are formed both independently (primarily) and secondarily - from papules if opportunistic or pathogenic microflora begins to develop in the papule.

The sizes of pustules vary from 1 to 10 mm. The shape is hemispherical, cone-shaped or flat.

The contents of the pustules are purulent - on the surface we see a loose white head (which sometimes bursts), and red inflamed skin areas along the edges of the ball.

The color of the purulent content may be white, grayish, yellow or have a greenish tint.

The presence of a yellow or greenish tint indicates the addition of a secondary infection.

When the walls of the vessel are destroyed as a result of the inflammatory process, the contents are mixed with blood.

1.3 Dermatoses with acneiform acne

rosacea, rosacea, perioral dermatitis, skin tuberculosis, small nodular facial sarcoidosis, drug rash.

For acneiform rashes, inflammation of the sebaceous hair follicle is primary. When diagnosing, they should be distinguished from acne.

2. Clinical classification proposed by Plewig and Kligman

• 1. Acne juveniles (Acne juveniles)

  Juvenile or vulgar acne (acne juveniles) - occurs in a third of adolescents aged 12 to 16 years. According to statistics, girls suffer from acne more often than boys. In 75% of cases, juvenile acne is localized on the face, in 16% - on the face and back. In the vast majority of adolescents, acne disappears by the age of 18-20. However, sometimes acne occurs for a long time and occurs in 3% of men and 5% of women aged 40-50 and even 60 years (“physiological acne”). This variety refers to the manifestations of adult acne (acne adultorum).

  1. Comedones (Acne comedonica)

     Comedones (acne comedonica) are formed as a result of blockage of hair follicles by an accumulation of horny scales and sebum. Mild comedones in the absence of an inflammatory component are considered a variant of the physiological norm. The initial manifestation of acne is microcomedones, which do not manifest themselves clinically. Inflammation of open comedones occurs much less frequently than open comedones - white, dense, non-inflamed nodules with a diameter of about 2 mm, covered with skin and not having an open exit to the surface. Inflammation is not expressed in them, but there are favorable conditions for its further development. Further accumulation of sebum in them leads to an increase in nodules and possible inflammation.

  2. Papulopustular acne (Acne papulopustolosa)

     Papulopustular acne (acne papulopustulosa) is characterized by attachment to closed or open comedones of the inflammatory process. This form of acne is characterized by the formation of inflammatory elements - papules (nodules) and pustules (pustules). The outcome of papulopustular acne depends on the depth of damage to the layers of the skin. The mild form usually heals without a trace, when the deep layers of the dermis are involved in the inflammatory process and its structure is damaged, the inflammatory elements heal with the formation of a scar defect.

     Comedones and papulopustular acne are the most common forms of acne. Other types of acne in clinical practice are quite rare, are characterized by a more severe course and require a different treatment strategy.

  3. Nodular cystic acne (Acne nodulocystica)

     The nodular cystic form of acne (acne nodulocystica) is characterized by the formation of purulent cystic cavities and infiltrates deep in the dermis, their tendency to merge and form inflammatory conglomerates. With the reverse development, such elements always heal with the formation of scars. This form of acne usually takes a long time (several years), even with a moderate degree of the process.

  4. Lightning acne (Acne fulminans)

     Acne fulminans is the rarest and most severe form of acne. It usually develops in adolescents aged 13-18 years, mainly in young men with papulopustular or nodular-cystic acne. On the skin of the trunk and upper extremities, areas of erythema are formed with pustules, and then ulcers. There are often no rashes on the face. Subsequently, numerous scars, including keloids, form at the site of the rash.

     The reasons for the development of the fulminant form are not fully understood. Probably, toxic-allergic and infectious-allergic mechanisms play a certain role here. Usually, acne fulminans develops in patients suffering from severe lesions of the digestive system (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, etc.), or after taking certain drugs: tetracyclines, androgens, synthetic retinoids.

     The fulminant form is characterized by a sudden, abrupt onset and rapid development of the disease. The general symptoms and phenomena of intoxication come to the fore: malaise, rise in body temperature above 38 ° C, fever, pain in the joints and muscles, in the abdomen, anorexia, a sharp deterioration in well-being. Sometimes changes in organs and tissues develop: softening of the bones, enlargement of the liver and spleen. In the blood - an increased content of leukocytes, a decrease in hemoglobin and an acceleration of ESR, bacteriological blood cultures - negative. Inflamed ulcerative-necrotic areas appear on the face and trunk.

• 2. Adult acne (Acne adultorum)

  If acne persists until the patient reaches adulthood or appears for the first time in adults, then they are classified as manifestations of acne adultorum or adult acne. They occur in 3-5% of men and women aged 40 to 50 and older. In some cases, their late resumption is noted years after the resolution of juvenile acne.

  1. Late acne (Acne tarda)

     This form is diagnosed if the rash, which began in adolescence, did not stop until the age of 25. This form of acne is more often observed in women in the second half of the menstrual cycle and requires additional consultation with a gynecologist. In 20% of cases, adult women complain about the occurrence of rashes a few days before the onset of menstruation and the disappearance of acne on their own with the start of a new cycle.

     Often, late acne is present all the time. These are usually papular, papulopustular or nodular cystic acne, often in the chin area. Late acne is often caused by polycystic ovaries complicated by hirsutism and an anovulatory menstrual cycle. It is also necessary to exclude tumor lesions of the ovaries and adrenal glands.

  2. Inverse acne (Aacne inversa, Hidradenitis suppurativa)

     In this case, the apocrine or large sweat glands of the armpits, the perineum, pubis, navel, and other sweat glands are secondarily involved in the inflammatory process. It is manifested by the appearance of large bumpy painful nodes that abscess and open with the release of purulent or purulent-bloody contents. Often, individual elements, merging, lead to an increase in the area of ​​​​the lesion.

     Acne inversion has a chronic course with frequent recurrences and spread of lesions. They heal for a long time, after resolution in severe cases, retracted scars and fistulas form. They are predisposed to their development by increased body weight, injury to the corresponding zones by combing or tight clothing.

  3. Bodybuilding acne

     This form can also be called steroid acne. It is associated with the use of steroid hormones: anabolic steroids, androgens, glucocorticoids.

     The resulting hyperandrogenism causes increased secretion of sebum. Characteristic features: monomorphism of rashes (all elements are at the same stage of development), the absence of comedones. Rashes are most often nodular-cystic elements, located on the upper chest, less often on the face, quickly regress after discontinuation of the drug.

     Anabolic steroids are often combined with vitamin cocktails that include B vitamins and cause nodular cystic acne. With this form of acne in patients, it is necessary to exclude endocrine disorders.

  4. Spherical, or heaped, eels (Acne conglobata)

     One of the most severe manifestations of acne is often a skin manifestation of the XYY karyotype in men against the background of thick seborrhea and polycystic ovary syndrome in women. Globular acne occurs in adolescence and persists, as a rule, up to 40 years or more. Without treatment, rashes can persist for decades.

     It is characterized by the fusion of nodes and cysts into conglomerates, the formation of fistulous passages. The torso is more often affected: spherical acne is manifested by multiple nodular-cystic elements and large comedones located not only in seborrhea areas, but also on the skin of the extremities, abdomen and back. Their healing occurs with the formation of keloid, hypertrophic and atrophic scars.

  5. Pyoderma of the face (Pyoderma faciale)

     Many researchers attribute pyodermatitis to a manifestation of rosacea, a severe form of rosacea, and not acne. Pyodermatitis of the skin of the face often affects young women 15-40 years old. , many of whom have never suffered from acne, develops acutely, in some cases during pregnancy or immediately after childbirth. Inflammatory elements are localized exclusively on the face, while there are no comedones and general symptoms. Healing of the elements occurs slowly, over a year or more.

     The disease begins, as a rule, on a hyperemic background. It is characterized by the appearance of persistent erythema on the face, against which large papules, cysts and nodes rapidly develop, which then merge into purulent conglomerates.

• 3. Childhood acne

  1. Newborn acne (Acne neonatorum)

     The appearance of acne in newborns is a borderline physiological state of this period and occurs as a result of a sexual (hormonal) crisis. Its manifestations also include breast engorgement, hydrocele, physiological vulvovaginitis. These conditions are due to the action of maternal hormones obtained by the fetus in the prenatal period. Newborn acne is closed comedones located on the nose, cheeks, chin and forehead in the form of dotted white or yellowish papules. As a rule, they disappear on their own without a trace within 1.5-2 weeks.

  2. Acne children (Acne infantum)

     In children, acne can appear at the age of 3-6 months and cause prolonged, severe forms of acne. Their development may be associated with a dangerous congenital pathology (hyperplasia or tumor of the adrenal glands) and requires a thorough examination of the child.

• 4. Acne caused by exogenous causes

  In this case, rashes are associated with prolonged inhalation, ingestion, or direct skin exposure to comedogenic substances, such as mineral oils or other petroleum products, halogenated hydrocarbons, insecticides, detergents, etc.

  1. Toxic acne, professional acne (Acne venenata) occur when a person comes into contact with chemicals and compounds that clog pores and cause acne (tar, lubricating oils, chlorine, etc.).
  2. Cosmetic acne (Acne cosmetica) appear as a result of excessive or improper use of cosmetics (usually face creams).
  3. Acne from detergents (Acne detergicans) develop from frequent use of detergents, leading to the formation of comedones.
  4. Solar acne (Acne aestivalis, Acne Majorca)- acne, manifested or aggravated in a hot and humid climate.

• 5. Acne caused by mechanical factors (Acne mechanica)

  This form occurs in individuals prone to rashes in response to mechanical stress (pressure, friction). As a result of wearing a tight headgear, plaster, with severe sweating, the habit of constantly touching or rubbing the face, etc., mechanical blockage of the follicle ducts occurs and an inflammatory process occurs.

  According to the mechanism of occurrence, it is logical to attribute excoriated acne to this form (rashes in women trying to remove even minimal, and sometimes non-existent manifestations of acne), although the cause in this case is neuropsychiatric disorders.

• 6. Acneiform acne

  Rashes in which there are no comedones are called acneiform.

  These include a large group of dermatoses: rosacea, rosacea, perioral dermatitis, skin tuberculosis, small-nodular facial sarcoidosis, drug rash. For acneiform rashes, inflammation of the sebaceous hair follicle is primary. When diagnosing, they should be distinguished from acne.

3. Classification of acne according to the severity of manifestations

I degree. One or two areas of the face are affected. The main manifestations are open and closed comedones, with a significant predominance of open ones. Single superficial papules and pustules are possible.

II degree. Several areas of the face and body are affected. A large number of both open and closed comedones. Solitary papules and pustules.

III degree. Against the background of open and closed comedones, a large number of deep papules and pustules. Possible widespread hyperemia (redness) of the affected areas due to a pronounced inflammatory reaction. Post-acne phenomena are expressed: scars, stagnant spots.

IV degree. It is characterized by the presence of large, more than 5 mm in diameter, cyanotic-purple painful infiltrates, conglobate elements (several large nodes located nearby, connected by fistulous passages), large cysts that resolve with the formation of rough atrophic scars. One or more areas may be affected. In the diagnosis of this stage, the decisive role is played by the severity, and not the prevalence of manifestations.

The problem of acne, perhaps, is familiar to everyone without exception. This phenomenon is unpleasant, troublesome and frightening by the unpredictability of the appearance and the nature of the development of events. Often people treat acne incorrectly and get rid of acne incorrectly. Why it happens? The main reason for reckless actions is the lack of knowledge in this area. To effectively fight acne, you need to at least know what types of acne are, how they differ, and also navigate the severity of the disease. If acne is identified, then the search for a treatment regimen is simplified.

• 1 degree

The mildest form of acne, which is mild, occurs in adolescence and in adults. At this stage, you can observe the appearance of a not very large number of acne (up to 6 pieces) in the face area. As a rule, pimples of the closed type or black dots are observed. Inflammatory processes are often absent. Meanwhile, grade 1 allows the appearance of several pustules. Treatment in such cases can take place at home, but it must be present in order to stop the development of the disease. After the disappearance of acne, traces, as a rule, do not remain.

• 2 degree

It is characterized by a moderate appearance of acne (up to 11 pieces) of different types. With a given degree of manifestation, acne is of a closed type, black dots are adjacent to red acne and pustules. It is observed in both adolescents and adults (often in women during critical days). Self-treatment is acceptable, but if acne does not disappear in three weeks, you need to pay a visit to a dermatologist.

• 3 degree

Severe form of acne. On the body and face there are many acne (up to 40 pieces) of different types, inflammatory processes and suppuration are observed. Acne is much larger than in the previous 2 stages. The first symptoms of post-acne begin to appear: stagnant spots and scars (scars). With 3 degrees of severity of manifestations, acne actually grows uncontrollably, affecting more and more new zones, so you should not delay visiting the doctor. If you neglect this advice - do nothing, either crush acne, or treat them incorrectly, you can "earn" ugly scars, or even blood poisoning.

• 4 degree

A serious stage of the disease, characterized by a large number of acne of different types, shades and sizes (up to several centimeters). Often, several pimples form nodes, cysts. Large scars and dark spots appear. Acne lesions bleed and fester, breakouts are formed at the slightest friction of acne on clothing or bedding. Often, areas of the body such as the back, shoulders, and chest are completely affected. At this stage, delay and incorrect treatment are extremely dangerous for the health and beauty of the body. It is recommended to consult a dermatologist without delay.

Scheme of the phased development of acne

It's important to know!

Acne is a multifaceted disease, the course of which depends on the individual characteristics of the skin, so at the moment there is no comprehensive and unified classification of acne, however, below you will get acquainted with those types of acne that have been studied, diagnosed and correctly treated by dermatologists.

Types of acne on an inflammatory basis

By their nature, all acne is divided into two types:

1. No signs of inflammation.
2. Inflammatory.

In turn, acne without symptoms of inflammation is divided into:

• open comedones (black dots);
• closed comedones (white dots).

This is how the comedo becomes inflamed.

Acne with inflammatory manifestations includes:

• papules,
• nodes,
• cysts.

What is the difference between inflammatory acne and acne without inflammatory signs? Firstly, in appearance - they are usually larger in size, conspicuous, disfigure the appearance. Secondly, the presence of an infection that provokes inflammation, redness and suppuration, and also causes tissue swelling. Often, inflammatory acne is painful, causes a lot of trouble and discomfort. In fact, acne without symptoms of inflammation is the "parents" of inflammatory acne. It is enough just to bring an infection into the focus and "harmless" pimples turn into problematic "troublemakers".

Arm yourself with a quick acne grading chart to help you correctly identify intruders

Description of acne without signs of inflammation

Comedones, as you know, occur due to plugging of the mouths of the hair follicles or ducts of the sebaceous glands. This type of acne consists of thick skin fat, dead cells and scales of the epithelium.

If these blockages form on the outside of the pores, then open (black) comedones, often referred to as blackheads, appear. These pimples do not become black immediately. When a blockage occurs, the sebaceous plug contains a clear or white fluid. Then the fat hardens and, turning into a lump, acquires a yellowish tint. Due to the fact that the pores are open, under the influence of oxygen, fat lumps begin to oxidize, as a result of which they acquire a characteristic black color, which makes them look like dots. The size of black comedones varies in the region of 0.1-2 mm. The central black dot is present in all eels, but their color can vary - from light yellow to brown and dark gray. Often, open comedones are not a problem. Meanwhile, the picture changes if an infection enters the glands.

Black dots - almost everyone faces them

Closed comedones, also called whiteheads, whiteheads, wen and milia (whiteheads) are formed in case of oil congestion inside - in the lower part of the pores. In their structure, closed comedones resemble blood clots that do not have access to the surface of the skin. In fact, they can be invisible to the eye and felt only by touch. Meanwhile, some whiteheads rise noticeably above the surface of the skin. Many people are familiar with such representatives of the type of closed comedones as prosyanka. These pimples look like nodules resembling millet grains, scientifically called milia.

Worth paying attention!

If you feel something unusual to the touch but can't tell if you have whiteheads, stretch the skin where you suspect it. As a rule, in such cases, the appearance of closed comedones becomes noticeable visually.

Closed comedones are not always visible

Whiteheads most often form in the area of ​​the cheeks, chin, forehead and cheekbones and are not particularly disturbed by their appearance - they do not hurt, do not become inflamed. Meanwhile, despite their relative harmlessness, closed comedones are still dangerous. The fact is that under the skin they tend to combine with neighboring inflammatory acne. As a result of such fusions, an extensive cavity is formed under the skin, gradually filling with pus. That is, in fact, a wen is a “time bomb”, which, when given a push, exacerbates the situation at times.

We all remember the temporary problems of adolescence associated with the appearance of acne.

Characteristics and types of inflammatory acne

As we have already said, acne without signs of inflammation, when it penetrates the glands of the infection, easily degenerates into inflammatory acne, which causes discomfort, disfigures the appearance and spoils the mood. It should be noted that inflammatory acne, in turn, is also divided into such subspecies.

papules

They are inflamed comedones (often developing from whiteheads), have a diameter of 0.1 to 1 cm, and look like pink or red balls that rise above the surface of the skin. When pressed on the surface, the papule becomes pale for a while. Does not contain a white head. If a papule has formed at the site of a black dot, then a dark sebaceous plug can often be seen through the enlarged pore. In turn, such acne is divided into the following types.

• Superficial papules - up to 5 mm in diameter, which, after disappearance, do not leave marks, with the possible exception of a temporary spot.
• Nodes or deep papules that occupy the entire thickness of the skin and have a diameter of more than 5 mm, often from 1 to 3 cm. Such acne is often painful, has a bright red or blue-purple color and, after disappearance, leaves spots, atrophic, and even keloid scars disfiguring appearance.
• cysts. If the inflammation is severe, and the pimple is located deep enough, cystic dense formations filled with pus form under the skin. Often, several of these subcutaneous cavities merge into one, which forms a whole chain of papules that look like a cyst. To the touch, such a neoplasm resembles a dense capsule. Cysts often consist of many chambers connected by common fistulas. With inflammation, such papules cause a lot of trouble and do not leave the surface of the skin without a trace.

It looks like a pustule up close

Pustules

Cavity inflamed neoplasms with purulent contents, ranging in size from 0.1 to 1 cm. The shape of the pustules varies. These pimples can be flat, and cone-shaped, and hemispherical. The nature of the formation of pustules is also different. In some cases, such acne is reborn from papules, and sometimes they appear in the form of an independent formation. Invariably, only the following is a white head, purulent contents and redness of the skin around the pimple. The hue of the pustules can vary from white to green. These acne are dangerous because at the time of extrusion or even acute inflammation, the pus in the cavity often penetrates into the blood and infects it.

It's important to know!

A change in the color of the pustule to yellow or green usually indicates a secondary infection, and this is already very serious. Go to a dermatologist immediately.

Clinical classification of acne

According to the approved medical classification, acne, in turn, is divided into the following types:

• children's;
• youthful;
• adults;
• acne caused by exogenous causes;
• acne from mechanical impact.

It looks like a pimple in the internal section

Baby acne occurs in newborns and appears due to the influence of mother's hormones during fetal development. As a rule, closed comedones appear on the cheeks, nose, forehead and chin of babies, which disappear on their own after a couple of weeks. If acne occurs in older children, you should consult a doctor.

Juvenile or teenage acne is a common occurrence, occurring in almost half of teenagers. As a rule, ¾ of the acne is formed on the face. By the age of 18-20, the problem sometimes resolves on its own, if this does not happen, treatment is required.

Video lecture about teenage acne:

Worth paying attention! Girls should be prepared for the fact that their skin is more likely to suffer from teenage acne - such is the harsh statistics.

Acne also appears in adults - about 5% of the population suffers from these unexpected guests. Acne of this kind is divided into the following types:

• late acne (which began to form in adolescence and did not go away over the years);
• inverse acne;
• bodybuilding acne associated with excessive use of steroids and other mixtures that affect the hormonal background;
• globular acne that can "decorate" the body for decades if not treated in time.

The appearance of acne due to exogenous influence is due to a long period of inhalation, or ingestion, or exposure to the skin of substances or phenomena that provoke acne. For example, such acne can occur from improper use of cosmetics and detergents, interaction with toxic substances, and also as a result of excessive exposure to the sun.

Acne, formed as a result of mechanical action, occurs due to artificial blockage of pores, for example, while wearing tight clothing or a plaster cast, as a result of friction of foreign objects against the skin. This also includes the habit of constantly touching or rubbing the skin - such involuntary actions also provoke the appearance of acne.

Do not pop blackheads yourself, otherwise you risk "earning" scars, spots or blood poisoning

Now you have information about the main types of acne and the "pedigree" of acne, so you can easily cope with any manifestations of acne.

Not all acne is the same, even to the layman's eye.

And experts and even more so distinguish several varieties of rashes.

In order for harmless acne not to develop into more significant problems, it is necessary to immediately understand their species.

• All information on the site is for informational purposes and is NOT a guide to action!
• Give you an ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS only DOCTOR!
• We kindly ask you DO NOT self-medicate, but book an appointment with a specialist!
• Health to you and your loved ones!

The choice of therapeutic effects and their effectiveness depends on this.

Let's try to cover all types of rashes that may appear on the face and body, with their brief description.

Why do they appear

Very often, the varieties of acne that appear are determined by their occurrence.

It can be:

• hormonal fluctuations- at age, during the period, when taking medications;
• diseases of the digestive system- if there are violations in the system of processing and assimilation of food, this quickly affects the condition of the skin;
• wrong- some can increase the likelihood of rashes;
• insufficient hygiene skin;
• influence of environmental factors- exposure to the skin of direct sunlight, cold, wind;
• exposure to chemicals– particles of household chemicals can get on unprotected skin, causing severe irritation;
• use of low-quality cosmetics- such products clog pores, accelerating acne;
• infectious diseases- often cause itching and acne;
• stress- violate the hormonal background, which leads to increased rashes.

After all, all the processes of our life are interconnected directly or indirectly.

So, a failure in one of the systems can ultimately lead to the formation of acne on the skin. Therefore, any rash requires careful diagnosis and identification of the cause. Without this, their treatment will not be effective.

How are

Acne is formed when there is a blockage of the ducts of the sebaceous glands.

For this, one of the factors is enough - excessive production of sebum or delayed exfoliation of dead epidermal cells. Normally, enough sebum is produced to moisturize the top layer of the skin and create a natural defense against external factors.

Washing twice a day is enough to cleanse the skin of accumulated impurities.

But if the dead cells of the epidermis do not leave the top layer of the skin in time, they create seals, lumps that mix with sebum and form plugs in the skin pores.

Photo: Increased oiliness of the skin provokes the formation of acne

The same happens with excessive activity of the sebaceous glands.

Excess fat itself attracts various contaminants, even dust particles from the external environment.

• As a result, the duct becomes tightly blocked again.
• In a closed space filled with fat, bacteria begin to develop.
• This causes the inflammatory process.
• The struggle of the body with it is accompanied by the formation of pus.
• The sebaceous duct increases in size, but there is a moment when the pus overflows it and comes out.
• At this point, an open wound remains, which is susceptible to infection.
• If this does not happen, it is delayed, the skin is gradually restored.

That is, almost all types of acne on the face begin with clogged pores.

Video: "Why acne appears on the face"

Types of acne on an inflammatory basis

All pimples on the face and on the body can belong to one of the following types:

• inflamed;
• non-inflamed.

inflamed

They are immediately noticeable due to the red tint of the skin around the formation.

The pimple itself in this case often has purulent contents, when pressed, painful sensations appear. Discomfort can be felt without additional influences.

This group includes the following types of acne:

• - pimples of color without purulent contents. They rise above the surface of the skin in the form of small tubercles. When pressed with a finger, the papule turns pale for a while, but then returns its shade again. After the papule, there are usually no traces on the skin, with the possible exception of a temporary dark spot;
• pustules- have a cavity filled with pus inside. Outwardly, it manifests itself in the form of a white head in the center of the elevation. It can immediately appear in a similar form or form from a papule. The danger of squeezing this type of acne is in the spread of infection or blood poisoning. After pustules, not only can remain on the skin, but also scars;
• nodes- type of subcutaneous formations. In fact, these are the same pustules, only located in the deep layers of the skin. Their color can be dark red, burgundy, cyanotic. They are even at rest. The nodes can be of considerable size - up to 3 cm in diameter. Atrophic and hypertrophic often remain in their place, since the cavity after the release of pus is quite large;
• cysts are several nearby nodes. Under the skin, they can be interconnected by cavities - fistulas. In this case, the cyst is the most difficult to treat, and in its place there are always noticeable ones. Even the formation of keloid scars is not excluded.

A photo

Non-inflamed

Due to the absence of an inflammatory process, such acne in itself does not pose a danger.

But they can serve as a starting point for papules and pustules, and therefore also require timely action.

These formations are called comedones.

They appear when the duct of the sebaceous gland is clogged with various contaminants mixed with sebum.

What are comedones?

There are two varieties:

• open. They are called differently. The mass that closed the duct of the sebaceous gland is located at the surface of the skin. The black color appears as a result of oxidation. The size of the comedon is small - up to 2 mm. It is quite possible to cope with this variety at home with the help of care with special cosmetics. But the inflammatory process and the formation of pustules on its basis are not excluded.
• closed. They occur if the lower part of the skin pore is clogged from the inside. They appear on the skin as small bumps. Their contents cannot come to the surface naturally. But they may well get an infection if there is a pimple nearby, especially when squeezing it out. The infection can also get inside when trying to get rid of a closed comedone by squeezing. Therefore, in place of such formations, papules and pustules often appear.

To make it easier to determine which type of rashes on the face belong to, rely on the photo and name of acne.

This will help you choose the right cosmetics for daily skin care.

Classification of acne according to severity

For the treatment of acne on the face, an integrated approach is more important than ever.

anti-inflammatory- Baziron AS, .

The doctor may prescribe one drug, especially since many of them combine several important properties to fight acne, or a combination of them.

We must not forget about moisturizing the skin, even if it is oily.

Only creams for this purpose should be selected on a water basis, and not on a fat or oil basis.

Prevention

You should take care of your skin daily to prevent acne.

Here's what to look out for:

• Cleansing and moisturizing the skin should be a daily routine;
• regularly, but not too often (once a week), you need to apply peeling to remove dead particles of the epidermis;
• careful selection of caring and decorative cosmetics, minimizing the use of powder, especially when;
• frequent change of bed linen and face towels - they can be sources of bacterial infection;

• a healthy lifestyle, sufficient sleep and minimization of stressful situations.

Whatever types of acne appear on your skin, consulting a specialist will help you figure out why they have arisen and how to deal with them.

Therefore, do not hesitate to consult a doctor, because a more serious problem can develop from harmless rashes.

Video: "Malysheva on the treatment of moderate acne"