The most important functions of the receipt of substances, their transformation and removal ...
The textbook was created for professions related to metalworking.
The basics of theoretical mechanics, the resistance of materials, parts and mechanisms of machines are set forth; Examples of calculations are given. Information about the main methods of increasing the mechanical properties of materials and the development trends of machinery and mechanisms are given.
Communication and their reactions.
The body that can perform any movement in space is called free; An example of a free body can be a plane or projectile flying in the air. In various kinds of structures and structures, we usually meet with bodies, on the movement of which restrictions are imposed. Such bodies are called non-free. The body limiting the freedom of movement of a solid body is connected towards him. If the force attached to the body seek to move it by a particular direction, and the connection prevents such a movement, the body will affect the connection with the power of pressure on the connection.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Main used designations
Introduction
Section 1. Theoretical Mechanics
1.1. Basic concepts and static axioms
1.2. Communications and their reactions
1.3. Flat Soft System
1.4. Elements of friction theory
1.5. Spatial system forces
1.6. Definition of the center of gravity
1.7. Kinematics Point
1.8. The simplest movement of the solid body
1.9. Laws of the speakers, equations of motion of the material point, principle D "Alamber
1.10. Forces acting on the point of the mechanical system
1.11. Theorem on the movement of the center of the mass mechanical system
1.12. Work of power
1.13. Power
1.14. Efficiency
Section 2. Basics of Material Resistance
2.1. Basic concepts
2.2. Stretching and compression
2.3. Main mechanical characteristics of materials
2.4. Calculations for strength when tensile and compression
2.5. Sing and crumpled
2.6. Torsion
2.7. Straight bend
2.8. Determination of movements in bending method Vereshchagin
2.9. Calculation of timber on the joint effect of twist and bending
2.10. Dynamic Load Strength
2.11. Stability with axial loading rod
2.12. Disclosure of static uncertainness of rod systems
Section 3. Details and machine mechanisms
3.1. Machines and their main elements
3.2. Basic performance criteria and calculating machine parts
3.3 Machine-building materials
3.4. Details of rotational motions
3.5 Cabinet details
3.6 Springs and Springs
3.7 Padded parts connections
3.8 details detail connections
3.9. Bearings Slip
3.10. Rolling bearings
3.11. Couplings
3.12. Friction gears
3.13. Belt transmission
3.14. Shogging
3.15. Worm gears
3.16. Chainshots
3.17. Transmission Screw-nut slip
3.18. Transmission of screw rolling nut
3.19. Rush transfers
3.20. Cracked-connecting mechanisms
3.21. Easy mechanisms
3.22. Cam mechanisms
3.23. General About gearboxes
Section 4. Increase the mechanical properties of materials and structures
4.1. Main ways to increase mechanical properties
4.2. Reinforcing plastic deformation treatment
4.3. Improving the wear resistance of the surface layers
4.4. Surface coatings
4.5. Strengthening surface layers of chemical heat treatment
4.6. Hardening of the running screws
Conclusion. Trends in the development of machinery and mechanisms
Applications
1. Steel corners hot rolled equal (according to GOST 8509-93)
2. Corners of steel hot rolled non-equivocal (according to GOST 8510-86)
3. Steel hot-rolled chawliers (according to GOST 8240-89)
4. Steel hot-rolled altars (according to GOST 8239-89)
5. Legend graphic designations in schemes. Kinematics elements (according to GOST 2.770-68 *)
Bibliography.
Free download electronic book In a convenient format, watch and read:
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- Technological equipment of machine-building production, Cupacam B.I., Vereaina L.I., 2010
- The course of materials science in matters and answers, Bogodukhov S.I., Grebenyuk V.F., Sinukhin A.V., 2005
- Reliability and diagnosis of automatic control systems, Beloglazoz, I.N., Krivtsov A.N., Kutsenko B.N., Suslova O.V., Skhirgladze A.G., 2008
Technical mechanics. Vereaina L.I., Krasnov M.M.
8th ed. - M.: 2014.- 352 p.
The textbook is intended to study the subject "Technical Mechanics" and is part of the educational and methodological kit on the disciplines of the negotiation cycle for technical specialties. The basics of theoretical mechanics, the resistance of materials, parts and mechanisms of machines are set forth; Examples of calculations are given. Information about the basic ways to change the mechanical properties of materials and the development trends of machinery and mechanisms are given. The textbook can be used in the study of the general professional discipline of OP.02 "Technical Mechanics" in accordance with GEF SPO in the specialties of the technical profile. For students of secondary vocational education institutions.
Format: PDF. (2014, 352c.)
The size: 17.3 MB
Watch, download: drive.google
Format: PDF. (2013, 352c.)
The size: 9.6 MB
Watch, download: drive.google
CONTENT
Introduction 5.
Chapter 1. Theoretical Mechanics 8
1.1. Basic concepts and static axioms 8
1.2. Communications and their reactions 11
1.3. Flat System 15
1.4. Elements of friction theory 23
1.5. Spatial System for Forces 26
1.6. Definition of the center of gravity 32
1.7. Kinematics points 39.
1.8. The simplest movement of solid body 45
1.9. Complex movement of point 54
1.10. Addition of two rotational movements 58
1.11. Laws of dynamics, equations of motion of the material point. Principle d "Alamber 66
1.12. Forces acting on the points of the mechanical system 70
1.13. Theorem on the movement of the center of the mass mechanical system 72
1.14. Work of force 75.
1.15. Power 80.
1.16. Efficiency ratio 81
1.17. Moments of inertia of solid body 82
1.18. Theorems on changing the amount of motion of the material point and mechanical system 84
1.19. Theorem on changing the moment of the amount of motion of the material point 90
1.20. The theorem on the change in the kinetic moment of the mechanical system 92
1.21. The theorem on the change in the kinetic energy of the material point 94
1.22. Differential equations of the translational movement of solid body 96
1.23. Differential equation of the rotational movement of the solid body around the stationary axis 96
Chapter 2. Basics of Material Resistance 99
2.1. Basic concepts 99.
2.2, stretching and compression 101
2.3, main mechanical characteristics of materials 108
2.4. Calculations for strength when tensile and compression 110
2.5. Sing and crumpled 111
2.6. Clearance 114.
2.7. Direct transverse bend 120
2.8. Definition of displacements with bending 144
2.9. The theory of limiting stress states - 150
2.10. The concept of fatigue resistance 160
2.11. Dynamic Load Strength 168
2.12. Stability with axial loading rod 170
2.13. Disclosure of static uncertainness of rod systems 180
Chapter 3, Details and Mechanisms of Machines 191
3.1. Machines and their main elements 191
3.2. Basic performance criteria and calculation of machine parts 194
3.3. Machine-building materials 202.
3.4. Details of the rotational motion 207
3.5. Cabinet parts 208.
3.6. Springs and springs 211
3.7. Perfect details 213
3.8. Details detail connections 233
3.9. Slip bearings 247.
3.10. Rolling bearings 253.
3.11. Couplings 256.
3.12. Friction gears - 260
3.13. Belt transmissions 261.
3.14. Shogging 270.
3.15. Worm gears 288.
3.16. Chains 300
3.17. Screw-nut slip 308
3.18. Round screw rolling 312
3.19. Rush transmissions 314.
3.20. Crank-connecting mechanisms 316
3.21. Riding mechanisms 317.
3.22. Fist mechanisms 319.
3.23. General information about gearboxes 320
Chapter 4. Changing Mechanical Properties of Materials 325
4.1. Main ways to change mechanical properties 325
4.2. Strengimating plastic deformation treatment 326
4.3. Raising wear resistance of surface layers 328
4.4. Surface coatings 329.
4.5. Hardening of surface layers of chemical thermal processing 331
4.6. Hardening screw strengthening 332
Appendices 334.
List of references 347.
1. Arcush. A.I. Technical Mechanics. Theoretical mechanics and resistance of materials: studies. For medium specials. studies. establishments / a. I. Arkusha. - 4th ed., Act. - M.: Higher. school., 2002. - 352 S.:
2. Arcusha A.I. Guide to solving problems on theoretical mechanics.
- M.: high school, 2002
Perm State Technical University
Department of General Physics
Physics
Methodical instructions and control tasks
for students of the correspondence department.
H and with m i i
MECHANICS
Molecular physics and thermodynamics
Perm 2002.
UDC 53 (07): 378
Plan UMD 2001/2002 uch. / G.
Physics: Guidelines and control tasks for absentee departments. Part I. Mechanics. Molecular physics and thermodynamics / perm.gos.tekhn.un-t, Perm, 2002. - 71 p.
Compilers: Zverev O.M.., K.T.N., Loschilova V.A.., Chernoyvanova TM., Schcine Yu.K.. Under the general editor Tsaplin A.I., D.T.N., Professor.
Posted general recommendations According to the use of physical laws and formulas to solve problems, rounding rules, a working program, a list of references, examples of solving problems on the topics "Mechanics. Molecular physics. Thermodynamics", training tasks with answers, check test and tasks for performing two test work. Tables with options and task numbers for each option, as well as reference tables.
Reviewer: Bayandin D.V., K.F.-M.N., Associate Professor.
The edition is stereotypical. Approved at the meeting of the Department.
à Perm state
technical University, 2002
Introduction ................................................... ............................................ four
Bibliography................................................ ............................ four
1. Brief Methodical Indications on Independent
studying the course ................................................ .................................. five
2. Methodical instructions for solving tasks ........................................ 5
3. On the approximate calculations ............................................. ............ 7.
4. Basic formulas. Kinematics. Wipers and waves. Dynamics. nine
4.1. Examples of solving tasks ................................................... ............. fifteen
4.2. Training tasks ................................................ ............... thirty
4.3. Check test ................................................ ....................... 33.
4.4. Test № 1............................................................ 36
5. Basic formulas. Molecular physics. Thermodynamics ........ 45.
5.1. Examples of solving tasks ................................................... ................. 49.
5.2. Training tasks ................................................ ................... 57.
5.3. Examination number 2 .............................................. .................. 59.
6. Questions to prepare for the exam ................................................. ..... 67.
7. Reference tables .............................................. ........................... 69.
Introduction
The purpose of this publication is to provide joint venture students with a working program and control tasks at the rate of general physics.
The entire training material of the course program is divided into three parts:
1. "Mechanics, molecular physics and thermodynamics."
2. "Electrostatics. Permanent current. Electromagnetism."
3. "Optics. Physics atom and atomic nucleus."
Each of the parts contains: a work program, a list of educational literature, examples of problem solving, training tasks, control tasks, reference tables.
The distribution of the volume of classes and types of academic work when studying physics for joys students of all specialties is given in Table. one.
Table 1
The main form of studying the discipline is independent work Student over recommended literature. It is advisable to work out the material, using examples of solving problems, training tasks, control tasks, reference tables.
Arcusha A.I.Rukovodstvo to solve problems on theoretical mechanics1971
(8.5MB) - download
Arcusha A.I., Frolov M.I. Technical mechanics, 1983
(130MB) - download
M.I., Dzhandze G. Yu., Kelzon A.S. Theoretical mechanics in examples and tasks,
T.1 Static and Kinematics, 1967. (7 MB) - download
T.2. Dynamics, 1966 (7.1 MB) - download
Berezova O.A., Druyshk G.E., Solodovnkov R.V. Theoretical mechanics,
Collection of tasks, 1980 (7.2 MB) - download
Boutenin N.V., Longz Ya.L., Merkin D.R. Course of theoretical mechanics,
T.1 Static and Kinematics, 1979. (2.8 MB) - download
Hernet M.M. Course of theoretical mechanics, 1973
(5,6MB) - download
Dievsky V.A., Malysheva I.A. Theoretical mechanics. Collection of tasks, 2009
(25MB) - download
Ishlinsky A.Yu. Theoretical mechanics. Literal designations of quantities, 1980
(0.3MB) - download
KEPE O.E. Collection of short tasks on theoretical mechanics, 1989
(8MB) - download
Kirsanov M.N. Reshebnik. Theoretical mechanics, 2002
(2.8MB) - download
, 1986 And later years of publication.
(6MB) - download
Meshchersky I.V. Collection of tasks on theoretical mechanics, 1975
(9MB) - download
Loyziansky L.G., Lurie A.I. Course of theoretical mechanics,
T.1 Static and Kinematics, 1982. (10.3 MB) - download
T.2. Dynamics, 1983. (12.9 MB) - download
Novozhil I.M., Zatsepin M.F. Typical headsets on theoretical mechanics based on computer.,
1986 (2.2 MB) - download
Olofinskaya V.P. Technical mechanics, 2007
(10MB) - download
Schekov V.I. Collection of tasks on technical mechanics., 2003
(7MB) - download
Starzhinsky V.M. Theoretical mechanics. Short course full program Umpus, 1980
(0,8mb) - download
Targ S.M. Brief course of theoretical mechanics, 1986
(6.5MB) - download
Theoretical mechanics. Methodical instructions and control tasks for students-books of construction, transport, machine-building and instrument-making specialties of higher educational institutions. Ed. Targa S.M. , ed.3, 1982.
(1.9MB) - download
Theoretical Mechanics: Methodical Indications and Control Tasks for Students - Heat-Energy, Mountain, Metallurgical, Electriety Supply, Electric, Maintenance and Technological Specialties, as well as specialties of geological, electrical, electronic equipment and automation, chemical-technological and engineering and economic institutions. Ed. Targa S.M. , ed. 3, 1983.
(2.8MB) - download
Theoretical mechanics: Methodical instructions and control tasks for students of energetic, mountain, metallurgical, electrical appliances and automation, technological specialties, as well as geological, electrical, electronic equipment and automation, chemical-technological and engineering specialties of universities. Ed. Targa S.M. , ed. 4, 1988.
(1,1MB) -
The manual contains basic concepts and terms of one of the main disciplines of the subject unit "Technical Mechanics". This discipline includes such sections as "Theoretical Mechanics", "Material Resistance", "Theory of Mechanisms and Machines".
The methodological manual is intended to assist students on independent study of the course "Technical Mechanics".
Theoretical Mechanics 4.
I. Static 4.
1. Basic concepts and axioms of statics 4
2. System of convergent forces 6
3. Flat system arbitrarily located forces 9
4. Concept of farm. Ferm calculation 11.
5. Spatial System forces 11
II. Point and solid kinematics 13
1. Basic concepts of kinematics 13
2. Progressive and rotational motion of a solid body 15
3. Flat-parallel solid movement 16
III. Point dynamics 21.
1. Basic concepts and definitions. Laws of dynamics 21.
2. General Point Dynamics Theorems 21
Strength of materials22
1. Basic concepts 22
2. External and internal forces. Section method 22.
3. Concept of voltage 24
4. Stretching and compressing direct timber 25
5. Shift and crumpled 27
6. Cleaning 28.
7. Cross bend 29
8. Longitudinal bend. The essence of the phenomenon of longitudinal bending. Formula Euler. Critical voltage 32.
Theory of mechanisms and machines 34
1. Structural analysis of the mechanisms 34
2. Classification of flat mechanisms 36
3. Kinematic study of flat mechanisms 37
4. Fist mechanisms 38
5. Togging mechanisms 40
6. Dynamics of mechanisms and machines 43
Bibliography45
Theoretical mechanics
I.. Statics
1. Basic concepts and static axioms
Science on general laws of motion and equilibrium of material bodies and about the interactions arising between bodies is called theoretical mechanics.
Staticthe section of mechanics, which outlines the general teaching of the forces and studies the conditions of equilibrium of material bodies under the action of forces.
Absolutely solid bodythis body is called, the distance between the two any points of which always remains constant.
The quantitative measure of the mechanical interaction of material bodies is called force.
Scalar quantities - These are those that are fully characterized by their numerical value.
Vector Values \u200b\u200b-these are those that, in addition to numerical value, are also characterized by the direction in space.
Strength is a vector value (Fig. 1).
The force is characterized by:
- direction;
- numerical value or module;
- point of application.
Straight D.E., along which force is directed, called power line line.
The totality of the forces acting on any solid body is called software system.
The body, not bonded with other bodies, which from this position can be reported any movement in space, is called Free.
If one system of forces acting on a free solid can be replaced by another system without changing the state of rest or movement in which the body is located, then such two systems are called equivalent.
System of forces, under the action of which a free solid can be alone, called balancedor Equivalent zero..
Involving -this is the force that one replaces the action of this system of forces to solid.
The force equal to the relative in the module, which is directly opposed to it in the direction and acting along the same direct, called balancing power.
Externalcalled forces acting on particles of this body by other material tel.
Internalcalled forces with which particles of this body act on each other.
The force attached to the body in some one of its point is called concentrated.
Forces acting on all points of this volume or this part of the body surface are called distributed.
Axioma 1.. If two forces act on a free absolutely solid body, then the body may be in equilibrium if and only if these forces are equal to the module and are directed along one straight to the opposite sides (Fig. 2).
Axioma 2.. The action of one system of forces to an absolutely solid will not change if it is added to it or take a balanced system to the balanced system.
Corollary from the 1st and 2nd axiom. The effect of force on the absolutely solid body will not change if the point of the application application along its line of action is to any other point of the body.
Axiom 3 (axiom parallelogram forces). The two forces applied to the body at one point have the equally applied attached at the same point and the diagonal of the parallelogram built on these forces, as on the sides (Fig. 3).
R. = F. 1 + F. 2
Vector R.equal to the diagonal parallelogram built in vectors F. 1 I. F. 2, called geometric sum of vectors.
Axioma 4.. With any action of one material body, the same is the same largest, but the opposite in the direction opposition.
Axioma 5. (Power principle). The equilibrium of the variable (deformable) body, which is under the action of this system of forces, will not break if the body is considered hardened (absolutely solid).
The body that is not fastened with other bodies and can make any movement from this provision in space, called free.
The body, the movements of which in space impede any other bonded or bodies with it, called non-free.
All that limits the movement of this body in space is called commonwealth.
The force with which this connection acts on the body, preventing it or another of its movements, is called power reaction force or communication reaction.
Communication reaction directedin the direction opposite to the one where the connection does not allow to move the body.
Axiom connections.Any non-free body can be considered as free if you drop the links and replace them with the reactions of these links.
2. System of convergent forces
Convergingcalled forces, whose actions are intersecting at one point (Fig. 4a).
The system of converging forces has involvingequal to the geometric sum (the main vector) of these forces and the intersection attached at the point.
Geometric sum, or main vector Forces, depicted by the closing side of the power polygon, built from these forces (Fig. 4b).
2.1. Projection of force on the axis and on the plane
Projection of force on the axisthe scalar value is called equal to the corresponding sign of the length of the segment concluded between the projections of the beginning and end of force. The projection has a plus sign if the movement from its start by an end occurs in the positive direction of the axis, and the minus sign is if in the negative (Fig. 5).
Power projection on the axis It is equal to the product of the force module on the cosine of the angle between the direction of force and the positive direction of the axis:
F. X. = F.cOS.
Projection of power on the planethe vector is called between the projections of the beginning and end of force on this plane (Fig. 6).
F. xY. = F. cos. Q.
F. x. = F. xY. cos \u003d. F. cos. Q.cos.
F. y. = F. xY. cos \u003d. F. cos. Q.cos.
Projection of the sum of the sumon any axis is equal to the algebraic amount of projections of the components of the vectors on the same axis (Fig. 7).
R. = F. 1 + F. 2 + F. 3 + F. 4
R. x. = ∑F. iX R. y. = ∑F. iY.
For equilibrium system of convergent forcesit is necessary and enough for the power polygon, built of these forces, is closed - this is a geometric equilibrium condition.
Analytical equilibrium condition. For equilibrium of the convergent strength system, it is necessary that the sum of the projections of these forces on each of the two coordinate axes was zero.
∑F. iX = 0 ∑F. iY. = 0 R. =
2.2. Three-forces theorem
If the free solid is in equilibrium under the action of three non-parallel forces lying in the same plane, then the line of action of these forces intersect at one point (Fig. 8).
2.3. Moment of force relative to the center (point)
Moment of power relative to the center called the magnitude equal taken with the appropriate mark of the force of the force module for the length h. (Fig. 9).
M. = ± F.· h.
Perpendicular h., lowered from the center ABOUT on the line of force F., called shoulder power F. Regarding the center ABOUT.
Moment has a plus signif strength seeks to turn the body around the center ABOUT against the time of the clockwise, and minus sign - If on the clockwise arrows. Deposited - methodical benefitBook \u003e\u003e Philosophy
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