Qualities of a person social science. What is a personality: a definition in social science through social roles. When it happens

Personality Autonomy an inner feeling of dependence only on oneself, the ability to a certain extent to control events that affect one's own

Personality is a systemic quality acquired by an individual in objective activity, in communication and in cognition and characterizing the degree of representation of social relations in an individual, in the context of a moral, social and aesthetic ideal. Speaking of personality, usually

Modern science about the formation of man.

Human activities and needs.

The concept of "personality". Socialization of the individual.

Social status and social roles of the individual.

Freedom and responsibility of the individual.

Modern science of the formation of man

From the moment of appearance on Earth and until the beginning of the XXI century. century man has come a long way of development. If we mentally look at the entire path of mankind, we will see what huge changes have occurred in the way of life of people, in their appearance, forms of communication and in the environment. Scientists are sure that not a single living creature on the planet has changed so much during this time. Only man could transform himself so significantly and transform the world.

There are many versions of the appearance of man on Earth. The most common of these are divine, cosmic and evolutionary theories. divine theory claims that man, like all life on our planet, was created by God. space theory says that life on our planet was brought from outer space, from other worlds. evolutionary theory notes that man arose in the course of the natural and long evolution of life on Earth.

But, despite such a variety of theories on the problem of the origin of man, science asserts with a sufficient degree of certainty that ancient people appeared on Earth about 3 million years ago in Africa. Wherein primitive significantly different from modern people. He could not speak, but only made animal-like sounds, his appearance strongly resembled a monkey (low, sloping forehead, protruding jaw, strongly pronounced brow ridges, stoop), his brain volume was much smaller than that of a person of our time. But at the same time, the most ancient people lived and worked together and differed from animals in the ability to manufacture and use the simplest tools. According to scientists, it was labor activity that contributed to the separation of man from the animal world.

Formation of man modern look went in the following ways:

1) upright posture;

2) improvement of the hand;

3) improvement of the brain;

4) the formation of labor skills.

Such a person (in science he is called homo sapiens - “reasonable person”) appeared about 40 thousand years ago. By this time, man had learned to speak, make fire, sew clothes and build a dwelling. In collective labor activity, man developed as a social, social being.

The question of the nature of man is the question of his difference from all other living beings. Man is a part of nature, exists as a biological body within a certain environment. On the one hand, he is a material organism, lives in an environment of his own kind, has innate instincts and vital needs. But at the same time, unlike animals, a person has articulate speech, consciousness, self-awareness and abstract (logical) thinking. Man is the only creature on the planet in which nature and spirit are combined, he is biosocial being.

This is what is given to him by nature - physical features(age, gender, weight, appearance, etc.), instincts, temperament, etc. As a natural biological being, a person is born, grows, matures, grows old and dies.

This is what he acquires in the process of living in society: speech, thinking, cultural skills, communication skills, etc. In this case, the main difference is consciousness. Consciousness is a reflection of the surrounding world in the human brain. Consciousness includes the psyche (feelings, memory, emotions, will) and thinking.

Humans are distinguished from animals by the following features:

man produces his own environment (dwellings, tools, household items);

a person changes the world around him not only according to his needs, but also according to the laws of morality and beauty;

a person can act not only according to needs, but also according to his own will, fantasy and choice;

a person is able to act universally, and not only in relation to specific circumstances;

a person treats his life meaningfully, purposefully changes and plans his actions.

The above differences between a person and an animal characterize his nature: it, being biological, does not consist only in the natural life of a person. A person goes beyond his biological nature, he is capable of such actions that do not bring him any benefit: he is characterized by altruism, he distinguishes between good and evil, justice and injustice, he is capable of self-sacrifice.

Thus, man is not only a natural, but also a social being, living in a special world - in society. He is born with a set of biological traits inherent in him as a biological species. He becomes a reasonable man under the influence of society. He learns the language, perceives social norms of behavior, assimilates socially significant values ​​that regulate social relations, and performs certain social functions.

Together, these qualities - both innate and acquired in society - characterize the biological and social nature of man.

Human activities and needs

AT Everyday life activity refers to any kind of human activity. In social science, the concept of activity is more complex.

This is the way of human existence. This is the adaptation of man to the environment and its transformation.

All living beings interact with environment. However, man, unlike other living organisms, not only adapts to natural conditions, but also transforms nature and its processes to meet his needs and achieve his goals.

In the structure of human activity, one should distinguish the following elements:

subject - the one who carries out the activity;

the object is what the activity is directly aimed at;

goal - a mental model of the result of activity, this is exactly what distinguishes human activity from animal behavior;

means of achieving the goal;

activity results.

Activity appears in the most diverse forms, and the forms of activity and its types become more and more diverse with the course of history. Public relations are formed on the basis of the whole variety of socially significant activities.

Allocate the following activities.

Practical (material) activity- aimed at transforming nature and society. It, in turn, is divided into:

spiritual activity- change of consciousness of people. It, in turn, is divided into:

All these activities are closely related. For example, the implementation of reforms (social transformational activities) should be preceded by an analysis of their possible consequences for the state (prognostic activity).

In addition to types of activity, its forms are also distinguished. Forms of activity are knowledge, communication, work, play, teaching, creativity.

The main form of activity that determines all the rest is labor. is a type of human activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. Labor is carried out under the influence of necessity and has the goal of transforming the objects of the surrounding world, turning them into products to satisfy the many and varied needs of people.

Distinctive feature characteristic of labor activity is the originality of its motives. Labor is always aimed at achieving programmed, pre-expected results. Skill, skills, knowledge are necessary for the success of labor activity. In all cases of labor activity, its participants solve some specific problem, plan their actions, and anticipate the result. At its best, labor cannot do without initiative and creativity.

It is an activity that generates something qualitatively new, something that has never existed before. The significance of creativity in culture, science, politics is characterized by the fundamental novelty of the result obtained, commensurate with the needs of the time.

Creativity is multifaceted. It has an objective basis associated with the transformation of the world according to the laws of beauty, and a subjective creative idea, whim, artistic and scientific imagination, fantasy, allegorical expression of truth. Creativity is always associated with the development of personality, with its spiritual growth and improvement. Modern science recognizes that any person in one way or another has the ability to creative activity.

There is a connection between human needs and motives. - These are motivations for activities related to the satisfaction of needs.

This is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain the human body and develop its spiritual qualities.

Human needs can be divided into three groups:

Biological, social and ideal needs are interconnected. For most people, social needs dominate the ideal. The need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, take a worthy position in society and live without material need. At the same time, geniuses, prominent scientists, writers, creators, great politicians and generals often have ideal needs as the leading ones in their lives.

The concept of "personality". Personality socialization

Often the terms "man", "individual", "personality" are used in scientific and fiction as close in meaning. However, from the point of view of social science, each concept has its own specifics.

One of the types of living creatures on Earth (as opposed to fish, birds, snakes, etc.), i.e. this concept denotes the universal abilities inherent in all people that distinguish us from the animal world.

A separate representative of the human race, the bearer of social and mental traits.

This is a unique combination of natural and social qualities in a particular person.

This is an individual as a carrier of social qualities. The concept of "personality" helps to characterize in a person the social beginning of his life, those properties and qualities that a person realizes in social relations, social institutions, culture, i.e. in social life, in the process of interaction with other people. The concept of "personality" characterizes the social position, place and role of the individual in the system of social relations.

Historically, man originally existed as a herd animal, a tribal creature. With the development of social factors, the isolation of individuals occurs, personalities begin to form. A similar process takes place in the individual development of man. Initially, a child is just a biological being, which has only instincts and reflexes. But as it develops, assimilation of the social experience of mankind, it gradually turns into a personality. Thus, the personal beginning is not innate: a person from birth is given only the prerequisites for growing into a personality and further development of the personal beginning.

The concept of "personality" is inextricably linked with the social properties of a person. A person is born as an organism, and is formed as a person. A person is not formed outside of society.

The assimilation of social experience by an individual, during which he is formed as a person, is associated with the concept of socialization.

This is the process of an individual's entry into society, his formation as a full-fledged "social being". Socialization includes:

training and education of the individual;

interaction with other people;

development of cultural values ​​and norms of society;

acquisition of certain rights, duties, attitudes, habits;

development of joint social activities;

finding one's place in society.

The need for socialization is due to the fact that social qualities are not inherited, they are acquired and developed. Socialization requires the active participation of the individual himself.

The process of socialization goes through certain stages, which are also called life cycles: childhood, youth, maturity and old age.

Associated with childhood and adolescence primary (early or initial) socialization. It is associated with the acquisition of general cultural knowledge, with the development of initial ideas about the world and the nature of human relationships. A separate stage of early socialization is adolescence. The special conflict nature of this age is connected with the fact that the possibilities and abilities of the child significantly exceed the rules and limits of behavior prescribed for him.

Associated with maturity secondary (continued) socialization. Its essence is the acquisition of special knowledge and skills, i.e. acquisition of a profession. At this stage, the social contacts of the individual, the range of his social roles, expand.

The third stage of socialization is conditionally associated with the onset of retirement age or disability. It is characterized by a change in lifestyle due to the exclusion from the full-fledged labor process.

The process of socialization is carried out through "helpers". These are the people and institutions that have a significant impact on socialization. These "helpers" are called agents of socialization. At every stage life path their agents of socialization stand out.

During the period of primary socialization, the main agent is the family. In the period from 3 to 8 years, the circle of socialization agents expands significantly. These are educational and preschool institutions, friends, other people surrounding the child. An exceptionally important agent of socialization is the school. At school, children learn to work in a team, to correlate their needs with the interests of other children, to develop the skills of being in the public management structure (submission to teachers, head teacher, director, etc.).

Along with "official" organizations, peer groups are the agents of socialization for children and adolescents, whose influence often outweighs that of the family. So, individuals in the environment of the child may have more authority than the parents. Great value as an agent of socialization in modern society have the means mass media, especially television, which distributes and replicates more and more new role models (movie heroes, show business stars, advertising characters, etc.). Television imposes certain standards of behavior, lifestyles and life goals. Often such an impact deforms the child's consciousness, has a negative impact on his life priorities, and leads to conflicts with the older generation.

One of the results of socialization is the acquisition by a person of certain social statuses and the development of their corresponding social roles.

Social statuses and social roles

In the process of interaction with other individuals, each person performs certain social functions that determine his social status.

social status- this is the position of an individual in society in accordance with his gender, age, education, marital status and occupation.

Allocate two types of social status.

Allocate also personal status is the position of the person small group(school class, yard company, sports team, etc.). Personal status is determined by the attitude towards the person of the people around him.

In any society there is a hierarchy of statuses. The assessment that society gives to the status of a person or official status is called social prestige. The status hierarchy is formed under the influence of two factors:

1) the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;

2) the system of values ​​characteristic of a given society.

Social status has a direct impact on the behavior of the individual. Each status position corresponds to a certain pattern of behavior, normatively approved and expected from everyone who occupies this position. This pattern of behavior is called a social role.

social role- these are those specific actions that an individual (or group) must perform in accordance with a particular social status.

These role-playing actions in each society are determined by the norms generally accepted in it. A number of norms are fixed in various documents (rules, charters, laws).

The discrepancy between status and role is called status-role conflict. In this case, the society applies certain sanctions to violators. For example, if a woman with the status of a “mother” does not fulfill her duties towards her child, does not take care of him properly, then society can apply sanctions such as public condemnation and “deprivation of parental rights” to her.

Each person has not one, but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society. The totality of these social roles is called role system. The variety of human statuses, as well as the variety of actions associated with each status, leads to a variety of role sets.

Despite the fact that the behavior of an individual is largely determined by the status that he occupies and the roles that he plays in society, the individual, nevertheless, retains his autonomy and a certain freedom of choice. The individual has the opportunity to choose from a variety of social statuses and roles those that allow him to better implement his plans, to use his abilities as efficiently as possible. Any role prescription outlines only the general scheme of human behavior, while retaining the possibility for him to choose the ways of its implementation.

The freedom of the individual in its various manifestations is the most important value of civilized mankind in modern society. The desire for freedom, liberation from the fetters of despotism, permeates the entire history of mankind. The value of freedom for self-realization of a person is indisputable. People have considerable freedom in determining the goals of their activities, as well as in choosing the means to achieve these goals.

Freedom is a special philosophical category. As the great German philosopher G. Hegel wrote, “freedom is perceived need". This statement contains the idea that if this need is not comprehended, not realized by a person, he is her slave; if it is realized, then a person acquires the ability to make a decision "with knowledge of the matter." This is the expression of his free will. In other words, a truly free person will not be a slave to his momentary moods and passions.

No matter how people strive for freedom, they understand that there can be no absolute, unlimited freedom. A person is a member of society and is obliged to reckon with its laws, primarily because the complete freedom of one person would mean arbitrariness in relation to another.

In this way, freedom- this is the ability of a person to create himself and the world of other people, to choose the image of the future world. Human freedom is preserved in any situation and is expressed in the ability to make a choice.

Closely related to freedom is the concept human responsibility.

Responsibility is part of freedom. If a person acts freely, choosing the means of his activity, then he is responsible for its results. Responsibility is a necessary component of freedom, its integral part. If a person can freely choose a variant of his behavior, then he must be responsible for the choice made.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights contains provisions that, in the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone should be subject only to such restrictions as are intended to secure recognition and respect for the rights of others. A person cannot be absolutely free. And one of the limiters here is the rights and freedoms of other people.

All people living on Earth for more than 50 thousand years belong to the same species - Homo sapiens (reasonable man). This fact is generally recognized. However, it turned out to be not so easy to single out the specific thing that distinguishes man from animals. In most modern anthropological, ethnographic and social theories, culture plays a decisive role in determining human actions as the initial distinguishing feature of the Homo sapiens species. At the same time, human nature is recognized as binary, i.e. dual, including both biological and social characteristics. However, the question of their relationship still remains unresolved.

So, the concept of "man" generalizes the social and biological principles. Therefore, along with it, concepts were introduced into scientific terminology that reflect certain aspects of a person, on which attention is focused when studying him, such as an individual, individuality, personality.

Individual(from lat. individuum - indivisible, individual) - this is a single person, a representative of the human race, with certain biological features, stability of mental processes and properties, activity and flexibility in the implementation of these properties in relation to a specific situation. The concept of "individual" should be distinguished from the concept of "individuality".

Individuality- a peculiar combination of biological and social characteristics of a person that distinguishes him from other people. If a person is an individual by the fact of his birth, then the individuality is formed and modified in the process of his life.

Ability and character.

In the structure of personality importance have:

1. Ability.

2. Temperament.

3. Character.

4. Volitional qualities.

5. Motivation.

6. Social attitudes.

Ability - hereditary capabilities of a person to any kind of activity.

Ability types:

• General
• Special

• Intellectual (mental, mental)
• Artistic.
• Organizational.
• Communicative.
• Instrumental.

Stages of ability development:

Hereditary abilities (inclinations)

Developed abilities.

giftedness- ability to many activities.

Talent- outstanding innate abilities, special natural talent.

Genius- the highest level of development of human abilities, in which human activity is distinguished by perfection, originality; things are created that never existed before.

Natural (innate) inclinations of abilities (for example, strength, balance and mobility of the processes of excitation and inhibition and other anatomical and physiological features) are called giftedness. Giftedness is only a natural prerequisite for abilities. The latter are expressed in the skill that comes in the process of acquiring life experience, education in the broad sense of the word. The development of the abilities of a gifted person occurs if a person has a stable inclination to any business, love for this business. The general working capacity of a person, the ability to work tirelessly, stubbornly achieving the desired result, contributes to the development of abilities. A peculiar combination of abilities that provides the possibility of creative performance of any activity is called talent to this activity.
Activity, activity of a person is due needs.

Temperament- a set of mental properties of a person, depending on the physiological characteristics of the body and constituting a certain psychological type.

Character- from the Greek "seal, chasing" - an individual combination of stable personality traits, manifested in typical behaviors:

• In relation to other people (sociability, isolation, kindness)
• In relation to work (initiative, responsibility, diligence, laziness, dishonesty).
• In relation to things (generosity, accuracy, stinginess, slovenliness).
• In relation to oneself (modesty, self-criticism, pride, conceit, ambition)

Character is formed under the influence of three conditions:

• heredity.
• public environment.
• self-education.

Will- the mental process of conscious control of activity, manifested in the ability of a person to overcome restrictions, difficulties and obstacles on the way to the goal. Overcoming obstacles and difficulties requires willpower - a special state that mobilizes the physical, intellectual and moral forces of a person.

Personality- this is the integrity of the social properties of a person, a product of social development and the inclusion of an individual in a system of social relations.

Not every person is a person. Humans are born, they become individuals.

Personality is formed in the process of socialization, during which the individual assimilates the value-normative system of society, its social functions, and develops self-awareness. Social relations are the basis of personality formation. The inclusion of an individual in various social groups, the implementation of constant interactions with other people - necessary condition for the formation and development of the social "I". Otherwise, that is, in the case of social isolation of the individual, he turned into a feral person (a phenomenon called the "Mowgli phenomenon" from Kipling's fairy tale). Feral people in their behavior are practically no different from animals. They do not know how to talk, think abstractly, cannot interact with people, they are afraid of them, they lack self-consciousness, self-identification. Attempts at their belated socialization, inclusion in public life do not lead to tangible success. Usually, feral people die quickly, never adapting to a social environment alien to them. Thus, it is the inclusion of the individual in the social environment that makes it possible for a biological being to turn into a social being, to become a human being.

Personality is the embodiment of a certain social character, individual and, at the same time, typical, social. Personality, therefore, can manifest itself as an individually expressed phenomenon. Thus, only that person can be called a person who, in his actions, behavior and thinking, is distinguished by independence and self-sufficiency. The social role that a person performs is formed and has meaning only in society, in this sense, a person always expresses himself as a representative of a particular society, historical era. However, a personality is always unique, since it always realizes the social, typical, in an individual, inherent only form. In addition, we must not forget that the causes of individually unique features are determined by a set of genes received from parents, and in this sense, each person is unique.

The concept of personality began to reflect in itself 4 key features: individuality, spirituality, social status and communicative character.

Common typology of personality

Personality type Characteristic

Freedom and responsibility.

“I believe in freedom, in the right of a person to be himself, to defend himself and fight back all those who prevent him from taking place. But freedom is more than the absence of oppression. Freedom is not only “freedom from.. It is “freedom for. - freedom to become independent; freedom to feel one's being, and not to possess things or command people. These arguments of the psychologist E. Fromm introduce us to the difficult problem of human freedom and his responsibility to himself and society.
One philosopher said: “Freedom is not independence. Freedom - in the awareness of the need for someone "

Human - this is a generic concept that indicates the relation of a being to the highest degree of development of living nature - to the human race. The concept of "man" affirms the genetic predetermination of the development of actually human features and qualities.

Individual is a single representative of the species "homo sapiens". As individuals, people differ from each other not only in morphological features (such as height, bodily constitution and eye color), but also in psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality).

Individuality - this is the unity of the unique personal properties of a particular person. This is the originality of his psychophysiological structure (type of temperament, physical and mental characteristics, intellect, worldview, life experience).

Personality (from Latin persona - person) is a human individual who is the subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant features, properties and qualities that he implements in public life (a person with socially significant qualities).

The ratio of individuality and personality is determined by the fact that these are two ways of being a person, two of his different definitions. The discrepancy between these concepts is manifested, in particular, in the fact that there are two different processes of the formation of personality and individuality.

The formation of a personality is a process of socialization of a person, which consists in the development of a generic, social essence. This development is always carried out in the concrete historical circumstances of a person's life. The formation of personality is connected with the acceptance by the individual of social functions and roles developed in society, social norms and rules of behavior, with the formation of skills to build relationships with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.

The formation of individuality is the process of individualization of an object. Individualization is the process of self-determination and isolation of the individual, its isolation from the community, the design of its separateness, uniqueness and uniqueness. A person who has become an individual is an original person who has actively and creatively manifested himself in life.

In the concepts of "personality" and "individuality" different aspects are fixed, different measurements spiritual essence of man. The essence of this difference is well expressed in the language. With the word "personality" such epithets as "strong", "energetic", "independent" are usually used, thereby emphasizing its active representation in the eyes of others. Individuality is said to be "bright", "unique", "creative", referring to the qualities of an independent entity.

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Target: to give an idea of ​​the concepts of "man", "individual", "personality"

Tasks:

Educational:

• Give a description concepts individual, individuality, personality;
• Reveal the correlation of biological and social conditions for personality development

Developing:

• Contribute to the development of skills in working with the text of the textbook, analysis and generalization
• proposed material

Educational:

• Contribute to the education of respect for the person, the individual.

• Man, approaches to his study.
• Individual and individuality (originality of human manifestations)
• Personality.

Type of lesson: lesson learning new material.

Technology: IT, problem-based learning method

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector

Basic concepts: person, individual, individuality, personality

Homework: paragraph 2, write an essay on the topic “Man is unthinkable outside of society” L.N. Tolstoy

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Checking homework.

Students read poems on a given topic.

Frontal survey on topics covered

Sample questions:

1. What is a society?

2. What areas of public life do you know?

3. Are the spheres of public life interconnected (examples)

3. Introductory conversation

Lesson topic announcement

Setting the goal of the lesson: to characterize the concepts: a person, an individual, a person, to identify the relationship between biological and social conditions for the development of a person.

4. Man, approaches to his study.

In modern science, there are over 800 disciplines that study man and society. Biology, genetics, medicine, psychology, history, sociology are just some of them. Despite the many scientific disciplines, there is still a lot of controversial and unknown in the origin and nature of man and society.

The first man appeared on Earth approximately 2.5 - 3 million years ago. Together with the first people, human society inevitably arose.

Let's take a look at the concept of "person". Who is such a person? (student answers)

Man is an integral biosocial being. At the same time, an organism in a number of other organisms (a representative of Homo sapiens), the creator and bearer of the culture of human society.

There are many theories about the origin of man. Let's get acquainted with some of them.

The main theories of the origin of man

1. To date, many adherents have the theory divine origin, or theological. Within five days, God created light and peace. On the sixth day God created man:

26. And God said, Let us make man in our image, in our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.

27. And God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.

The Koran, the holy book of Muslims, says that Allah created the world with the help of the life-giving word “kun” (“be”). The creation of heaven and earth took two days. It took four days to create what is on Earth. God created the first man from the dust of the earth, “from ringing clay”. God "created him with a better constitution and breathed soul into him."

In Judaism, God is the creator of all things. Brahma created brahmins (priests) from his mouth, kshatriyas (warriors) from his mighty hands, vaishyas (farmers) from his stomach, and sudras (servants) from dusty feet. These are the four main castes in Indian society.

All peoples of the world have their own legends about the creation of the world and man by higher powers.

2. The development of astronautics, the popularity of science fiction, the inability of science to immediately answer many important questions, interest in the paranormal - all this contributed to the emergence ufological theory(from UFO - the English abbreviation for UFO). The essence of the theory is the assumption of the settlement of the Earth by aliens from outer space.

Man appeared almost simultaneously in Central Europe, North America and Southeast Asia, i.e. in regions separated by very large distances. On the walls of the Temple of the Sun in Central America, on the Egyptian pyramids, on the walls of the Sumerian temples, ancient images of aircraft similar to modern spaceships were found.

Natural science (materialistic) theories are associated primarily with the names of Ch. Darwin and F. Engels.

By the beginning of the 19th century, a huge amount of factual material had been accumulated in botany and zoology, which needed to be systematized. New evolutionary theory and it was created. This was done by Charles Robert Darwin. In 1859 he published The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.... The main scientific merit of Darwin is that he identified the driving factor of evolution - natural selection: the preservation, the survival of the fittest organisms in the struggle for existence. Natural selection is based on variation and heredity. But Darwin's theory did not give an answer to the question why man differs from monkeys in upright posture, developed forelimbs, and a large brain volume.

Adherents labor theory agreed that the appearance of the above differences was due to the systematic activity in the manufacture and use of tools, first primitive, and then more and more perfect. In his work “The role of labor in the process of turning a monkey into a man,” F. Engels concluded: “Labor made a man out of a monkey.” It was under the influence of labor activity and the manufacture of labor tools that such qualitative characteristics of a person as consciousness, speech were formed, various forms of human community developed.

Today there are facts that cannot be explained by this theory. For example, tool making skills are not written into the genes. Each new generation learns again the skills of labor activity.

Anomaly theory was put forward in 1903 by the Russian biologist I.I. Mechnikov in the book “Etudes on the Nature of Man”. Mechnikov writes: “From the sum of all known data, we have the right to conclude that a person represents a stop in development great ape an earlier era. He is something like a monkey "freak" not from an aesthetic, but purely from a zoological point of view. Man may be regarded as the "extraordinary" child of the great apes, a child born with a much greater developed brain and mind than his parents ... An abnormally large brain, enclosed in a voluminous skull, allowed the rapid development of mental abilities, much more powerful than those of their parents ... We know that sometimes extraordinary children are born, differing from their parents by some new, very developed abilities ... We have to admit that some types of organisms do not submit to slow development, but appear suddenly, and that in this case nature makes a significant leap. Man probably owes his origin to such a phenomenon.

At that time, the anomaly theory was not widely used. But in the 1960s, the situation changed. Data have accumulated on the impact on a person and even on his genetic code of magnetic anomalies and fluctuations in solar activity. A radiation anomaly has been discovered on the alleged ancestral home of mankind. As a result of volcanic activity several million years ago, the earth's crust broke up in the places of occurrence of uranium ores and the radiation background increased. The monkeys living in this area may have given birth to various mutants, including those who were physically weak but had a relatively large brain. Trying to survive, the mutants began to use different tools and probably evolved to modern man. But there are no facts that absolutely confirm these assumptions.

Thus, the mystery of the origin of man is still very far from being solved.

Which theory do you think is the most convincing? Why? (student answers)

Nevertheless, two approaches to the study of man can be distinguished.

Undoubtedly, man is an amazing and immensely interesting creature. Since ancient times, man has tried to find out his nature, essence.

Filling in the table “Philosophical search for the essence of man” (working with the text of the textbook)

It can be assumed that this table is not complete, because the search for the essence of man continues.

4. Individual and individuality

How often one hears about a person who stands out among others: “He is an individuality!”. Close in sound and origin to this word is the concept of “individual”. In everyday speech, these words are used as equivalent. However, science distinguishes them by meaning. Let's consider these differences.

1. a single representative of the entire human race;

2. man - as one of the people.

For the first time the concept of "individual" was used in his writings by the ancient Roman scientist and politician Cicero. From the Greek "atom" - an individual.

The term “individuality” makes it possible to characterize the differences of a person from other people, implying not only the appearance, but also the totality of socially significant qualities.

Individuality is the unique originality of a person, a set of his unique properties.

Each person is individual, although the degree of this identity may be different. Examples: Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolo Machiavelli.

5. Personality. The concept of "personality" is inextricably linked with the social properties of a person.

Personality -

1. the human individual as a subject of relations and conscious activity;

2. a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society.

Approaches to the study of personality:

1. Through the essential (most important for understanding a person) characteristics: a) a person is an active participant in his actions;

b) assessment by other people of a person's personality in accordance with the norms;

c) self-esteem.

2. Through a set of functions, roles.

The study of personality through role characteristics necessarily implies a person's connection with social relations, dependence on them.

Thus, the concept of “personality” is connected with the concept of “society”.

6. Summing up.

So, in the course of the lessons, we got acquainted with the concepts of a person, an individual, a person, revealed the correlation of biological and social conditions for the development of a person.

7. Reflection. Working with basic concepts.

1. Knowledge of the term “individual”

From the list of words below, choose one that fits this sentence.

A person as a separate representative of the human community, a carrier of individually special features is called:

b) the figure;

c) an individual;

d) a person;

e) personality.

2. On the knowledge of the main features that characterize the personality:

From the list of signs, select those that characterize a person as a person:

a) the winner of the erudite contest;

b) a tall person;

c) the “soul” of the team;

d) ready to help at any moment

8. Grading, announcement of homework.