The most important functions of the receipt of substances, their transformation and removal ...
Currently, the task of keeping the pureness of bees is never relevant. SA-MOP is an effective method of absolute control over mating and the only opportunity to implement this (IO). The main price of IO is accurate information about the origin of the parents.
In Zh-le "Beekeeping" (№2, 2001) Article of the Ukrainian scientist V. Brovarsky begins with the phrase: "Despite the great importance and the prospects of the method of instrumental insemination, he has not found widespread. The main reasons for this we see in the imperfection of technology and equipment, leading to extensive labor and time and time to obtain the fetal uterus. " The author further suggested its version of the machine for this operation.
Since then, more than 12 years have passed, and nothing has moved away from the spot! To date, certain successes in the instrumental inventory of the uroduction are achieved in Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany. It is reached by information that in Poland produce up to 80 thousand instrumentally seeded inquaries, which is about 80% of all produced in the world. There, IO has long become a mandatory element of technology and is widely used not only in breeding work, but also in practical beekeeping for the mass production of breeding dies. The literature is reported to the great efficiency of the instrumental insemination and obtaining high-quality diet due to the use of sperm of the purebred drones, derived in select adjacent families.
In our periodic editions on beekeeping from time to time, information about the practical application of this method appear. Classes on IO Motobe Technologies are carried out at the Academy of Beekeeping. For a long time, mastered the technology in the FSUE PPH "Maykopsk". In Zh-le "Beekeeping" (№2, 2001) wrote about the use of IO in Belarus.
Beekeeper V.Pertrukhin in J. Le "Beekeeping" (No. 5, 2010) described several variants of the machines designed and manufactured by it and the necessary equipment for IO. The famous Beekeeper V. Krivechikov took off the video on the use of Czech Machina V.Veseli with elements of their improvements, in which it describes in detail about the preparation of equipment and conducting an insemination operation.
In 2011 and 2012 Enthusiast of beekeeping K.V. Bogomolov organized master classes in Russia, Professor Jerzy Grabski (Poland). By mass visiting, these courses, unfortunately, did not differ, but the book "Selection of bees and withdrawal of early modules using instrumental insemination" (A. Korodachev, K. Bogomolov, E.Grabski, S. Gurov), published after these events caused Huge interest in the beekeepers of Russia and the CIS. Selection of families are needed on economic signs, you should take into modules and drones from the best maternal and paternal families. Next, you need a controlled pairing process. This can be achieved, only using instrumental insemination. But there are opponents of interference in nature, for example, apitherapist A.A.Gribs (Jl "Beekeeping" No. 1, 2013).
Many beekeepers are ready to master and apply the technology of IO on their subscribes, but first of all stops the cost of equipment. German Machine P.Schey costs 129 thousand rubles; Polish equipment - 96 thousand rubles; Machines of John Grim - 100 thousand rubles; The Machine of the Russian production "Pchellarium" - 52 thousand rubles. Some have acquired the necessary equipment, but they recognize that it is not able to master the technological cycle on the instrumental insemination of the module, since there are no accompanying recommendations. For them, the mentioned book turned out to be a great help. And this summer in the Vladimir region, the next master class on IO satisfied the curiosity of everyone. They already gained 14 people (data K.V. Bogomolov).
I will express a personal opinion about this technology. By participating in the workshop of E.Grabsky, and could not adapt to the provided equipment. It is possible to guilty pretty worsened eyesight. But, watching the work of other operators and analyzing technological operations, I decided that it was necessary to change something in the root. It is impossible to work with hands with a tool when preparing a uterus to the operation and at the same time constantly adjust the focus microscope settings and sharpness.
And most importantly, I did not suit me the reception of coarse, purely mechanical, with the help of gears and levers, the administration of the capillary in the vagina of the uterus. After many experiments, I decided to take the capillary handle to the right hand, fixing it on a reliable stand, and feel my fingers and manage the act of entering the capillary in the genital paths. To enter the drone sperm at the right time and the special motorized micro-syringe constructed for its selection. The "suction - injection" team is served on it with a foot pedal. The operator's hands were released to carry out the necessary manipulations.
The desired increase in the object with the operation was able to create modern optical instruments - a naked magnifying glass and 20-fold glasses with a backlit (Fig. 1). This made it possible to abandon an expensive stereoscopic microscope and significantly reduce the cost of all equipment. There was no need to control the microscope handles for focus filter and sharpness. This is done by tilting the head closer to the object or further from it. From flaws of points, plastic lenses should be noted, a rather small focal length and a field of review. But since the procedure itself on the insemination of the uterus takes about one minute, it is quite possible to neglect and adapt. For convenience, it was necessary to make capillaries with a nailed bent at a certain angle, which was absolutely not affected by the procedure. Of course, you can use modern medical naked magnifiers. But it leads to a significant increase in the cost of equipment.
In addition, they do not have the necessary increase for our operation.
In the fall of 2012 spent all trial experiments. For the winter, the necessary components of the Chinese production of decent quality at an affordable price was picked up.
By the spring, everything cooked. May 1 laid the first batch of the module (Fig. 2). Apiary is located on a latitude of 46 °.
Starting from mid-May regularly conducted test seams of sperm in a drone (Fig. 3). Investigated its presence, quantity and quality, as well as methods for its storage and transportation. From May 23 and for two months, painstakingly worked out the operation of the software (Fig. 4).
Hopes for the success of this method were justified. Currently, successfully seeded uterines work successfully in families, and they have to carefully observe throughout their lives. In the process of work, many observations appeared far from the use of mass introduction of instrumental insemination. It's all about huge labor costs, and even in the most stressful period for a beekeeper. It is problematic to grow and take the drunks of the right age. Catastrophically a lot of time goes to selection of sperm from them; In addition, if you check all in a row, by May 25, you can select mature sperm only in each tenth drone. In June-July, the indicators are better, but in any case, several dozen minutes take place on the selection of the necessary dose of sperm. So represented by Poles 100 seeded inquiry per day - in my opinion, a very large advertising exaggeration, even if several assistants will help the dyeing center.
Beekeeper, taken for the development of IO Motock, drive love for their work, a huge interest in something new and desire to understand how promising this direction is. Some beekeepers, trying to master such a subtle business, lean towards the fact that this is fault, stupidity, pampering, waste of time and strength. Partly agree with this. Especially about any "miracle-masks" should not dream. Instrumentally seeded uterines are subject to the same vices, diseases that are naturally seeded. They are very poorly accepted in families, besides, they later begin to lay eggs.
When I shared my conclusions with those who promote Io to the masses, received an answer: "To master the technology of instrumental seeding of the module, it is necessary from three to five years." Of course, it should be a special specialist. Young, with sharp vision and hard hand. But after all, in the 1980s there were attempts to introduce a regular unit into bee-developed farms - the dyeing of the bee uterus. It did not fit it then.
Of course, it is necessary, but improved. First of all, the technology should be in the service of scientists involved in experiments and experiments. Let him master her inquisitive people. But the mascode, which, in the hot season of the season, every hour in the account, is unlikely to be under power. It is unprofitable tool insemination and economic considerations, as it is much expenses, and we do not have the subsidies unlike the European Union countries. I declare it consciously, spending a whole year for the development of IO.
Interestingly, the opinion on the mass introduction of the candidate of biological sciences, the leading scientific officer of the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Whether. Ya.R. Kovalenko (VEV) Rask Z.Syfutdinova. As a genetics, it is categorically against the mass, uncontrolled spread of the technology of tool inhabiting bee of bee, since the consequences can be unpredictable. Apparently, it is worth listening to such applications.
V.V. Yarankin
Jl "Beekeeping" №10, 2013
The topic of artificial insemination of the diet in journals for beekeepers is rarely illuminated. Too little, you can meet people, burning the desire to know the details of this case, as they are confident in his unnecessariness, difficulty and hopelessness (Interest in this topic in Russia is currently large enough - ed.). Somehow in a conversation on this topic, a familiar beekeeper, trying to summarize and simplify it, referred to everyday experience. It was, they say, the time when an artificial insemination of cows in their village was in great fashion. A climb specialist (the appearance of which in the village, by the way, was always accompanied by jokes-boom and bearded jokes) famously coped with his duty, but over time it didn't have a job - he did not stand competition with local thoroughbred, a sleek and quite satisfied with the bull atil. Selyan, according to him, was convinced - the offspring of conception in a natural way was extended more viable and productive. So this is a cow, and what to say about the bee uterus, where the technique of the insemination process is more complicated by several orders of magnitude.
Talk about the unnaturalness, the complexity of the process, the erosion of the goals is often intertwined with the ethical moments, which are expressed by the words "rape", "rude interference in nature", and even "deprivation of the uterus of the sole joy in life. Hence the unequivocal conclusion - what good can you expect after all this?!
Particularly informed opponents of artificial insemination will definitely indicate that the first productive experiments in this direction were held back in 1927. However, since then, neither scientists nor enthusiastical practitioners have achieved any particular results-artificial insemination of the module (domestic production) are practically no on sale, there is no information about their outstanding or at least extremely positive qualities. On the contrary, the conversations are heard that such uterus do not live long, often fly to the cover, they are poorly taken, or the bees get rid of them a quiet shift. Then the question is why all this? Artificial insemination of the module is guaranteed to match the breed, say? But, first, what and who is guaranteed? And, secondly, is it certainly a sign of equality between the breeding and productivity? Does anyone bought on an ad type "I change the extremely poultry carpathus on an exceptionally productive journal"?
You can refer to the world experience that says that artificial insemination of the uterus has not been widely used on the globe, and even the Germans, formerly a long time by world leaders in this direction, gradually cooled to him, especially with regard to mass reproduction. And even, leading a tribal case, prefer to move to the islands, and not to persist in this impasse direction. So, it turns out, the instrumental insemination of the module is fault, nonsense, a waste of time and strength? Strange, not much fools, including among scientists who defended doctoral dissertations on this topic, German professors and thousands of practitioners in all of the world?
Chistribution - Pledge of productivity?
The beekeeper, which removed to lead a serious breeding work at his apiary (for himself, whether to implement Lee), usually begins with the selection of rock. Most often, it stops on the bee, which corresponds to the geographical location of its apiary, and it is commendable. Further before us is the question: how in the process of the output of the diet at least to maintain, and how to maximize - improve their purestroy? After all, it is known that drumming, making the marriagest townships of the territory, can fly away from the native family even 15 kilometers! At the same time, the uterus during the mating receives sperm from 5-10 males. In our conditions of a large density of bee families and a different "male public" in the sky, it is almost impossible to guarantee that the uterus will behave in itself to comply with the purity of the breed of sperm. It happens more often on the contrary - in the womb of the queen it turns out a real "cuminogeret". I'm not talking about a nearby pairing. It turns out that the breed selection is almost unrealistic. After all, in any field of animal husbandry, breeding is generally impossible if we are not reliably known to the father's breed and characteristics!
Naturally, every Matkovod tries to get out of this situation with the smallest losses. It is easiest to convince yourself that strangers who flipped it is not clear where drowned is rare. Secondly, it is possible to take care of a large number of drone breakdown in paternal families at their own apiary. Well, if at least one side it is fenced with water - drums and uterus avoid flying over it, and a similar obstacle (at least in a kilometer) for them is almost insurmountable. Thirdly, it follows with all the truths and inconsistencies not to allow the apiary of nomads, and the closest colleagues "stationariers", if it turns out, to convince the benefits of the breed you selected, for prevention, in the advantage of the prevention and popularly extinguishing, why Bekfast is "Bee AIDS", Plus to insist on the adoption of gifts in the form of their own frenant diet.
Even easier - to conduct a selection based on the field tests exclusively. Good winters, brings many honey, does not ill, not evil, it means that the purebred.
The first approach, unfortunately, does not any equally gives 100% guarantees to preserve the purity of the breed, the second - especially. But to use for the selection of non-radical modules - a dead end path. Science confidently suggests that even the most outstanding family of family is not able to transfer useful qualities to descendants, if it is not a purebred - splitting inevitably. Therefore, in serious tribal farms, such a family is not allowed to selection.
Therefore, if in the plans of the Matkovod (especially professional) serious selection work, if such concepts such as "linear selection", "creation of groups-analog groups", "pararatype", "genotype" are not empty sounds, and even more so if he wants To achieve a fully controlled pairing process, and that the purebred material is guaranteed, the artificial insemination of the diet can be an indispensable tool that will significantly speed up and improve the quality of work.
Tribal work at the apiary
Now there are more and more beekeepers, which are experiencing various lines of kraulov, other imported rocks. All confidently sounds voice, arguing that these bees show the best results. What is the case? It seems to me that one of the important reasons is that European uterus is better complained, and this is a considerable merit that Western Makekovodes have long and skillfully use artificial insemination. Yes, of course, it is not a panacea from all problems, but what accelerates the process of breeding, contributes to its quality, is for sure.
Yes, we love to talk about the merits and benefits of Ukrainian and carpathos. But what, besides the slogans, calls for patrioticity and horror strokes about terrible tomorrow in the case of expansion of imported rocks, can we answer? Impeccable tribal material? Advanced technologies? Predominance of a scientific approach over commercial? Oh? Therefore, specialists in artificial insemination of the uterus could have an invaluable service to serious breeders working with our domestic bee.
Enthusiasts
What drives beekeepers that take to master the method of artificial insemination of the queen? I think that, above all, love and interest in something new, interesting, unusual. You can even call such people with real naturalists. For someone, artificial insemination of the Motobe is more selfselot or seems to be a kind of professional exam. After all, indeed, the task is worth an extraordinary complexity, but by deciding it at the proper level, having achieved success, you will get a pass to the "Elite Division" without any problems.
But not for all this occupation is akin to the hobby. Many believe that they will receive a truly effective tool, which, in the end, will significantly improve the quality of the queen and, as a result, will determine the subsequent commercial benefit.
Polish example
After all, before the eyes, an eloquent example of neighboring Poland, where more than 40 savings (only officially registered) are successfully derived and without problems are implemented artificially seeded diet. In this regard, they have come to the number of leaders, seeding for the season about 80 thousand bee kings, which is 90% of all the modules, fertilized in this way in the world! Poles work, mainly with several lines of the Krain breed. However, not only - there are in this country and lovers of Caucasian, which are also artificially inhabited. (Caucasian drone sperm is most often used to inseminate the Krai Motobe upon receipt of the first generation custom query - ed.)
Interesting detail - most artificially seeded modules in Poland are sold without checking for blaming. After seeding, they are placed in insulators with a small (20-25 pieces) by the number of bees, and then - in a strong family. Such insulators can accounted for 30 to 60 in one family. There they are withstanding at least 48 hours, after which they are going. (Polish specialists in the overwhelming majority of cases sweeping the diet even at the stage of insemination - ed.)are transferred to shipment cells and sent to the consumer. This saves time, labor costs, there is no need to contain a large number of nucleus. All this makes it possible to keep relatively low products prices - about $ 12 per uterus.
If the uterus did not begin to kill or the bees did not take it, the manufacturer changes it to another. Marriage a little, in the range of 10-15%. There is also an artificial insemination of a module with an inspection test, but they are 4 times more expensive.
In Poland, anyone who wants without problems can begin to master the process of artificial insemination of the module. It has various courses, lectures, master classes on this topic, without any problems you can buy all the necessary equipment. However, if the beekeeper decides to sell its products, he must receive a license, which is issued by the Ministry of Agriculture. To do this, it is necessary to officially finish the courses, pass the state examination, while fulfilling a number of requirements and conditions. For example, it is obliged to work only with the breeds allowed for distribution in Poland. The work of such a sector is under constant control. In turn, the state stimulates the country's beekeepers to buy purebred artificially seeded diet by returning funds spent on their purchase (such a practice is distributed to the windrelates).
Yes, of course, we know our country well, so there are special hopes that the state will encourage the purchase of the purchase of purebred modules, do not feed. This significantly undermines the prospects. But, threading doubts, we can see the main thing - the experience of Poland eloquently indicates that it is quite realistic to achieve success, working with artificial insemination by the ultrasound. Poles successfully coped with stereotypes and a negative attributed to artificial insemination of the module. They won consumer confidence in the country. And it is used not only as tribal material, followed by the use for the withdrawal of their own purebred dietary, but also for work on the medical unit.
Where to begin?
A few years ago, my friend was removed to master the artificial insemination of the module. Looking ahead, I will say that, having passed a small way from the theory and buying equipment to the first experiments, I cooled to this vent. According to my observations, such fate expects 90% of all who are taken for artificial insemination. My buddy remains in the number of those few who continue the work begun - so far without much results, but its dedication can be envied.
We are self-taught. Of course, learning to artificial insemination of the module in experienced teachers, it would be possible to master the process faster and deeper, but it is not easy. Today, you can go through courses in Poland or Germany, but expensive, besides, it is necessary to come with our own masks, drones and preferably with your device for artificial insemination or buy it in place - all this flies into a decent pen. For example, German equipment costs about 15 thousand hryvnia (In Russia equipmentP.. Schley. It is worth not less than 80 thousand rubles - ed.).
We started with studying articles and views of videos. Those who are friendly with the Internet will find enough material there on the topic of interest. In the theory, everything looks quite simple, and after watching the video, it is generally elementary. In practice, everything turned out to be much more complicated. In the process, it was sometimes impressed that the authors of articles and videos were specially silent about important points and even deliberately made confusion. Therefore, to many secrets and nuances, the method of trial and errors reached themselves. The process has abounded by difficulties, and at different stages - from obtaining sperm to the submachine to the module, "artificials" in the family.
Machine
One of the departments of success in any business is a high-quality tool. This will confirm any master of your business. No exception and artificial insemination of bee uterus. And although I am not inclined to overestimate this factor, nevertheless, we must admit that without it the work of the cooking would be impossible.
Many device manufacturers are much different and prices, but they are not very different from each other. The main valid elements of the device are as follows: the lock or the uterus holder in the form of a special plastic tube; In addition (spinal) and ventral (abdominal) hooks; Glass micro capillary (he is a syringe with a very thin needle). Since the work is to have the finest, akin to jewelry, where any careless movement is unacceptable and even the easiest trembling of the hand leads to the saddest consequences for the uterus, all moving elements are sent and fixed on hinges. A microscope also includes a microscope, because the work is carried out with an increase in 8-12 (20) times. After the uterus is placed in the holder, it is necessary that she stopped to move, otherwise all work will be inevitable. Therefore, the uterus is sleeping with anesthesia - carbon dioxide. To do this, use a cylinder with a mentioned substance and a gearbox that doses the amount of gas. And to top ital, for better visibility, the device includes a cold light lamp that does not give ultraviolet radiation.
When they just started, it seemed to us that the main thing in the case of artificial insemination of the module was to have a device and tools. And when, finally, everything was ready, equipment, shining with her sterility, together with us impatiently expected the beginning of the new season, it seemed to us that the main difficulties were already behind. How were we mistaken ...
From the drone taking ...
The first serious problem with which I had to face - selection of sperm. Everything would be much easier, if for the purpose of artificial insemination, any bee male came to us, which was able to reveal at the apiary. However, we are suitable insects derived only in fatherly families marked for this purpose, which are distinguished by their purestroy and highly productivity. And here is the problem arising from the fact that the bee "men" are real cosmopolitans. Passing out of one family, Flying, as the wings, the wings should, but not fulfilling his "marital debt", they, apparently, in the hope of great good luck, can easily fly to another family. Bees-guard do not impede it. Such migration is carried out constantly, and almost any family is full of a graceful Samtaya public who flies not only from the nearby hives, but even from neighboring apiary. In addition, as you know, the drone becomes half-length for 12-14 days after birth, while at the same time use for artificial insemination of drones older than 21 days is also not recommended - its cum to continue the kind is already unsuitable. It is unrealistic to determine on external signs of its age and readiness to become a father, which means that it is impossible to exclude the meaningless death of too young and old drutones during spermage. How to get out of this situation?
There are two ways
First. In the father's families of the honeycomb with the drone sowing are placed in an insulator, where, as far as it is, the drums are marked with paint different colors with an interval once every two days. Then, when their time comes, scattered males collect in different families and are used for their intended purpose.
Second. The flyers of paternal families are blown away by separation lattices. Born drunk are not able to fly out, and other people's drums - penetrate the family. In order for the spermors to be easier to search, the drone breakdown is often isolated (hanemann gratings) in one of the hilt enclosures, where potential continuents of the bee race are subsequently accomplished.
Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. So the first, despite the fact that it is much easier to mark the drone, rather laborious; In the second, part of the drones often die, shooting in the slots of the separation lattice, it is harder to determine their accurate age, besides, before the sperm fence, they need an artificially organized cleaner clothing.
Sperm selection technique is simple. Drone take fingers and very easily kneaded. After easy clicking on the chest and the abdomen, the drone ejects the sexual organ and quickly (as with natural mating) dies. Continuing to knead him, we achieve sperm performance. It does not always have the right quality. If the sperm is very liquid, practically white or slightly creamy shade, it did not dose; If thick and closer to light brown color - overripe. In both cases, it is impossible to use it. Ideal fits cream-yellow sperm (oiled colors). The literature states that the mass of sperm emitted thus is about 1.7 mg. In reality, the capillary can be collected on average 1.0 mg. At the same time it is necessary to be extremely careful and attentive. The mucus accompanying the selection of sperm should not get into the tube. Complete sterility is important - the sperm should not come into contact with foreign objects, such as glass, leather, nail, etc.
It is known that 8 mg should be introduced for fertilization of the uterus. (microlitters - ed.) sperm. It turns out that for this we need to use eight drones. It seems to be a bit. But it only seems. In practice, I was simply shocked, as in fact, a lot of "empty" drones (naturally, from among those who need to be sexually in the age). You can get at least some cum can only pass with a dozen, or even more males! And the suitable sperm met even less often! It turned out to dial the necessary portion for the insemination of a single uterus, it was necessary to destroy the unthinkable number of "male" population of the hive! It became somehow not by itself from almost half-aluminum volume of the material used and the bust of the spent time and a meager result.
And also explicit approximation of the "Trutne default". Well, when you study and use any bee individual "in the pants" to purchase skills, but in practice it will have to work with tribal drones exclusively from father's families - how much will it be needed?!
It is probably impossible to determine the semi-variety of drone on the external signs of it (with the exception of very young and old individuals), I never learned. It did not help to increase productivity, information that such drums accumulate on extreme framework and in weak families - my experience does not make it possible to confirm this.
Supply work and the need to often go to the production of drone. After all, being outside the family, the drone after 15 minutes becomes sterile. Increase this time up to an hour, if you put the drone in the honey frame box.
It is often said that the process of seeding the uterus is a minute case. Yes, it really is so, except and not to take into account the time spent on the collection or harvesting of sperm. Partially solve the problem can specially trained assistant, but it is all the time, money and additional difficulties ...
The uterus give
If you suffer for a long time, something will turn out: with difficulty, but our capillary is finally full of the pressed dose of sperm.
Ahead is the culmination of the process - the introduction of it in the bee of the bees of the queen. The process, deprived of the shadows of the sacrament, is a solid mechanics. The uterus is placed in the holder of the apparatus, sleeping the supply of carbon dioxide, with the help of a spinal and abdominal hook, the vagina is revealed, the capillary is very neatly supplied, and sperm is introduced into the uterine body. The place of operation is lit by the beam of cold light, and a microscope is used for better visibility. I describe this process schematically, the words it is difficult to convey it, once to see better than a hundred times to hear. Therefore, who will reach the practice to practice, I would advise you to see how the experienced Matkovod does with his own explanations or, as a last resort, watch the video on this topic. I want to tell about some nuances and difficulties that may arise during this operation. And they, despite the seeming simplicity, there will be a lot.
Unfortunately, you do not have to count on that with all the efforts and the ability, you can spend insemination better than the bruter makes it. The appropriate uterine organs are very thin and gentle, so with all the efforts of damage, they are inevitable, and our task is to ensure that the forensic examinations say, "injuries received were compatible with life." And for this you need the movements to be unmistakable. The slightest inaccuracy leads to the sad for future mom's consequences. In addition, it is necessary to act quickly: more than two minutes under anesthesia, it is impossible to keep the uterus.
Important complete sterility should be operating. Therefore, no matter how much the additional costs do not want, but all actions associated with artificial insemination of the diet will have to be transferred from the favorite workplace of most beekeepers - roofs of the neighboring hive - in a specially equipped laboratory.
Difficulties may arise as they say, in a flat place. So, one colleague said that from the very first steps collided with the following problem: after immobilization, the uterus decreased in size, it was bored, the chitinic caller was elasticized, and it was almost impossible to work with it. Later, it turned out the reason: carbon dioxide, leaving the cylinder, was cold and simply frozen insect, causing an appropriate reaction. Fix the position simply - the exit gas is allowed through a glass filled with warmed to 40 ° C water. Water also helps determine the desired dose of carbon dioxide - the gas should rise from the bottom of the glass with a periodicity of 2 bubble per second.
Or this is the problem: in the literature on artificial insemination it is said that the queen is better to be inserted on 11-13 days from birth. There are beekeepers that are accurately followed by this rule. I do not know how it comes out, I encountered a problem that for 6-7 days the young uterus, following the call of nature, sought from Nucleases on the flight. However, the road was blocked by the lattice. For many modules, such a mockery imprisonment ended badly - they died. Perhaps their death contributed bees that the impossibility of the successor of the family to reach the flight was regarded as inferiority.
After the uterus received its portion of sperm, the gas supply stops. The bees of the queen begins to move, and it is placed in a large cell along with 20-25 bees and then - for honeycombs in a strong family. Bees should help the ancestry to get rid of excess sperm. If this is not done, the threat is the fact that the uterus will not begin to devour - the microscopic doses of the seed, being where they are not supposed to be able to block the path of the eagles. In the cell, the uterus must be located about 48 hours, while it is desirable that the retinue consisted of young bees, capable of feeding the ward with the royal milk. Otherwise, the uterus does not get the necessary mass and is physiologically not prepared for motherhood. (According to Polish technology immediately after seeding, the uterus is placed in the entomological tank with 350 bees. There are small sections of cells in such cages, which allows you to track the beginning of the egg laying - ed.).
And finally, an artificially seeded uterus is ready to fulfill their direct duties.
The subfolding of such a uterus in the family requires greater thoroughness than in the case of naturally seeded. Bees, apparently, feeling catching, can not decide - successfully or not passed the marriage passion of their new mistress. As a result, they may refuse to feed it with royal milk, prepare a replacement, pulling the fiscasetry or to kill tribal. Yes, and the uterus itself, devoid of satisfaction with wounded games, does not feel as a properly filled with men's tolik, necessary for long and happy motherhood, often flies to the seeping, during which he dies. To avoid this, the subset must be carried out, I repeat, with special care, it is better in the tanks to a young bee, and the pilot (at least before the markings) to close the separation grille.
Debut - he is hard
The most difficult thing in artificial insemination is the beginning. My first uterus died in the nucleus in anticipation of the outlined date of operation. Many of them moved during and immediately after her. The part was becoming untreated, swore, were changed and so on ... However, if in the debut, during the occurrence of problems and finding their decisions, the modules, the heads for the altar of progress and in the name of my personal experience, it was very much, then gradually, With experience, they became less. After 2-3 seasons, I achieved my best result - 70-80% of successful insemination. The volumes were small - no more than 50 oots over the summer.
Of course, the results could be more impressive, if I had a mentor or pass the relevant courses of training or if I walked to the case more thoroughly. Moreover, I think that this path is more correct, and everyone who decided to do this case, I would recommend it. I moved, first of all, interest, and another desire to understand how promising this direction is whether he has a future and how light it is.
Light spot
In our time to buy the device and everything necessary for artificial insemination of the module does not represent problems. There is no deficiency of information, with a big desire you can go through the relevant courses in Poland, Germany, Russia, or master the process yourself. However, there are still few beekeepers engaged in this case. I did not meet in the media ads for the sale of artificially seeded diet. Why is this happening?
My experience suggests that the cost of artificially seeded modules is higher than with natural crustion. After all, it is necessary to take into account the cost of the equipment, time and labor spent on the development of technology. Yes, and the output of finished products with natural insemination is higher than with artificial (the best savages of the country with one-two assistants are able to issue 4-5 thousand fetal diet - the result, inconceivable in artificial insemination). I did not notice that artificial insemination of the uterus is greater productivity or some other excellent wonderful qualities, so expect that consumers burning from impatience will be ready to overpay, do not have. Especially in the atmosphere of persistent prejudice to such uteros in Ukraine. And it is unlikely to quickly pass, considering that it is difficult to achieve a consistently high result with a minimum number of marriage. That is, the massive reproduction of artificially seeded modules is not economically beneficial. "What about Polish experience?" - you ask. Probably one should not forget the main thing - there is a powerful support for the industry in this country by the state and the European Union. In particular, it reimburses the beekeeper tools spent on the purchase of purebred uterus, which radically changes the case.
One thing remains - an artificial insemination in the service of Matkovodov, seriously engaged in breeding. We have already said how good the tool is in the hands of a competent specialist. What opportunities it gives in the preservation of pureness, creating lines, hybrids and so on. I will not say about all the uterides, but no artificial insemination applies from me. This is considered pampering, unnecessary difficulties, non-prospective and so on. Kill the season for mastering technology?! It is unthinkable! "We are not bad without it" - here is perhaps the main thing from a generalized opinion. Rarely, which of them is trying to look far ahead and brings up a scientific approach to business. Most are engaged in pressing problems, the main of which is the maximum increase in production volumes with minimal quality drop. Chistribution, and naturally, is meant, but not particularly pursued. Golden Taurus lands even dreams. "In order for the May demand and the price of the uterus to be preserved before August," here is the most rainbow of them.
I do not have the right to condemn and not, but I don't want to deal with the concern: it is probably the result will be that very soon the Western breeds of bees, sealing more qualitatively and cool (including the use of artificial insemination technologies) will begin to displace Carpathian and Ukrainian Step . The consequences may be bladder, both for the future of our breeds and for the well-known Matkovodov. However, such words and fears on them are not very acting, breaking down the indulgent "for our age enough" or "we will move on the kraulov, then ...".
Myths and reality
Now I do not engage in the instrumental removal of the queen.
The case, no doubt, entertaining, but take a lot of time. I prefer to remove the queen in a natural way as simpler. But the experience gained in artificial insemination, appreciate, I do not regret the time spent, I'm not going to sell the device - everything is changed in this world ...
In conclusion, I want to dispel several myths associated with artificial insemination of the uterus. I noticed that the polar attitude towards them is more likely - from the enthusiastic when they are attributed to all inconceivable advantages, to sharply negative. At the same time, who rarely refers to his own experience, more often - heard, read, I guess.
So some believe that artificially seeded uterus is practically uncontaminated and shown record medical cells. There is even a version that low soils of bees are related to the fact that the uterus was anesthesia. And high performance attribute to the next victory of the human mind. At the same time, another persistent opinion is that instrumentally seeded uterine do not live long, the maximum season, or even less. Personally, I was strange to hear such a scholars of scientists ...
My experience suggests that artificially seeded uterine in work is practically different from ordinary. And they were swallowed, it happened, for the second year and both turned out to be among the records and demanded a speedy replacement due to low productivity. It happened, quickly died, and sometimes they lived to 4 years. In short, everything is as usual. Therefore, if you hope that having mastered the artificial insemination and thus obtaining a miracle uterus, which will be easily equated to the excess bidge of honey, my advice is not to do illusions.
V.Karasiev, Kharkiv region.
"Peskynik", №6 (87),
jun.
b 2011.
of the year
(reduced before posting on the site)
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Pairing at the bee
Several maturity drone comes to the 8-14th day after entering them from cells. In quiet warm weather they fly out several times a day to 4 km from the hive. Making the module with usually unrelated drones, occurs only in the air, outside the hive. At the age of 3-5 days, with good weather, young uterus is also flying out from the hive in the usual estimated flight, during which they get acquainted with the location of the hive and fly. After a few such departures, on the 7-10th day of life, the uterus makes the marriage departures on 15-20 minutes. Bad weather can delay the departure of modules for mating sometimes for 2-3 weeks. The mating of dulling modules usually occurs in the warmer day of the day at a temperature not lower than 25 °. Most of the module flies on mating 1-2 times, and some uterus - up to 3-6 times. On average, the uterus falls with 6-8 trutins.
Previously, it was believed that the uterus was paired only with one drone. Later it was found that during one departure, it mates with several drones and flying to mating not one, and several times. During pairing with all the drones, in addition to the latter, the uterus does not pushing the stirring chamber to such an extent so that the head of the cowlyant organ drone occurred. After his separation, the further pairing of the uterus becomes impossible, and it returns to the hive, having a "sign of fertilization", or "train", is a white film protruding from the end of her abdomen. From this film, the uterus is released in the ule in a few hours.
Trutter flies usually at an altitude of 10-12 m, gathering in large quantities in certain places. Proprusive uterus distinguish an aromatic secret that attracts drone. Drops and uterus avoid flying near water spaces; Over the water, they do not fly at all. This is explained by the fact that when pairing the uterus, along with the drone, falling to the ground, and, hitting the water, the uterus would inevitably died.
During the pairing of the uterus, the drone sperm collected in the seed bubbles, with force enters the seedweight canal. The mucus of the pressing glands is pushed after sperm, promoting it forward. Cum splashes into pair eggs. After mating, in the hive, the cum slowly flows out of pair eggs outward, and part of it penetrates the channel into the seed. If in one departure of the uterus received an insufficient amount of sperm, then on the second day it crashes reuse. During the pairing period, 5-7 million spermatozoa are collected in the uterus in the seed recipient.
If the uterus has not mate with drones for 30-35 days, then it usually loses the ability to mate, stops departures from the hive and becomes drone (defects uncomfortable eggs from which drums are developing).
At the highest animals, the process of fertilization of the egg comes after mating. However, the bee of the uterus, these two processes are separated in time. At the beginning of his life, the uterus mates with drones, with no fertilization occurs. Eggs fertilize during the postponement of eggs by the uterus throughout its life. At the highest animal eggs acquire the ability to develop only after fertilization. The bees, as in many other insects, eggs, postponed by the uterus, are capable of developing and without fertilization. From such non-secretive eggs develop drums. Female individuals; (uterus and working bees) develop from fertilized eggs.
How we have achieved success in the seeding of bee
To remove new lines and breeds of agricultural animals, the rates of better hereditary deliberations and giving higher products, livestock breakers are widely pronounced breeding work. They scratch in their choice of certain animals with each other, get the ratings from them, check its productivity, again cross and so in the end, the desirable qualities are consistent with one or another. In all these cases, the livestock should be good to know both the father and the mother of the obtained rating. For this purpose, a manual concern is used, i.e., creating a male meeting with a female in an isolated pitch with an indispensable human control.
In beekeeping, tribal work has not yet been carried out in the Union. The chalk-some individual beekeeping houses could not create conditions for its deployment.
Fig. 1. The uterus brought to the operation of art-insemination
Only now the first steps are made to her organization. Tribal work in beekeeping in the most close-size future should take a wide range and gain great importance.
The beekeeping industry has a number of advantages over others. The uterus is able to postpone the mass of eggs, which speeds up the pace of reproduction of Mate-Rial from tribal uterus in tens of times; Trumpets inherit properties only from their mother, since, developing from non-secretive eggs, they, as being, sly, do not have a father. This is much facilitated by breeding work.
Manufacturers, i.e., the uterus and drums, as well as the workers of the Oracle Bees - grow old from the egg very quickly: the uterus in 17 days, bee-21, drone-24. Also quickly comes sexual maturity: in the uterus after 7-10 days, drone - che-cut 10-14 after leaving the cell.
Despite these features, we have and negative. The bees are peculiar to one feature, which strongly complicates selection work. This particular feature is that the uterus falls with a drone outside the hive and even out of apiary - in the air. This makes it now the impossible coating of the uterus with such a drone, which we would like to cover it, and the lawsuit is the possibility of choosing a male for the coating of the uterus. This feature of Sil-but makes it difficult to create new breeds of bees.
For a long time (more than one hundred years), various researchers were made to torture the permission of the problem of controlling module and drone. Prof. I. M. Kulagin and others offered you to let the chosen queen and drinkers for mating late in the evening, i.e., then, when the years is usually terminated for years. Others tried to hit mating in large orange events, in the rooms, on the rippled, in the hives, on the ships, disappeared away into the sea, on an isolated island or in the empty, in special haphauting clauses and so on.
In all cases, one or another success was achieved. However, it is clear that with these methods we can only follow the origin of the drone, but we cannot ensure the mating of the uterus with one definite, chosen by our clutch.
Further attempts were made in the genital paths of the uterus or a nem-distinct drone organ, or a drone sperm with a pipette or a syringe. Such attempts were made long ago, including former. Russia (P. R. Shumi-Lin, Shirokov, Palenyachuk O. N., Prof. Malyshev, etc.) with partial success.
Fig. 2. The breeder of artificially seeded Mat-Ki N ° 44 During her stay in Nucleus
PVC. 3. Breakdow artificially seeded Mat-Ki № 88
Only in 1926, American Wat-Sleep put this business on practical rails, constructing a special glass syringe. The insemination of the module with the help of this syringe gave him a partial success, although, however, the painful part of the module along with fertilous eggs carried both injective-renovative.
The method of Watson from 1928 to the present was checked and was used in the USSR A. S. Mikhailov, who worked until 1931 at the Tula beekeeping station (now the Institute of Beekeeping). He managed to reach 25% of luck, but the pro-center of the Motobe, which carried after the operation of op-laid eggs, did not exceed 10%.
Worked with A. S. Mikhailov I. L. Lysenko in 1931 he suggested in the Institute of Beekeeping to seerate Ma-Current, introducing into an extended Pinzeta Paulic opening of the uterus Voitive sexual cock drone and translating further pressing on the abdomen of clutch seed Liquid (sperm) it in the floor paths of the uterus. When leaving the go-fish, the clutch, as it is, sly, quickly turns his body.The way itself is not new. However, I. A. Lysenko used the Watson Machine for Operations, in which, just like when inseminating a syringe, he brought, called the uterus with a thread (Fig. 1). Once it was seeded in 1931. 13 Ma-current and of them were given a bee breakdown of 3 uterus, or from the number of operated 23%. The experience of 1931 decided the question of procompical and proved the possibility of successful insemination of bee uterus by directly administering the gender organ of the drone into the genital pathways.
The simplicity of the method and its accessibility raised the question of its inspection and up to-work. The syringe and the whole technique associated with it are now unnecessary superstructure, with the exception of experiments in hybridization, when we cannot enter directly the sexual organ of the male, for example, by virtue of its large size and should use the syringe.
It will be appropriate to emphasize the difference between the objectives that make themselves an artificial insemination in belly-Noviveness and beekeeping. In animal-appliance, it chases the goals of the more eco-nomic use of the sperm of the male for the insemination of a larger number of females. We do not have this goal at all.
Fig. 4. Breakdown artificially seeded Mat-Ki № 85
A turnover, in seeding (especially a syringe), it is necessary to sometimes use the sperm of not one, but two and more work. Here is the goal of achieving control over mating, i.e., the artistic insemination of the uterus is achieved by the fact that in animal husbandry gives the handle. This principal one cannot but take into account.
The method of checking the method was scheduled for 1932. Unfortunately, I. A. Lysenko refused to go with us and (Brigade in-stitched beekeeping 20 / II 1932. You went to the Tsyurupinai Pcheleinkubati station. Nobody votes among us technique. Insemination. Nevertheless, it was not embarrassed and we decided to still develop a planned topic. D. N. Kozlov and K. A. Muzalevskaya Pretty soon mastered the technique of the so-called "manual" insemination (this is not owned true, so As in addition to hands, tweezers take part in the operation) and the case went to the way.
However, with a percentage of good luck, the case at first glance was very bad. Of the 85 modules seeded on May 31, it was listed and made exclusively the bee rating "Only one uterus (Fig. 2) -thatnaya in order of the insecurity (No. 4).
We knew the reason for this failure and even at the Beekeeping Institute indicated whether the deficiencies in the technique of insemination of the module. The fact is that before us as A. Mikhailov, so Watson and others took 7 days and older for surgery. It was assumed that such uterus are suitable for the operation. But it is clear that success depends on how much we caught the condition of the uterus's sexual hunt. Something that it depends entirely to success in artificial insemination of S.-H. Liberty.
In the module, cum, as you know, the Cauza-filled with a special bag-seed conductor and from there, as needed, it comes to the fertilization of eggs during the passage of the unpaired eggs. Nevertheless, we know that under the influence of sexual excitement, the uterus is pulled out for mating. Obviously, some kind of unknown, the ripening of the sexual system at the uterus takes place. The fact that we do not know the details of this pro-process, gives us the right to ignore him.
Fig. 5. Nucleus, with uterine, designed for artificial insemination, are equipped with flying mats of the B. M. Muzalyavsky system
By the end of May, our brigade adopted the proposal of D. I. Kozlov to seem only such inquaries, which stubbornly seek to go out through the Ganemian lattice from Nucleases and, prove that they are in a state of the Patch Ohro-you, on May 31, 5 such under-loose dusts were seeded. The result exceeded all expectations. Of 5 Motock gave normal bee breakdown 4, or 80%. At the same time, one was listed 3 days after operations, two in 4 days and one after 14.We then informed about this exceptional success. G. A. Kozhevnikov.
In June, the next party of the module in 9 pieces was seeded. They gave the bee breakdown of 4 or 44%. In the process of work B. M. Muzalevsky offered a simple matco-trap. Pictured in fig. 5 and 6. It is inserted into a narrow hole in the nucleus flyer, and the separation lattice is inserted in the last wide-com. Bees pass through the grille, and the mat-ka, which is under the influence of the hunting for mating, without having the possibility of the priecy through the grille, usually runs along the velief grid, where the duty observer is easily noticed. In July, there was an insecible-nannaya 15 modules included in such Loobushki, and 7 of them were given a bee rafrup. True, two of these seven modules after operations again showed a hunt again, they were re-insensible and both were listed. Thus, on the number of operations (15 + 2 \u003d 17), the seven ma-current give 41% of good luck.
In total, 29 ootom (31 operations), seeded in a state of sex hunting and proven, was listed and gave a bee breakdown 15. This is 51.7%, to the number of operations -48.4%. In total, 33 uterus was seeded in the co-standing of the sexual hunt, but four of them were killed by bees or fell in the first three days after the operation and therefore are considered non-proven.
We owe our success to the right use of the sexual hunt of the internal module.This is visible, by the way, and from the following numbers.
Fig. 6. General view of a group of experienced nucleus with flying mats
T. Kozlov teaches the technique of artificial axle change TT. Tsarentze (Vyatka) and Bovina
On sowing The Caucasian zone beekeeping station during the insemination of the module in the same way, but excluding the sexual hunt of 65 semi-centered 6 fruit (9.5% good luck). I. A. Ly-Senko In 1932, at the Institute of 23 Osse-changed received 3 fruit, or 13%. It is important to note that in the insemination of the diet, by introducing the administration of the drone, almost all of the uterines give exclusively the bee breakdown. We had 12, or 75% of these modules on 16 (16 seventh, because the uterus No. 4 was added, seeded not in the hunt). We are about "we clear like that. The drone sperm has an op-density density. As a result, each of the droplets, produced by natural, but a seeded uterine, contains
matosochades. When climbing sperm in the syringe, we involuntarily create a mixture of sorts with mucus of the apparent glands. The droplets of such a "sperm" often do not co-hold at all spermatozoa and for this reason the part of the eggs of the uterus lays out uncomfortable. With the introduction of the OR-Ghana, we do not violate the composition of sperm.
Part of our diet (No. 4, 71, 96, 89) were transferred to normal families and they gave a breakdown for incubation. The average daily laying of eggs of the uterus N "4 is equal to the month of more than 1,000 eggs, but we have no opportunity to distribute in detail in this article on this issue.
The tray matcoalologist has a major methodology. He makes it possible to see the manifestation of sex hunting, to study his dependence on the weather, the age of the module, the time of day and other factors. On this issue in 1932 we collected an interesting material. There is no doubt that 1933 will allow Finally, the development began and transferred to social-stylish beekeeping science. Available way of artificial insemination of the fen-linous mattock, which will allow in the second five-year plan to deploy and put on the proper height of the selection work in beekeeping Work on the qualitative improvement of bees.
B. M. Muzalevsky and D. N. Kozlov
Journal "Beekeeping", No. 2, Ogiz Agriculture, Moscow, 1933
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Artificial insemination of the Motobe The first attempts of artificial insemination of the module manually were made by Mac Lin (1887). The development of modern instrumental equipment for artificial insemination was first launched by Watsan (1927), subsequently was improved by Nolan (1937), Mackenzie and Roberts (1948), etc. The equipment for artificial insemination of bee modules consists of: 1) installation for anesthesia of dye carbon dioxide; 2) devices for retention and fixing the uterus in the corresponding position on the base; 3) three working instruments with mechanical adjustment of motion (spine and abdominal hook and graduated syringe); 4) binacular magnifier for work under an increase of 6-20 times. In the usual technique of instrumental insemination of bee modules, changes were introduced. In the Mackenzi Roberts apparatus, the syringe holder was attached not directly to the vertical rod, but to a thin-tiered rod, which allows for a lateral slip and more accurate adjustment. In addition, the glass capillary of the syringe will be bent at the upper end and its two parts joined a flexible plastic tube. The glass tip of the syringe is made from the capillaries of the outer diameter of 1.6 mm and internal - 0.9 mm. The capillaries are then pulled out when heated on a small gas flame, while their inner diameter decreases to 0.18 mm. When selecting the tip of the syringe through the rotational motion is directly entered into the vagina. Experiments were carried out on the storage of sperm drone, which showed that canned sperm can be used to be used to seed the dying. The cum was preserved with streptomycin-sulfate, ethylenediaminenetic acid acid or mixture them and stored in sealed glass ampoules at temperatures 24 and 13-15 C. For artificial insemination of the diet, cum was taken after 1 3, 1 7, 2 1 and 3 5 weeks after storage. The best ability to seed after 35 weeks was preserved at sperm stored in streptomycin sulfate at a temperature of 13-15 ° C. From 6 artificially seeded in this sperm, 35 daughters are derived. Artificially seeded uterus in life expectancy in bee families are not inferior naturally mating. Positive results were obtained during the storage of drone sperm by deep freezing in the liquid nitrogen medium (-19 6 ° C) and its successful transportation to various countries. Using diluents (bicarbonate-phosphate medium for bull and medium for sperm of the ram in C. P. Belyakov), it is possible to cum in one drone to lay down a few progressive instructions when it is necessary to achieve particularly close inbreeding. Big application will find an artificial insemination in linear breeding bees. Artificial insemination of the diet does not require special skills, but it should be carried out quickly, without hesitation and without wounds of the uterus. It is more convenient to perform this operation together. The uterus is recommended to sleep C02. Such anesthesia is almost not reflected in the subsequent behavior of the uterus; After applying other anesthetics, the uterus is embarked on egg laying on only 30-50 days after insemination. The amount of sperm introduced with each injection should not be too large. The best results are achieved at two inhabes with an interval of 24 hours, when used in each of them 4 mm3 sperm. In the selection of sperm from drones, it should be followed so that the syringe does not hit the mucus, differing from sperm in color. The uterine is inseminated only after reaching the sexual maturity coming on various terms, depending on the season of the year and the state of the weather. Drutones take aged 12-20 days after their exit of the pupa. With accurate compliance with the rules for artificial fertilization of the module, almost 100% success is obtained. Homogenic mixing of a seed from a large amount of drones in the spermatel of the uterus is an effective means of increasing the population of bees in their dilution and allows you to reduce inbreeding. According to a number of researchers, it does not occur with the instrumental insemination of such mixing. By washing and centrifugation reached homogeneous seed mixing. It is proved that due to such treatment there is a uniform distribution of the seed in the spermatel of the uterus. The speed of the movement of spermatozoa in Apis Mellifera is very slow (0.017 mm / min.), So mixing sperm drone difficult. According to Martinho (1979), for 20 days, eggs receive only sperm from one or two drones. It is believed that the sperm of each drone is formed inside sperm in the aggregates. The formation of seed agglomerates leads to the fact that even when pairing the uterus with 17 drones, the resulting working bees are often daughters of only one or two drones. Polish zook scientist (1982) held an interesting experience. 160 Motock instrumentally seed 3 mm3 seeds. Motock was placed in cellular nucleus, containing different number of working bees - from 0 to 1000 (8 groups). Nucleases were outdoors. 2 days after the seeding, 5 of 20 modules were killed, located without bees. The rest contained a certain amount of seed in the eggs. Almost all the modules surrounded by 100 or more workers, the bees noted the absence of a seed in the ovitsa. The smallest amount of spermatozoa (1.4 and 1.2 million) fell into sperm of the modules contained in cellular nucleus without bees. The presence of 50 working bees doubled the number of spermatozoa spermatop (2.6 and 2.7 million). A further increase in the number of working bees to 1000 did not increase or only slightly increased the amount of spermatozoa in sperm. H A gradual increase in the bee population led to an increase in temperature in a club from 18 to 31.6 ° C. Thus, it was concluded that in order to ensure the normal amount of sperm in sperm of the instrumentally seeded modules contained in the outside of the room, at least 350 workers bees should be in the retinue. A noticeable seasonal effect on the success of the insemination was found: it decreased at later seeding terms. The period between the insemination and the laying of eggs by the end of the season was lengthened (from 5.7 days in April to 14.3 days in September). Instrumentally seeded uterus begin laying eggs for 3 -5 days later than naturally paired. The best results were achieved in the insemination of the diet in the spring time - on the 10-12th day, and in June and July - on the 5th day after their conclusion. The death of artificially fertilized dirt can be caused by injury to the uterus in the process of manipulations, the introduction of too much sperm, the attack of workers bees, etc. There is also the opinion that one of the causes of the death of bee uterus in the instrumental seeding is self-defining them by entering microflora to cum in sperm entered in eggs. In order to prevent prevention, it is recommended to increase the number of bees accompanying ingredients in cells (this will contribute to more thorough care and purification of the module) or add an antibiotic to cum. Mortality of artificially seeded uterus depends on their age. Thus, during the insemination of the flow of diet aged 1 to 4 days, their highest mortality was observed (40 -85.9%), and the number of sperm in spermtec was small (2.658 million on average in 1 spermatek). The mortality rate of old modules (21 -47 days) was low (0-6.7%), but also the number of sperm in spermatem was also small (2.356 million). These indicators were the most optimal in the morning of the 4-15-day age: mortality below 25%, the number of sperm is about 4 million. Based on the results obtained, artificial insemination is recommended to conduct 5-14 days of age in the morning. Recently, artificial insemination of the uterus is increasingly used in beekeeping practice. This is due to a number of reasons: the insemination of the uterus is not one, but several (7-10) drutones make it difficult to control the mating of manufacturers and prevents the implementation of the selection required during breeding operation. The use of accidental points is not effective enough, since, in conditions of large saturation, the bees are often difficult to choose zones free from the rails of other chapels, with a radius of isolation at least 10 km. Using artificial insemination, it is possible to obtain a fetal uterus regardless of weather conditions. It does not represent a special difficulty to bring drunks and prudent modules in the spring, however, due to the low temperature, the natural mating is impossible during this period. With the help of artificial insemination, it is possible to obtain fetal durations in early terms, in particular, to the beginning of the formation of spring chains. In artificial insemination, there is no need for nucleus, and the loss of diet from damage and diseases arising in the process of seeding is insignificant and not exceed 10%. It is noted that Varroatosis is significantly reflected in the quality of the resulting dies. In families, their self-person is often observed. This happens connected with the low quality of drunks due to a significant lesion by their ticks. The artificial insemination of the uterus provides reliable control of both the quality of the drutones themselves and the amount of sperm entered. At the apiary of the Institute of Beekeeping in the Ryazan region, strong families who have come to the root state are used as a family-educator. Musicians lay on 12-hour grafted larvae. On the 10th day after the vaccination, Musicians conclude into cells and put in family-educator between the frames with a multi-armed broom. Cells are supplied with food and in each pre-give 8-10 bees from the same family. After the exit from the sumps, it makes a bluster of progressive diet. In the family-educator, it contains up to 50 modules the entire period during which they produce their insemination. This method, compared with the common method of content in nucleus, provides easy access to the uterus, eliminates losses when departures, allows you to maintain the optimal mode independently of the external temperature, does not require the cost of bees, cells, feed. In the lateral period, to obtain a large number of drunks in a short time, it is advisable to contain uterus on the drone cell in the insulator for 2-3 days. Then the cells with eggs are removed from the insulator and leave in the nest. Two days before the release of Trutne, this honeycomb is again put in an insulator and every two days we will make the leaving the drums with colored paints. With a different method of such cells, it is given in a special family to education, and all the drones and ripe drone breakdowns existing there destroy. On the pilot, the hive is placed on the drone in order to prevent lighting of drutones of unknown origin. In the nest of father's families should be at least 10 kg of honey and two full pergivers. With a lack of pollen, bee families will not grow the necessary number of drones; Moreover, male individuals who experienced pollen starvation during the first 6 -7 days of life, do not produce the amount of sperm, which is necessary for a complete insemination of the uterus. Bees can be driven by a drone among summer with temporary cessation of the medical device. Therefore, paternal families in these periods feed the medal travelery. If this process began, then from the family form a grade with the uterus: only in this case the drones can be saved. Drops grown in families affected by varroatosis have a smaller mass and produce a small amount of often non-visual sperm. Artificial insemination is carried out in the laboratory at a temperature not lower than 25 ° C. In the laboratory it is necessary to have a thermostat, an artificial insemination machine, MBS-1 microscope, a C02 cylinder, a gearbox, a two-piece jar of Tishchenko, a cage, oxygen pillow, rubber connecting hoses, tweezers, fuels, salvory, cotton wool, distilled water; For disinfection - bactericidal irradiator, alcohol 96-degree, nitrocracks of different colors, tags from foil, shellac, special pins with handle. Before starting work, the room is disinfected by the bactericidal irradiator for 10 minutes. Podolokin O. A. Beekeeper. Practical guide. - D.: Publisher Stalker, 2003.- 352
