Management structures in the state and the underworld Statement of the problem. Confucius taught that a ruler does not need to be either a sage or a warrior, but rather use wise men and warriors wisely. In England, regardless of the election results and the coming to power of a new

1.1. The problem of the formation of a legal paradigm in the modern world The modern world is a complex socio-cultural and political-legal formation, evolving under the influence of multidirectional trends: globalization and localization;

2001-2017
Additions A. Zakharov

Kings and pawns

Short stories about the history and hierarchy of the criminal world, thieves' professions, thieves and fraers

Abridged version.

"Bitch War"

Thieves and in the wild take care of the formation of their personnel. So, the late Far Eastern thief in law Jem (Evgeny Vasin) created "educational" camps for homeless children and "difficult" teenagers. "Thieves in law", and indeed the leaders of organized crime groups, for the most part finance various "rocking chairs", children's sports sections and clubs. And not only to train new "criminal" personnel, but also to ensure the loyal attitude of teenagers to criminal authorities in general. There is also information that thieves in law are behind the youth informal movement AUE (Prisoner Uklad One).

Those spheres of influence that have traditionally been controlled by thieves in law and that feed the criminal community remain unchanged: gambling, prostitution, drugs, car service (especially roadside, like almost the entire roadside service structure), hotel and restaurant business, and the assets of "common funds" will be compared with the assets of the largest Russian banks.

Thieves in the paddock

The idea of ​​creating a new type of correctional labor institutions was proposed to Stalin in 1927 by Naftaly Frenkel, a Turkish Jew. Soviet Union already had a camp system designed to "correct through labor", but it was imperfect. The Soviet prisoner was seen primarily as a criminal, and not as a cheap labor force.

Naftaly Frenkel was born in Constantinople. After graduating from a commercial institute, he opened a timber trade enterprise in the Donetsk province. The firm was in Mariupol. Frenkel's commercial undertakings were a resounding success. A few years later, he earned the first million, which was used to buy steamboats. The GPU remembered the enterprising lumber merchant in the middle of the 1920s and did not forget it until his death. As long as the exchange was successful, he was free and invulnerable. When exchange transactions began to fade, Frenkel was arrested and sent to the Lubyanka. Apparently, the plan for the construction of new camps and the reconstruction of old ones was born there. To avoid Solovki, Naftaly Aronovich decided to prove his necessity and indispensability for the young Soviet state. Frenkel was nevertheless sent to the Solovetsky Islands.

In 1929, Iosif Vissarionovich himself wished to see Naftaliy Aronovich. A plane flies to the island and takes the inventor-innovator to Moscow. The conversation with Stalin took place behind closed doors. When the doors opened, Frenkel had special powers and unleashed his wild imagination at full capacity.

For merits in the construction of the White Sea Canal, the former Turkish citizen received a new appointment and headed the construction of the BAMlag. For the most fruitful idea, Naftaly Aronovich was awarded the Order of Lenin.

With the beginning of perestroika, from 1985-86, a new test fell to the lot of the camp thugs. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB of the USSR, having declared the fight against criminals among state officials, did not forget about the ranks of criminals. The renewing power suddenly "discovered" thieves in law and opened a "second front" - unleashed the KGB on them, which it endowed with an additional function - the fight against corruption and organized crime. Very soon, a sensitive thieves' clan discovered on itself someone's vigilant attention. The threat came from a new enemy, frightening with its obscurity. It was no longer the cops. The Chekists set to work with their usual energy and flair.

Thieves and power.

The fusion of criminal concepts, money and power began to occur in the Soviet Union long before its collapse. And in many respects it predetermined the processes that Russia is reaping today. So, in 1979, during a gathering of thieves in Kislovodsk, an “alliance” was formed between thieves in law and “tsekhoviks” (underground entrepreneurs), who pledged to pay ten percent of their income to the criminal community. In 1982, another very important meeting took place in Tbilisi, at which thieves in law gathered to discuss whether they would infiltrate power (See Lev jumped and subsequent articles).

Four years later, the issue was raised again. One of the most respected thieves in law, Vasya Brilliant, spoke out against. He defended the position of the thieves' law, according to which there should be no cooperation with the authorities. The position of the Diamond was opposed by Georgian thieves. But no definite decision on this issue was made. Soon, one of the most famous thieves in law of Georgian nationality, Jaba Ioseliani, became one of the closest assistants to the future President of Georgia, Eduard Shevardnadze, and later this thief in law became the Minister of Defense of independent Georgia. Thieves in law have become so popular in Georgia that during one of the surveys of schoolchildren, 25 percent of them indicated that they would also like to become thieves in law.

How many "thieves in law" in modern Russia (2013). How was the census of thieves in law

Boys, sixes and lightning rods

Boys, sixes, bulls and lightning rods - camp servants of a thief in law. Often they serve the lawyers in freedom, but there their services are of a different nature. In this row, the boys have the most advantageous position.

The boys include denied, sympathetic to the thieves. When the thief unfreezes the zone, that is, starts mass riots, the boys serve as a strike force, inciting the men to drunkenness and sabotage. Men (or hard workers) are those who have embarked on the path of correction, work conscientiously and do not conflict with the personnel of the correctional colony. The muzhiks most often end up with prisoners convicted for the first time, guild workers and robbers, far from primitive criminality. Guys sign up for the asset, trying to earn early release. Two powerful camps of boys and men are being created in the colony. A beginner, if he is not a "professional", must take one of the sides. During the camp riots, on the instructions of the authorities, the boys do not let the men into the industrial zone, drink them with vodka (sometimes by force) and provoke them into fights.

Thieves take the most devoted and authoritative boys into their environment. Particular attention is paid to youth, from which a worthy replacement is forged. The boy can be recognized as a position, that is, a potential candidate for the crown of thieves. Many vows during the coronation began with the words: "I'm like a kid who wants to serve the brotherhood of thieves ...".

Guys less organized and do not go to a mass rebuff.

Sixes serve for general services: they pass notes, collect money, carry out daily wet cleaning near the thief's bunker, take out cigarettes and alcohol, inform about disorder, work for the thief in the industrial zone, wash and even read books aloud. In the zone of the six, they are obliged to protect the thief, playing the role of bodyguards. In the event of his unauthorized killing or mutilation, the jury is responsible. Authorities often recruit persons with experience in security activities.

To get acquainted with tattoos, I advise you to visit the site "Beyond the Law"

“At night, Bandera entered the barracks and took out two bandits. They knew they were going to be killed." In the late 1940s, the so-called “bitch wars” broke out in the Gulag camps. In the center of the criminal "showdowns" were Ukrainian political prisoners - "Bandera".

“In the wild, I heard only black words about Bandera,” writes the poet Anatoly Berger in his memoirs “Etap”. In 1969-1974 he served a sentence for "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" in Mordovia. - Probably, such words are not false: they had enough murders and cruelty. But in the camp, these people made a strong impression. Their faces were not the same as those of the policemen. These faces shone, breathed conviction and faith. There were no snitches among them. Sitting for the same 25 years, they endured a heavy punishment with dignity. The Jews in the camp were friendly. And in general, among Bandera there were many educated people who knew European languages. They firmly believed in their destiny, in the coming independence of Ukraine, in the rightness of their cause.”

During the Great Patriotic War, about a million prisoners were mobilized into the Red Army. Thieves in law also had to take up arms - although their "code" forbade any cooperation with the authorities. When a few years later the recidivists returned to the "zone", problems began with those who did not leave it. So there was a division into "chesnyag" - those who adhered to the "thieves' law", and "bitches" - traitors. The so-called bitch wars began in the camps.

Mikhail Bakanchuk during exile in Norilsk, 1956. Arrested in 1947 for collaboration with the OUN security service. Imprisoned for 25 years. For opposition to the camp brigades, the term was increased by five years. "BUR - a high-security barrack - was my frequent hotel," he writes in his memoirs. He was amnestied in 1956 with a ban on returning to Western Ukraine. Now Bakanchuk is 85. Lives in Ternopil

“And once, with a stage, a thief accidentally got into that zone, and his enemies recognized him, bitches,” describes the author of the memoirs “The Fourth Dimension,” Abraham Shifrin. “We saw through the barbed wire how the brutalized crowd first beat him, and then tried to burn him at the stake. The unfortunate man shouted to us: “Men! Tell people that I died as a thief!“ All this bacchanalia went to the accompaniment of shooting into the air from the towers. Then the guards took this thief away and carried him away, but he is unlikely to have survived.”

Constant conflicts forced the leadership of a to distinguish between two criminal groups. At first they were bred in different cells. Later - even in different camps. So, in the BerLAG in Kolyma, the “chesnyags” served their sentences mainly on the territory of the northern administration, and the “bitches” - in the western one. On shipments, the convoy asked the thieves what kind of "suit" they were.

In the late 1940s, another noticeable group appeared in the camps - Ukrainian political prisoners, "Bandera".

“They were also different from everyone,” recalls the Jew Anatoly Radygin in the book “Life in the Mordovian concentration camps nearby.” In 1974 it was published in Munich in Ukrainian. “When suddenly a fit and tidy man, calm and laconic, clean-shaven, in a clean shirt and polished shoes, in carefully smoothed prison clothes, approached the tinkering mass, one could almost without mistake guess his nationality, party membership and the banner under which he fought.”

The camps were under the complete control of criminals. Often, under the guise of the administration, the "thieves" had edged weapons, which were sent to various kinds of "contra", including the "Bandera".

Women from Western Ukraine in a camp in the village of Chernovskie Kopi, near Chita, January 17, 1950

“Most of the camp population were Western Ukrainians, mostly peasant women,” writes translator Maya Ulanovskaya in The History of a Family. “This, at first glance, gray camp mass left the brightest memory of itself. Their songs rang throughout the camp. They sang in the barracks, sang at work - if it was such a job as mica production - they sang in chorus, in several voices. Epic songs about Cossack glory, dreary ones in captivity, in an abandoned family, and Bandera songs are always tragic, about death in an unequal struggle.

“Thieves in law tried to keep the rest of the prisoners in full subordination,” writes Valery Ronkin in the book “December is replaced by January.” - A colleague also talked about how a large group of Bandera people was sent to them in the zone where the thieves' law reigned. They went to the godfather and tried to negotiate with the thieves so that they would not touch the politicians. But the next day, a political one was defiantly killed, who did not want to share the package with the thieves. After another murder, Bandera set fire to the thieves' hut, having previously boarded up its doors. Those who jumped out of the windows were thrown back. Since then, the thieves' power in the zone has ended.

On February 21, 1948, a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued, according to which "special camps" - "Special camps" - were created for political prisoners. Their appearance significantly changed the balance of power. Here the "Bandera" if they did not make up the majority, then they could form large close-knit groups.

“The conflicts between the warring camps “thieves” - “bitches” were very beneficial to us,” recalls Vasily Rogach from Transcarpathia in his memoirs “Happiness in the fight”. - After such “showdowns”, some were put in the BUR (high-security barrack - A), others were sent to the stage. And in the residential area, a lull was established for some time - robberies, thefts, and dangerous fights stopped. Later we even tried to provoke these conflicts. And long time they worked for us."

Rogach served his sentence in the RechLAG camps near Vorkuta. The administration decided to bring two hundred criminals here in order to put the “Banderites” in their place.

- Shut up, Bandera bitch! Soon we will break off your horns, - Chernobrov's authority rushed at the Ukrainian, who played the mandolin in the barracks in the evening.

"There's nothing to think about - it will be late in the morning." A whole barrack is being liberated, being prepared for thieves' trash, his fellow countrymen decided after a short meeting.

An hour later, Chernobrov went to the toilet and never returned. When the rest of the “thieves” were brought in in the morning, they found out that their “ataman” had been killed. They refused to settle in the same barracks with the Ukrainians. The next day they were taken away in an unknown direction.

Miroslav Simchich, who was serving a sentence at a mine in Butugychak, 500 kilometers north of Magadan, recalls: “In the camp, the administration, with the help of henchmen, commits excesses, especially Ukrainian convicts from the worker Bubnovsky. The whole camp, a huge column of slaves, stands on a divorce. Shouting the numbers of convicts. Tsymbalyuk left the column at his number and went to the contractor. Before Bubnovsky had time to come to his senses, he was lying with a split head. Tsymbalyuk gave the ax to the escort and went to the regime unit for new 25 years.

“I don’t know where and how, but here it began with the arrival of the Dubovsky stage — mostly Western Ukrainians, sheep,” writes about resistance to criminals in the novel The Gulag Archipelago. “For this whole movement, they have done a lot everywhere, and they have built the cart. The Dubovsky stage brought the bacillus of rebellion to us. Young, strong guys, taken directly from the partisan path, they looked around in Dubovka, were horrified by this hibernation and slavery - and reached for the knife.

"The Execution of the Death Sentence by Thieves", drawing by Danzig Baldaev (1925-2005). 58 relatives of Baldaev died in the dungeons of the NKVD. He was brought up in an orphanage. Despite this, he worked for a third of a century in the internal affairs bodies, rose to the rank of major. Explored prison tattoos. His series "The Gulag in Drawings" is one of the most complete cartoon histories of the Soviet camps.

Solzhenitsyn also coined the term "chopping". So he called the cleansing of the camps from the servants of the administration - cruel foremen and "secret employees". In StepLAG in Kazakhstan, it took place at the same time - at 5.00, when the guards were just opening the barracks.

Mikhail Korol, a prisoner of StepLAG, describes in the book Scout Odyssey: “At night, Bandera entered the barracks and brought out two bandits. They understood that they would be killed. One ran away, and the second was so crippled that he remained lying on the spot. And Bandera went to watch and reported: “Go, pick up a thug. We killed him." The next day, the leader of Bandera was arrested, taken to the watch and to prison. Bandera caught up with the wagon and recaptured their own.

“In this terrible sport, the underground gong of justice was heard in the ears of the prisoners,” Solzhenitsyn adds.

“The merciless terror of the MGB was resisted, as far as possible, only by Bandera — the Ukrainian rebels of Stepan Bandera,” recalls the Hungarian Irani Bela. “For several months they were very quiet, and then they got their bearings and began to act. They were good workers and won the trust of the camp leadership and the friendship of the brigade members everywhere. Everyone was struck by a hitherto unprecedented series of murders of people who were suspected of denunciations of their comrades. The culprits could not be caught, and this embarrassed the political officer.

The composure with which the destruction of the “sexots” took place sowed terrible panic. Many begged for help from the leadership. They asked to go to the stage or swore to stop the "dirty deeds".

Such work required great internal discipline. The Jew David Tsifrinovich-Taxer in his book “The Land of Limonia” describes that the “Bandera” cook was afraid to pour himself a portion thicker than others. And the Ukrainian, who was carrying sugar for a whole brigade, could not resist and tried a little, was forced to walk from barrack to barrack with a sign "I stole sugar from my comrades." The proposal of the guards to close it in the BUR - a high-security barrack - was refused by the Ukrainians. In the camp, they themselves could administer legal proceedings.

“Bandera, who run this camp,” writes Tsifrinovich-Takser, “not only do they pray to their God, they organized their holidays for both Jews and Muslims. They put people on the nix to warn if the guard is nearby.

In the decades that followed, the criminal element was surprised and often respected by political convicts. Miroslav Simchich, after serving 25 years, continued to sit - now under the article "camp banditry." He served his next term among criminals: “Unexpectedly for them and for myself, I became an “authority” for thieves in the cell. They often argued among themselves, and I, as a prison “long-liver”, was asked to judge.”

“Bandera people are not crests. Khokhols live in the Poltava region"

“For a similar dress,” Daniil Shumuk called the book of his memoirs. He spent only 42 years in prison. He received his first sentence when Galicia belonged to Poland - for participation in the communist underground. The next one is in, for the struggle in the ranks. The book contains the following dialogue:

- Guys, who took the soap from the toilet ?! the orderly asked as he entered the room.

“We have no Estonians and no Baltics in general, so there is no one to eat soap with us,” answered the hare.

- Indeed, these Estonians are some kind of bad people. As soon as he works, he works one for ten, and when he gets into the hospital, then he rushes this soap until he dies, ”said the Belarusian.

“Estonians shorten their torment and bullying with soap, while Russians and Belarusians cut off their fingers on their hands and remain crippled for life,” the Uzbek added.

- And what do crests do? the Russian asked ironically.

- What are the crests doing? Here in our brigade, one very calm and polite crest climbed out of the pit and said: “I won’t go into the pit again!” The foreman approached him and asked: “Won’t you go?” and punched him in the face. The Little Russian silently grabbed his face with his hands and walked away. The brigadier lit a cigarette and sat down near the pit. And the Little Russian took a pick, quietly approached and hit this foreman so hard that he flew straight into the pit, and they pulled him out of the pit already dead. That's what these crests do.

“So it was not a crest who did this, but a Westerner, a Bandera,” replied the Russian.

- Is it a Westerner, Bandera - a nationality? the Uzbek asked.

“The devil knows who they are.” But these are not crests. Khokhols live in the Poltava region, - answered the hare.

203,000 persons were deported from Western Ukraine in 1944-1952. Such data are indicated in the resolution of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On the political and economic situation of the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR" dated May 26, 1953.

This is not quite a dictionary, but not quite a list of "jargon" words, which are so many on the Web. Here are just a few words from the thieves' jargon. Words that have a different meaning in prison jargon than in the common language are marked with the letter "t", professional slang for employees of the ITU and operational services of the internal affairs bodies (UR, BEP, BOP, NON) - with the letter "s", official terms and abbreviations - the letter "o".

Authority(t) - a representative of the highest group in the informal hierarchy of prisoners.
The informal order operating in the zone is extremely authoritarian in nature, therefore the real situation in the shadow life of the correctional facility, pre-trial detention center or their part (cell, PKT, ShIZO, etc.) is determined by the personal qualities of those in power authorities and having a connection with authorities in the wild or in other institutions, as well as the tactics followed by local employees of operational services. In the general colloquial Russian language, the word authority is more often used in the sense of "influence", and is contrasted in meaning with the word "power", but does not complement it. Power exists in the space of formal structures, influencing people through a system of statuses, prestige, positions, sanctions. authority most are voluntary.

Authoritative(t) - a prisoner who has a high status in one of two groups (suits) of the informal hierarchy of prisoners: thieves and peasants. It is not used in relation to representatives of such informal groups as goats, devils, lowered.

cant(r) - 1) Violation of the rules, norms of the prison law; 2) The armband of a member of the SPP or other section with the appropriate abbreviation. Most often blue;
3) Unsuccessful action or deed; 4) Cigarettes or cigarettes with marijuana.

Kosyachny(t) - a person who constantly commits acts that are contrary to the norms generally accepted in the community of prisoners.

red zone- a zone where the administration rules with the help of goats and, regardless of prison law, for example, he tries to seat those lowered in the dining room at common tables, demands that prisoners go to the dining room and from the dining room in formation, forbids moving around zone, entrance to other people's barracks, etc.
In such a zone, activists have broad powers and can behave very aggressively, surveillance of each other, denunciation, and petty nitpicking about the behavior and clothes of prisoners are encouraged.

Red(t) - a euphemism for the word goat .

A circle- education wider than family or kentovka; formed most often on the principle of community.

Wing (put on a wing)- a bandage on the sleeve, indicating the entry of the prisoner into assets, i.e., in prison jargon, in goats.

covered(t, s) - Prison-type ITU for those convicted of serious crimes or sent to prison by court order from TIC for systematic violations of the regime of detention.

Xiva(r) - 1) Note, letter. It is transmitted illegally from cell to cell, from camp to camp, from prison to freedom and vice versa. Often contains important information about events and persons, sometimes - indications of authoritative ones. Xiva There are also purely personal content. Permanent communication between camps and prisons scattered throughout the country is carried out using xiv. Synonym - little one, little one;
2) Document, identity card.

Qom(t) - an employee of the operational unit ITU or SIZO.

Kumovskaya Mutka, cum weed- provocations arranged in the zone by operatives to achieve their goals.

Khipezh (kipezh)- unrest, confusion, rebellion, started by prisoners against the administration, or by the administration against prisoners.

Shkvarnoy(t) - the same as lowered.

shkonka, shkonar(t) - bed. In prison - a couch, welded from metal pipes and strips, embedded in the floor; often two- or three-tiered. By number bunk usually judge the size and capacity of the chambers.

Skin- convict jacket.

Skin(r) - denunciation, reporting on another prisoner.

Shmon(t, s) - search.

Shnyr(m) - 1) A prisoner who has taken on (sometimes under pressure from other prisoners) the duty to clean the cell, barracks, industrial premises, to do the work that prisoners are required to do in turn. For this work, he receives from the prisoners themselves a certain payment in food, smoke, money.
2) Prisoners holding the positions of orderlies (on duty, errands, cleaners) in separate structural units of the ITU (SHIZO, PKT, headquarters, visiting rooms, detachments, etc.). Shnyr counts goat already by position.

bang- to spy in someone's favor, most often in favor of the administration.

Headquarters(c) - the premises of the correctional colony, in which the offices of the colony employees (head, deputies, operational workers, etc.) are located. Often the medical unit is located in the same room.

stage(r) - a room for newly arrived prisoners (etapniks) in the colony, where they are kept in isolation from the rest of the ITU prisoners for several days.