How is RAM used in a computer. RAM - what is it and how does it work? What is the characteristics of the monitor

Computer quite imperceptibly, but rather quickly became an integral part of our lives. Without it, it is impossible to imagine any branch of production, not a single factory or plant, not a single office. Yes, and no apartment, perhaps, can no longer be imagined without a personal computer or laptop. But even though this device has already firmly entered our everyday life, far from everyone understands his work and design. This article will consider one of its most important components - PC RAM.

This is not to say that every PC user should know theoretical basis work of your computer and be able to repair any breakdown. No, leave it to the professionals. But basic knowledge of the device is necessary - this will help to avoid many problems in operation and, quite likely, can prevent serious damage.

RAM in the structure of a personal computer

So, RAM. It is one of the most important components in a computer. This is not to say that one detail is more important and the other is less, but RAM (Random Access Memory - this is how RAM is officially called) is an indispensable element in the operation of a PC. We can say that RAM is a kind of buffer zone, a connecting element between a person and a computer.

Physically, RAM is presented as a removable module installed in a special slot on the motherboard, located to the right of the processor. Most motherboards have two or four of these connectors. On this module, on one or both sides, there are microcircuits, which, in fact, are memory.

When you turn on your computer, the operating system and some programs start up. All the data that they need for normal functioning is placed in RAM. So do all the other programs that the user launches in the process. Whether it's working with text, processing photos or listening to music - all the intermediate results of the programs are in RAM.

When the power is turned off, all data in RAM disappears. Therefore, this device is called "operational". This is one of its two main differences from ROM - permanent memory such as a hard disk or flash drive. The second difference is the speed of data exchange. RAM is much higher than ROM. This, in fact, explains the purpose of RAM - to maximize the speed of the computer's response to user actions.

The hard disk can also store some operational information (the so-called page file), placed there when there is not enough space in the RAM. In this case, the user may experience negative phenomena - freezing and slowing down programs or the entire system.

History, development and types of RAM

RAM has always been present in the block diagram of computer technology. Back in the 19th century, the first samples of analytical machines were created, consisting purely of mechanical parts. Naturally, the RAM was also mechanical. In the 20th century, the development of electronics was rapid. This is reflected in the evolution of working memory. At various times, electromechanical relays, cathode-ray tubes and magnetic drums were used for these purposes.

With the development of semiconductor technologies, RAM based on transistors appeared and began to develop: tens, hundreds, thousands, and then millions of transistors in one chip package. At first, these memory chips were simply soldered into the motherboard, which was not very convenient. With the development of computers, RAM was placed on a separate removable board.

The main modern types of RAM are SRAM and DRAM - static and dynamic random access memory. The first is made on the basis of triggers, has a high speed, but a low density of elements. The second one is built on “capacitor-transistor” bundles, has a high density and, as a result, low cost. But it is inferior in speed and needs constant recharging of its capacitors. Since the cost of production is important for mass production, it is dynamic memory that has become widespread in the PC. Since 1993 and to this day, its most common variety on the market is its synchronous DRAM (SDRAM).

With regard to technical performance, the first were single-sided SIMM modules that appeared in the 80s and, as they were modified, had a volume from 64 KB to 64 MB. They used FPM RAM and EDO RAM memory chips. SIMMs have been replaced by double-sided DIMMs designed for SDRAM memory. They are used in computers to this day.

DDR and DDR2

DDR (Double Data Rate) RAM has become the next stage in the development of SDRAM and is characterized by a doubling of the data transfer rate. The number of contacts (184 versus 168) and keys (1 versus 2) is also different. The first in the line was the PC1600 module with a DDR200 chip, an effective frequency of 200 MHz (with a memory bus clock frequency of 100 MHz) and a bandwidth of 1600 MB/s. The last was to be the PC3200 (DDR400, 400 MHz, 3200 MB/s), but PC4200 (DDR533, 533 MHz) and higher modules were also produced.

In addition to the increased speed, DDR memory had the ability to work in dual-channel mode, which theoretically should have doubled the speed (more precisely, the bandwidth). To do this, it was necessary to insert into the motherboard, which also had to support this mode, two bars with exactly the same characteristics. In practice, the increase in speed is not as noticeable as it is described in theory. Subsequently, the dual-channel mode will be supported by all other types of DDR memory.

DDR SDRAM first appeared in 2001. Today, of course, it can still be found in old computers, but this is a rarity. Already in 2003-2004, it was replaced by DDR2 SDRAM - the second generation with a double bus frequency. DDR2 memory has differences in the package (240 pins and a different key arrangement), which make it not interchangeable with DDR.

The line began with the PC2‑3200 module, which worked on a DDR2‑400 chip with an effective frequency of 400 MHz and a bandwidth of 3200 MB/s. The last stable working module was the PC2‑9600 (DDR2‑1200, 1200 MHz, 9600 MB/s). Modules with higher characteristics were also produced, but their work was not stable.

DDR3

The next stage of evolution was DDR3 RAM. Having appeared in 2007-2008, it did not lead to a sharp departure from DDR2, but began to gradually conquer the memory market. Today it is the most common type of RAM.

Not wanting to abandon the previous generation, manufacturers released motherboards that supported both standards. DDR2 memory is neither electrically nor mechanically compatible with DDR3. Although both types have 240 contacts each, the key is located in different places. The main difference lies in the even lower power consumption and supply voltage (1.5 V) compared to DDR and DDR2.

The DDR3 RAM line starts with the PC3‑6400 (DDR3‑800) module with an effective frequency of 800 MHz and a data transfer rate of 6400 MB/s. Now such modules have already become quite a rarity. This is due to the fact that most modern motherboards support memory frequencies of at least 1333 MHz. Top models support memory up to 3200 MHz (PC3‑25600).

There is a small branch in the DDR3 family - low-level (low-voltage) DDR3L memory, which is characterized by a reduced supply voltage (1.35 V). It is fully compatible with DDR3.

DDR4

The most modern and high-speed is DDR4 RAM. Its mass production began back in 2014, but so far it is far behind DDR3 in terms of popularity and availability. Although the declared characteristics of it are higher, but at the same time the cost has increased significantly. In addition, DDR4 memory is not compatible with DDR3; it is only advisable to choose it when assembling new systems, but not when upgrading old ones.

As for the characteristics, the first in the line is the PC4‑17000 (DDR4‑2133) module with an effective frequency of 2133 MHz and a bandwidth of 17000 MB/s. It is planned that the effective frequency of 4266 MHz and bandwidth of 34100 MB/s (PC4-34100 DDR4-4266) will become the limit for DDR4.

As with every new type of memory, this one differs from its predecessors in the reduction of power consumption and supply voltage (up to 1.2 V), and, of course, the improvement of all speed characteristics. In addition, modules now have a minimum size of 4 GB. The maximum volume theoretically can reach 192 GB.

Where did the RAM go

Probably the most frequently asked question about computer memory will be the question: "Why is RAM not being used to its full extent?". And you can hear it from both beginners and experienced PC users. There may be several reasons for this, but often the answer lies in the bit depth of the operating system.

As you know, the 32-bit version of the operating Windows systems capable of working with a memory capacity not exceeding 4 GB. Anything beyond that, she just won't "see". There are no such restrictions in the 64-bit version. Thus, when such a problem is detected, first of all, you should check which version of the OS is installed. You can do this by right-clicking on the "Computer" icon on the desktop (or in the "Start" menu) and selecting the "Properties" tab. The "System" section will contain all the necessary information, including total and available RAM.

Note that the 64-bit version is available for all modern Windows operating systems (XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10). Therefore, if your computer uses or plans to use more than 4 GB of RAM, you must install a 64-bit Windows operating system. All RAM will be used.

But there are other reasons for reducing the amount of available RAM. This may be a software limitation of the edition of the operating system used (each version has several editions). Also, some volume can be reserved for the built-in video adapter, if any. Do not forget that each motherboard has its own requirements regarding the characteristics and amount of RAM. If they are not met, the memory will not be available.

There are also hardware problems. For example, the module may not be correctly or not fully inserted. It may also have corrupted memory areas. Such a module cannot be repaired and must be replaced immediately. Damage can be detected with special programs.

How to check RAM

In the event of failures and malfunctions that can be caused by problems with RAM (freezing and system crashes, the appearance of the so-called "blue screen of death"), it must be checked for errors. This can be done both by standard means of the operating system and by third-party programs.

In Windows 7, RAM is checked by a program called "Windows Memory Checker". You can find it either at the address "Control Panel\System and Security\Administrative Tools", or by searching for the "mdsched" key in the Start menu. Of all the other utilities, the most common, affordable and reliable RAM diagnostic tool is Memtest86+.

It's important to remember a couple of things:

1. RAM is checked not from the operating system (from a bootable flash drive, disk, or after a system reboot).

2. If several memory modules are installed, it is advisable to check them one by one. This will make it easier to determine which one is faulty.

Clearing RAM

The simplest and effective way clearing the RAM is a reboot of the computer. But it is not suitable for all users and is not useful in all cases. An alternative would be to close unnecessary programs and thereby free up the amount of memory they reserved. You can do this in the "Task Manager" by calling it with the key combination Ctrl + Alt + Delete.

There are also many different programs designed to optimize the consumption of RAM. Utilities such as CleanMem, SuperRam, Wise Memory Optimizer can be noted. And also CCleaner - a universal and very useful system monitoring utility that can effectively clean up memory by deleting temporary files and cache programs and systems, optimizing the registry.

But it is worth remembering that these methods are only a temporary solution to the problem, you should not rely on them. The main problem of the lack of RAM and, as a result, the slow operation of the computer is the insufficient amount of RAM for a specific computer configuration or task. You can solve it by installing an additional memory bar or buying a new larger one.

How much RAM does the computer need

When choosing or upgrading a computer, the following questions often arise: “How to find out the computer’s RAM?”, “How much is needed?”. The answer to the first question is quite simple - you just need to use the CPU-Z utility. She will give a definitive answer. Volume is a little more difficult. If we are talking about upgrading, then the user, most likely, has already encountered a lack of memory and approximately knows how much it needs to be increased.

When assembling a new computer, its purpose is first determined. For normal office work with documents, 1-2 GB is enough. For a mixed-use home computer, 4 GB is acceptable. If you are going to a gaming computer, then you will need at least 8 GB of RAM, but it will be more comfortable with 16 GB. The same applies to serious working machines. The amount of memory required is determined by the applications that will be working with, but is usually at least 8-16 GB.

How to choose RAM

Having figured out how to find out the computer's RAM and how much you need, you can go to the store. But can this information be limited? Definitely not. Of course, first of all, you need to determine what type (for new computers it is DDR3 or DDR4) and the volume you need. But there are several other factors that cannot be neglected.

First, RAM must be consistent with motherboard and the processor not only by type, but also by the frequency they support. It makes no sense to buy high-speed memory if other components operate at lower frequencies. At best, the memory will operate at a reduced frequency, or even refuse to work at all. If the motherboard supports dual-channel mode, then it is better to buy two identical memory sticks. This will slightly increase its performance. Usually on sale you can find ready-made kits of 2 or 4 memory sticks.

Secondly, you need to pay attention to the labeling. There are special types of memory that have the prefix ECC. It means the presence of additional error control. Most motherboards do not support this kind of memory. RAM for laptops is different from that used in PCs and has a SO-DIMM prefix.

Thirdly, timings are of no small importance. This is a speed characteristic that means signal delay. Denoted by three or four digits separated by a hyphen. For example, 9-8-11-18. Naturally, the lower the number, the better, but for most users, this difference will be almost imperceptible. But timings significantly affect the price.

RAM is an important and complex part of a computer that affects the operation and performance of the entire computer system. She doesn't get out of line that often, but that's the catch, because she's not expected to. Proper diagnostics and troubleshooting in RAM can help avoid costly repairs and will certainly save a lot of time.

How are the two different different processors, so the RAM can also differ. This is true for its value as well. But if a higher price of a processor almost always means that it will be more productive, then the price of a memory is highly dependent on the frequency and timings, which, although guaranteeing a performance increase, often have little effect on the overall system performance. You should pay attention to them only when assembling gaming and high-performance work computers.

If your computer has become slower, additional RAM may be a solution to this problem. In this case, you need to figure out what RAM is and why it is needed, find out its parameters, and also read the recommendations for installing and replacing this module.

What is RAM?

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is also called:

1. RAM (Random Access Memory);
2. random access memory;
3. Or just RAM.

Photo: Random Access Memory

RAM is a computer's volatile memory that has random access. During the operation of the computer, it is there that all intermediate, input and output data that the processor processes are stored. All data on RAM can be accessed and will only be saved when the device is powered on. Even with a short power outage, information can be distorted or completely destroyed.

Data is exchanged between Random Access Memory and the processor:

• directly;
• through registers in the ALU;
• through the cache.

OP is:

RAM usage

Operating systems for processing information, as well as storing data that are often used, use RAM. If modern devices did not have Random Access Memory, then all operations would be much slower, since it would take much more time to read information from a permanent memory source.

Also, multi-threading would be impossible. Thanks to the presence of OP, all applications and programs start and work faster. At the same time, nothing makes it difficult to process all the data that is in the queue. Some operating systems, such as Windows 7, have the ability to store files, applications, and other information that the user uses frequently in memory.

Thus, there is no need to waste time while they start to boot from disk, as the process will begin immediately.

As a rule, because of this, Random Access Memory will be constantly loaded by more than 50%. This information can be viewed in the task manager. Data tends to accumulate and those applications that are used less often will be replaced by more necessary ones.

Currently, the most common is dynamic random access memory (DRAM). It is used in many devices. At the same time, it is relatively inexpensive, but it is slower than static (SRAM).

SRAM has found its application in controllers and video chips, and is also used in processor cache memory. This memory has a higher speed, but it takes up a lot of chip space. In turn, manufacturers decided that volume is much more important than accelerated work, so DRAM is used in computer peripherals. In addition, dynamic memory is much cheaper than static memory. At the same time, it has a high density. Due to this, more memory cells are placed on exactly the same silicon crystal. The only downside is that it's not as fast as SRAM.

It should be borne in mind that all the information contained in the OP can only be accessed when the device is turned on. After the user exits the program, all data will be deleted. Therefore, before exiting the application, you must save any changes or additions that have been made.

OP consists of several cells. This is where all the data is located. With each saved change, last information is deleted and a new one is written in its place. The number of cells depends on the amount of Random Access Memory. The larger this volume, the higher the performance of the entire system.

To find out the computer's RAM, you must perform the following steps:

• for Windows XP:

1. hover over the shortcut "My Computer";
2. then you need to press the right mouse button;
3. select "Properties";
4. go to the "General" tab;

• for Windows 7:

Install

Additional OP will help to significantly improve the performance of the device. It can be installed on both a desktop computer and a laptop.

Installing RAM on a computer

First you need to find out what type of OP is required. Its appearance depends on the motherboard. In order to find out which type is compatible with the motherboard, you should check the documents for the device or visit the manufacturer's website. When choosing RAM, it is recommended to purchase 2 or 4 modules. Thus, if you need 8 GB of RAM, then it is better to buy 2 x 4 GB or 4 x 2 GB. At the same time, it is worth paying attention to their throughput and speed. All data must be the same. Otherwise, the system will tune to the most minimal parameters. This may result in performance degradation.

Photo: RAM installed

To install RAM, follow these recommendations:

1. you need to disconnect the monitor, mouse, printer and keyboard from the device;
2. make sure that there is no static charge;
3. remove the old modules - for this you need to open the clamps located on both sides and remove the module;

Important! The new OP module should be held in such a way that it does not touch the chips that are on the side and bottom contacts.

1. RAM must be inserted in such a way that the groove exactly matches the protrusion located in the connector;
2. press on the board and fix it, while the clamps should close;
3. build a computer;
4. turn on the device;
5. check for OP.

Installing RAM on a laptop

For this you need:

1. correctly determine the type of OP;
2. eliminate static charge;
3. disconnect the laptop from the power supply and remove the battery;
4. remove the desired panel on the bottom surface of the laptop;

Important! Most laptops do not require paired modules.

Type and volume

On the this moment There are several types of OP. This:

• DDRRAM;
• DDR2 RAM;
• DDR3 RAM.

They differ from each other in the design of the bar, as well as in performance.

Important! It is worth noting that the modules are completely incompatible with each other, as they have different connectors for mounting.

Most modern laptops have DDR2 or DDR3 OP installed. Legacy models work with DDR. The amount of RAM directly affects the speed and performance of the computer.

Now on the market there are modules with a volume of:

1. 512 MB;
2. 1 GB;
3. 2 GB;
4. 4 GB;
5. 8 GB

Before purchasing additional modules, it is worth considering that a 32-bit operating system will only be able to recognize 4 GB. Therefore, there is no need to spend money on boards with a large volume due to the fact that it will not be used anyway. But if the operating system has 64 bits, you can install 8, 16 or even 32 gigabytes of memory for it.

Video: increase RAM

Frequency and other parameters

Among the main parameters of Random Access Memory, the following should be highlighted:

1. DDR - 2.2 Volts;
2. DDR2 - 1.8 Volts;
3. DDR3 - 1.65 Volts.

• module manufacturer. Preference should be given to well-known brands and models that have the largest number of positive feedback. This will help eliminate the possibility of buying a defective part, and the warranty period will be longer.

What does RAM look like in a computer?

The OP of the computer is a plate consisting of several layers of textolite. It has:

• printed circuit board;
• soldered memory chips;
• there is also a special connector for connection.

Where is RAM located? OP is located directly on the motherboard.

There are slots for modules, usually 2 or 4. They are located next to the processor.

Photo: storage device on the motherboard

OP for PC and laptops

RAM designed for a laptop has several differences from the RAM that is used in a PC, namely:

1. the modules differ in their size - the plate for a laptop is much shorter than the standard one for a computer;
2. the bar also features unique connectors.

Therefore, the module used for PC cannot be installed in a laptop.

RAM is one of the most important parts in a computer. It is responsible for the speed of launching various programs and applications, as well as for the temporary storage of information. In addition, with its help, external devices and the hard drive are connected to the processor.

RAM

RAM is one of the main components of a computer; without it, the system cannot work. The amount and characteristics of the RAM installed in the system directly affect the speed of the computer. Let's find out at a simple consumer level what it is and why it is needed in a computer at all.

As the name implies, computer RAM or RAM (random access memory) in computer jargon "RAM", as well as simply "memory" is used for operational (temporary) storage of data necessary for work. However, such an explanation is not entirely clear what temporary means and why they should be stored in RAM when there is a hard drive. The easiest question to answer is what does it mean for temporary data storage. RAM is designed in such a way that data is stored in it only while voltage is applied to it, so it is a volatile memory, unlike a hard disk. Turning off the computer, restarting clears the RAM and all data in it at that moment is deleted. Even a short interruption in the voltage supply to the memory strips can reset them or cause damage to a separate piece of information. In other words, the computer's RAM stores the data loaded into it for a maximum of one session of the computer.

So, RAM serves as a buffer between the CPU and the hard drive. The hard drive is non-volatile and stores all the information in the computer, but the payoff for this is its slow speed. If the processor took data directly from the computer's hard drive, it would work like a turtle. The solution to this problem is the use of an additional buffer between them in the form of RAM.

The memory is volatile and requires a constant power supply for its work, but it is many times faster. When the processor needs some data, this data is read from the hard drive and loaded into the RAM, and all further operations with them take place in it. When finished working with them, if the results need to be saved, they are sent back to the hard drive for writing to it, and they are deleted from the RAM to make room for other data. If the results do not need to be saved, the computer's RAM is simply cleared.

This is how their interaction looks in a highly simplified form. In addition to the central processor, other components, such as a video card, may need information from RAM. Naturally, a lot of data is stored in memory at the same time, since all the programs that you run or files you open are loaded into it. The files of the browser through which you are currently viewing this site, as well as the web page itself, are located in RAM.

It is worth noting that the data from the hard drive is copied to the RAM, so until the changes made to them are saved back to the disk, their old version will remain there. It is for this reason that when you open, for example, a Word file and make some changes to it in the editor, you need to save at the end, while the file is loaded back to your hard drive and overwrites the one stored there.

Various computer components do not interact directly with each other, but through various interfaces, so the system bus is used to exchange information between the processor and RAM.

The performance of the entire computer depends on the speed of all its components, and the slowest of them will be a bottleneck that slows down the entire system. The advent of RAM significantly increased the speed of work, but did not solve all the problems. Firstly, the speed of the RAM is not ideal, and secondly, the connecting interfaces also have bandwidth limitations.

Further development of technology has led to the fact that devices requiring high data processing speed began to build their own memory, this eliminates the cost of data transfer back and forth and usually in such cases a faster memory is used than in RAM. An example would be a video adapter, a built-in CPU cache, and so on. Even many hard drives now have their own internal high-speed buffer, which allows you to speed up read / write operations. The answer to the question why this high-speed memory is not currently used as operational memory is very simple, there are some technical difficulties, but most importantly, its high cost.

At this point in time, there are two types of memory that can be used as RAM in a computer. Both are random-access semiconductor-based memory. In other words, memory that allows you to access any of its element (cell) at its address.

SRAM (Static random access memory) - is made on the basis of semiconductor triggers and has a very high speed. There are two main disadvantages: high cost and takes up a lot of space. Now it is mainly used for small-capacity caches in microprocessors or in specialized devices where these shortcomings are not critical. Therefore, we will not consider it further.

DRAM (Dynamic random access memory) is the most widely used memory in computers. Built on the basis of capacitors, has a high recording density and relatively low cost. The disadvantages stem from the features of its design, namely, the use of small capacitors leads to a rapid self-discharge of the latter, so their charge has to be periodically replenished. This process is called memory regeneration, hence the name dynamic memory. Regeneration noticeably slows down the speed of its work, therefore, various intelligent schemes are used to reduce time delays.

Technology advances at a rapid pace, and improving memory is no exception. Computer RAM in use today originates from the development of DDR SDRAM memory. It doubled the speed of previous designs by performing two operations per cycle (on the front and on the edge of the signal), hence the name DDR (Double Data Rate). Therefore, the effective data rate is twice the clock rate. Now it can be found practically only in old equipment, but DDR2 SDRAM was created on its basis.

In DDR2 SDRAM, the bus frequency was doubled, but the delays slightly increased. Due to the use of a new package and 240 pins per module, it is not backward compatible with DDR SDRAM and has an effective frequency of 400 to 1200 MHz.

Now the most common memory is the third generation of DDR3 SDRAM. Due technological solutions and reducing the supply voltage, it was possible to reduce power consumption and raise the effective frequency, which is from 800 to 2400 MHz. Despite the same package and 240 pins, DDR2 and DDR3 memory modules are not electrically compatible with each other. To protect against accidental installation, the key (recess in the board) is located in a different place.

DDR4 is a promising development that will soon replace DDR3 and will have lower power consumption and higher frequencies, up to 4266 MHz.

Along with the frequency of work, timings have a great influence on the final speed of work. Timings are the time delays between a command and its execution. They are necessary so that the memory can "prepare" for its execution, otherwise some of the data may be corrupted. Accordingly, the smaller the timings (memory latency), the better and therefore faster the memory works, all other things being equal. The amount of memory that can be installed in a computer depends on the motherboard. The amount of memory is limited both physically by the number of slots for its installation, and to a greater extent by the software limitations of a particular motherboard or the installed computer operating system.

In general, 2 GB is enough to browse the Internet and work in office programs if you play modern games or are going to actively edit photos, videos, or use other memory-demanding programs, then the amount of installed memory should be increased to at least 4 GB.

Keep in mind that Windows operating systems currently come in two flavors: 32-bit (x32) and 64-bit (x64). Max volume available operating system in 32-bit versions, depending on various combinations of components, from about 2.8 to 3.2 GB, that is, even if you install 4 GB in your computer, the system will see a maximum of 3.2 GB. The reason for this limitation appeared at the dawn of the advent of operating systems, when no one even in their brightest dreams would have thought of such amounts of memory. There are ways to let a 32-bit system work with 4 GB of memory, but these are all "crutches" and do not work on all configurations.

Also, Windows 7 Initial Starter only has a 32-bit version and is limited to a maximum of 2 GB of RAM.

64-bit versions of the operating system do not experience such problems, for example, Windows 7 Home Basic supports up to 8 GB, and Home Premium up to 16 GB. If all of a sudden this is not enough for you, you are welcome to use the Professional, Corporate or Ultimate versions, where you can install up to 192 GB of memory.

List of used Internet resources

RAM computer

1. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%EF%E5%F0%E0%F2%E8%E2%ED%E0%FF_%EF%E0%EC%FF%F2%FC

2. http://beginpc.ru/hardware/operativnaya-pamyat-kompyutera

3. http://smartronix.ru/chto-takoe-operativnaya-pamyat

Despite the development of technology and their total popularization, many still ask the question: “What is RAM?”

Surely most of you have heard that there is some kind of constant.

But only a few can really explain what it is and why it is needed. Of course, there are many articles on the Internet about this, but there is no clear answer.

Most often, we are faced with the concept of "RAM" when choosing a computer. And the only thing we are guided by in this matter is the rule "the more the better."

In fact, this is only partly correct. It is not always necessary to buy a computer with a lot of memory. But first things first.

Theoretical page

If you take all the definitions that are on the Internet, you can deduce the following:

RAM is the memory that stores temporary, intermediate data.

It is also called RAM (Random Access Memory) or RAM (Random Access Memory or Random Access Memory), OP (abbreviation).

We will use all these concepts. At first glance, the above definition seems somewhat complicated, but now we will understand everything.

As you know, there are two types of memory in a computer - operational and permanent.

So, the difference between them can be illustrated with one simple example.

This text was originally typed into the . When it was printed, it had not yet been stored on the computer, that is, it did not occupy a single byte of permanent memory (on the hard disk).

Where was he then? Just in the operating room.

When we saved it to the computer, it had already begun to take up space in permanent memory. By the way, it is called ROM (Read Only Memory).

The same happens when working with any other program. Until you save the data, they must be stored somewhere, but they cannot take up real disk space (after all, you did not save them).

So, they are stored in the OP.

That is, the RAM is a kind of buffer that stores data until it is stored in permanent memory.

If we take a more familiar everyday situation for us, then all of the above can be illustrated by another example.

Let's say you bought tomatoes, Bell pepper, parsley, garlic and cucumbers to make a salad.

You put them on the board to cut. At the moment, they are not yet in the salad, but they are no longer in the store, they are on the board. In this example, the cutting board is just RAM (operational).

Here, a little processing takes place, and then the vegetables are placed in some kind of vessel, which is a ROM (read-only memory).

Rice. 2. Two types of computer memory on the example of lettuce

Actually, this is the difference. If you restart your computer or turn it off and do not save the data, they will be lost.

But if you save them (for example, in order to do this, you need to click the button "File", then "Save"), they will be placed in the permanent.

All clear?

If not, write about it in the comments.

It is clear that the more RAM, the better, because then more information can be processed at the same time.

If we take the above example with vegetables and salad, then it is clear that the larger the cutting board, the more tomatoes, cucumbers and other products will fit on it.

There is one BUT - if your salad bowl is very small and you live alone, then it makes no sense to buy a very large board.

You simply won’t cook such voluminous salads, and if you do, they will stand in the refrigerator and disappear.

In the same way, it makes absolutely no sense to choose a computer with a lot of RAM, unless you plan to perform some complex tasks on it and the amount of permanent memory you have is not very large.

Here we come to the topic of choosing the OP.

From everything we talked about in this section, we could draw the following conclusions:

1. RAM or RAM, RAM, OP is a kind of intermediate stage between permanent memory and the user.
2. The RAM contains the data until it is placed in a constant.
3. When the user enters some data, they are stored in RAM, and after saving they are already placed in ROM.
4. If you do not save the information that is currently being processed by the RAM, it will disappear.

How to choose the amount of RAM

To make a choice of the amount of RAM, you need to be guided by only one criterion, and specifically, the tasks that you will perform on the computer. It looks like this:

• if you only need to work with text documents, 1 GB of RAM will do (this is quite enough for the normal operation of Word and the entire office suite from);
• and if you need to process graphics or play games, you need to buy the maximum amount of RAM - at the moment it can be 16 GB or even more;
• if you need something in between, then today 8 GB is the best indicator (this is enough for the normal operation of games, albeit not at maximum speed, and for all other tasks).

Tip: Take the programs you plan to use on your computer and see system requirements to them. There, for sure, the required amount of RAM will be indicated. Rely on this indicator when choosing.

Rice. 3. Computers in the store

This applies to cases when you choose a whole computer, and not RAM separately. We will talk about the second situation a little later.

And before that, consider the question of how to find out how many OPs are currently on your computer.

How to find out the amount of RAM available

Before giving methods that allow us to accomplish the task, it is necessary to clarify a few points.

Let's start with the fact that RAM is (physically) a small rectangular board that is inserted into the corresponding socket on the motherboard.

Rice. 4. OP module and motherboard connector for it

So, the most reliable way to find out the amount of RAM is just to simply look at this very module and find some number there next to the word “GB”, that is, Gigabyte.

Here's what it might look like.

Rice. 5. The amount of RAM indicated on the module

In addition, you can find out how many OPs are actually installed on the computer using special programs and, specifically:

1. Through the properties of the system. To do this, go to "Computer", click at the top on "System properties" and see how many GB is indicated next to the inscription "Installed Memory...".

Rice. 6. View RAM through system properties

2. Through the task manager. You can launch it in two ways: by entering the appropriate query in the Start menu search bar and by simultaneously pressing the buttons "Ctrl", "Alt" and "Delete". In the launched dispatcher, you will need to go to the tab "Performance" and pay attention to the section "Physical Memory". This method is good because you can also see how many GB (or MB) are currently being used (this is the same section and section "Memory").

Rice. 7. View RAM through Task Manager

3. Through the program. First you need to say it (on the download page from our site), then run it, go to the "Memory" tab and pay attention to what is indicated next to the inscription "Size". This is the real amount of RAM.

Rice. 8. Viewing RAM through the CPU-Z program

In general, there are a lot of programs like this. Works very well, for example, AIDA64. Choose the one you like best.

Secondly, in addition to volume, RAM has many other characteristics, such as frequencies, type, and more. If you choose OP not together with the computer, but separately, you need to pay attention to them.

So we come to the issue of increasing RAM.

However, if you decide not to buy a finished computer as a whole, but to assemble it from individual parts, then the following tips and criteria will also be relevant for you.

Is it possible to increase the RAM

The answer to this question is extremely simple - of course you can! You just need to buy another OP module and install it on the motherboard. You just need to know how to choose this very module.

In this case, not only the tasks that you will perform play a role, but also the characteristics of the motherboard and memory module. It's about here's what:

1. First you need to know what modules your . Here the type of memory plays a role (and they are DDR-1, DDR-2, DDR-3 and DDR-4, and with different markings).

The easiest way to complete the task is with the above program. The process for using it is as follows:

• first, the program must be downloaded (on the official website), installed and launched;
• on the main screen, press "Motherboard";

Rice. 9. AIDA64 main screen

• after that, you must select the item "Chipset";

Rice. 10. Mainboard section in AIDA64

• at the top, click on "Server bridge..." and pay attention to the lines "Supported Memory Types" and "Maximum Memory".

Rice. 11. Characteristics of supported computer memory in AIDA64

Be sure to remember the supported module types, and when choosing a new one, remember that the type must match.

2. Pay attention to the form factor. Simply put, this refers to the appearance and size of the board itself. There are not so many varieties, only two - DIMM for PCs and SO-DIMM for laptops.

The first is more, the second is less. See that it does not turn out that the module you purchased will be suitable for a laptop, and you have a PC.

Rice. 12. Varieties of the form factor of RAM modules

3. Be sure to pay attention to the frequency. This is one of the main characteristics of the modules, which directly affects its performance.

Here the situation is the same as with the first criterion of this list. If the motherboard does not support a particular frequency, it makes no sense to buy memory with that frequency.

4. She, of course, will work, but not at the maximum. For example, if the motherboard only supports 1600 MHz, and you buy 1800 MHz RAM, then only 1600 will work, and 200 will be unnecessary.

To find out how many MHz the motherboard supports, you need to follow the same steps as shown in Figures 9-11.

In line "Supported types..." some numbers are indicated next to the type (for example, DDR3-1066). This is the amount of frequency.

These three characteristics are the main ones. And you can also pay attention to the timings, operating modes and manufacturer.

But all this is not so important. If you buy a new RAM module according to the above criteria, you can instantly increase the amount of memory on your computer.

If you have any questions, write about them in the comments. We will be happy to answer!

There is another way to increase the amount of RAM - this is its overclocking. This procedure is quite complicated, but interesting. The video below shows how it is done.

How to overclock RAM?

We continue the theme of hardware and in this video we will talk about the frequency of RAM and overclocking RAM

You will again talk about hardware, namely the computer's RAM. We will share this article into two parts. In the first, that is, in this article, I will talk about what RAM is, its purpose and other useful information, and the second article will describe how to choose RAM, what criteria to follow, and so on.

Now let's move on to a specific question, namely, what is RAM and why is it needed.

Purpose of RAM

Each of us has a computer, and users may often have a question about improving and upgrading this very PC. Each person has the right to experiment on his electronic device, but within reason, of course. Someone, someone is conjuring over the processor, but we will analyze a cheaper option - RAM, namely an increase in its volume.

Firstly, the choice of RAM is the simplest, since you do not need to have special knowledge for this, and the installation of a memory module takes place in an instant. Moreover, at present this technical part is quite cheap.

And now we will move on to the definition of RAM, in a different way, RAM.

RAM (Random Access Memory)– the structure of temporary data storage, with the help of which the software functions. It is always a set of chips and modules connected to the motherboard.

This memory usually acts as a buffer between the drives and the processor, it temporarily stores files and data, and it also stores running applications.

By the way, do not confuse RAM with hard drive memory. ROM is the hard disk memory (Read Only Memory). This different types memory.

By structure, RAM consists of cells that store data of a certain amount, 1 or 4 bits. Also, each cell has its own address, which is divided into horizontal rows and vertical columns.

The cells described above are capacitors that store electrical charge. There are also special amplifiers here that can convert analog signals into digital ones, which then create data.

When transferring the address of a row to the chip, a signal is used called RAS (Row Address Strobe), to send the address of the column, the signal is used CAS (Column Address Strobe).

We figured out the complex definitions, now let's move on to the operation of RAM.

The work of the RAM is unconditionally connected with the work of the processor and other external devices of the computer, since it receives data from all these devices. First of all, data from the hard disk enters the RAM, and then is processed by the processor, such a structure can be seen in the figure below:

The exchange of information between the RAM and the processor itself can occur either directly or with the participation of the cache memory.

Cache memory is also a temporary data storage and is a local memory area. The use of this memory significantly reduces the time of data delivery to the processor register, and all because the performance of external media is very slow, unlike the processor one. Also because of this, which is also important.

And actually, who or what controls the RAM? RAM is controlled by a controller installed in the motherboard chipset. This part is called north bridge”, which provides a processor connection ( CPU) to various nodes using the graphics controller and RAM. You can see such a diagram below.

I also want to say one more important thing. If data is written to the RAM in any cell, then the contents that were before the recording will be immediately erased.

An important point in application programs is that they must run under the control of a particular operating system, otherwise it will not be able to allocate the required amount of RAM for this program. There were cases that it was not possible to run on a new operating system, old programs that were intended for old operating systems.

You should know that Windows 7, which has 64 bits, supports 192 GB of RAM, but 32-bit Windows 7 only supports 4 GB.

Why is RAM needed?

So, now we know that the so-called cache memory is involved in the data exchange process. At this moment, it is controlled by a controller that analyzes some program and calculates what data the processor is likely to need, and then loads them into the cache memory from RAM, then the data modified by the processor, if necessary, is returned back to RAM.

To begin with, we note that all your information is stored on the hard drive, then when you turn on the PC, various drivers, OS elements, and special programs are written to the RAM from this hard drive. At the end, those programs that we will run are recorded, and when we close them, they will be erased from RAM.

The information written to the RAM is transferred to the processor, it is processed and written back, and so on every time. But it may happen that the memory cells run out, what to do in this case?

In this case, the so-called enters into the process of work. This file is located on the hard disk, information that is not included in the RAM is written there. This is a big plus. The downside is that the hard drive is much slower than the RAM, so the system may slow down. It also shortens the life of the hard drive itself.

What is RAM made up of?

Now you can consider what the RAM module itself consists of.

Usually, all strips (modules) of RAM consist of the same elements. There are also two types of modules: unilateral and bilateral. And they say double-sided is much faster. But it happens that the double-sided bar did not work at full strength, since the chips on either side were not involved. And all because, like the motherboard, the processor must support one or another memory.

Note - if you purchase, for example, two RAM modules, then it is better to buy one type.

At the moment, there are several types of memory: DDR, DDR2, DDR3. Also, a new type of memory has been developed - DDR4, which is not yet widely used. Today, DDR3 is the most popular and used type of memory.

For a laptop, almost the same memory is used, the module of which is slightly smaller. She bears the name SODIMM (DDR, DDR2, DDR3).

On this, I think it’s worth finishing, we learned what RAM is and its purposes, various characteristics and types. If you have any comments on this issue, feel free to ask them below. Any suggestions and criticism are welcome.

RAM can be made in the form of a drive, that is, store data on it and install programs. This technology is called. If you are interested, you can read about it.