How RAM is used in a computer. RAM - what is it and how does it work? What is the characteristic of the monitor

The computer quite imperceptibly, but rather quickly became an integral part of our life. Without it, it is impossible to imagine any branch of production, not a single factory or plant, not a single office. And perhaps no apartment can be imagined without a personal computer or laptop. But even though this device has already firmly entered our daily life, not everyone understands its work and design. This article will discuss one of its most important components - PC RAM.

This is not about the fact that every PC user must thoroughly know theoretical basis work of your computer and be able to repair any breakdown. No, leave that to the professionals. But basic knowledge of the device is necessary - this will help to avoid many problems in operation and, quite possibly, can prevent serious damage.

Random access memory in the structure of a personal computer

So, RAM. This is one of the most important components in a computer. This is not to say that one detail is more important and the other less, but RAM (random access memory - this is how RAM is officially called) is an indispensable element in the work of a PC. We can say that random access memory is a kind of buffer zone, a connecting element between a person and a computer.

Physically, RAM is presented in the form of a removable module installed in a special connector on the motherboard located to the right of the processor. Most motherboards have two or four such connectors. On this module, on one or both sides, there are microcircuits, which, in fact, are memory.

When you turn on the computer, the operating system and some programs start up. All the data they need to function properly is placed in RAM. All other programs that the user starts in the process of work do the same. Whether it is working with text, processing photos or listening to music - all intermediate results of the programs are in the RAM.

When the power is turned off, all data from the RAM disappears. Therefore, this device is called "operational". This is one of its two main differences from ROM - permanent memory such as a hard disk or flash drive. The second difference is the speed of data exchange. In RAM, it is much higher than in ROM. This, in fact, explains the purpose of RAM - to maximize the speed of the computer's response to user actions.

The hard disk can also store some operational information (the so-called swap file), placed there when there is not enough space in RAM. In this case, the user may experience negative phenomena - freezing and slowing down of programs or the entire system.

History, development and types of RAM

Random access memory has always been present in the structural diagram of computing technology. Back in the 19th century, the first samples of analytical machines were created, consisting of purely mechanical parts. Naturally, the RAM was also mechanical. In the 20th century, the development of electronics was rapid. This is reflected in the evolution of random access memory. At various times, electromechanical relays, cathode ray tubes and magnetic drums were used for these purposes.

With the development of semiconductor technologies, RAM based on transistors appeared and began to develop: tens, hundreds, thousands, and then millions of transistors in one microcircuit case. At first, these memory chips were simply soldered into the motherboard, which was not very convenient. With the development of computers, RAM was moved to a separate removable board.

The main modern types of random access memory are SRAM and DRAM - static and dynamic random access memory. The first is made on the basis of triggers, has a high speed, but a low density of elements. The second is built on "capacitor-transistor" bundles, has a high density and, as a result, low cost. But it is inferior in speed and needs constant recharging of its capacitors. Since the cost of production is important for mass production, it is dynamic memory that has become widespread in the PC. Since 1993 and to this day, the most common type on the market is synchronous DRAM (SDRAM).

As for the technical design, the first were single-sided SIMM modules, which appeared in the 80s and, as they were modified, had a volume of 64 KB to 64 MB. They used FPM RAM and EDO RAM memory chips. SIMMs have been replaced by double-sided DIMMs designed for SDRAM. They are used in computers to this day.

DDR and DDR2

DDR (Double Data Rate) RAM has become the next stage in the development of SDRAM and is characterized by a doubled data transfer rate. The number of contacts (184 versus 168) and keys (1 versus 2) is also different. The first in the line is the PC1600 module with a DDR200 chip, an effective frequency of 200 MHz (with a clock frequency of the memory bus of 100 MHz) and a bandwidth of 1600 MB / s. The last one was supposed to be PC3200 (DDR400, 400 MHz, 3200 MB / s), but PC4200 modules (DDR533, 533 MHz) and higher were also produced.

In addition to the increased speed, DDR memory had the ability to work in dual-channel mode, which theoretically should have doubled the speed (more precisely, the bandwidth). To do this, it was necessary to insert into the motherboard, which also had to support such a mode, two strips with exactly the same characteristics. In practice, the speed gain is not as noticeable as it is described in theory. Subsequently, all other types of DDR memory will support dual-channel mode.

DDR SDRAM first appeared in 2001. Today, of course, it can still be found in old computers, but it is very rare. Already in 2003-2004, it was replaced by DDR2 SDRAM - the second generation with double the bus frequency. DDR2 memory has differences in the casing (240 pins and a different key location), which make it not interchangeable with DDR.

The line began with the PC2-3200 module, running on a DDR2-400 chip with an effective frequency of 400 MHz and a bandwidth of 3200 MB / s. The last one that worked stably was the PC2-9600 module (DDR2-1200, 1200 MHz, 9600 MB / s). Modules with higher characteristics were also produced, but their work was not very stable.

DDR3

The next stage of evolution was DDR3 RAM. Appearing in 2007-2008, it did not lead to a sharp departure from DDR2, but began to systematically conquer the memory market. Today it is the most common type of random access memory.

Not wanting to abandon the previous generation, manufacturers have released motherboards that support both standards. DDR2 memory is not electrically or mechanically compatible with DDR3. Although both types have 240 contacts, the key is located in different places. The main difference lies in the even lower power consumption and supply voltage (1.5 V) compared to DDR and DDR2.

In its line, DDR3 RAM starts with the PC3‑6400 (DDR3‑800) module with an effective frequency of 800 MHz and a data transfer rate of 6400 MB / s. Now such modules have become quite a rarity. This is due to the fact that most modern motherboards support memory frequencies of at least 1333 MHz. Top models support memory up to 3200 MHz (PC3‑25600).

In the DDR3 family, there is a small branch - low-level (low-voltage) DDR3L memory, which is characterized by a reduced supply voltage (1.35 V). It is fully DDR3 compliant.

DDR4

The most modern and fastest is DDR4 RAM. Its mass production began back in 2014, but it still loses to DDR3 in popularity and availability. Although the declared characteristics are higher, the cost has increased significantly. In addition, DDR4 memory is not compatible with DDR3; it is advisable to choose it only when assembling new systems, but not when upgrading old ones.

As for the characteristics, the first in the line is the PC4-17000 (DDR4-2133) module with an effective frequency of 2133 MHz and a bandwidth of 17000 MB / s. It is planned that the limit for DDR4 will be an effective frequency of 4266 MHz and a bandwidth of 34100 MB / s (PC4‑34100 DDR4‑4266).

As with every new type of memory, this one has the main difference from its predecessors in reducing power consumption and reducing the supply voltage (up to 1.2 V), and, of course, improving all speed characteristics. In addition, modules now have a minimum size of 4 GB. The maximum volume can theoretically reach 192 GB.

Where did the RAM go?

Probably the most frequently asked question about computer memory will be the question: "Why is RAM not used in full volume?" Moreover, you can hear it from both beginners and experienced PC users. There may be several reasons for this, but often the key lies in the bitness of the operating system.

As you know, the 32-bit version of the operating windows systems able to work with a memory capacity not exceeding 4 GB. Anything beyond that, she simply will not "see". There are no such restrictions in the 64-bit version. Thus, if you find such a problem, the first thing to check is which version of the OS is installed. This can be done by right-clicking on the "Computer" icon on the desktop (or in the "Start" menu) and selecting the "Properties" tab. The "System" section will contain all the necessary information, including the total and available amount of RAM.

Note that the 64-bit version is available for all modern Windows operating systems (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10). Therefore, if your computer uses or plans to use more than 4 GB of RAM, you must install a 64-bit Windows operating system. In this case, the entire RAM will be used.

But there are other reasons for the decrease in available RAM. This may be a software limitation of the version of the operating system used (several editions are available in each version). Also, some space can be reserved for the built-in video adapter, if any. Do not forget that each motherboard has its own requirements regarding the characteristics and amount of RAM. If they fail, memory will not be available.

There are also hardware problems. For example, a module may be incorrectly or not fully inserted. It may also have damaged areas of memory. Such a module cannot be repaired and must be replaced immediately. You can identify damage using special programs.

How to check your RAM

In the event of failures and malfunctions that may be caused by problems with the RAM (freezes and system crashes, the appearance of the so-called "blue screen of death"), it must be checked for errors. This can be done both by standard means of the operating system and by third-party programs.

In Windows 7, RAM is checked by a program called the Windows Memory Checker. You can find it either at Control Panel \\ System and Security \\ Administrative Tools, or by searching for the key "mdsched" in the Start menu. Of all the other utilities, Memtest86 + is the most common, readily available and reliable program for diagnosing RAM.

It is important to remember a couple of points:

1. RAM is not checked from the operating system (from a bootable flash drive, disk, or after a system reboot).

2. If multiple memory modules are installed, it is advisable to test them one at a time. This will make it easier to determine which one is faulty.

Cleaning up RAM

The easiest and most effective way to clear your RAM is to restart your computer. But it is not suitable for all users and is not useful in all cases. An alternative would be to close unnecessary programs and thereby free up the memory they have reserved. This can be done in the "Task Manager" by calling it with the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + Alt + Delete.

There are also many different programs designed to optimize the use of RAM. We can mention such utilities as CleanMem, SuperRam, Wise Memory Optimizer. And also CCleaner - a versatile and very useful system monitoring utility that can effectively clean up memory by deleting temporary files and caches of programs and systems, and optimizing the registry.

But it is worth remembering that these methods are only a temporary solution to the problem, you should not rely on them. The main problem of lack of RAM and, as a consequence, slow computer operation is insufficient RAM for a specific computer configuration or task. You can solve it by installing an additional memory bar or buying a new one with a larger volume.

How much RAM does the computer need?

When choosing or upgrading a computer, the following questions often arise: "How to find out the computer's RAM?", "How much is needed?" The answer to the first question is quite simple - you just need to use the CPU-Z utility. She will give a comprehensive answer. Volume is a little more complicated. If we are talking about upgrading, then the user, most likely, has already encountered a lack of memory and knows approximately how much to increase it.

When assembling a new computer, first of all, its purpose is determined. For ordinary office work with documents, 1-2 GB is quite enough. For a mixed-use home computer, 4 GB is acceptable. If you are going to a gaming computer, you will need at least 8 GB of RAM, but it will be more comfortable with 16 GB. The same goes for serious work machines. The amount of memory required is determined by the applications with which the work will be carried out, but usually it is at least 8-16 GB.

How to choose RAM

Having figured out how to find out the computer's RAM and how much is needed, you can go to the store. But can we limit ourselves to this information? Definitely not. Of course, first of all, you need to determine what type (for new computers it is DDR3 or DDR4) and volume you need. But there are a few more factors that cannot be neglected.

First, the RAM must be consistent with motherboard and a processor not only by type, but also by the frequency they support. It makes no sense to buy high-speed memory if other components operate at lower frequencies. At best, the memory will operate at a reduced frequency, or even refuse to work at all. If the motherboard supports dual-channel mode, then it is better to buy two identical memory sticks. This will slightly increase its performance. Usually on sale you can find ready-made sets of 2 or 4 memory strips.

Secondly, you need to pay attention to the labeling. There are special types of memory that have the ECC prefix. It means there is additional error control. Most motherboards do not support this memory. RAM for laptops differs from that used in PCs and has a SO-DIMM prefix.

Thirdly, timings are of no small importance. This is a speed characteristic which means signal delay. It is designated by three or four numbers separated by a hyphen. For example, 9-8-11-18. Naturally, the lower the numbers, the better, but for most users this difference will be almost imperceptible. But timings significantly affect the price.

Random access memory is an important and complex part of a computer that affects the operation and performance of the entire computer system. She does not break down so often, but this is the catch - after all, this is not expected of her. Correct diagnostics and troubleshooting of RAM errors can help avoid costly repairs and will certainly save you a lot of time.

How are the two different different processors, so the RAM may differ. This is also true of its cost. But if a higher price of a processor almost always means that it will be more productive, then the price of memory strongly depends on the frequency and timings, which, although they guarantee an increase in performance, often insignificantly affect the overall system performance. You should pay attention to them only when assembling gaming and high-performance work computers.

If your computer becomes slower, additional RAM may be the solution. In this case, you need to figure out what RAM is and what it is for, find out its parameters, and also familiarize yourself with the recommendations for installing and replacing this module.

What is RAM?

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is also called:

1. RAM (Random Access Memory);
2. random access memory;
3. or just RAM.

Photo: Random Access Memory

RAM is a volatile computer memory that has random access. During computer operation, it is there that all intermediate, input and output data that the processor processes are stored. All data on RAM can be accessed and saved only when the device is powered. Even with a short-term power outage, information can be distorted or completely destroyed.

Data exchange between Random Access Memory and the processor takes place:

• directly;
• through registers in ALU;
• through the cache.

OP is:

RAM usage

Operating systems for information processing, as well as data storage, which are often used, use random access memory. If modern devices did not have Random Access Memory, then all operations would be much slower, since it would take much longer to read information from a permanent memory source.

Also, multithreading would be impossible. Thanks to the presence of the OP, all applications and programs start and run faster. At the same time, nothing complicates the processing of all the data that is in the queue. Some operating systems, such as Windows 7, have the ability to store files, applications, and other information that the user frequently uses in memory.

Thus, there is no need to waste time while they start to boot from disk, as the process will start immediately.

As a rule, this will cause Random Access Memory to be constantly loaded by more than 50%. This information can be viewed in the task manager. Data has the ability to accumulate and those applications that are used less often will be replaced by more necessary ones.

By far the most common is dynamic random access memory (DRAM). It is used in many devices. At the same time, it is relatively inexpensive, but it works slower than static (SRAM).

SRAM has found its way into controllers and video chips, and is also used in processor memory caches. This memory has a higher speed, but it takes up a lot of space on the die. In turn, manufacturers decided that volume is much more important than accelerated work, so DRAM is used in computer peripherals. In addition, dynamic memory costs an order of magnitude less than static memory. Moreover, it has a high density. This allows more memory cells to fit on exactly the same silicon crystal. The only drawback is that it is not as fast as SRAM.

It should be borne in mind that all the information contained on the OP can only be accessed when the device is turned on. After the user exits the program, all data will be deleted. Therefore, before exiting the application, you must save any changes or additions that have been made.

OP consists of several cells. This is where all the data is located. For every change saved, last information deleted, and a new one is written in its place. The number of cells depends on the size of the Random Access Memory. The larger this volume, the higher the performance of the entire system.

To find out the RAM of your computer, you need to do the following:

• for Windows XP:

1. hover the cursor over the shortcut "My Computer";
2. then you need to press the right mouse button;
3. select "Properties";
4. go to the "General" tab;

• for Windows 7:

Install

Additional OP will help to significantly improve the performance of the device. It can be installed both on a stationary computer and in a laptop.

Installing RAM on a computer

First you need to figure out what type of OP is required. Its type depends on the motherboard. In order to find out which type is compatible with the motherboard, you should check the documents for the device or visit the manufacturer's website. When choosing RAM, it is recommended to purchase 2 or 4 modules. Thus, if you need 8 GB of RAM, then it is better to buy 2 x 4 GB or 4 x 2 GB. In this case, you should pay attention to their bandwidth and speed. All data must be the same. Otherwise, the system will adjust to the lowest settings. This may cause performance degradation.

Photo: RAM installed

To install RAM, follow these guidelines:

1. you need to disconnect the monitor, mouse, printer and keyboard from the device;
2. make sure there is no static charge;
3. remove old modules - for this you need to open the clamps located on both sides and remove the module;

Important! The new OP module should be held so as not to touch the microcircuits that are on the side and bottom contacts.

1. The RAM must be inserted in such a way that the groove matches exactly with the protrusion located in the slot;
2. press the board and fix it, while the clamps should close;
3. build a computer;
4. turn on the device;
5. check for OP.

Installing RAM on a laptop

For this you need:

1. correctly determine the type of OP;
2. eliminate static charge;
3. disconnect the laptop from the power supply and remove the battery;
4. remove the desired panel on the bottom of the laptop;

Important! Most laptops do not require paired modules.

Type and volume

On this moment there are several types of OP. It:

• DDR RAM;
• DDR2 RAM;
• DDR3 RAM.

They differ in the design of the bar, as well as in performance.

Important! It should be noted that the modules are completely incompatible with each other, since they have different connectors for mounting.

Most modern laptops have a DDR2 or DDR3 OP. Legacy models work with DDR. The speed and performance of the computer directly depends on the amount of RAM.

Now there are modules on the market with the volume:

1. 512 MB;
2. 1 GB;
3. 2 GB;
4. 4 GB;
5. 8 GB.

Before purchasing additional modules, it is worth considering that a 32-bit operating system will only be able to recognize 4 GB. Therefore, there is no need to spend money on boards with a large volume due to the fact that it will not be used anyway. But if the operating system has 64 bits for it, you can install 8, 16 or even 32 gigabytes of memory.

Video: increase RAM

Frequency and other parameters

Among the main parameters of Random Access Memory, the following should be highlighted:

1. DDR - 2.2 Volts;
2. DDR2 - 1.8 Volts;
3. DDR3 - 1.65 Volts.

• module manufacturer. Preference should be given to well-known brands and models that have the greatest number of positive reviews. This will help eliminate the possibility of buying a defective part, and the warranty period will be longer.

What does RAM look like in a computer?

The OP of a computer is a plate consisting of several layers of PCB. It contains:

• printed circuit board;
• soldered memory chips;
• there is also a special connector for connection.

Where is the RAM located? The OP is located directly on the motherboard.

There are slots for modules, usually 2 or 4. They are located next to the processor.

Photo: storage device on the motherboard

OP for PCs and laptops

The RAM intended for a laptop has several differences from the RAM used in a PC, namely:

1. modules differ in their size - the plate for a laptop is much shorter than the standard one for a computer;
2. the bracket also has unique connectors.

Thus, the module used for the PC cannot be installed in the laptop.

Random access memory is one of the main parts in a computer. She is responsible for the speed of launching various programs and applications, as well as for the temporary storage of information. In addition, it is used to connect external devices and the hard disk with the processor.

RAM

Random access memory is one of the main components of a computer; without it, the system cannot work. The amount and characteristics of the RAM installed in the system directly affect the speed of the computer. Let's find out at a simple consumer level what it is and why it is needed in a computer at all.

As it is already clear from the name, computer RAM or RAM (random access memory) in the computer jargon "RAM", as well as simply "memory" is used for operational (temporary) storage of data necessary for work. However, such an explanation is not completely clear what temporary means and why they should be stored in the RAM when there is a hard disk. The easiest way to answer the question is what does it mean to temporarily store data. RAM is designed in such a way that data is stored in it only as long as voltage is applied to it, so it is volatile memory, unlike a hard disk. Turning off the computer, rebooting clear the RAM and all data in it at this moment is deleted. Even a short interruption in the voltage supply to the memory strips can reset them or cause damage to a separate piece of information. In other words, the computer's RAM stores the data loaded into it within a maximum of one computer session.

So, RAM serves as a buffer between the central processor and the hard drive. A hard disk is non-volatile and stores all information in a computer, but the price is its slow speed. If the processor took data directly from the computer's hard drive, it would act like a turtle. The solution to this problem is the use of an additional buffer between them in the form of random access memory.

Memory is volatile and requires constant power supply for its work, but it is much faster. When the processor needs some data, this data is read from the hard drive and loaded into the RAM, and all further operations with them occur in it. Upon completion of work with them, if the results need to be saved, they are sent back to the hard disk for writing to it, and they are deleted from the RAM to make room for other data. If the results do not need to be saved, the computer's RAM is simply cleared.

This is how their interaction looks in a highly simplified form. In addition to the central processor, information from RAM may be required by other components, for example, a video card. Naturally, a lot of data is stored in memory at the same time, since all programs that you run or files you open are loaded into it. The files of the browser through which you are currently viewing this site, as well as the Internet page itself, are located in RAM.

It is worth noting that the data from the hard disk is copied into the RAM, therefore, until the changes made with them are saved back to the disk, their old version will remain there. It is for this reason that, having opened, for example, a Word file and making some changes to it in the editor, you need to save at the end, while the file is loaded back to the hard disk and overwrites the one stored there.

Various components of the computer do not interact directly with each other, but through various interfaces, so the system bus is used to exchange information between the processor and RAM.

The performance of the entire computer depends on the speed of all its components and the slowest of them will be a bottleneck that slows down the operation of the entire system. The advent of RAM significantly increased the speed of work, but did not solve all the problems. First, the RAM speed is not ideal, and secondly, the connecting interfaces also have bandwidth limitations.

Further development of technology has led to the fact that devices requiring a high speed of data processing began to build their own memory, this eliminates the cost of transferring data back and forth, and usually in such cases, a faster memory is used than in RAM. An example would be a video adapter, built-in CPU cache, and so on. Even many hard drives now have their own internal high-speed buffer to speed up read / write operations. The answer to the question why this high-speed memory is not used now as operational memory is very simple, some technical difficulties, but the main thing is its high cost.

At this point in time, there are two types of memory that can be used as random access memory in a computer. Both are random access semiconductor memory. In other words, memory allows access to any of its elements (cells) by its address.

SRAM (Static random access memory) is made on the basis of semiconductor triggers and has a very high operating speed. There are two main disadvantages: high cost and takes up a lot of space. Now it is used mainly for small-capacity cache in microprocessors or in specialized devices, where these shortcomings are not critical. Therefore, we will not consider it further.

DRAM (Dynamic random access memory) is the most widely used memory in computers. It is built on the basis of capacitors, has a high recording density and a relatively low cost. The disadvantages arise from the peculiarities of its design, namely, the use of small capacitors leads to a rapid self-discharge of the latter, so their charge has to be periodically replenished. This process is called memory regeneration, hence the name dynamic memory. Regeneration noticeably slows down the speed of its operation, therefore, various intelligent circuits are used to reduce time delays.

The development of technology is progressing at a rapid pace and improving memory is no exception. Computer random access memory currently in use dates back to the development of DDR SDRAM memory. It doubled the operating speed in comparison with previous designs by performing two operations per clock cycle (on the edge and on the cutoff of the signal), hence the name DDR (Double Data Rate). Therefore, the effective transmission frequency is twice the clock frequency. Now it can be found almost only in old equipment, but DDR2 SDRAM was created on its basis.

In DDR2 SDRAM, the bus frequency was doubled, but the latencies increased slightly. Due to the use of a new case and 240 pins per module, it is not backward compatible with DDR SDRAM and has an effective frequency of 400 to 1200 MHz.

The most common memory nowadays is the third generation DDR3 SDRAM. Due to technological solutions and a decrease in the supply voltage, it was possible to reduce power consumption and raise the effective frequency from 800 to 2400 MHz. Despite the same housing and 240 pins, DDR2 and DDR3 memory modules are not electrically compatible with each other. To prevent accidental installation, the key (notch in the board) is located in a different location.

DDR4 is a promising development that will soon replace DDR3 and will have lower power consumption and higher frequencies, up to 4266 MHz.

Along with the frequency of work, timings have a great influence on the final speed of work. Timings are the time delays between a command and its execution. They are necessary so that the memory can "prepare" for its execution, otherwise some of the data may be corrupted. Accordingly, the lower the timings (memory latency), the better and therefore the faster the memory, all other things being equal. The amount of memory that can be installed in a computer depends on the motherboard. The amount of memory is limited both physically by the number of slots for its installation, and to a greater extent by the software limitations of a particular motherboard or installed computer operating system.

In general, 2 GB is enough to browse the Internet and work in office programs, if you play modern games or are going to actively edit photos, videos, or use other memory-intensive programs, then the amount of installed memory should be increased to at least 4 GB.

Please note that Windows operating systems are currently available in two flavors: 32-bit (x32) and 64-bit (x64). Maximum volume available operating system in 32-bit versions, depending on various combinations of components, from about 2.8 to 3.2 GB, that is, even if you install 4 GB in your computer, the system will see a maximum of 3.2 GB. The reason for this limitation appeared at the dawn of the emergence of operating systems, when no one, even in the brightest dreams, would have thought about such amounts of memory. There are ways to allow a 32-bit system to work with 4 GB of memory, but these are all "crutches" and do not work on all configurations.

Also, Windows 7 Starter Starter is 32-bit only and is limited to a maximum of 2GB of RAM.

64-bit versions of the operating system do not experience such problems, for example, Windows 7 Home Basic supports up to 8 GB, and Home Extended up to 16 GB. If all of a sudden this is not enough for you, you are welcome to use the Professional, Enterprise or Maximum versions, where you can install up to 192 GB of memory.

List of used Internet resources

rAM computer

1.https: //ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%EF%E5%F0%E0%F2%E8%E2%ED%E0%FF_%EF%E0%EC%FF%F2%FC

2.http: //beginpc.ru/hardware/operativnaya-pamyat-kompyutera

3.http: //smartronix.ru/chto-takoe-operativnaya-pamyat

Despite the development of technologies and their total popularization, many still ask the question: "What is RAM?"

Surely most of you have heard that there is some kind of constant.

But only a few can clearly explain what it is and why it is needed. Of course, there are many articles on the Internet about this, but there is no clear answer.

Most often, we come across the concept of "RAM" when choosing a computer. And the only thing we are guided by in this matter is the rule "the more, the better."

In fact, this is only partly correct. You don't always need to buy a computer with a lot of memory. But first things first.

Theoretical page

If we take all the definitions that are on the Internet, then we can deduce the following:

Random access memory is the memory that stores temporary, intermediate data.

It is also called RAM (random access memory) or RAM (Random Access Memory), OP (abbreviation).

We will use all of these concepts. At first glance, the above definition seems somewhat complicated, but now we'll figure it out.

As you know, there are two types of memory in a computer - operational and permanent.

So, the difference between them can be illustrated with one simple example.

This text was originally typed in the document. When it was being printed, it had not yet been saved on the computer, that is, it did not occupy a single byte of permanent memory (on the hard disk).

Where, then, was he? Just in the RAM.

When we saved it to the computer, it already began to take up space in the permanent memory. By the way, it is called ROM (Read Only Memory).

The same happens when working with any other program. Until you save the data, it must be stored somewhere, but it cannot take up real disk space (after all, you did not save it).

So, they are stored in the OP.

That is, the RAM is a kind of buffer that stores data until it is stored in permanent memory.

If we take a more familiar everyday situation for us, then all of the above can be illustrated with another example.

Let's say you bought tomatoes, bell peppers, parsley, garlic, and cucumbers to make a salad.

You put them on the board to cut. At the moment they are not yet in the salad, but they are no longer in the store, they are on the board. In this example, the cutting board is RAM (operational).

A little processing takes place here, and then the vegetables are placed in some kind of vessel, which is a ROM (read-only memory).

Figure: 2. Two types of computer memory on the example of salad

Actually, this is the difference. If you restart your computer or turn it off and do not save your data, it will be lost.

But if you save them (for example, in order to do this you need to click the "File" button, then "Save"), they will be placed in a persistent.

All clear?

If not, write about it in the comments.

It is clear that the more RAM, the better, because then more information can be processed simultaneously.

If we take the above example with vegetables and salad, then it is clear that the larger the cutting board, the more tomatoes, cucumbers and other products will fit on it.

There is one BUT - if your salad bowl is very small and you live alone, then there is no point in buying a very large board.

You simply won't cook such voluminous salads, and if you do, they will stand in the fridge and disappear.

In the same way, there is absolutely no point in choosing a computer with a lot of RAM, if you do not plan to perform some complex tasks on it and the amount of permanent memory you have is not very large.

So we come to the topic of choosing an OP.

From everything we talked about in this section, one could draw the following conclusions:

1. Random access memory or RAM, RAM, OP is a kind of intermediate stage between permanent memory and the user.
2. The operative contains data until it is placed in a persistent.
3. When the user enters some data, they are stored in RAM, and after saving they are already placed in ROM.
4. If you do not save the information that is currently being processed by the RAM, it will disappear.

How to choose the amount of RAM

To make the choice of the amount of RAM, you need to be guided by only one criterion, namely, the tasks that you will perform on the computer. It looks like this:

• if you only need to work with text documents, 1 GB of RAM will do (this is quite enough for the normal operation of Word and the entire office suite from);
• and if you need to handle graphics or play, you need to buy the maximum amount of RAM - at the moment it can be 16 GB or even more;
• if you need something in between, then today 8 GB is the optimal indicator (this is enough for the normal operation of games, even if not at maximum speed, and for all other tasks).

Tip: Take the programs that you plan to use on your computer and see system requirements to them. There, for sure, the required amount of RAM will be indicated. Rely on this indicator when choosing.

Figure: 3. Computers in the store

This applies to cases where you choose a solid computer, and not RAM separately. We will talk about the second situation a little later.

And before that, let's consider the question of how to find out how many OPs are on your computer now.

How to find out the amount of RAM available

Before giving the methods that allow you to complete the task, it is necessary to clarify a few points.

To begin with, RAM is (physically) a small rectangular board that fits into the corresponding socket on the motherboard.

Figure: 4. OP module and motherboard connector for it

So, the most reliable way to find out the amount of RAM is just to look at this very module and find there some number next to the word "GB", that is, Gigabyte.

This is how it might look.

Figure: 5. The amount of RAM indicated on the module

In addition, you can find out how much OP is actually installed in a computer using special programs and, specifically:

1. Through the properties of the system. To do this, go to "Computer", click at the top on "System properties" and see how many GB is indicated next to the inscription "Installed memory ...".

Figure: 6. Viewing RAM through system properties

2. Through the task manager. It can be launched in two ways: by entering the appropriate query into the Start menu search bar and by simultaneously pressing the Ctrl, Alt and Delete buttons. In the running manager, you will need to go to the tab "Speed" and pay attention to the section "Physical memory"... This method is good because you can also see how many GB (or MB) is being used at the moment (this is the same section and the "Memory" section).

Figure: 7. View RAM through the task manager

3. Through the program. First you need to say it (to the download page from our site), then run it, go to the "Memory" tab and pay attention to what is indicated next to the "Size" inscription. This is the actual amount of RAM.

Figure: 8. Viewing RAM through the CPU-Z program

In general, there are a lot of programs like this. For example, AIDA64 works very well. Choose the one you like best.

Secondly, in addition to the volume, RAM has many other characteristics, such as frequencies, type, and more. If you choose OP not together with the computer, but separately, you need to pay attention to them.

So we come to the question of increasing the RAM.

However, if you decide not to buy a ready-made computer as a whole, but to assemble it from separate parts, then the tips and criteria given below will also be relevant for you.

Is it possible to increase the RAM

The answer to this question is extremely simple - of course you can! You just need to buy another OP module and install it on the motherboard. You just need to know how to choose this very module.

In this case, not only the tasks that you will perform play a role, but also the characteristics of the motherboard and memory module. It is about this:

1. First you need to find out which modules your supports. The type of memory plays a role here (and they are DDR-1, DDR-2, DDR-3 and DDR-4, with different markings).

The easiest way to accomplish the task is with the above program. The process of using it is as follows:

• first, the program must be downloaded (to the official website), installed and run;
• on the main screen, press "Motherboard";

Figure: 9. AIDA64 main screen

• after that you need to select the "Chipset" item;

Figure: 10. Section "Motherboard" in AIDA64

• at the top, click on "Server Bridge ..." and pay attention to the lines "Supported memory types" and "Maximum memory size".

Figure: 11. Characteristics of the supported computer memory in AIDA64

Be sure to remember the supported module types and when choosing a new one remember that the type must match.

2. Pay attention to the form factor. Simply put, this refers to the appearance and size of the board itself. There are not so many varieties, only two - DIMM for PCs and SO-DIMM for laptops.

The first is more, the second is less. Make sure that it does not happen that the module you purchased will fit a laptop, but you have a PC.

Figure: 12. Varieties of form factor of RAM modules

3. Be sure to pay attention to the frequency. This is one of the main characteristics of the modules, which directly affects its performance.

Here the situation is the same as with the first criterion of this list. If the motherboard does not support one or another frequency, there is no point in buying memory with that frequency.

4. She, of course, will work, but not at the maximum. For example, if the motherboard only supports 1600 MHz, and you buy 1800 MHz RAM, then only 1600 will work, and 200 will be unnecessary.

To find out how many MHz the motherboard supports, follow the same steps as shown in Figures 9-11.

In line "Supported types ..." some numbers are indicated next to the type (for example, DDR3-1066). This is the volume of frequency.

These three characteristics are basic. You can also pay attention to timings, operating modes and manufacturer.

But all this is not so important. If you buy a new RAM module according to the above criteria, you can instantly increase its volume on your computer.

If you have any questions, write about them in the comments. We will be happy to answer!

There is another way to increase the amount of RAM - this is overclocking. This procedure is rather complicated, but interesting. The video below clearly shows how it is performed.

How to overclock RAM?

We continue the topic of iron and in this video we will talk about the frequency of RAM and overclocking of RAM

Let's talk about hardware again, namely, computer RAM. We will share this article into two parts. In the first, that is, in this article, I will talk about what RAM is, its purpose and so on. useful information, and the second article will describe how to choose RAM, what criteria to follow, and more.

Now let's move on to a specific question, namely, what is RAM and what is it for.

Purpose of RAM

Each of us has a computer, and users may often have a question about improving and modernizing this very PC. Everyone has the right to experiment with their electronic device, but within reason, of course. Someone, someone conjures over the processor, well, and we will analyze a cheaper option - RAM, namely an increase in its volume.

Firstly, the choice of RAM is the simplest one, since you do not need to have special knowledge for this, and the installation of a memory module takes place in an instant. Moreover, at present, this technical part is quite cheap.

And now we will move on to the definition of RAM, in a different way RAM.

RAM (random access memory) - the structure of temporary storage of data with the help of which the software operates. It is always a set of chips and modules that connect to the motherboard.

This memory usually acts as a buffer between the drives and the processor, it temporarily stores files and data, and also stores running applications.

By the way, do not confuse RAM with hard disk memory. ROM Is the hard disk memory (read-only memory). These are different types of memory.

By its structure, random access memory consists of cells that store data of a certain size, 1 or 4 bits. Also, each cell has its own address, which is divided into horizontal lines and vertical columns.

The cells described above are capacitors that store an electrical charge. There are also special amplifiers that can convert analog signals into digital ones, which then create data.

When transmitting a string address to a microcircuit, a signal is used called RAS (Row Address Strobe), to transmit the column address, use the signal CAS (Column Address Strobe).

We figured out the complex definitions, now let's move on to the work of RAM.

The operation of RAM is unconditionally connected with the operation of the processor and other external devices of the computer, since data from all these devices are received into it. First of all, the data from the hard disk goes into RAM, and then it is processed by the processor, such a structure can be seen in the figure below:

The exchange of information between the RAM and the processor itself can occur either directly or with the participation of the cache memory.

Cache memory is also a temporary storage of data and is a local memory area. The use of this memory significantly reduces the time for delivering data to the processor register, and all because the speed of external media is very slow, in contrast to the processor one. Also because of this, which is also important.

But in fact, who or what controls the RAM? The RAM is controlled by a controller installed in the motherboard chipset. This part is called " North bridge", Which provides connection of the processor ( CPU) to various nodes using a graphics controller and RAM. You can see such a scheme below.

I also want to say one important thing. If data is being written to the RAM in any cell, then the contents that were before the recording will be immediately erased.

An important point in application programs is that they must work under the control of one or another operating system, otherwise it will not be able to allocate the required amount of RAM for this program. There were cases when it was impossible to run on a new operating system, old programs that were intended for old operating systems.

You should be aware that Windows 7, which has 64 bits, supports 192 GB of RAM, while 32-bit Windows 7 supports only 4 GB.

Why do you need RAM?

So, now we know that the so-called cache memory is involved in the data exchange process. At this moment, it is controlled by a controller that analyzes a program and calculates what data is most likely to be needed by the processor, and then loads them into the cache memory from the RAM, then the modified data by the processor, if necessary, is returned back to the RAM.

To begin with, we note that all your information is stored on the hard disk, then, when you turn on the PC, various drivers, OS elements, and special programs are written into RAM from this same hard disk. At the end, the programs that we will run are recorded, and when we close them, they will be erased from RAM.

The information written into the RAM is transferred to the processor, processed by it and written back, and so on every time. But it may happen that the memory cells run out, what should be done in this case?

In this case, the so-called. This file is located on the hard disk; information that is not included in the RAM is recorded there. This is a big plus. The downside is that the hard drive is much inferior to RAM in terms of speed, so slow system performance may occur. The life of the hard drive itself is also shortened.

What is RAM made of?

Now you can consider what the RAM module itself consists of.

Usually all strips (modules) of RAM consist of the same elements. There are also two types of modules: unilateral and double-sided... And they say that double-sided is much faster. But it so happens that the double-sided bar did not work in full force, since the chips from either side were not involved. And all because, like the motherboard, and the processor must support one or another memory.

Note - if you buy, for example, two RAM modules, then it is better to buy one type.

At the moment, there are several types of memory: DDR, DDR2, DDR3... Also, a new type of memory has been developed - DDR4which is not yet particularly used. Today, DDR3 is the most popular and used memory type.

For a laptop, almost the same memory is used, the module of which is slightly smaller. It bears the name SO-DIMM (DDR, DDR2, DDR3).

On this, I think it is worth finishing, we learned what RAM is and its purpose, various characteristics and types. Perhaps you have any comments on this issue, feel free to ask them below. Any suggestions and criticism are greatly appreciated.

RAM can be made in the form of a drive, that is, to store data on it and install programs. This technology is called. If you are interested, you can read about it.