What should a pregnant girl observe. Pregnancy: What should expectant mothers know? Alcohol and smoking

Must visit during pregnancy which expectant mother to pass tests, and also give helpful tips for baby care.

But today we would like to show you these amazing 9 months in a completely different light - right now you have a unique opportunity to pay attention to yourself, your beloved.

Let's learn together to enjoy life, love yourself and your body, because right now it is not just necessary, but useful and even necessary!

Refresh your wardrobe

Every woman loves shopping! For one reason or another, sometimes we deny ourselves new clothes, but pregnancy is the happiest moment when it cannot be called a whim.

A baby develops inside you, your tummy grows with it, and your total weight also grows. It is strictly forbidden to wear trousers, skirts and blouses that are crushing. It is worth giving up shoes with heels, and if an interesting situation falls on the autumn-winter season, your favorite classic coat may not be fastened on you.

A big request, you should not drive yourself into a corner, interrupting during pregnancy with mother's dresses, girlfriends' jackets and husband's huge T-shirts. Pregnancy is a time to look beautiful and feminine, and not like a burnt woman who has nothing to wear.

You should be pleased with the reflection in the mirror, your good mood will be passed on to the baby, for whom positivity is very important. Therefore, go ahead to specialized stores for moms to choose the right beautiful wardrobe!

Workout

Does our proposal cause you a wry half-smile? Did you plan to spend 9 months on the couch? During pregnancy, it is important to train muscles and keep the body in good shape, and it will be quite difficult to get rid of extra pounds after childbirth.

Arrange a gentle photo session

Pregnancy is a time to be captured! It doesn’t matter how many extra pounds you have gained, and what size your belly is. Right now you are amazingly beautiful and feminine, and some special mystery has settled in your eyes ...

And if you fulfilled the first, second and third points of our article - updated your wardrobe, went in for sports, took care of yourself and pampered with care, then you look great.

Photographer Elena Fil tells: “Personally, I love shooting women in position, they always turn out amazing. Yes, such shooting is a little more difficult and responsible, because the expectant mother should not get tired, you need to think over convenient locations so that she does not fall or catch a cold. But all the difficulties are more than paid off by the fact that a pregnant woman never has to be asked to “show emotions” - she has them all. This is an amazing moment, which, unfortunately, I haven’t experienced myself yet, but as a professional, I’ll say that it’s a must to do a photo session during pregnancy!”

Now it's up to the small: to find a good photographer, and we would also advise you to pay attention to the stylist and makeup artist. In the hands of professionals, you simply won’t recognize yourself, and the photos from your “pregnant” photo shoot will be more for a long time decorate your home and avatars :-).

And in general, you should not ignore the camera during pregnancy, for example, capturing your tummy on the 1st of each month at the end of the term, you will become the owner of a unique photo fact about how the baby grew and developed. Believe me, it's very interesting!

Go on a trip

Let's tell you a secret, after the birth of a child in the next six months or a year, you are unlikely to organize any kind of family trip. Therefore, if you feel good, you should not sit at home for 9 months under the motto “no matter what happens!”.

Do not overstrain, do not be nervous, choose a place where you would feel calm and confident and - go ahead, for new experiences. Believe me, it doesn't matter where exactly you go - to admire the Carpathian mountains or study the history of European streets. The main thing is that you feel good and interesting there in the company of relatives and loved ones.

Our mother- Gretta tells: “Like all pregnant women, I am a reinsurer, and when my husband suggested that I go to Kamenetz-Podolsky for the balloon festival, I got a little scared. What if I feel bad, what if something happens to the child - these harmful thoughts began to swarm in my head. Thanks to my husband, he persuaded me to try, we went by car for three days, and just had a great time! A beautiful cozy city, a bright emotional festival, delicious food - I liked everything! There was a sea of ​​emotions, therefore, girls, I advise you to travel during pregnancy. Although this is a little scary and very responsible, it is quite real and not at all harmful to health. Personally, my mask was very calm in the tummy!

Does your health condition prevent you from going somewhere even for 3-4 days? There is an exit! Country picnics with friends are a great all-round getaway option. The main thing is to guess with the weather, and you are guaranteed a portion of excellent mood for at least a week!

Organize a romantic date with your husband

Perhaps, after the birth of a child, your husband will not quite have enough attention from his beloved wife. Therefore, pregnancy best time in order to once again tell your partner how much you love him and show how much you value his support.

Arrange weekends "only for two", leave all the difficulties, sad thoughts and worries at the door and enjoy each other's company, this is very important for both partners.

Candlelight dinner, a romantic walk, a bouquet of flowers and handmade chocolate made to order especially for you - pamper each other with your love, because a pregnant woman needs the feeling that she is good-looking, desirable and interesting like air.

Connect with other moms-to-be

Pregnancy is not a reason to limit communication, but the chatter of your non-pregnant girlfriends about their new acquaintances and invitations to night discos may no longer be of interest to you. Believe me - this is normal, you are just entering a different stage of life and you should look for interlocutors among those who, as they say, are in the same boat with you.

Profile for expectant mothers is what you need, because it is there that you can discuss the problems that concern you to the full without fear of being misunderstood. Is it possible to organize personal meetings of members of the forum or, by a lucky chance, did you and your girlfriend get pregnant almost at the same time? Congratulations, you are a rare lucky person. If not, look for like-minded people in courses for expectant mothers, courses in yoga and water aerobics.

And yet, do not be afraid, do not be shy, enter into a conversation, ask questions, believe me, your doubts and fears are not unique, most expectant mothers have the same thoughts.

Build relationships with your mom

Your mother is also experiencing your condition, because you are her child. Of course, she tries to take care of you as much as possible, and maybe sometimes goes too far. But, believe me, she wants the best ... And she tries her best.

It is she who will always readily listen to your regular complaints about morning sickness, come to you with homemade, fresh, prepared with love products, help clean the apartment when you have no strength at all, accompany you to the doctor if your husband is busy.

Talk to your mother about raising an unborn child, because she will soon enter into, and if she is ready to insure you and the baby and take on certain worries, this will greatly facilitate your life and strengthen your relationship with common care.

Think of a name for the baby

Perhaps the thought of the baby is the most pleasant thing during pregnancy. After all, we, women, so love to indulge in dreams, imagining various scenes from our future life together with the baby. One of the mandatory items during pregnancy is the task of coming up with a name for him!

First, with the whole family, you will come up with what you will call and, and, enthusiastically combining options with a patronymic and surname. When the gender of the unborn baby ceases to be a secret, then real battles can flare up around his name :-)! There are too many options and no one wants to give in? Rely on the "hand of fate": write all the options on pieces of paper, put them in an opaque container, mix and pull out one leaf. The name indicated on it will be proudly worn by your favorite little one!

We hope we have convinced you that pregnancy is not only doctors and ailments, but also a lot of unique opportunities and exceptional emotions that will help you look at the world differently!

The test showed two stripes - clear, bright, convincing. They confirm that a miracle happened and now you will have a child. This news causes a state of euphoria, which, however, is quickly replaced by anxiety: what to do next? How to behave in a new status, should I go to the doctor, when and where to register for pregnancy, what tests and examinations should I undergo? Do I need to collect any documents for maternity leave, how long do I need to work, what is a birth certificate, when and how to choose a maternity hospital, whether to conclude a contract? In general, clear guidance is needed on how to proceed, so to speak step-by-step instruction by pregnancy. It is this instruction that we have decided to bring to your attention.

Visit to the gynecologist and the first ultrasound.

You need to go to the doctor's office without delay as soon as you find out about the onset of pregnancy. The first appointment with a gynecologist will include an external examination, examination on a gynecological chair, ultrasound and a blood test for hCG.

Based on the results of this express examination, the doctor will be able to accurately confirm the fact of the onset of pregnancy (or refute it, because the tests are sometimes “mistaken”), determine the term and exclude ectopic localization of the embryo. In addition, at the first appointment you will receive information about further medical measures: visits to other doctors - this may be necessary in the presence of chronic diseases - additional tests, the date of the next visit to the gynecologist and ultrasound.

We correct the lifestyle

Now it is necessary to revise the daily routine, work schedule and physical activity. The first weeks of pregnancy are a critical period in the development of the fetus: any overload, stress and illness of the expectant mother during this period can adversely affect the health of the baby and the course of pregnancy. Night walks, clubs and noisy parties will have to be postponed until better times. In the first weeks of pregnancy, you should try to be less in crowded places in order to avoid the risk of infection and injury. Try to get enough rest, sleep and walk in the fresh air.

It is necessary to immediately refuse overtime work, business trips; if possible, move the start and end times of the working day to avoid crowds in transport during rush hour. You have every right to all these pleasant changes in the work schedule in accordance with labor legislation.

In the first weeks, it is worth temporarily abandoning sports; later, in the normal course of pregnancy, it will be possible to return to sports - of course, adjusted for the “interesting situation”.

It is useful for a newly-made expectant mother to walk and swim; but cycling, running, skating and skiing should be abandoned as soon as pregnancy becomes known. Try not to make sudden movements and not to lift weights: the maximum recommended weight is 3 kg, evenly distributed in both hands.

You should also adjust your diet: it is important for a pregnant woman to eat right. It is necessary to abandon canned food, synthetic drinks and products with artificial food additives, do not abuse spicy, fatty and fried foods.

We take vitamins

From the first days of pregnancy, expectant mothers are recommended to take folic acid- vitamin B9. This vitamin provides the necessary rate of growth and development of the baby in the early stages, is the main means of preventing non-developing pregnancy and the formation of malformations of the nervous system and heart of the fetus. In addition, folic acid provides better absorption of iron, which is necessary for the formation of hemoglobin. The recommended daily dose of vitamin B9 tablets is 800 mcg.

Another "vitamin of the first days of pregnancy" - E; it is necessary for the body of the expectant mother to synthesize the main hormone of pregnancy - progesterone, which ensures normal tone and blood supply to the uterus.

Second ultrasound

The second time ultrasound is performed for a period of 8-12 weeks. The purpose of the study: to confirm the prolongation - the successful course and development of pregnancy, to determine the correspondence of the size and development of the fetus to the expected gestational age, to exclude the formation of malformations. According to the results of the second ultrasound, the expectant mother is recommended to start regular visits to the gynecologist to monitor the course of pregnancy.

Pregnancy record

It is advisable to start systematic medical monitoring of the development of pregnancy for a period not later than 12 weeks; it is better to register early - simultaneously with the second ultrasound examination.
Early registration for pregnancy and the beginning of regular medical supervision can significantly reduce the risk of exacerbations of chronic diseases and pregnancy complications. Women registered no later than 12 weeks are paid a one-time allowance in the amount of half the minimum wage upon maternity leave. When registering at the antenatal clinic, the expectant mother should present a passport, a compulsory medical insurance policy and the results of medical examinations for the last year, including the conclusion of the first ultrasound and test data. In the future, the expectant mother is recommended to visit the doctor at least 12 times during pregnancy. For periods up to 28 weeks, it is worth going to the doctor at least 1 time per month, from 28 to 37 weeks - at least 2 times a month, and starting from 38 weeks - every 7-10 days. If there are special indications, for example, if additional examinations are necessary based on the results of tests or health reasons, the doctor may recommend unscheduled visits at any of the listed dates.

We hand over analyzes

A referral for the necessary laboratory tests is issued by the doctor at the first visit, i.e. when registering for pregnancy. The standard set of studies conducted at week 12 includes:

• clinical (general) blood test;
• general analysis urine;
• blood chemistry;
• coagulogram - a blood test for clotting;
• determination of the group and Rh-affiliation of blood;
• blood test for HIV, hepatitis B and C, syphilis;
• a study for the presence of torch infections: rubella, toxoplasmosis, coxsackie, herpes, cytomegalovirus, papillomavirus, chlamydia, urea- and mycoplasmosis, gardnerellosis. These diseases are hidden and can pathologically affect the development of the fetus;
• smear of flora from the vagina;
• screening tests may be recommended at the discretion of the physician congenital diseases- blood test for alpha-fetoprotein and hCG.

Despite the frightening size of the list, all tests can be taken at one time - for this you need to know the days of blood sampling and the necessary preparations. For example, a biochemical blood test should be taken on an empty stomach, and on the eve of an RW (syphilis) test, you should not eat a lot of sweets: failure to follow these rules can lead to incorrect test results. In the presence of chronic diseases or as prescribed by other doctors, such as a general practitioner or endocrinologist, the list may expand. In the future, many tests will have to be retaken: for example, urinalysis - at each visit to the gynecologist; complete blood count - at least twice per trimester; analysis for HIV, syphilis and hepatitis - once in the second and third trimester; a smear for flora - at least once per trimester. Repeated studies for the same infections are necessary, since theoretically the expectant mother can get sick during pregnancy.

Related specialists

Adjacent in obstetrics are called doctors of other specialties, the examination of which helps the gynecologist to choose the right tactics for managing pregnancy. To monitor the course of pregnancy, examinations by a general practitioner, endocrinologist, ophthalmologist, dentist and ENT are most relevant, however, if there are health problems, consultations of other doctors may be necessary, for example, a nephrologist - a specialist in kidney disease, a neurologist, a phlebologist - a specialist in vein diseases - or a cardiologist . Bypassing related specialists should begin no later than 12 weeks and be completed by 16 weeks of pregnancy. As part of the examination, the therapist needs to do an electrocardiogram. If necessary, doctors can invite the expectant mother to an appointment again in the second and third trimester of pregnancy or prescribe additional diagnostic tests.

Screening study

At 16-18 weeks of pregnancy, the expectant mother is recommended to undergo the so-called "triple test", which allows to identify a risk group for the formation of fetal malformations. For this, a pregnant woman's venous blood is examined for the amount of alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin and estriol. A change in the amount of these substances produced by the tissues of the fetus and placenta may indicate the presence of a serious anomaly in the development of the fetus, such as Down's syndrome. If the test results are positive, the expectant mother is sent for genetic counseling.

Third ultrasound

The next ultrasound examination is recommended for a period of 18–20 weeks; by this time, the formation of the placenta is completed, as well as the laying of the main organs and systems of the fetus. Ultrasound at this time allows you to assess the degree of development of the cardiovascular, nervous and urinary systems of the fetus, the correspondence of the development and size of the baby to the gestational age, determine the placenta attachment and the level of blood flow in its vessels, evaluate the structure of the placenta and umbilical cord. The third ultrasound is included in the recommended scope of screening studies for the detection of genetic abnormalities and fetal malformations.

Physical exercise

After the 20th week of pregnancy, when the main “critical” periods have already passed, it is worth discussing with the doctor the possibility of sports being allowed at this time. Recall that active expectant mothers who went in for sports before pregnancy should discuss the correction of habitual physical activity at the first visit to the gynecologist. If the pregnancy proceeds without complications, dosed physical activity is not only allowed, but also strongly recommended: good muscle tone and elasticity of the ligamentous apparatus make it easier to endure weight gain during pregnancy and the discomfort of labor pains. It is better to give preference to stretching exercises, such as yoga for pregnant women, Pilates and body flex. Pregnant women can go in for swimming, special aqua aerobics for expectant mothers and even belly dancing. Necessary condition- complete exclusion of sudden movements, pressure on the press and weight lifting; all of these exercises are best performed under the supervision of a trainer who is competent in selecting loads for pregnant women. In the absence of special recommendations from a doctor, you can engage in "permitted" sports for 40-60 minutes 2-3 times a week until the very birth.

Exchange card

This document can be considered a “pregnancy passport”: it contains all the necessary medical information about the health of the future mother, the features of this and previous pregnancies, the results of tests and examinations, the drugs received and the conclusions of specialists.

"Exchange" consists of three parts; the first is filled in by the doctor in the consultation, the second by the obstetrician-gynecologist who delivered the baby, the third by the neonatologist who observed the baby in the maternity hospital after birth. With the help of this important document, continuity in the transfer of information about the health of mother and baby between the antenatal clinic, the maternity hospital and the children's clinic is carried out. According to Order No. 30 of February 10, 2003, the exchange card is issued to the expectant mother by the attending physician of the antenatal clinic no later than the 23rd week of pregnancy. From the moment of receipt, the "pregnancy passport" must always be in the purse of the expectant mother, along with a general passport and a compulsory medical insurance policy: they may be needed in case of unforeseen emergency hospitalization.

Courses for future parents

The choice of courses should be decided by the 25th week of pregnancy: the most complete and interesting cycles of lectures are calculated on average for two months of visits in the mode of 1-2 classes per week. You can start attending courses earlier: most of the topics will be informative and relevant even in the first weeks of pregnancy, and many classes include, in addition to lectures, useful physical exercises. Courses are needed for the correct psychological mood for childbirth, the acquisition of skills for self-anesthetic contractions, which include postures, massage, relaxation and breathing techniques, and caring for a newborn.

The standard set of lectures usually includes topics on the features of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period, fetal development, the main aspects of medical supervision of a pregnant woman, a woman in labor, a puerperal woman and a newborn in the maternity hospital, breastfeeding, the introduction of complementary foods, the development of a child in the first year of life, an overview of maternity hospitals in your city. In most courses, in addition to lectures, practical classes are held - obstetric gymnastics and childbirth training, where they work out the technique of anesthesia. Classes for expectant parents are best attended with a partner. Such courses can be found at the antenatal clinic or maternity hospital; there are also independent commercial clubs for future parents. When choosing courses, pay attention to the qualifications of teachers (usually lectures are given by medical specialists and psychologists), gymnastics coaches, the convenience of the location of the courses and the time of classes, the opportunity to attend lectures with your husband and choose individual topics of interest to you.

Maternity leave

A disability certificate for pregnancy and childbirth is issued by an obstetrician-gynecologist who monitors the course of pregnancy for the following periods:

with a normal pregnancy - from the 30th week for 140 calendar days (70 days before delivery and 70 days after delivery);
in case of multiple pregnancy - from 28 weeks to 180 calendar days;
in case of complicated childbirth, postpartum leave is increased by 16 calendar days and the total duration of the decree is 156 (70 + 16 + 70) calendar days.

birth certificate

Making maternity leave at 30 weeks of pregnancy, the expectant mother can receive another important document. This is a birth certificate intended for additional payment for the services of doctors at the antenatal clinic, maternity hospital and children's clinic from the federal budget. The birth certificate project started on January 1, 2006; its goal is to improve the quality of medical care for expectant mothers and babies in public medical institutions.

The certificate consists of three coupons: the first goes to pay for the services of a antenatal clinic, the second - a maternity hospital and the third - medical care in a children's clinic. In the consultation, the certificate is handed out at 30 weeks, subject to registration no later than 12 weeks and visits to one doctor of the antenatal clinic at least 12 times during pregnancy; by agreeing to take the certificate, the expectant mother shows that she is satisfied with the medical care received. In case of irregular observation, late registration, medical care on a commercial basis, or in case of dissatisfaction with the pregnant woman with the level of care medical services birth certificate is not issued in consultation. In this case, the expectant mother will receive a birth certificate already in the maternity hospital. It should be emphasized that a birth certificate is not binding document for planned or emergency hospitalization in a maternity hospital, regardless of which maternity hospital is chosen and under what insurance conditions - under the compulsory medical insurance policy or on paid basis- the expectant mother will be served.

Fourth ultrasound

The last ultrasound recommended during normal pregnancy is after 32 weeks. By this time, the fetus has already formed, occupies a stable position in the uterus, and the doctor, based on the results of the study, can evaluate its physical development, location, presentation, estimated size by the end of pregnancy, the amount of water, the state of the placenta, blood flow in the vessels of the placenta, umbilical cord and uterine arteries. These data allow you to draw up a proposed plan for childbirth, determine the degree of risks and the need for additional medical training.

Cardiotocography

This study is advisable to conduct after the 32-34th week of pregnancy. The method allows you to assess the well-being of the fetus in terms of frequency and variability, i.e. changes in his heart rate. To do this, within 20-40 minutes, the baby's heart rate is taken using an ultrasonic sensor and recorded on a paper tape in the form of a graph. In addition, the CTG chart shows moments of baby movements and an increase in uterine tone. By changes in the pulse, the frequency of fetal movements and increases in myometrial tone, it is possible to assess the risk of developing fetal hypoxia and premature onset of labor.

Choosing a maternity hospital

This important process should be started no later than the 34-36th week of pregnancy. When choosing, one should take into account such criteria as the remoteness of the maternity hospital, the dates of preventive treatments (“washes”), the technical equipment of the maternity hospital, the level of comfort of the delivery wards, if necessary, the presence of a special medical specialization, the ability to choose a doctor and individual labor management, the presence of a partner during childbirth, joint stay of mother and baby in the postpartum ward.

Getting to know the nursery

Having previously decided on the choice of the maternity hospital, after the 36th week it is worth going to it personally and “look around”. It is better to study the route options to the maternity hospital in advance, see where the entrance to the admission department is located, familiarize yourself with the admission rules for admission to antenatal hospitalization and childbirth, find out the time of visits, conversations with doctors and receiving programs. When planning an individual birth at 36 weeks, you can get acquainted with the doctor and conclude a contract for the birth.

Things and documents in the hospital

This must be done no later than the 38th week of pregnancy in order to take everything into account, double-check and not fuss at the very last moment. A list of things allowed for hospitalization in the antenatal, labor and postnatal departments can be requested from the information desk of the maternity hospital or from the insurance agent when concluding a contract for childbirth. Requirements for clothing and personal belongings that you can take with you can be very different in different maternity hospitals, so do not be too lazy to find out the rules in the chosen maternity hospital in advance. It is better to collect things separately for each compartment, packing them in plastic bags. Of the documents for hospitalization, you will need a passport, a compulsory medical insurance policy, an exchange card, a birth certificate and a contract for childbirth - if any; it is better to make photocopies of these documents in advance for the admission department of the maternity hospital. You can immediately take a package with things and documents for childbirth with you, but bags with things for the postpartum department can be transferred to the hospital only after the birth of the baby, so it is better to sign them in advance and provide instructions for relatives.

The first pregnancy is associated with many fears and worries. The fact is that when expecting a child for the first time, a woman does not always know what she needs to do. Girlfriends and acquaintances say one thing, mother and grandmother say something completely different, and a doctor from the antenatal clinic claims the third. And how to understand how to behave, among a huge number of completely opposite advice and opinions? Let's see the main points of what every new mother needs to know during pregnancy.

What pregnant women need to know in the first trimester

The first trimester of pregnancy is especially difficult for women. At this time, the body is just beginning to adapt to new sensations, and for the first time a girl expecting a child faces many problems and fears.

Most often, pregnant women first learn about their condition with the help of a test. However, every woman should know that only a gynecologist can accurately determine the presence of pregnancy and judge its success after appropriate tests and ultrasound examinations.

To make it easier for you to navigate your first pregnancy, we suggest you take a look at what happens in each trimester. To make it clearer to you, each section will be structured like this: what the mother feels, what changes the fetus experiences, what can and cannot be done during this period.

What does a woman feel in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy:

• The future mother stops menstruation and begins to produce progesterone;
• Toxicosis may be present, which is expressed in nausea in the morning, a sharp change in taste, dizziness and nausea in the morning;

In no case should such symptoms scare you. They are caused by changes occurring in the body: a decrease in immunity and hormonal changes.

For many girls, everything related to pregnancy and childbirth causes a panic state. And when the time comes to think about offspring, fear prevents you from focusing on the main thing - the birth of a child, makes you devote all thoughts to possible negative sides both processes. There is another extreme - the belief that nature will do everything itself, so there is nothing to worry about at all. Both points of view are wrong. Pregnancy and childbirth are natural processes. But a woman must prepare for them mentally and physically, have enough knowledge about how this happens, do everything in her power for the safe bearing and birth of a healthy baby.

The need for this is caused not only by the material resources of the family. Here the most important thing is the health of both parents, their readiness for the birth of a child, the creation of favorable conditions for this. The process should be started 2-3 months before the intended fertilization. It includes:

• Quit smoking and alcohol;
• Normalization of nutrition with the obligatory use of a large amount of vitamins, trace elements, fiber;
• Healthy physical activity with frequent exposure to fresh air. This part of the preparation is especially useful for a woman, because it is she who will bear the child and give birth, which require endurance and energy expenditure;
• Avoidance of stress.

Actually, there is nothing complicated in these requirements, it would be good for everyone to lead such a lifestyle all the time.

Which doctors should be visited

Future parents should definitely be examined by doctors. A woman needs to visit doctors of the following specialties:

• Gynecologist. It is good that this is a specialist who will then observe the entire pregnancy. He should know about past illnesses, childbirth, abortions. The gynecologist will need the results of tests for flora, cytology, viral infections(HIV, hepatitis, syphilis), PCR studies for venereal infections, cytomegalovirus, as well as information on the body's susceptibility to rubella,;
• Dentist. Before pregnancy, you need to get rid of infections in the oral cavity, caries;
• Cardiologist;
• Otorhinolaryngologist;
• Allergist;
• Endocrinologist.

In addition to the above analyses, more research needs to be done:

• Ultrasound of the reproductive organs and mammary glands;
• Blood and urine tests (general and biochemical);
• Hormone levels;
• Ultrasound of the thyroid gland.

If a woman is not the first attempt to get pregnant, the specialist may consider it necessary to prescribe:

• Colposcopy of the cervix;
• Hysteroscopy;
• Biopsy of the endometrium.

Taking oral contraceptives, as well as protection using the IUD, should be interrupted 2-3 months before conception. If there are genetic diseases in the family or one of the future parents had radiation exposure, it is worth visiting the appropriate specialist.

In order for conception to occur exactly when future parents want it, it is necessary to calculate the most favorable days for it. Ovulation occurs at about 11-16, if you count from the first day of menstruation.

The most important thing during pregnancy

There are many nuances in this period that you should know so that everything goes harmoniously and safely for the woman and the unborn baby. Proper behavior will help avoid many potential problems.

Tests

A woman will be able to understand that she is pregnant, based on her own well-being. But it will be a little later, but until the first signs appear, a pregnancy test will come to the rescue. Whatever it is, its functioning is based on the determination of human chorionic gonadotropin in the urine, which appears immediately after the implantation of the embryo inside the uterus, that is, 7-10 days after conception. And if you do a test on the first day of the expected, but not arrived menstruation, it will be informative. These devices are of several types:

• Test strips. Impregnated with a reagent that, when immersed in morning urine, gives a result with an accuracy of up to 95% in 5-10 seconds. If another control line appears next to the existing control line, the woman is pregnant;
• Tablet. Able to indicate pregnancy with a delay of less than a week. A drop of morning urine is placed in a designated window. After a while, the result is visible in the adjacent rectangle;
• Jet. Detect pregnancy with high precision actually early term. The receiving tip of the device is placed under the stream of urine, and the result will be visible in a few minutes in the window intended for this.

It happens that tests give out information that does not correspond to reality. The reason for this is a violation of instructions or taking drugs containing hCG.

How to determine the term

To track pregnancy, it is necessary for both the doctor and the expectant mother to know her term. This is the basis for the appointment of studies, monitoring the development of the fetus, the possibility of detecting pathology. Thanks to the knowledge of the term, it is easy to determine the date of the upcoming birth. There are several counting methods:

• On the day of ovulation. It happens around the middle of the cycle. If it is 28 days, then conception occurred 14 days after the start date of the last menstruation. It is possible to identify the day of ovulation by regular measurements of basal temperature;
• With the help of ultrasound. The size is clearly visible on the screen gestational sac, according to which the doctor will calculate the period. This method is most informative up to 24 weeks;
• Examination of the uterus. The gynecologist will determine the period by its size, starting from the 5th week, when the organ begins to grow;
• By the first movement of the fetus. As a rule, this happens at 18-20 weeks, sometimes at the 16th. It's a bit late, but some inattentive women find out about pregnancy just like that.

How to live with pregnancy

The lifestyle should be aimed at ensuring the normal development of the unborn child and the well-being of the woman. This does not mean that all pleasures become inaccessible, but the life of the expectant mother becomes more streamlined:

• It is necessary to monitor nutrition so that the fetus receives enough vitamins and minerals. You should forget about coffee, green tea, seafood, legumes for now, less carbohydrates, from which weight grows. But meat, fish, dairy products, vegetables, fruits are not forbidden in the diet;
• Take vitamins as directed by your doctor. Folic acid is especially important. But vitamin A needs moderate doses, otherwise the child is threatened with pathology;
• Rest and comfort are the main components of the daily routine. This also applies to clothes and underwear. Sleep should be at least 8 hours, mental, physical and emotional stress is reduced. Important 1.5-hour walks in the fresh air, exercises to strengthen the spine, abdominal muscles, perineum;
• The use of transport should be limited due to possible shaking, which creates unwanted vibration;
• Lifting weights and shock domestic labor, especially with the use of chemicals, are prohibited;
• Alcohol and smoking are the enemies of pregnancy. Even infrequent use can provoke deformities in a child;
• Medicinal preparations and plants are taken only as prescribed by a doctor;
• You should still take care of yourself carefully, but without the use of toxic cosmetics, acrylic and ammonia materials, solarium, and hardware methods. Care and hygiene products are better to choose those that are specially designed for pregnant women;
• The breast is prepared for future feeding by washing with warm and cool water, air baths for 10 minutes 3 times a day;
• With a normal pregnancy, vaginal sex is not prohibited. With an increase in the term, it is only necessary to protect the growing belly from pressure on it.

Poor health is not uncommon in different periods of pregnancy. Typical problems in women:

• Toxicosis. It manifests itself from the beginning of pregnancy with nausea, vomiting, aversion to food and certain smells. By the 12th week, toxicosis disappears, but even before this time, its symptoms can be alleviated by eating a piece of salty biscuit with sweetened weak tea in the morning, drinking 1.5 liters of fluid per day, reducing portions and increasing the number of meals to 6;
• in the legs. The enlarged uterus compresses the blood vessels, so the blood supply to the muscles is disrupted. The body may be deficient in calcium and potassium. Products containing these microelements will help, mini-exercises with squeezing and unclenching the toes;
• Vertigo. They can occur for various reasons: stuffiness, tightness, fatigue. You can deal with a problem by avoiding the conditions that create it;
• Insomnia. It is caused by anxiety and changes in the body that provoke the need to go to the toilet often, the inability to choose a comfortable position due to the stomach. Sleeping at the same hours, drinking warm milk shortly before it, daytime rest will help;
• . You can fix the problem if you drink a glass of water after waking up, and add lemon juice to it before eating, walk a lot, introduce prunes and dried apricots into the diet.

Childbirth: readiness #1

In the entire chain of childbearing, this is what women fear the most. Childbirth is a serious test, but the vast majority of mothers have successfully overcome it. In addition, experts are always ready to help.

What to take to the hospital

Necessary things and documents should be prepared in advance. Before giving birth, you need to take with you only those that are needed directly for the woman and the newborn. Everything else is collected and left for later, these things will later be brought by a happy father.
The documents:

• The passport;
• Exchange card;
• The results of the latest analyzes to date;
• Medical policy;
• Birth certificate;
• Agreement with the clinic (if concluded).

Things for childbirth and stay in the ward:

• Spacious nightgown;
• Socks, thin and thicker, but not woolen;
• Hygiene items (soap, comb, brush and toothpaste, napkins, toilet paper);
• A pair of small terry towels;
• Robe;
• Washable slippers with non-slip soles.

Items that will be needed after childbirth and at discharge:

• Sanitary pads and disposable underwear for mom;
• 2 with front closure;
• Cream for nipple cracks;
• Laxative candles;
• Pampers for a newborn 1 set. Another is bought already in accordance with the size of the baby;
• Baby soap, cream, soft towel;
• Sterile cotton;
• Thin and thick vests, bonnets, diapers, mittens;
• A blanket or "envelope", a hat, overalls, socks for discharge. All things according to the weather;
• Clothes and cosmetics for mom. The one in which the woman came to the hospital is likely to be great.

How is childbirth

Healthy women give birth to a child in a natural way, that is, through the birth canal. The process, assisted by a midwife or doctor, is divided into 3 phases:

• The first is counted from the beginning of regular contractions until the cervix is ​​fully dilated by 4 cm. This is the longest part - 8-10 hours. Sometimes the process is stimulated with medications;
• The second lasts 3-4 hours. The contractions intensify and become more frequent, the fetal bladder opens and the water leaves. The cervix opens up to 6-8 cm, and the fetus moves to the level of the pelvic floor;
• The third is characterized by the opening of the uterine os by 10-12 cm and lasts from 20 minutes to 2 hours. It passes into the main part of childbirth, although it feels like the activity of the process is weakening. But this is not so, it is after the full opening of the cervix that the fetal head passes through the pelvic ring, and after 8-10 attempts by the mother, the baby comes out. Sometimes, to facilitate this part of the path, the woman's perineum is dissected.

During the first two phases, the woman is allowed to sit up and walk around to stimulate labor. In some clinics, the process takes place with anesthesia. The condition of the woman in labor is monitored by measuring pressure, temperature, and doing vaginal examinations.

After the birth of the child and the cessation of pulsation in the umbilical cord, it is cut. The afterbirth comes out of the uterus after 2-3 contractions, the woman is given drugs to prevent bleeding.

C-section

It should be prescribed according to indications, but sometimes it is done at the request of a woman. The planned operation is carried out as follows:

• On the operating table, a woman is given an epidural or general anesthesia. They put a dropper and an apparatus for measuring pressure, as well as a catheter for diverting urine;
• The woman's stomach is wiped with an antiseptic, the doctor dissects the abdominal wall and the anterior uterus, removes the child, and cuts the umbilical cord. It takes 10-15 minutes;
• The surgeon separates the placenta, examines the uterine cavity, sews up the organ. Then the seams are applied to the abdominal wall, bandage and ice on top;
• The woman is placed in intensive care for a day, where saline and antibiotics are administered.

After transfer to the ward, the stitches are processed every day, the painkiller is stopped after 3-4 days.

Usually the baby is applied to the breast on the third day after birth, and before that the woman has to express herself. It hurts, but it is necessary that then you can feed for at least 6 months, and preferably up to a year. In this regard, new mothers are concerned about two problems:

• lack of milk;
• Cracked nipples.

The first is solved by frequent attachment of the child to the breast, taking lactation-stimulating drugs: infusion of anise seeds, grated carrots with sour cream. A woman will have to drink plenty of fluids and eat right to prevent gas formation in the baby.

Cracked nipples should be treated with special creams and air baths. It is also necessary to learn how to properly breastfeed the baby so that he captures the nipple along with the areola.

body after childbirth

In this part, the stomach delivers the most suffering to women. He is no longer as flat as before, during pregnancy, the muscles stretched and sagged slightly. But you don't have to put up with it. Some steps can be taken:

• Change nutrition. If you include oatmeal, rice, vegetables, fruits in your diet, drink plenty of water, this will spur metabolic processes. Fat from the abdomen will slowly but steadily begin to go away. Do not forget that a large amount of fiber is harmful to the baby if he is breastfed. And starvation is unacceptable, because the milk will disappear. Therefore, in your zeal for harmony, you need to know the measure;
• Restore muscle tone. Gentle exercises for the abdomen will help: abdominal breathing, its tension on a walk, doing household chores. You need to increase the load gradually, you can intensively engage in six months after childbirth, if they passed without complications.

postpartum discharge

The uterus after childbirth is not restored in a day. This process is stretched for a certain period, during which the woman has lochia. At first, they contain a lot of blood, then they gradually brighten and by the end of the 6-8th week after birth they become transparent or white.

Menstruation can come in 1.5-2 months if the woman is not breastfeeding. Lactation lengthens the period without menstruation to six months. But on average and with breastfeeding, they begin on the 4th month after childbirth, because by this time the child is already being introduced to complementary foods and less is being applied to the breast.

Sex after childbirth

You will have to refrain from it for another 4-6 weeks if the birth was normal. The sexual sphere of a woman should be fully restored, then sex will be a joy, and will not cause pain and infection.
After caesarean section or perineal ruptures, recovery will take 2 months.

At the first sexual intercourse, a woman may feel pain and discomfort. This is due to the dryness of the vagina, which can be corrected with a lubricant, but rather a long prelude to the act. Wall tone is almost always reduced. But this problem is also solvable by training the vagina with Kegel exercises.

It is recommended to visit a gynecologist or consult a antenatal clinic. The doctor measures the weight and height of the expectant mother, writes down all the diseases she has had, and gives directions to necessary tests. If there are hormonal problems, the doctor will prescribe her maintenance therapy to rule out early. The expectant mother should consult a doctor about taking complex vitamins. From the very first days of pregnancy, it is necessary to take folic acid, which has a positive effect on the formation of fetal organs, stimulates cell growth, and prevents early miscarriages.

The expectant mother should give up bad habits and lead a healthy lifestyle. After all, the first pregnancy is very important. During this period, all the main organs of the baby are laid, the brain is formed, nervous system Therefore, drinking alcohol or smoking can adversely affect the health of the unborn child. A pregnant woman should regularly visit the fresh air and ensure herself a good night's sleep.

Particular attention should be paid to nutrition. Food should be healthy and balanced. It is necessary to exclude from the diet products containing preservatives, refuse soda, chips, fast food. From proper nutrition depends on the further course of pregnancy and the health of the crumbs. During the period of formation of organs for the baby, it is very important to fully obtain vitamins and nutrients.

If a woman suffers from toxicosis, then morning sickness can be prevented by eating a cracker or cookie immediately after waking up without getting out of bed. Take with you when traveling by public transport mineral water without gas with the addition of lemon, gingerbread cookies, mint candies, croutons. In case of fainting, carry a handkerchief and essential oil lemon. In case of dizziness or an attack of nausea, apply 2-3 drops of oil on a handkerchief, bring it to your nose and take a few deep breaths.

If a woman is scheduled to undergo a fluorography or another vaccination, it is imperative to notify the doctor who will write out the release. Particular care must be taken when taking medications. It is better to consult a doctor in advance about the safety of medicines.

A pregnant woman should be attentive to any alarming symptoms. If she begins to be bothered by a pulling pain in the lower abdomen and lower back, accompanied by spotting need to urgently call ambulance. Until the doctor arrives, observe strict bed rest and try to calm down.