Specific gravity of bitumen. Types and application of bitumen

Bitumen is a product of oil refining and component mineral. It consists of carbons, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and metal-containing derivatives. There are several varieties of this material, differing in properties, composition and application.

Varieties

Bitumens are classified according to several criteria. The first criterion is the origin and composition.

1. Natural bitumen is obtained from the extraction of petroleum minerals. Their main composition is hydrocarbons and derivatives, which are obtained during the active oxidation of petroleum substances in the bowels of the earth. The natural hydrocarbon may be solid or viscous. In the usual form, the substance is obtained in production, separating the desired fractions.
2. Asphalt paving bitumen is obtained from the extraction of porous minerals found deep in the earth's crust. The rock is crushed together with a hydrocarbon substance, a material for roadwork is obtained.
3. Construction bitumen is a synthetic product obtained from oil industrially. The material is used for waterproofing structures and the production of roofing roll materials and soft tiles. A synthetic hydrocarbon of a solid structure, for use it is melted to a liquid state, after which it again fixes its shape already on the working surface.

Compound

In construction bitumen, which is used for waterproofing and manufacturing roofing materials, the composition is approximately the same. It is made up of:

• Carbon - about 80%;
• Hydrogen - approximately 15%;
• Sulfur - 2…9%;
• Oxygen - up to 5%;
• Nitrogen - up to 2%.

The main fractions inside the material:

1. The solid part - asphaltenes - high-molecular hydrocarbons, they are supplemented by paraffins.
2. Resins of a dark brown color, giving the bitumen a rich color.
3. The consistency in the molten state is provided by oil fractions of hydrocarbons.

A different combination of components determines different characteristics, for example, the density of bitumen kg / m3 can be from 100 to 1400, depending on the brand.

Marking

A wide variety of bitumen has led to the need to divide the material into groups. This is how the marking of the building substance appeared. It includes the origin and purpose of the material, the temperature of its heating and penetration. Consider the example of NBR 90/30:

• BNK - oil roofing bitumen;
• 90 - the optimum heating temperature of the solid for melting;
• 30 - penetration value, that is, the size of penetration of the penetrometer needle into bitumen at 25 ° C in mm.

Petroleum bitumen for general use

Grades of building bitumen, which is used for waterproofing structures by coating method - BN 50/50, BN 70/30, BN 90/10. It is worth noting: the higher the numerator of the fraction-designation, that is, the softening temperature, the lower the penetration.

A subspecies of building bitumen is insulating: BNI-IV-3, BNI-IV. Underground pipelines are treated in this way to protect them from corrosion.

Specific gravity bitumen - 0.95 ... 1.50 g / cm3.

Roofing bitumen

Roll materials (roofing material, rubemast, euroroofing material and others), shinglas soft tiles are made from roofing bitumen grades:

• BNK 90/30 is used to cover the roof, organize the finishing layer;
• BNK 40/180 is suitable for impregnating surfaces for the purpose of waterproofing;
• BNK 45/190 serves as a material for the manufacture of roofing materials.

The melting point of bitumen in the roofing variety of the material is small, it is not necessarily proportional to the hardness of the cover. For this type, the plasticity of the sheet is important, which will be provided by the canvas with a soft texture.

Road bitumen

The group of road bitumens includes several varieties of material by brand. Their main difference is the climatic zone, because roads are responsible communications. Considering the regions, determine the maximum and minimum temperatures:

• For regions with low temperatures, rarely rising above -20 ° C in winter, bitumen grades BND 90/130, BND 130/200, BND 200/300 are chosen.
• For a moderate winter -20 ... -10 ° С, the BND 60/90 grades and the previously listed 90/130, 130/200, 200/300 are suitable.
• In areas with temperatures in winter within -10 ... -5 ° C, the roadway is laid using bitumen BND 40/60, BN 90/130, BN 130/200, BN 200/300.
• For warm regions with an average winter temperature of +5°C, hydrocarbons of the BND 40/60, BN 90/130, BN 130/200, BN 200/300 and previously listed brands are used.

Technology of preparation and application

With bitumen roll materials for roofing and waterproofing, everything is simple - they are rolled out over structures or over the roof and fixed by fusing or gluing onto molten bitumen. The latter, in turn, can be used as an independent component in construction. For these purposes, it must be properly prepared.

There are 2 forms of selling bitumen:

• solid;
• Ready liquid.

Ready mastics are stirred and applied to the surface with a brush. Such solutions cost more than solid bitumen, and they are practically not inferior in quality, but they do not win, except for convenience.

How to dissolve bitumen if it has thickened? Suitable kerosene, gasoline and white spirit. They are added in a small amount, wait for the reaction with the mastic and mix thoroughly. The same substances can remove a bituminous stain from the surface of a floor, car or fabric.

To dissolve solid bitumen, you will need a gas burner and a thick-walled boiler with a lid. The material is crushed into pieces of small size and the container is filled by 2/3 with them. The boiler is heated up to the temperature specified in the mark, it may be exceeded by 10-15°C. At the same time, you should monitor both the temperature and the time: there may be more burner degrees, then the solution will melt faster, but overheating should not be allowed - the quality of the hydrocarbon will fall. The boiling point of bitumen is different for different grades, the highest is +200°C.

During heating, floating solids should be caught and disposed of.

The heated solution is applied to the surface with a wide brush and rollers. Observe safety precautions when working with hot material, use personal protective equipment.

The average consumption of bitumen per 1 m2 of waterproofing with a layer of 1.5 ... 2.5 mm is 1 ... 1.5 kg.

If you are reading this article, then you are interested in how to find the right one. We note right away that by entering the search query “bitumen emulsion weight”, it is unlikely that it will be possible to get a clear and unambiguous answer. The thing is that bitumen emulsion, although it is a physical substance that has weight, can still be different types and stamps. And these are different physical and chemical properties.

Do not forget that many people confuse such physical quantities as "mass" and "weight". Although they are related, they are not the same.

Let's remember the definitions. Weight is the force exerted by a body on a support that prevents a fall. It occurs in the field of gravity. The SI unit of measure is newton. Weight is equal to the product of the mass and the acceleration of free fall. Mass is a physical quantity that determines the inertial and gravitational properties of matter. The SI unit of measurement is the kilogram. Mass is equal to the product of the density of a substance and its volume.

Thus, to find the weight of a bitumen emulsion, you first need to find its mass from a known volume and density.

An example of calculating the weight of a bitumen emulsion

Consider an example. Let it be required to find the weight of the EBK-1 bitumen emulsion with a volume of 2 m 3. First, from the available reference data, we find the approximate density of the EBK-1 bitumen emulsion. It is 980 kg/m3. Calculate the mass of the bitumen emulsion.

In the construction and road construction industry, bitumen has long justified itself. It is used as a binder, but in its natural state this substance is very viscous and unable to perform its immediate function. In order to make it liquid, three methods are used:

• heating up to 200 degrees,
• liquefaction using solvents (refined products),
• emulsification by mixing bitumen with water and special emulsifiers that do not allow liquids to separate.

Since the first way is harmful environment and highly uneconomical in terms of energy costs to maintain the desired temperature, and the second is expensive and hazardous to health, we will talk about the third - about the bituminous emulsion.

Composition and qualities of bitumen emulsions

Bituminous emulsion is a homogeneous mixture of two substances that do not dissolve in each other: bitumen and water. Surfactants added to the emulsion composition during the preparation process do not allow bitumen particles to combine. The percentage of latex as a binder in the emulsion allows you to change the properties of bitumen in one direction or another.

According to the method of preparation, emulsions are distinguished:

• direct type (bitumen particles dispersed in water), used more often,
• reverse type (water particles are evenly distributed in bitumen).

Regarding the percentage of bitumen in the composition:

1. saturated (more than 70%),
2. concentrated (from 40% to 70%),
3. low concentration (bitumen share below 40%).

The most in demand are 2 and 3 categories.

The emulsion is used under normal conditions and does not pose a threat to human health, harm to the environment. After application, the bitumen emulsion penetrates qualitatively into all pores and irregularities of the coating, dries quickly due to the evaporation of water, bitumen covers the surface with a durable layer.

If the composition of the emulsion is made correctly, in compliance with all technological standards, then it does not spread, but is quickly absorbed by the filler. The use of bitumen emulsions can reduce bitumen consumption in road construction by up to 30%. At the same time, on average, the specific emulsion weight bituminous is 1.05 kg/dm3.

Such qualities of an innovative material, in comparison with the usual bituminous mastics and pure bitumen, open up a much wider horizon of use. In addition to road construction, roof repair, emulsions can be used indoors when arranging sanitary facilities, bathrooms, swimming pools, and waterproofing various structural units.

Bitumen is a product of the oil industry, it is a solid or resinous mixture of hydrocarbons with various derivatives. The composition of the bitumen includes 70-87% carbon, about 15% hydrogen, about 10% oxygen, and about 1.5% sulfur.

This substance is absolutely insoluble in water, but partially or completely soluble in chloroform, benzene, carbon disulfide and other organic solvents. The density of bitumen is from 0.9 to 1.5 g/cm³. The color of this substance is black or dark brown.

Bitumens have quite characteristic physical properties. These include weather resistance, hydrophobicity, solubility in most organic solvents, softening during gradual heating, adhesion, plasticity, viscosity, etc.

The viscosity of bitumen is one of its most important characteristics. It depends on temperature fluctuations: with an increase in temperature, this indicator decreases, with a decrease, it increases, and with temperature regime below zero, the material becomes quite brittle.

Among other things, another indicator of the qualitative composition of bitumen is its specific gravity. The specific gravity of bitumen according to all standards must be at least 1 g / cm 3 at t 25 ˚С.

Application of petroleum building material

In addition to the physical representatives of this class of materials, they also have a number of chemical properties, which are expressed in their resistance to aggressive environments, as well as to the effects of alkalis, etc. All these properties led to the use of bitumen in the production of waterproofing, anti-corrosion and roofing materials, lubricating oils and fuel oil.

In addition, this substance is widely used in road and hydraulic engineering construction. The good combination of this substance with various polymers and rubber qualitatively expanded the scope of its application and led to its use in almost all areas of construction.

Bitumen, due to its physical, chemical and other properties, as well as excellent characteristics, remains one of the most sought-after substances on the building materials market. Therefore, it is not surprising that its production is increasing every year. And the addition of various polymers to its composition makes it possible to stabilize its shortcomings and emphasize its advantages.

Variety of bitumens

Bitumen classification passes through several criteria:

• by origin:

1. artificial bitumens (petroleum) are obtained in the process of oil refining;
2. natural ones are formed by natural polymerization of oil, they are quite rare in their pure form, they are much more often present in sedimentary rocks;

• by type of extracted raw material:

1. coal bitumen is produced by dissolving certain types of coal products with organic solvents, and during further processing, resins and wax are extracted from such varieties, which are used in the production of adhesive mixtures and paints and varnishes;
2. peat - isolated from peat by using various organic solvents;
3. oil, in turn, are divided into residual, oxidized and compounded;

• by purpose and scope:

1. road bitumen is used in the production of road mastics, various bituminous emulsions, as well as asphalt mixes, volume weight road bitumen is approximately equal to 1100 kg/m³;
2. roofing bitumens are impregnating and cover; the former are used for waterproofing coatings and other structures, while the latter are used in the production of roofing materials (roofing material, tiles, etc.);
3. insulating bitumens have found their application in waterproofing materials (stekloizol, hydroisol, mastic, etc.).