France in the post-war period presentation. France after World War II. shaft a setting in fran

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State of the country after World War II

After the end of World War II, France lost its position as a great power. Against the backdrop of economic decline, the country became dependent on US financial policy. After the war, the French colonial system also collapsed. In the summer of 1944, a Provisional Government was formed in France, headed by Charles de Gaulle. It began preparations for the elections of the Constituent Assembly. The democratic system was restored in the country. People who collaborated with the Nazis were brought to trial. A number of industries were nationalized in the country's economy.
photo - Charles de Gaulle

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In post-war France, the alignment of political forces was determined by the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist Party (SPIO), the Catholic Party and the People's Republican Movement (MRP). In October 1945, elections were held for a constituent assembly, which were won by leftist forces that actively participated in the resistance movement. Charles de Choll became the head of the formed government. In 1946, a new constitution was adopted, which marked the establishment of the fourth republic in France.
photo - FThe French welcome Charles de Gaulle

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The collapse of the colonial system

According to the constitution, the French colonial empire was transformed into the French Union, which included states that had already embarked on the path of independence. Among them were Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos. But the communist government of Vietnam refused to recognize this decision, which led to the French war against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1946-1954).
War in Indochina.
photo - French soldiersin Indochina.

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In the autumn of 1954, the second colonial war began, already in Algeria. In 1956, France was forced to recognize the independence of Morocco and Tunisia. Supporters of the preservation of the French colonial empire did not want to lose Algeria as well. To prevent this, in 1958 they raised a rebellion against the government. The country found itself in a state of deep political and moral crisis. On June 1, 1958, the National Assembly granted Charles de Gaulle emergency powers and instructed him to draw up a new constitution. So with the return to power of de Gaulle, the Fourth Republic fell in the country.
Algerian Independence Treaty
Declaration of Independence of Algeria

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Domestic and foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle

The main forces of the country saw in Charles de Gaulle a strong personality. In 1958, de Gaulle became prime minister and passed through a referendum the Constitution, which turned France into a presidential republic. The subsequent period was included in the history of France under the name of the Fifth Republic. In 1960 Charles de Gaulle granted independence to all the colonies, except for Algeria, which became independent in 1962. The right twice tried to organize assassination attempts on him, but failed. In 1966, France withdrew from the NATO military organization. Against the background of decreasing dependence of France on the United States, its relations with the USSR improved.

photo - General de Gaulle

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France has made notable progress in the field of economy. With the growth of the private sector in the economy, capital investment in production also increased. The government supported the development of the newest branches of the economy and the reconstruction of old ones. All this led to shifts in the structure of the country's population: decreased specific gravity population employed in agriculture, and the proportion of the population employed in the non-productive sector has increased. A stratum of highly skilled workers has grown in production. But gradually, dissatisfaction with the authoritarian style of leadership characteristic of Charles de Gaulle began to grow in the country.

photo - Sorbonne University. Paris.

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Powerful performances by students took place throughout France. Unemployment among youth, authoritarian orders in college campuses led to a social explosion. In early May 1968, a student demonstration was dispersed. In response, the students occupied the Latin Quarter of Paris. Their leader, Cohn-Bendit called for a decisive struggle against the capitalist system.
photo - "Red May" in Paris
a photo -D. Cohn-Bendit

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Police brutality increased the ranks of the movement. In France, a general strike began, which took place under socialist slogans.
Students occupied the Sorbonne, the Odeon theater and introduced a self-government system, seeing it as the basis of a future just society.
General de Gaulle lost control of the country. There were human casualties.
photo - Demonstration in Paris.May 1968

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Then the trade unions and the government signed an agreement that improved the economic situation of the workers. It said nothing about social reforms and the workers went on strike. De Gaulle flew to Germany and negotiated support with the French generals. He announced the communist threat and dissolved parliament. Opposition fearing civil war decided to stop speaking.
In 1969, on the initiative of de Gaulle, a referendum was held, which raised the issue of reforming the system of self-government in the country.
More than half of the referendum participants did not support de Gaulle, and he resigned.
photo - Anti-governmentdemonstration in Paris

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After de Gaulle's resignation, the less powerful Georges Pompidou was elected president. After his death in 1974, the leader of the independent Republicans, Valerie Giscard d'Estaing, became president.
Since the mid 70s. France entered a period of economic and political difficulties that were associated with the global economic crisis. The government began to pursue a policy of "austerity". This met with resistance from the population and led to a fall in the popularity of independent Republicans and their loss in the presidential and parliamentary elections in 1981.
photo - V.Zh. d "Esten

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In 1981, the left-wing forces won the presidential and parliamentary elections. Francois Mitterrand, leader of the Socialists, became president. The policy pursued by the new government, aimed at expanding the public sector in the economy and increasing social spending, has led to a deterioration in the economy.
The political situation at the turn of the 80-90s. characterized by instability, but gradually revealed the growth of the influence of right-wing parties. The influence of the left parties was falling.
photo - Francois Mitterrand

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France in the 90s 20th century

In 1993 in the parliamentary elections, and then in 1995 and presidential elections the right-wing parties won. Jacques Chirac became president. He pursued a policy aimed at freeing the French economy and society as a whole from the dominance of the state. In 1995, nuclear weapons were tested. In 1996, France returned to the NATO military organization. Chirac's policy was perceived ambiguously by the French. And the 1997 elections were won by the socialists, communists and the "greens". The cabinet was headed by the socialist L. Jospin. The coexistence of a left-wing government and a neoconservative president began.
a photo:Lionel Jospin,Jacques Chirac

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country culture

The most prominent representatives of French mass culture were fashion designers, who are considered trendsetters of modern fashion. One of them was Christian Dior.
French cinema successfully competed with American Hollywood. One of the most famous actresses in the country was the movie star of the 50s and 60s. Brigitte Bardot, who created the image of the "free woman of the future".

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French literature was influenced by philosophy. J.-P. Sartre, a philosopher and writer, in his early works called the individual nature of man the source of evil in society. Simone de Beauvoir and Francoise Sagan opposed the actual inequality of women. Albert Camus, the Nobel Prize winner, was concerned about the problem of the freedom of a person to choose his place in life, the search for its meaning.

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The launch by France in 1979 of the Ariane launch vehicle, which is designed to put into orbit satellites of many European countries launched for commercial purposes, became a symbol of the scientific and technological development of Europe.
photo - Rocket launcher "Ariane"

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For the life of their loved ones, For our happy future They fought to the last breath, endured all the hardships and hardships so that WE LIVE 70 years ago they won the battle for their Motherland,

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Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle - French general, statesman. During World War II, it became a symbol of the French Resistance. Founder and first president of the Fifth Republic. De Gaulle was born into an aristocratic family and brought up in the spirit of patriotism and Catholicism. In 1912 he graduated from the military school of Saint-Cyr, becoming a professional military man. He fought on the fields of the First World War. Even in the interwar period, he became an adherent of French nationalism and a supporter of a strong executive power. Second World War, at the beginning of which de Gaulle received the rank of general, turned his whole life upside down. He resolutely refused the truce concluded by Marshal A.F. Pétain with fascist Germany, and flew to England to organize the struggle for the liberation of France. De Gaulle sought to build relations with England, the USA and the USSR on the basis of equality and upholding the national interests of France. After the landing of Anglo-American troops in North Africa in June 1943 in Algeria, the French Committee of National Liberation (FKNO) was created. De Gaulle was appointed its chairman. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (November 22, 1890 - November 9, 1970)

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The regiment took part in the Battle of Kursk in 1943, the Belarusian operation in 1944, in the battles to defeat the German troops in East Prussia in 1945. On November 28, 1944, for military merits and courage shown during air battles during the battles for the liberation of Lithuania and during the crossing of the Neman River, by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces I.V. Stalin, the regiment was given the honorary name "Neman", and since then Since then, it has become known as the Normandie-Niemen Regiment. Normandy - Neman French fighter aviation regiment that fought during the Second World War against the troops of the Axis on the Soviet-German front in 1943-1945. Years of existence November 25, 1942 - present Country France Included in the French Air Force Type fighter air regiment Location 132nd Air Base "Colmar / Meichenheim" WWII equipment: Yak-1, Yak-9, Yak-3

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In March 1942, the French national liberation committee "Fighting France" appealed to the authorities Soviet Union with a proposal to send a group of pilots and aviation mechanics to the USSR to participate in hostilities against Germany. On November 25, 1942, a Soviet-French agreement was signed on the formation of a French aviation squadron on the territory of the USSR. The squadron was formed on December 4, 1942 in the city of Ivanovo. At the request of the personnel, the military unit was given the name "Normandy", in honor of the French province that suffered the most from the German occupation. This is how the French fighter aviation squadron arose, later transformed into a regiment, whose military glory spread all over the world. The squadron's personnel consisted of 72 French volunteers (14 pilots and 58 aircraft mechanics) and 17 Soviet aircraft mechanics. The squadron was equipped with Yak-1 fighters, later Yak-9 and Yak-3. On March 22, 1943, after the personnel mastered military equipment, the squadron was sent to the Western Front, where it was included in the 303rd Fighter Aviation Division of the 1st Air Army. On April 5, 1943, the squadron began combat operations.

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1943 French and Soviet pilots from Normandie-Niemen! Near Koenigsberg during the battle of 5 Normandie-Niemen aircraft against 12 more than 80 German aircraft. Losses during the conduct of hostilities amounted to 42 pilots. In total, during the conduct of hostilities, 96 combat personnel passed through the squadron.

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Marcel Lefebvre (March 17, 1918 - May 28, 1944) The commander of the third squadron "Cherbourg" was awarded the Order of the Red Banner Posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for exemplary performance of combat missions, the regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and Alexander Nevsky. 96 French pilots who served in the regiment were awarded Soviet combat awards. Jacques Andre (February 25, 1919 - April 2, 1988) 113 sorties were made, 15 fascist aircraft were shot down. In terms of the number of individual victories, J. Andre became the most productive fighter pilot of the regiment. On June 4, 1945, Junior Lieutenant Andre Jacques, a citizen of the French Republic, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.

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Marcel Albert (November 25, 1917 - August 23, 2010) By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 27, 1944, for courage, heroism and military prowess shown in battles with the Nazi invaders, senior lieutenant Marcel Albert, a citizen of the French Republic, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal. Roland Paulz d'Ivoie de la Poipe (July 28, 1920-October 23, 2012) As part of the Normandie-Niemen air regiment, Senior Lieutenant Roland de la Poipe made 125 sorties, scoring 18 air victories. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 27, 1944, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.

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Order of the Liberation Military Cross of Foreign Theaters of War The French government awarded the regiment the Order of the Legion of Honor Military Medal Military Cross

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On October 10, 2007, in Moscow, the presidents of France and Russia unveiled a monument to the pilots of the Normandie-Niemen. During the war, the loss of the regiment's personnel amounted to 42 people. In 1956, a memorial was erected in Moscow with the names of all the dead pilots, and in 1964, at the Vvedensky cemetery, on the grave of a French pilot, whose remains were found in the Oryol region, a monument was erected to the Unknown pilot of the Normandie-Neman regiment.

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In the city of Le Bourget, France, there is a monument to the pilots of Normandie-Niemen In the village of Khotenki, near Kozelsk, there is a monument to the Soviet-French military brotherhood in a grove in which our planes were disguised and there were dugouts in which the personnel of the units lived, including commander of the "Normandie-Neman" Zh. L. Tyulyan. On the monument there is a plaque with the inscription "Here was born the military friendship of Soviet and French pilots in the fight against the Nazis." The pilots of the squadron "Normandy - Neman" lodged in the houses of the village of Khatenki.

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It included: anti-German combat activities of partisans (maki) in France, terrorist acts against the German military, sabotage; dissemination of anti-German information and propaganda; harboring persecuted Jews and communists; activities outside France to strengthen the alliance with the anti-Hitler coalition and national power in the colonies (Fighting France of General de Gaulle; to a large extent coordinated underground activities within the country). The activities of the Resistance were supported by the British Office of Special Operations, which sent its agents to France.

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French citizens took part in the anti-fascist resistance on the territory of other European countries, including in the Soviet partisan movement in the occupied territory of the USSR. 18 Frenchmen participated in the partisan movement on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR For participation in the anti-fascist struggle in the underground and partisan detachments on the territory of the BSSR, 14 Frenchmen were awarded Soviet government awards Participation of French citizens in the anti-fascist resistance of European countries. Women in the French Resistance Movement made up 15 to 20% of the fighters, playing an important role in the guerrilla warfare in France. Women also made up 15% of French citizens deported to concentration camps. At the same time, France was the country where there were almost no women in partisan detachments.

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Simon Segouan Nickname Nicole Mine, born October 3, 1925, died at the age of 88 Participated in the Resistance Movement, French partisan riflemen Participated in the Battle of Châtres and in the liberation of Paris Awarded the Military Cross Claude Rodier Sergeant of the army of united resistance movements, executed in Ravensbrück concentration camp Famous and activists of the resistance movement Marie-Hélène Lefochot (head of the women's section of the civil and military organization, member of the Paris liberation committee, deputy and senator) Tuti Iltermann (responsible for communication between the partisans of France and the Netherlands) Germain Tillon (head of the Oe-Wilde resistance network from 1941 to 1942. , later head of the resistance of the Museum of Man) Helen Studler (organizer of numerous escapes from prisons and concentration camps, was the organizer of the escape of Francois Mitterrand, Henri Giraud and other famous military and political figures of France)

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Nun Maria (Elizaveta Yuryevna Skobtsova) - (1891-1945) - During the Nazi occupation of Paris, the dormitory of the nun Maria on Lurmel Street became one of the headquarters of the Resistance. In June 1942, when the Nazis carried out mass arrests of Jews in Paris and drove them to the winter velodrome to be sent to Auschwitz, nun Maria managed to secretly take four Jewish children out of there in dumpsters. The houses on Lurmel and in Noisy-le-Grand became shelters for Jews and prisoners of war, m. Maria and Fr. Dimitry Klepinin also issued fictitious baptismal certificates to Jews, which sometimes helped. nun Maria was executed in the Ravensbrück gas chamber on March 31, 1945, a week before the camp was liberated by the Red Army. Vera Apollonovna Obolenskaya (Vicki) - (1911-1944) - Since the beginning of the occupation of France by Germany in 1940, she joined the Resistance Movement and entered one of the underground circles. In the underground, she was known as Vicki. She was engaged in intelligence activities, as well as organizing escapes and exporting British prisoners of war abroad. Obolenskaya was the general secretary of the organization: she was in charge of communication with other underground groups and coordination of joint actions. In 1943, the organization began to work with Soviet prisoners of war. The Nazis tried to introduce their agent into the organization, but thanks to Vicky, this attempt was thwarted. Vera Obolenskaya was arrested on December 17, 1943 in a safe house. In prison she for a long time managed to mislead the Gestapo investigators, and then she refused to give any evidence at all. Gestapo investigators nicknamed her "Prinzessin - ich weiß nicht" ("Princess - I don't know anything"). Posthumously awarded the Order Patriotic War 1st Class, Military Cross with Palm Branch, Cavalier Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honor. Russian emigrants participating in the French resistance

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Anna Marley (fr. Anna Marly, Anna Yurievna Smirnova-Marly; October 30, 1917, Petrograd - February 15, 2006, Palmer, Alaska) - French singer and songwriter. She became famous after writing the "Song of the Partisans", which became the unofficial anthem of the French Resistance and Britain during the Second World War. The "Song of the Partisans" reached such popularity that at the end of the war it was proposed to make it the national anthem of France. Jean Moulin (1899-1943) - hero of the French resistance movement during World War II. From the very beginning of the war, he took an active part in the resistance movement, worked closely with Charles de Gaulle. He was one of the leaders of the French National Committee. June 21, 1943 was arrested by the Gestapo. The head of the Lyon Gestapo, Klaus Barbie, personally tortured Moulin for many days in a row, as a result of which the French freedom fighter died on July 8, 1943, on a Berlin train near the city of Metz, on his way to a concentration camp. Knight of the Order of the Legion of Honor, Companion of the Order of Liberation, Military Medal, Military Cross 1939-1945, Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy, etc. In the history of Russian emigration, participation in the Resistance movement is one of the most glorious and noble pages. Many of our compatriots rose up to fight against fascism during the most difficult period of the Nazi occupation of France. Their names are on the tablets of memory of the heroes of the Second World War.

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The half-naked man bent and raised his hand, clenched in an anti-fascist salute. In his other hand he has a machine gun, and behind him is a flaming German tank and a panorama of a big city. "Liberation of Paris" - this is the name of the medal of the participant in the August 1944 uprising, which cleared the French capital of the invaders. Next to the inscription glows on a golden circle five pointed star. The Central Committee of the French Communist Party established this award for those who shed blood in the Paris uprising. The Resistance Medal (Médaille de la Résistance) is a French award established by General Charles de Gaulle on February 9, 1943. Awarded "for the faith and courage of those who fought in France and abroad, who contributed to the resistance of the French people against the enemy and his accomplices since June 18, 1940." The French Resistance Medal was awarded to approximately 38,288 living people and 24,463 were awarded it posthumously. Insignia of the French Resistance Movement Female figure with his head bowed, his left hand drops a burning torch, and his right hand is shackled by a long chain - this is the Hostage Medal. The fascists seized civilians to shoot them in retaliation for the fighting of the elusive maquis and franchisors, and the red field of the ribbon commemorates the spilled blood. For those who were persecuted during the years of occupation, the medal "Exiled Patriots" is intended. On its front side is depicted the traditional symbol of France - a female head in a Phrygian cap; on the back - a man with a traveling bag, a woman and a child leave the city. On the green field of the ribbon there is a black vertical strip and tricolor borders, which symbolize life and suffering in the name of the motherland.

France in the second half of the 20th century. Consider what happened to France during World War II. Before the war, there was a Third Republic (). It was a presidential republic. In 1940, the northern part of France was occupied by the Germans, and the collaborationist regime of Marshal Pétain was formed in the southern part. The Third Republic thus fell. French leader Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain greets Adolphe Guitlar at Montoire-sur-la-Loire on October 24, 1940. On the right is Reich Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. In 1944, France was liberated. The main leaders of the Vichy regime were tried for high treason in the years. De Gaulle in the liberated Cherbourg. Pierre Laval (), shot in 1945

France in the second half of the 20th century. Charles de Gaulle () In France there was a Provisional Government, which was headed by main character Resistance General de Gaulle. The government was coalition. It included all the parties that actively participated in the Resistance, including communists and socialists. The main question was about the nature of the future state structure. There were two main options - a presidential republic and a parliamentary republic.

France in the second half of the 20th century. Charles de Gaulle () As a result, the variant of a parliamentary multi-party republic triumphed. De Gaulle did not like it 1946 - The Constitution and the establishment of the regime of the Fourth Republic in France. De Gaulle left for a while. He was a supporter of more right-wing, authoritarian and nationalist ideas. Why do you think de Gaulle, a man of military hardening, adhered to the idea of a "presidential republic"?

France in the second half of the 20th century. Lesson plan 1. Fourth Republic () 2. Fifth Republic () De Gaulle in power (). 3. The student revolution of 1968 and the departure of de Gaulle. 4. From socialist Mitterrand to neo-Gaullist Sarkozy ()

1. Fourth Republic () The Constitution of the Fourth Republic did not provide for a strong presidential power independent of parliament. The regime of the Fourth Republic proved unstable. Governments were formed by a coalition of heterogeneous forces. From 1944 to 1958, 26 (!) cabinets were replaced. The main failure in the policy of the Fourth Republic was the colonial war in Algeria () War in Algeria ()

1. Fourth Republic () January 8, 1961, after the return of de Gore, a referendum was held on the fate of the Algerian problem. 75% of the survey participants were in favor of granting independence to Algeria. The war was extremely unpopular with the people. The war in Algiers claimed about 40 thousand lives

1. The Fourth Republic () years became the years of a deep political crisis of the IV Republic. A protracted war in Algeria, unsuccessful attempts to form a Council of Ministers, and finally an economic crisis. René Coty, the last president of the Fourth Republic Everyone was dissatisfied with the war in Algeria - both those who wanted peace and those ultra-right forces that did not want to allow the independence of Algeria. In September 1958, the French parliament approved the new government of de Gaulle. Among the French at that time there were many supporters of "strong power." Who do you think they wanted to see in power?

2. The Fifth Republic (...) De Gaulle in power () Charles de Gaulle () 1958 - the adoption of a new Constitution and the establishment of the Fifth Republic.

2. The Fifth Republic (...) De Gaulle in power () Charles de Gaulle () “When the institutions of the republic, the independence of the nation, the integrity of its territory or the fulfillment of international obligations are under serious and immediate threat, and the normal functioning of the constitutional bodies state power violated, the President of the Republic takes measures dictated by the given circumstances. To do this, a simple consultation with the prime minister, the chairmen of both chambers of parliament and the Constitutional Council is sufficient ”(from article 16 of the 1958 Constitution) How can one characterize the power that the President receives in emergency situations under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic?

2. The Fifth Republic (...) De Gaulle in power () Charles de Gaulle () 1958 - the adoption of a new Constitution and the establishment of the Fifth Republic. De Gaulle's dream of 12 years ago came true - a republic with strong presidential power De Gaulle himself, having been elected president, became something like a "national arbiter"

2. The Fifth Republic (...) De Gaulle in power () Charles de Gaulle - man of the year (1958) Cover of Time magazine “What is the justification for Article 16? I recalled that precisely because of the absence of such an article in June 1940, President Lebrun, instead of moving with the state apparatus to Algeria, called on Marshal Pétain and thereby opened the way to capitulation ”(From de Gaulle’s memoirs) How de Gaulle justified authoritarianism presidential power in emergencies? What events in the history of France influenced these views of de Gaulle?

2. The Fifth Republic (...) De Gaulle in power () In 1965, Charles de Gaulle was elected for a second term (another 7 litas according to the Constitution). Charles de Gaulle () In 1962, De Gaulle ended the Algerian war, granting independence to Algeria. Read the second paragraph in the Fifth Republic section of the 24th paragraph. Highlight the main features of Gaullism. A party of his supporters rallied around de Gaulle (now called the Union for a Popular Movement). The ideology for her was "Gaulism"

2. The Fifth Republic (…) De Gaulle in power () "Political Spectrum": Far Left Left Right Far Right Social Democrats Communists Anarchists Conservatives Nationalists Which part of the political spectrum would you classify as worms?

3. Student revolution in 1968. What do you know about the student revolution of May 1968? Who took part in it? One of the posters in May 1968 was "Ten lyat is enough!" What were the rebellious students hinting at? Ironic May 1968 poster. Look at the poster. A shadowy figure gagging a student - who is it? Why do you think De Gaulle, with his authoritarianism, was far from the protest youth of the 1960s?

3. Student revolution in 1968. France in May 1968 was actually divided into "young" and "old". Street fights between youth and police in the Latin Quarter of Paris did not subside. On May 30, 1968, De Gaulle spoke on television. He declared that he would not leave his post, dissolved the National Assembly and called early elections. The Gaullists won the elections.

3. Student revolution in 1968. Nevertheless, in 1969, the almost 80-year-old de Gaulle resigned from power - voluntarily. De Gaulle was often accused of authoritarianism. Remember how de Gaulle stepped down from power in 1946 when the Fourth Republic was proclaimed. Can he be considered a fully authoritarian politician?

Valary Giscard d Estaing, President of France () Georges Pompidou, President of France (June 20 April 1974) After de Gaulle, his course was continued by his devoted supporter Georges Pompidou. He invested a lot of effort in the modernization of the country, but died in 1974 from a rare form of leukemia. In the 1974 elections, Valery Giscard d'Estaing defeated the socialist François Mitterrand in a hard struggle. “When Giscard looks at me, I feel: he thinks that I am dying too slowly” (Pompidou in 1974)

4. From the socialist Mitterrand to the neo-Gaullist Sarkozy () Francois Mitterrand, President of France Rejection of the policy of neoliberalism. Nationalization of large banks and corporations. Increase in pensions, the lower wage threshold.

4. From the socialist Mitterand to the neo-Gaullist Sarkozy () Jacques Chirac, President of France (from 1995 to 2007) In 1995, the Gaullists returned to power in the person of Jacques Chirac. The current president is Nicolas Sarkozy.

4. From Socialist Mitterrand to Neo-Gaullist Sarkozy () The "Political Spectrum": Far Left Left Right Far Right Social Democrats Communists Anarchists Conservatives Nationalists To which part of the political spectrum can François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac belong?

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In a second referendum, a compromise constitution was adopted, according to which a weak president and a deliberative advisory upper house were supplemented by a powerful National Assembly that controlled the activities of the government. In this the similarities between the Fourth and Third Republics are quite evident.

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The country's devastated economy forced the country's government to actively participate in the US economic assistance program (Marshall Plan, 1947). France also participated in the general activities under the NATO treaty, despite the fact that this created an additional burden on the country's budget and reduced its military resources, which created an intractable conflict between the fulfillment of treaty obligations under the NATO treaty and the country's financial capabilities.

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During this period, in France itself, communist attempts to discredit American aid and refuse it intensified, and de Gaulle's party, the Rally of the French People (RPF), in an effort to prevent the communists from coming to power, sought to change the political system. In the general elections of 1951, the Communists and Gaullists won a significant number of votes. However, thanks to a change in the electoral law, the Republican parties, united before the elections in a bloc called the Third Force, were able to win almost two-thirds of the seats in the National Assembly. This allowed them to form a coalition government.

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Shortly after the landmark defeat of the French army in Indochina, in the battle of Dien Bien Phu (divisional scale battles), Pierre Mendès-France was appointed the new prime minister. As a politician consistently adhering to anti-colonialist views, he held peace negotiations and in July 1954 signed the Geneva Accords to end the war in Indochina. The prime minister's failures in the struggle to approve the treaty on the organization of the European Defense Community (EDC) and the inclusion of the FRG in its composition with the revival of the German army led to the resignation of the government.

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The army and the French colonists in Algiers were in open defiance of the government. Rallies and demonstrations that swept Algeria spread to Corsica, the metropolis was under the threat of civil war or a military coup. The regime of the Fourth Republic proved to be ineffective in crisis situation and on June 2, 1958, emergency powers were transferred to the national hero of the Second World War, Charles de Gaulle.

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At the same time, positive results became noticeable in France, related to the economic program for the development of industry and the country's entry into the European Common Market. Instability came from outside and Algeria became the main problem. In January 1960, an ultra-colonialist rebellion broke out in the Algerian capital, directed against the de Gaulle government, which had set a course for the self-determination of Algeria. This time the bulk of the troops remained loyal to the government, the rebellion was suppressed. In March 1962, France granted independence to Algeria. Soon Paris was overwhelmed by a wave of terrorist attacks, assassination attempts on General de Gaulle, prepared by the right armed secret organization OAS, which was trying to prevent the separation of Algeria from France.

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On April 28, 1969, after his proposals for constitutional reform were rejected, de Gaulle resigned. On June 15, the second round of elections was won by the Gaullist candidate Georges Pompidou, prime minister under de Gaulle in 1962-1968. After becoming president, he retained de Gaulle's independent foreign policy, but did not always follow the principles of Gaullist domestic policy. In August 1969, he devalued the franc (which de Gaulle once resisted) and thereby reduced the purchasing power of the population. Galloping inflation aggravated this trend in 1972-1973. Dissatisfaction with the economic situation resulted in a series of strikes, and the political positions of the left intensified.

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In April 1974, Pompidou died suddenly. There was a split among the Gaullists. In the elections on May 19, in the second round, the winner was Valerie Giscard d "Estaing, a candidate from the conservative party" independent republicans ". He began his reign with several reforms, including lowering the electoral qualification to 18 years and liberalizing laws on education, divorce and abortion. The population was dissatisfied with the economic downturn and deep inflation, but on the eve of the parliamentary elections in 1978, the left bloc collapsed. As a result of the vote, the majority of seats in the National Assembly were won by the Gaullists, the Republicans (formerly "Independent Republicans") and their conservative allies.

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Giscard d "Estaing decided to stimulate economic recovery by reducing the role of the state in the economy. Price controls on many goods were eliminated, the number of civil servants was reduced. The unpopularity of these measures led to the removal of the right from power in 1981. The winner in the elections in May 1981 François Mitterrand, became the first socialist president of the Fifth Republic After the Socialist Party won the majority of seats in a snap parliamentary election in June, the new government began its reform program, which included the nationalization of several large banks and corporations, the liquidation of prefectures in development of local self-government and the abolition of the death penalty.