Biography of Nikolai Klyuev. Brief biography of Klyuev Klyuev biography

Nikolai Alekseevich Klyuev (1884-1937) was born in the Olonets province in a village on the Vytegra River; his mother taught him "literacy, song structure and all verbal wisdom." He studied in Vytegra at the parochial school, then at the city school, he did not finish the medical assistant's school due to illness.

He began to publish in 1904, and in 1905 his poems appeared in the Moscow collective collections Surf and Wave. At the beginning of 1906, he was arrested for "inciting" the peasants and "agitating illegal ideas." I spent six months in Vytegorsk and then in Petrozavodsk prisons. Klyuev's rebellious ideas were based on a religious (close to sectarian) basis: the revolution seemed to him the onset of the Kingdom of God, and this topic is the leitmotif of his early work.

After his release, he continued illegal activities, became close to the revolutionary populist intelligentsia (including the sister of the poet A. Dobrolyubov - Maria Dobrolyubova, the "Madonna of the Socialist-Revolutionaries", and the poet L. D. Semenov). New acquaintances led him to the pages of the capital's journal "Working Way", which was soon banned for its anti-government orientation.

In the autumn of 1907, Klyuev was called up for military service, but, following his religious beliefs refused to take up arms; under arrest, he is brought to St. Petersburg and placed in a hospital, where doctors find him unfit for military service, and he leaves for the village. At this time, he began a correspondence with A. Blok (the problem of relations between the intelligentsia and the people - from different poles - occupied both, and this communication was mutually important and significant).

Blok contributed to the appearance of Klyuev's poems in the Golden Fleece magazine, later Klyuev began to collaborate with other publications - Sovremennik, Niva, Zavetami, etc. Especially often in 1910-12. Klyuev is published in the Novaya Zemlya magazine, where they are trying to impose on him the role of the spokesman for the “new people's consciousness”, a preacher and prophet, almost a messiah.

In the autumn of 1911, Klyuev's first collection of poems, The Pines Chime, was published in Moscow, to which almost all influential critics responded, unanimously regarding the book as an event in literary life. At this time, Klyuev becomes known in literary (and even bohemian) circles, participates in meetings of the "Workshop of Poets" and in publications of acmeists, visits the literary and artistic cafe "Stray Dog"; around his name there is an atmosphere of increased curiosity, rush interest, and a variety of people are looking for acquaintance with him.

After the release of two collections - “Brotherly Songs”, 1912 (religious poems inspired by genuine “fraternal songs” of Khlysty), and “Forest were” (stylizations of folk songs), Klyuev returned to the Olonets province. His poems continue to appear in the capital's magazines and newspapers, he visits the capital from time to time.

In 1915, Klyuev met Yesenin, and a close relationship arose between them: for a year and a half they appeared together both in the press and at readings, Klyuev became the spiritual mentor of the young poet, patronizing him in every possible way. A circle of “new peasant” writers gathers around them, but attempts to institutionalize the commonwealth do not lead to the creation of a durable and lasting association (the Krasa and Strada societies lasted only a few months).

In 1916, Klyuev's collection Worldly Thoughts was published, on the subject of which military events left their mark. Klyuev greeted the revolution enthusiastically (this was reflected in numerous poems of 1917-1918), regarding everything that was happening primarily as a religious and mystical event that should lead to the spiritual renewal of Russia.

In 1919 the books "The Copper Whale", the two-volume "Songbook" (selected from previous years and new poems) and in 1922 his best lifetime collection - "Lion's Bread" were published.

The lyrics of those years reflect the complex experiences of the poet - the painful belief that all suffering will be redeemed by the onset of "brotherhood", "muzhik's paradise", longing for dying Russia, crying for the disappearing, murdered village.

In 1928, Klyuev's last collection, "The Hut in the Field", was published, compiled from poems already published, everything that was written by him in the 30s did not get into print.

In 1934 Klyuev was arrested in Moscow and deported to Tomsk; in June 1937 he was arrested a second time, imprisoned in Tomsk and shot.

Of course, dividing writers according to their place of residence into "village" and "urban" ones is utter nonsense. Where, in this case, to “stick” the creativity and personality of V.M. Shukshin, who rushed about and was torn “between the city and the village”? Unless to the marginals, people with a dual social orientation. And yet it is impossible for us to get rid of the fact that Russia at the beginning of the last century was a purely peasant country. And is it any wonder that from time to time real nuggets, like, for example, N.A. Klyuev, entered the literature.

Biography of Nikolai Klyuev

Born on October 10 (22), 1884 in the Olonets province in the village of Koshtugi. He belongs to those who with good reason can be called a myth-maker own life. On his contemporaries, he made an impression either of the holy fool, or of Christ, or of the second Grigory Rasputin. Klyuev has so confused his own biography that it is almost impossible today to separate the truth from poetic fiction in it.

Being from the Old Believers, Klyuev refused military service, for which he was arrested and persecuted by the authorities more than once. Traveled a lot in Russia. He appeared in the capitals at the beginning of the 20th century, quickly gained fame, performed at literary salons, dressing up as a rustic peasant, sometimes together with S. Yesenin. Like the latter, he took the events of the February Revolution and the October Revolution in a folk poetic, religious vein, dreaming of a peasant paradise.

He highly appreciated the personality of Lenin, finding that he has a "Kerzhen spirit" and "abbot's cry." Nevertheless, criticism looked at Klyuev first as a suspicious "fellow traveler", and then as a "kulak echoer". In fact, he was on the periphery of the literary process. He lived from hand to mouth, almost never published, but he did not give up creativity. "Black days" came in the second half of the 30s. In 1934, even before the assassination of Kirov and the spinning of the flywheel of mass repressions, Klyuev was arrested and exiled to Siberia. There, in Tomsk, three years later, the poet was shot and rehabilitated posthumously only twenty years later, in 1957.

Creativity of Nikolai Klyuev

Klyuev's poetic debut came in 1904. Until 1928, several collections of poems were published. The period of greatest activity was the 1910s, since then the poet began to be "squeezed" out of literature, even despite the initial loyalty to the Bolshevik regime. It is difficult to put any of his contemporaries next to Klyuev in terms of poetic originality - bowing to A. Blok, being friends with V. Bryusov and N. Gumilyov, he went his own way and did not imitate anyone. Rather, they imitated him - the same S. Yesenin and younger contemporaries: S. Klychkov, P. Oreshin, A. Shiryaevets. However, without much success. Klyuev managed to combine the incompatible: symbolist aesthetics with the elements of folklore, literary poetic vocabulary with the density of dialectisms.

Reading Klyuev's poems is an extremely difficult task. It requires intellectual effort, a certain encyclopedism, a good knowledge of peasant life, as well as the historical past of Russia, when it was still called Rus. When it dawned on Klyuev that the Bolsheviks were heading for the destruction of the peasantry as a class, that rural Rus was rapidly becoming a thing of the past, he responded with perhaps the most powerful and poignant work - the poem "Pogorelshchina", an excerpt from which was even preserved in a phonographic record. In many ways, this poem became fatal in the fate of the poet.

• Homosexuality and lesbianism are known to have been common in Silver Age literature.
• Nikolai Klyuev also belonged to the adherents of same-sex love. During the last meeting with friend-enemy Sergei Yesenin, in order to expose Klyuev's imaginary religiosity, he decided to quietly extinguish the lamp, assuring that the owner would not notice anything. The idea was completely successful.

, THE USSR

Nikolay Alekseevich Klyuev(October 10 (22), Koshtugi village, Olonets province - between October 23 and 25, Tomsk) - Russian poet, representative of the so-called new peasant trend in Russian poetry of the 20th century.

Biography

Father, Alexei Timofeevich Klyuev (1842-1918) - constable, inmate in a wine shop. Mother, Praskovya Dmitrievna (1851-1913), was a storyteller and weeper. Klyuev studied at the city schools of Vytegra and Petrozavodsk. Among the ancestors were Old Believers, although his parents and himself (contrary to many of his stories) did not profess the Old Believers.

Klyuev's autobiographical notes "Loon's Fate" mention that in his youth he traveled a lot in Russia. Specific stories cannot be verified by sources, and such numerous autobiographical myths are part of his literary persona.

Klyuev tells how he novitiated in the monasteries on Solovki; how he was "King David ... white doves - Christ", but fled when they wanted to castrate him; how in the Caucasus I met the handsome Ali, who, according to Klyuev, “fell in love with me the way Kadra-night teaches, which costs more than a thousand months. This is a secret eastern teaching about marriage with an angel, which in Russian white Christianity is indicated by the words: finding Adam ... ", then Ali committed suicide from hopeless love for him; how he talked with Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana; how he met Rasputin; how he was in prison three times; how did you become famous poet, and "literary meetings, evenings, art feasts, chambers of the Moscow nobility for two winters in a row ground me with colorful millstones of fashion, curiosity and satiated boredom" .

Literary fame

For the first time, Klyuev's poems appeared in print in 1904. At the turn of the 1900s and 1910s, Klyuev appeared in literature, and did not continue the standard for "poets from the people" tradition of descriptive minor poetry in the spirit of I. Z. Surikov, but boldly uses the techniques of symbolism, saturates poetry with religious imagery and dialect vocabulary . The first collection - "Pine Chime" - was published in 1911. Klyuev's work was received with great interest by Russian modernists, Alexander Blok (in correspondence with him in 1907; had a great personal and creative influence on Klyuev), Valery Bryusov and Nikolai Gumilyov spoke about him as a "harbinger of folk culture".

Nikolai Klyuev had a difficult relationship (at times friendly, at times tense) with Sergei Yesenin, who considered him his teacher. In 1915-1916, Klyuev and Yesenin often performed together with poetry in public, later on their paths (personal and poetic) converged and diverged several times.

Religiosity Klyuev

As A. I. Mikhailov points out, Alexander Blok repeatedly mentions Klyuev in his poems, notebooks and letters and perceives him as a symbol of the mysterious folk faith. In one of the letters, Blok even stated: “Christ is among us,” and S. M. Gorodetsky attributed these words to Nikolai Klyuev.

In his 1922 entry, Klyuev says:

... for me, Christ is an eternal, inexhaustible milking force, a member that cuts through the worlds in the vagina, and in our world is cut through by a trap - a material sun, continuously impregnating a cow and a woman, a fir and a bee with a golden seed, the world of air and the underworld - fiery.

The seed of Christ is the food of the faithful. It is said about this: “Take, eat ...” and “Whoever eats my flesh, he will not die ...”

It has not been revealed to our theologians that by the flesh Christ meant not the body, but the seed, which even among the people is called flesh.

This is what should cut through in the human mind, especially in our times, in the age of the shocked heart, and become a new law of morality...

Klyuev after the revolution

Klyuev’s poems at the turn of the 1910s and 1920s reflect the “peasant” and “religious” acceptance of revolutionary events, he sent his poems to Lenin (although a few years earlier, together with Yesenin, he spoke to the empress), became close to the Left SR literary group “Scythians ". In the Berlin publishing house "Scythians" in 1920-1922, three collections of Klyuev's poems were published.

After several years of hungry wandering around 1922, Klyuev reappeared in Petrograd and Moscow, his new books were sharply criticized and withdrawn from circulation.

Since 1923, Klyuev lived in Leningrad (in the early 1930s he moved to Moscow). The catastrophic situation of Klyuev, including the material one, did not improve after the publication of his collection of poems about Lenin (1924).

Soon, Nikolai Klyuev, like many new peasant poets, distanced himself from Soviet reality, which was destroying the traditional peasant world; in turn, Soviet criticism smashed him as an "ideologist of the kulaks." After the death of Yesenin, he wrote "Lament for Yesenin" (1926), which was soon withdrawn from free sale [ ] . In 1928, the last collection "The Hut and the Field" was published.

In 1929, Klyuev met the young artist Anatoly Kravchenko, to whom his love poems and letters of this time are addressed (there are 42 Klyuev's letters). The predominance of the chanting of male beauty over female beauty in Klyuev's poetry of all periods was studied in detail by the philologist A. I. Mikhailov.

At this pinnacle of human feeling, like clouds touching the dual Ararat, the heavenly swirls over the valley, the earthly. And this law is inevitable. Only now, on my days of the cross, is it, more than ever, becoming clearly perceptible to me. That's why it's harmful and wrong to tell you that you live in me just like the floor and that love goes away with sex and friendship is destroyed. Irresistible proof that the angelic side of your being has always eclipsed the floor - are my poems - shed at your feet. Look at them - is there a lot of floor there? Are all the feelings of these extraordinary and never repeatable runes connected with you as with a snowdrop, a seagull or a ray that has become a young man?

Arrests, exile and execution

On February 2, 1934, Klyuev was arrested on charges of “compiling and distributing counter-revolutionary literary works” (Article 58, Part 10 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR). The investigation was led by N. Kh. Shivarov. On March 5, after the trial of the Special Conference, he was exiled to the Narym Territory, to Kolpashevo. In the autumn of the same year, at the request of the artist N. A. Obukhova, S. A. Klychkov and, possibly, Gorky, he was transferred to Tomsk.

On June 5, 1937, in Tomsk, Klyuev was arrested again and on October 13 of the same year, at a meeting of the troika of the NKVD of the Novosibirsk Region, he was sentenced to death in the case of the never-existing "cadet-monarchist rebel organization" Union for the Salvation of Russia "". At the end of October he was shot. As stated in the certificate of Klyuev's posthumous rehabilitation, he was shot in Tomsk on October 23-25, 1937. The vague date of the execution may be explained by the fact that from 01:00 on October 23 to 08:00 on October 25 there was no electricity in Tomsk due to the repair of the local thermal power plant. In such cases, the NKVD officers who carried out the sentences over two nights (October 23 and 24) using a lantern " bat”, could draw up documents retroactively for the entire party only after the electric light appeared in the city (October 25). Probably, the place of execution and the mass grave, where the poet rested, was one of the wastelands in the ravine (the so-called Terrible Ditch) between Kashtachnaya Gora and the transit prison (now SIZO-1 on Pushkin Street, 48) (See. Chestnut).

The investigator in the Klyuev case was the detective of the 3rd department of the Tomsk city department of the NKVD, junior lieutenant of state security Georgy Ivanovich Gorbenko).

Posthumous rehabilitation

Nikolai Klyuev was rehabilitated in 1957, but the first posthumous book in the USSR was published only in 1977.

Rarely large literary talent Klyuev, who is often ranked higher than Yesenin, grew out of folk peasant creativity and the centuries-old religiosity of the Russian people. Life, nourished by the primordial strength of the peasantry and seeking poetic expression, was combined in him at first with an instinctive, and later with a politically conscious rejection of urban civilization and Bolshevik technocracy. At the same time, the form of his poems developed from closeness to folk - through the influence of symbolism - to more conscious independent structures.<…>Poems in the spirit of folk lamentations interspersed with verses consonant with biblical psalms, the style is very often ornamental. The richness of images reveals the fullness of the inner, sometimes visionary view of the world.

Residential addresses

Petrograd - Leningrad

• 1915-1923 - K. A. Rasshchepina's apartment in an apartment building - Fontanka River Embankment, 149, apt. 9;
• 1923-1932 - courtyard outbuilding - 45 Gertsen street, apt. 7.

Tomsk

Two houses have been preserved in Tomsk - per. Krasnogo Pozharnik, 12 and Mariinsky lane, 38 (now 40), in which the poet lived at different times.

The last refuge of the poet - house 13 on the street. Achinskaya. The poet himself described his dwelling (after his release from arrest on July 5, 1936) as follows:

They brought me and carried me out of the cart to my kennel. I'm lying... I'm lying. […] Behind the slanting window of my room is a gray Siberian downpour with a whistling wind. It’s already autumn here, it’s cold, the dirt is up to the collar, the guys are roaring behind the board fence, the red-haired woman curses them, from the terrible common tub under the washstand it carries a nauseating stench ...

The house was subsequently demolished. A memorial plaque installed on the house in 1999 was transferred to the literary museum of the Shishkov House (10 Shishkov St.), copies of documents on the Klyuev case, lifetime editions, articles from periodicals about his life and work are also stored there. October 21, 2016 on a building built on the site of a house on the street. Achinskaya, 13, a memorial plaque of the Last Address project was installed in memory of the repressed poet.

Bibliography

Lifetime editions

• Brotherly songs. (Songs of Calvary Christians). - M.: To the new earth, 1912. 16 p.
• Brotherly songs. (Book Two) / Intro. Art. V. Sventsitsky. - M.: Novaya Zemlya, 1912. XIV, 61 p.
• Forest were. - M.: 1912.
• Forest were. (Poems. Book 3rd). - M.: 1913. 76 p.
• Pine chime. / Foreword. V. Bryusov. - M.: 1912. 79 p.; 2nd ed. - M.: Ed. Nekrasova, 1913. 72 p.
• worldly thoughts. - Pg.: ed. Averyanova, 1916. 71 p.
• Songbook. Book. 1-2. - Pg.: 1919.
• Copper whale. (Poems). - Pg.: Ed. Petrosovet, 1919. 116 p.; reprint reissue: M.: Stolitsa, 1990.
• Unfading color: Songbook. - Vytegra: 1920. 63 p.
• Whacky songs. - Berlin: Scythians, 1920. 30 p.
• Song of the Sun. Earth and iron. - Berlin: Scythians, 1920. 20 p.
• Lion bread. - M.: 1922. 102 p.
• Mother Saturday. (Poem). - Pg: Polar Star, 1922. 36 p.
• Fourth Rome. - Pg.: Epoch, 1922. 23 p.
• Lenin. Poems. - M.-Pg.: 1924. 49 p. (3 editions)
• Klyuev N. A., Medvedev P. N. Sergey Yesenin. (Poems about him and an essay on his work). - L.: Surf, 1927. 85 p. (included Klyuev's poem "Lament for Sergei Yesenin").
• Hut and field. Selected Poems. - L.: Surf, 1928. 107 p.

Major posthumous editions

• Klyuev N. A. Poems and poems / Compiled, prepared text and notes by L. K. Shvetsova. Intro. Art. V. G. Bazanova. - L.: Soviet writer, 1977. - 560 p. 2nd ed.: L.: Soviet writer, 1982.
• Klyuev N. A. Heart of the Unicorn: Poems and Poems / Foreword. N. N. Skatova, entry. Art. A. I. Mikhailova; comp., preparation of the text and notes by V. P. Garnin. - St. Petersburg. : RKhGI Publishing House, 1999. - 1072 p. - ISBN 5-88812-079-0.
• Klyuev N. A. Word Tree: Prose / Intro. Art. A. I. Mikhailova; comp., preparation of the text and notes by V. P. Garnin. - St. Petersburg. : Rostock, 2003. - 688 p. - ISBN 5-94668-012-9.
• Nikolay Klyuev. Letters to Alexander Blok: 1907-1915 / Publ., Entry. Art. and comm. K. M. Azadovsky. - M.: Progress-Pleyada, 2003. - 368 p.

Klyuev Nikolai Alekseevich (1887-1937), poet.

Born on October 22, 1887 in the village of Koshtug, Vytegorsky district, Olonetsk province (now in Karelia) into a peasant family.

In 1893-1895. studied at the parochial school in the city of Vytegra (now in the Vologda region), then at the city school and at the medical assistant's school in Petrozavodsk (now the capital of Karelia).

At the beginning of the XX century. with fellow countrymen who sold fish and furs in the capital, he went to work in St. Petersburg.

At the same time, Klyuev began to write poetry in the tradition of "new peasant poetry": the mournful, indignant muse of the poet complains about the suffering of the tiller and sends curses to his enslavers (published in the collective collection New Poets, 1904).

Since 1905, under the impression of revolutionary events, Klyuev joined the active political activity- distributed proclamations of the All-Russian Peasants' Union in Moscow and the Olonets province. Klyuev's works were born at the junction of two poetic cultures - oral folk art and avant-garde poetry. This predetermined the success of his first books "Pine Chime" and "Brotherly Songs" (both 1912) in the camp of the Symbolists, and then the Acmeists.

Klyuev traveled a lot in the Russian North, visited monasteries, memorized and wrote down folk tales, songs, legends, legends.

The collection "Brotherly Songs" is in many ways a poetic arrangement of "overheard" and talentedly reproduced sectarian chants. In addition, Klyuev’s poetry clearly has its own lyrical themes: the conflict between Nature and Civilization (the peasant “hut paradise” suffers under the onslaught of the machine “iron” culture) and an attempt to “marry the religious with the revolutionary” (“The Fourth Rome”, 1921) .

Since the mid 20s. the position of the poet is rapidly deteriorating. He lives alternately in Vyborg and Leningrad, trying to establish contacts with local and central authorities.

He creates a poem about V. I. Lenin, joins the ranks of the Bolsheviks, from where he is soon expelled for religious views.

In 1934 Klyuev was arrested and exiled to Siberia for five years.

Comments

... accusations (of "anti-Soviet agitation" and "compiling and distributing counter-revolutionary literary works") were also brought against Klyuev in connection with his other works - "Gamayun's Song" and "If the demons of the plague, leprosy and cholera ...", which are part of the unfinished cycle " Ruin." In the last poem, for example, the White Sea-Baltic Canal is mentioned, built with the participation of a large number dispossessed and imprisoned:
That is the White Sea Death Canal,
Akimushka dug it,
From Vetluga Prov and aunt Fyokla.
Great Russia got wet
Under the red downpour to the bone
And hid tears from people
From the eyes of strangers into the deaf swamps ...
On June 5, 1937, he was arrested again and shot at Kashtachnaya Mountain at the end of October. Nikolai Klyuev was rehabilitated in 1957, but the first posthumous book in the USSR was published only in 1977.

Klyuev, Nikolai Alekseevich- Nikolai Alekseevich Klyuev. KLYUEV Nikolai Alekseevich (1887-1937), Russian poet. The poetry of peasant patriarchy, the desire to discover in the hutted Russia an ancient spiritual culture that opposes the West, a mystical romantic interpretation of Russian ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Poet. Born into a peasant family; began his literary activity in 1912. K. is one of the most prominent representatives of the kulak style in Russian literature, which took shape before the war of 1914 on the basis of a forced separation ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Klyuev, Nikolai Alekseevich Russian poet Klyuev, Nikolai Alekseevich lieutenant general, commander of the XIII Army Corps in Samsonov's army ... Wikipedia

- (1887, Olonets province, - August 1937, Siberian Railway), Russian Soviet poet. Born into a peasant family. Got home education. The first collections - "Pine Chimes" (1912, with a preface by V. Bryusov), "Brotherly Songs" ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (1887 1937) Russian poet. Poetry of peasant patriarchy, opposing the industrial West, the desire to discover ancient spiritual culture in hutted Russia, mystical romantic interpretation of the Russian national character, folk ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Klyuev, Nikolai Alekseevich- Klyuev Nikolai Alekseevich (1884–1937; repressed), the prophet of peasant poetry, walked around St. Petersburg salons in boots and a kosovorotka, decorated his room like an Olonets hut; on behalf of the inscrutable people threatened A. Blok; wrote poetry... Russian poets of the Silver Age

- (1887 1937), Russian poet. Poetry of peasant patriarchy, opposing the industrial West, the desire to discover ancient spiritual culture in "hut Russia", mystical romantic interpretation of the Russian national character, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

KLYUEV Nikolai Alekseevich- (1884-1937), Russian Soviet poet. Book. poems "Pine Chimes" (foreword by V. Bryusov), "Brotherly Songs" (both - 1912), "Worldly Thoughts" (1916), "Songs" (books 1-2), "Copper Whale" (both - 1919 ), "Pussy Songs" (1920), "Lenin" ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary

Klyuev, Nikolai Alekseevich: Klyuev, Nikolai Alekseevich (general) Klyuev, Nikolai Alekseevich ... Wikipedia

Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Klyuev. Nikolai Alekseevich Klyuev Date of birth May 5, 1859 (1859 05 05) Place of birth St. Petersburg, Russian empire Date of death ... Wikipedia

Books

• Red roar, Klyuev Nikolai Alekseevich. Nikolai Alekseevich Klyuev (1884-1937) - Russian poet, representative of the "new peasant" direction of the early 20th century, whose work is characterized by references to the theme of rural Russia. "Red ...
• Ecological and analytical monitoring of the persistence of organic pollutants, Klyuev Nikolai Alekseevich, Maystrenko Valeriy Nikolaevich. V study guide summarized data on the organization and conduct of environmental and analytical monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) - polychlorinated dioxins, dibenzofurans, ...