Scientists-psychologists study the experiences of a person, prompting him to activity. Such experiences of a person are called motive. The word "motive" is of French origin and literally means "an incentive, a reason for any action." In psychology, motive is understood as what prompts a person's activity, for the sake of which it is performed. Needs, social attitudes, beliefs, interests, drives and emotions, and people's ideals can act as motives. The needs of a person are manifested in the motives of activity. And a need is a need experienced and realized by a person for what is necessary to maintain his body and develop his personality. The need is usually directed towards an item. For example, hunger is the need for food, the subject of need is food. The inability to cope with any task generates the need for the knowledge that is necessary to solve it. The subject of need in this case is knowledge. Human needs can be divided into three groups: 1. Biological needs (experience of the need for breathing, food, water, normal heat exchange, movement, self-preservation, preservation of the species and other needs associated with the biological organization of man, his belonging to nature). 2. Social needs generated by society. They embody the need of the individual, for example, in diverse relationships with other people, in self-realization, self-affirmation, and public recognition of its merits. 3. Ideal needs: to know the world in general and in its particulars, to be aware of their place in it, the meaning and purpose of their existence. The need for knowledge was noted in antiquity. The philosopher Aristotle wrote: "All people naturally strive for knowledge." Many people devote their leisure time to reading, visiting museums, concert halls and theaters. For some people, ideal needs come down to entertainment. But in this case, they are diverse: someone is fond of cinema, someone dances, and someone football. Biological, social and ideal needs are interconnected. Basically, biological needs in humans, in contrast to animals, become social.

Indeed, on hot days, many people are thirsty, but no one (unless they are in an extreme situation) will drink from a puddle on the road. A person chooses a drink that quenches his thirst and makes sure that the vessel from which he drinks is clean. And eating for a person becomes a need, the satisfaction of which has many social facets: culinary subtleties, and the setting, and the setting of the table, and the quality of the dishes, and the design of the dish, and a pleasant society that shares his meal are important. For most people, social needs dominate over ideal ones. The need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, to take a worthy position in society. In some cases it is generally difficult to separate the biological, the social, the ideal. An example is the need for communication. The given classification of needs is not the only one in the scientific literature. There are many others. One of them was developed by the American psychologist A. Maslow. He identified the following basic needs: physiological: in the reproduction of the genus, food, respiration, clothing, housing, physical movements, rest, etc .; existential (from the Latin word literally meaning "existence"): in the safety of its existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions, in job security, insurance against accidents, confidence in the future, etc .; social: in social connections, communication, affection, caring for others and attention to oneself, participation in joint activities with others; prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, career development; spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression.

According to Maslow's theory, the first two types of needs are primary (congenital), and the next three are secondary (acquired). The needs of each subsequent level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied. Along with needs, social attitudes are the most important motive for activity. They mean the general orientation of a person towards a certain social object, expressing a predisposition to action in a certain way with respect to this object. Such an object could be, for example, a family. Depending on the estimate of the value family life, its usefulness for oneself, the individual may be predisposed to creating a family, preserving it, or, on the contrary, not disposed to create and protect family ties. His actions, his behavior depend on this. An important role in the motives of activity is played by beliefs - stable views of the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to translate them into reality through their actions and deeds. Interests play a special role in the formation of motives for activity. This word is also of Latin origin, meaning literally "to have meaning, important." The interests of people are based on their needs, but they are directed not so much at the objects of needs, as at those social conditions that make these objects more or less accessible, primarily material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs. The interests of people are to preserve or transform those conditions (institutions, orders, norms of relationships, etc.) on which the distribution of goods depends. These interests depend on the position in society of certain groups of the population. Each person belongs to several social groups. For example, a young person belongs to young people who have their own interests that differ from other groups (to get an education, a profession, have material conditions for creating a family, etc.).

He also belongs to any ethnic group and has common interests with other members of this group (the possibility of developing a national culture, language). As a member of other groups, a person has corresponding social interests. This means that interests are determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society. They are more or less recognized by people and are the most important incentives to different types activities. Various interests interact in society: individual, group, interests of society as a whole. According to their focus, interests are divided into economic, social, political, spiritual. They find a generalized expression for the actual needs of people. Their ideals are connected with the interests of people. The social ideal is the image of a perfect society, which reflects the interests and aspirations of a particular social group, its idea of \u200b\u200bthe highest justice and the best social order. And the moral ideal is the idea of \u200b\u200ban exemplary person worthy of imitation, the characteristics of his personality, behavior and relationships with people. The moral ideal, as a rule, is closely related to the social ideal. Needs, interests, ideals are realized by people, that is, they characterize conscious activity. People think over activities, exercise self-control of their actions. However, the unconscious is also manifested in activity, which means a mental life that takes place without the participation of consciousness. Examples are stereotypes of automated actions in the process of solving problems or intuition, which will be discussed below. In human activity, will is of great importance, that is, the ability to act in the direction of a deliberately set goal, while overcoming the opposite in direction own desires and aspirations.

Needs. Everyone knows, in general, what it is - what each of us wants to have and receive. In principle, right. But let's set out in scientific language the essence of this topic: what exactly are needs and what they are.

What are needs?

Needs - this is a person's perceived need for something, for what he needs to maintain the vital activity of the organism and the development of his personality. In my opinion, a fairly simple and easy to remember definition.

However, not all needs benefit a person. Therefore, from the point of view of necessity and benefit, needs are:

• genuine (reasonable, true)- these are needs, without which a person either simply cannot live (food, housing, society, because it is among people that he becomes a person), or are necessary for his improvement, development (spiritual).
• False (unreasonable, imaginary) - these are needs, without which it is not only possible, but also necessary to live, they lead to the destruction of the personality, and a person degrades both physically and mentally (alcoholism, drug addiction, parasitism)

Types of needs

There are several classifications of needs. The most common are the following types of needs:

American psychologist A. Maslow has built needs in the form of a kind of pyramid: the closer the need is to the base of the pyramid, the more necessary it is. All subsequent ones are needed to satisfy the previous ones.

The pyramid of needs Maslow A.Kh.

• Primary needs:
• Physiological(satisfaction of natural instincts, these are: thirst, hunger, rest, reproduction, respiration, clothing, dwellings, physical activity)
• Existential (from lat. existence, this is the need for security, security, confidence in the future, insurance, comfort, job security)
• Secondary needs:

• Social(the need to live in society, belong to a certain social group: communication, affection, attention to oneself, caring for others, participation in joint activities)
• Prestigious (the need for respect, recognition, career development. A. Maslow is not by chance singled out prestigious, since a person is very important to the opinion of society and others. Any praise is pleasant to people, there is a desire to do something even better.
• Spiritual(self-expression, self-realization through creativity, knowledge, teaching, self-affirmation, etc.)

Human needs have a number of characteristics:

• all needs are interconnected
• it is impossible to satisfy all needs
• unlimited needs
• needs should not contradict the moral foundations of society.

A person changes - some of his needs become different. Even in a single society at a certain stage of development, there may be needs. Needs are determined by both the natural and social essence of a person.

Yes, human activities and actions are driven by the desire to satisfy their needs. It is important to set priorities for yourself, to clearly know what a person wants and why he needs it. And do not forget that a person's needs are endless, all life will not be enough to satisfy 100%. So the choice depends on everyone, on the level of his upbringing, development, on the environment in which he lives, on those values \u200b\u200bthat are important for his environment. It is important that the needs are genuine, do not let imaginary needs take over your soul and consciousness, guys. Live enjoying life, giving joy to loved ones and loved ones.

Prepared by: Melnikova Vera Alexandrovna

Human needs.

Lack of motivation is the greatest spiritual tragedy that destroys all foundations of life. G. Selye.

Need - this is a need, the need for something for human life.

The manifestation of needs in animals is associated with a set of corresponding unconditioned reflexescalled instincts (food, sexual, indicative, protective).

The most striking example of human needs is cognitive. A person seeks to know the world not only in his immediate environment, but also in remote areas of time and space, to understand the causal relationships of phenomena. He seeks to investigate phenomena and facts, to penetrate the micro - and macrocosm. In the age-related development of a person, cognitive needs go through stages:

Orientation,

Curiosity,

Directed interest,

Inclinations,

Conscious self-education,

Creative search.

Need is the state of a living being, expressing its dependence on what constitutes the conditions for its existence.

The state of need for something causes discomfort, a psychological feeling of dissatisfaction. This tension forces a person to be active, to do something to relieve tension.

Only unmet needs have an incentive.

Meeting the needs - the process of returning the body to a state of balance.

Can be distinguished three kinds of needs:

Natural, or physiological, or organic needs that reflect the needs of our body.

Material, or object - property,

Spiritual - generated by life in society, associated with the development of the personality, with the desire to express through creative activity everything that a person is capable of.

The first person to develop and understand the structure of needs, to identify their role and significance, was the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. His teaching is called the "hierarchical theory of needs" A. Maslow arranged needs in an ascending order, from the lowest - biological, to the highest - spiritual.

This scheme is called "Pyramid of Needs" or "Maslow's Pyramid"

1. Physiological needs - food, breath, sleep, etc.
2. The need for security is the desire to protect your life.
3. Social needs - friendship, love, communication.
4. prestigious needs - respect, recognition by members of society.
5. Spiritual needs are self-expression, self-fulfillment, self-actualization, self-realization.

There are various classifications of human needs. One of them was developed by the American social psychologist A. Maslow. It is a hierarchy and includes two groups of needs:

primary needs (congenital) - in particular, physiological needs, the need for safety, secondary needs (acquired) —Social, prestigious, spiritual. From Maslow's point of view, the need for a higher level can only appear if the needs that lie at the lower levels of the hierarchy are satisfied. Only after satisfying his needs of the first level (the most voluminous in content and meaning), a person has needs of the second level.

Needs are only one motive for action. There are also:

1. Social attitudes.
2. Beliefs.
3. Interests.

Under interests it is customary to understand an attitude towards an object that creates a tendency to pay attention to it primarily.
When we say that a person has an interest in cinema, it means that he tries to watch films as often as possible, read special books and magazines, discuss the viewed cinematographic works, etc. inclinations.Interest expresses focus on a certain thing, and the inclination - for a certain activity.Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity). For example, an interest in cinema does not necessarily entail an opportunity to work as a filmmaker, actor, or cameraman.
The interests and inclinations of a person express focushis personality, which largely defines him life path, the nature of the activity, etc.

Beliefs- stable views of the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through their actions and deeds

German scientist Max Weber notes that differences in action depend on wealth or poverty personal experience, education and upbringing, the originality of the spiritual makeup of the personality.

Lecture:

What are needs and interests?

Needs and interests occupy a special place in the structure of activities. First, let's formulate the definitions of the terms of the lesson:

Interest - This is an increased attention to something, directly prompting a person to realize the need.

Need - This is a state of dissatisfaction (need) caused by a deficiency of something and causing discomfort.

So, it follows from the definitions that a person's interests are dependent on his needs. If there is no need, then there is no interest. Imagine a situation: he says a man does nothing and is not going to do anything, because he has everything and he does not need more! It sounds like science fiction, doesn't it? In reality, this is impossible. A person must drink, eat, dress, build housing, communicate with people. He cannot do without modern technological advances: a mobile phone, a computer, a washing machine, etc. Yes, before, a person could easily do without these items. But the world is changing, and with it human needs are changing. Needs arise again and again, forcing a person to look for opportunities to satisfy them. They are closely related to emotions. At the moment the need arises, negative emotions are felt, and after its satisfaction - positive ones. Realizing the need, a person sets a goal, chooses ways and means to achieve it. The needs of people are different, they depend on the living conditions of a person and the level of his abilities.

Types of needs by level of complexity

There are several classifications of needs. According to the level of complexity, the needs are divided into:

1. Biological - these are the needs that ensure the physical existence of a person and reflect the biological essence of a person. For example, needs for air, food, water, clothing, shelter, sleep, etc. They are satisfied in the first place, because, for example, a hungry person cannot think about work or communication.

2. Social - these are needs that reflect the social essence of a person. They are associated with the fact that a person lives in a society and he needs to participate in public life, work, communicate, receive recognition and respect.

3. Spiritual - these are high needs, they are not characteristic of everyone. These include the need for knowledge of the world around and self-knowledge, for creative activity and self-realization.

Pyramid of needs A. Maslow.

The most common classification of needs is the pyramid of the 20th century American psychologist Abraham Maslow.

At the very base of A. Maslow's Pyramid of Needs lie physiological needs ... Their satisfaction is necessary for the physical existence of a person. As you understand, these are the needs for oxygen, water, food, rest, sleep, housing. One level higher are existential needs , they are also called security needs. To live in peace, a person needs to be sure that: if he gets sick, the doctors will cure; the police will save from criminals; a meteorite will not hit him; there will be no war tomorrow, etc. In general terms, this group includes the needs for stability, security, and security. On the next level are social needs ... What does a well-fed, clothed, confident person need? That's right, he needs to have a family, friends, graduate from school, enter the university of his dreams, find a job to his liking. Above social needs are prestigious ... This is the pursuit of power, career growth and wealth. At the highest level spiritualneeds : in knowledge, achieving harmony and beauty, creativity and self-realization. Their satisfaction contributes to personal development, spiritual growth and perfection.

Psychologists classify human needs into real and imaginary. Reasonable needs that bring benefits to a person and society (for example, needs for food, work, knowledge) are considered genuine. And the imaginary needs are unreasonable, leading to the degradation of a person (for example, the need for smoking, alcohol).

The task: Guys! The next question I like to ask my students. I will ask you too. Why did Maslow place needs not in a square, not in a circle or any other geometric shape, but in a pyramid? Share your thoughts in the comments.

P.S. A hint in the text, who carefully read the lecture, will quickly find the answer to the question!

Social science. Complete course preparation for the exam Shemakhanova Irina Albertovna

1.6. Needs and interests

1.6. Needs and interests

Need - a person's need for what constitutes a necessary condition for his existence. In its most general form, a need can be defined as an objectively necessary condition for the existence or development of its carrier. This is an objective condition, a prerequisite for the existence of a subject (individual, group, organization, etc.).

Conscious need - This is the subject's idea of \u200b\u200bwhat he needs for existence and development. An unsatisfied physiological need manifests itself in sensations that act as a stimulus for certain actions. Conscious needs are often far from objective or directly opposite to them.

The needs of the individual - these are objectively necessary conditions for human existence. Being a natural-social being, a person has two groups of needs: some are generated by his physiology and psychology, others are constructed by society.

Status needs Are objectively necessary conditions for maintaining and developing a status position. A person's work is often one of the most powerful factors in the formation of status needs. Another source of status needs is the subculture of the environment to which the individual belongs. Here the status need is intertwined with the psychological need for belonging to a group.

Classifications of needs

1. The law of the rise of needs (Marxism): a) biological (organic, material); b) social - the need for communication with other people, in social activities, in public recognition, etc .; in) spiritual (ideal, cognitive). Biological, social and spiritual needs are interconnected. Basically, biological needs in humans, in contrast to animals, become social. For most people, social needs dominate over ideal ones: the need for knowledge often acts as a means to acquire a profession, to take a worthy position in society.

2. Hierarchy of needs ( A. Maslow).

1) Primary (congenital):

– physiological needs (hunger, thirst, reproduction, etc.). For human existence, these needs must be satisfied at least at the minimum level, their dissatisfaction can have devastating consequences for the body. Physiological needs also include some needs constructed by culture, human life in a certain environment, repetitive patterns of behavior: the need for food can be transformed into gluttony, gourmand, fastidiousness, disgust, etc.

– existential needs (from Lat.exsistentia - existence): in safety and protection (long-term survival and stability), comfort, job security, accident insurance, confidence in the future, etc. This category also includes the needs for stability, freedom from fear, anxiety and chaos, in structure, order, etc.

2) Secondary (acquired):

– social: in social relations, communication, affection, caring for another person and attention to oneself, participation in joint activities; Needs of belonging and love (joining and accepting). Group affiliation becomes dominant. Unfulfilled, this need causes the pangs of loneliness, heavy feelings of rejection. Both nationalistic and patriotic feelings grow on this need.

– prestigious: in self-respect, respect from others, recognition, achievement of success and appreciation, career development. Self-esteem needs (meaning, competence). Self-respect implies, first, the need for competence, confidence, independence and freedom. Failure to meet the needs for self-esteem leads to feelings of inferiority, weakness, dependence, passivity.

– spiritual: in self-actualization, self-expression, self-realization. The need for self-actualization (realization of potential) is a person's desire to become what he can become, and therefore, to reach the peak of potential.

It should be remembered about the reasonable limitation of needs, since, firstly, not all human needs can be fully satisfied, and secondly, the needs should not contradict the moral norms of society. Reasonable needs - these are needs that help develop in a person his truly human qualities: striving for truth, beauty, knowledge, the desire to bring good to people, etc. Needs underlie the emergence of interests and inclinations. False, imaginary needs - needs, the satisfaction of which leads to physical and spiritual degradation of the individual, damages nature and society.

Interest - a need-based attitude or motivational state that prompts cognitive activity.

The interests of people are directed to the objects of needs and those social conditions that make material and spiritual benefits more or less accessible, ensuring the satisfaction of needs; determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society; to varying degrees are realized by people and are the most important incentives to various types of activity. Thus, the interests of a person express the orientation of his personality, which largely determines his life path, the nature of his activity, etc.

Classification of interests: a) by their carrier: individual; group; the whole society; b) by focus: economic; social; political; spiritual.

Objective interest - this is an objectively optimal way to satisfy a need and a set of means, things, services that allow it to be satisfied.

Objective social interest - this is an objectively optimal way to satisfy the need for social space. An attribute of a status position is both a status (a set of rights, obligations, conditions) and a set of interests specific to this position.

Conscious interest Is the subject's idea of \u200b\u200bhow best to satisfy his need. This interest may coincide with the objective one, differ from it, and may lead in the opposite direction. It is the conscious interest that is the direct cause of human actions.

Realized interest - this is the subject's path to satisfying the need, which the subject went. It can coincide with a conscious interest and contradict it.

Interest should be distinguished inclination - the selective focus of the individual on a certain activity, prompting him to engage in it. It is based on the deep, stable need of the individual for some kind of activity, the desire to improve the skills and abilities associated with this activity. The appearance of an inclination is usually a prerequisite for the development of the corresponding abilities. Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity).

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