Since the creation of fixed assets requires large capital investments, then each enterprise is interested in increasing the period of their use in the production process. The service life of fixed assets depends on: the material from which they are made; the conditions under which they are used; operating modes; technical literacy of workers using them; shift work; quality and timeliness of repairs, etc.

In the oil and gas industry, in addition, they depend on natural factors that determine the life of oil and gas wells. Oil and gas wells most often go out of operation due to physical wear and tear, but as a result of the depletion of an oil or gas deposit in the well location area. Wells of the same design and quality of equipment, but located in different parts of the reservoir, will have a different life. The service life of drilling rigs is significantly reduced due to the frequent transfer of their pivot point to another.

Determining the life of the equipment is necessary to establish depreciation rates.

The depreciation rate is the annual percentage of repayment of the value of fixed assets established by the state and determines the amount of annual depreciation charges. In other words, the depreciation rate is the ratio of the amount of annual depreciation deductions to the cost of the OPF, expressed as a percentage. Depreciation rates are established and periodically reviewed by the state; they are the same for all enterprises and organizations, regardless of their forms of ownership and forms of management.

The depreciation period for an oil well is 15 years, hence the depreciation rate is set at 6.7%.

For gas wells, the depreciation rate is set based on a 12-year depreciation period, i.e. 8.3%.

The depreciation rate for drilling rigs, rig lifts, tanks, receiving bridges, metal bases is set at 11.2%, for turbodrills 32.7%.

long time fixed assets used in the production process and gradually depreciating, fully transfer their initial cost to manufactured products, and in addition, compensate for the costs associated with maintaining them in working condition during operation (expenses for overhaul and equipment upgrades).

The planned transfer of the value of fixed assets to products is called depreciation, and the funds included in the cost of production are called depreciation. Depreciation charges in the aggregate form a depreciation fund.

Depreciation performs the following main tasks:

1) allows you to determine the total social costs of production. In this role, depreciation is necessary to calculate the volume and dynamics of the national income in the country;

2) characterizes in a generalized form the degree of depreciation of fixed assets, which is necessary for planning the process of their reproduction;

3) creates a monetary fund for the replacement of worn-out means of labor and their overhaul.

Currently, the oil and gas industry mainly uses the straight-line method and the fixed method of depreciation.

Depreciation deductions for uniform depreciation are determined by referring the sum of annual depreciation rates to the value of fixed assets and are expressed as a percentage, as can be seen from the following formula:

where H is the annual depreciation rate;

A - the amount of depreciation deductions for the year;

F-cost (initial or replacement) of fixed assets.

Since the amount of depreciation for the year depends on the initial cost of fixed assets at the time of their acquisition, the expected service life, the cost of major repairs for the entire depreciation period, as well as on the residual (liquidation) value of these fixed assets, insofar as the annual depreciation rate can be determined by formula:

where Rm - the cost of capital repairs (including modernization) during the life of fixed assets;

L - the liquidation value of fixed assets that have become obsolete;

A - depreciation period (service life) of fixed assets.

Small enterprises, in addition, are allowed to additionally write off up to 50% of the cost of fixed assets with a service life of more than 3 years as production costs in the first year of operation.

Accelerated depreciation allows you to:

speed up the process of updating the active part of the fixed production assets at the enterprise, and this is already quite a lot;

accumulate sufficient funds (depreciation deductions) for technical re-equipment and reconstruction of production;

reduce income tax;

to avoid moral and physical deterioration of the active part of fixed production assets, i.e. maintain them at a high technical level, which, in turn, creates a good basis for increasing production volume, producing better products and reducing their cost.

The annual amount of depreciation charge is determined by:

in case of the straight-line method - based on the initial cost of an item of fixed assets and the depreciation rate calculated on the basis of the useful life of this item;

with the reducing balance method - based on the residual value of the fixed asset at the beginning of the reporting year and the depreciation rate calculated on the basis of the useful life of this item;

when the method of writing off the cost is based on the sum of numbers of years of the useful life - based on the initial cost of the fixed asset object and the annual ratio, where the numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of the life of the object, and the denominator is the sum of the numbers of years of the life of the object;

with the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of production (work) - based on the natural indicator of the volume of production (work) in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of the fixed asset item and the estimated volume of production (work) for the entire useful life of the fixed asset item.

Depreciation planning at the enterprise has importance, since this allows you to determine their value for the planned period; it is necessary for planning the cost of production and the financial results of the enterprise.

The initial data for determining depreciation charges for the planned period are: indicators of the cost of fixed assets at its beginning; annual and long-term plans for the commissioning of fixed assets and funds received from other enterprises and organizations according to decisions already made; data on the projected disposal of fixed assets; approved depreciation rates.

The amount of accrued depreciation is charged to the cost of manufactured products, work performed or services rendered on a monthly basis; in seasonal production, the annual amount of depreciation is included in production costs for the period of operation of the enterprise in a year.

Accrual of depreciation for fixed assets newly put into operation begins on the 1st day of the month following the month of their putting into operation, and for retired fixed assets stops from the 1st day of the month following the month of retirement.

Careful planning of depreciation charges at the beginning of the planning year allows you to further simplify their calculation during the planning period. In this case, depreciation charges (A) for each month are determined according to a simplified scheme: to depreciation charges for the previous month (A 0 ) depreciation deductions are added to newly commissioned fixed assets (A centuries,) and depreciation deductions for retired fixed assets are deducted (A vyb):

A = A 0 + A centuries- BUT select

Sources of formation and replenishment of OF depend on the form of existence of the enterprise. For state-owned enterprises, this will be somewhat different compared to private ones. But there are also common features:

o depreciation deductions that accumulate during the operation of the enterprise

o accumulation fund from the profit of the enterprise (profit is spent on the consumption fund and the accumulation fund)

o for state-owned enterprises, capital investments in the enterprise

o borrowed funds

o issue of additional shares, thereby attracting additional capital and shareholders

What period should be attributed from 01/01/2009 (after the changes made by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 09/12/2008 No. 676) to an oil production well for the purposes of calculating income tax?

over 7 years up to 10 years inclusive. According to the All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets “Oil Production Well”, OKOF code 12 4521161 belongs to the subclass “Oil Refining Industry Facilities” OKOF code 12 4521021. According to the changes introduced by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 12, 2008 No. 676, the fifth depreciation group was supplemented with position 12 4521021 – “Constructions of the oil refining industry”. Thus, according to the Classification, an oil production well (code 12 4521161) belongs to the fifth depreciation group with a useful life of over 7 years to 10 years inclusive.

The rationale for this position is given below in the materials of the Glavbukh System

1. Recommendation: How to determine the period during which the property will be depreciated in tax accounting

In tax accounting, depreciate property over its useful life.

Basic Rules

The useful life of the fixed asset is determined independently according to the following rules: *

• first of all, be guided by the Classification approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 1, 2002 No. 1. In this document, fixed assets, depending on their useful life, are combined into 10 depreciation groups and arranged in ascending order of useful life (clause 3, article 258 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). To determine the useful life, find the name of the fixed asset in the Classification and see which group it belongs to;
• if the fixed asset is not specified in the Classification, then set its useful life based on the manufacturer's recommendations and (or) technical specifications.

Such rules are established by paragraphs and articles 258 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

If the fixed asset is not mentioned in the Classification, and there is no technical documentation for it, you can determine the depreciation group and useful life by contacting the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia with a corresponding request. Such recommendations are contained in the letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated November 3, 2011 No. 03-03-06/1/711.*

In addition, in such situations, depreciation is allowed according to uniform rates, approved by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 22, 1990 No. 1072. However, the legitimacy of using these rules, most likely, will have to be defended in court. In arbitration practice, there are examples of court decisions confirming the validity of this approach (see, for example, the decision of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated January 11, 2009 No. VAS-14074/08, the decisions of the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the West Siberian District of May 5, 2012 No. A27-10607 / 2011, Far Eastern District of May 19, 2010 No. A16-1033 / 2009 and December 29, 2009 No. F03-5980 / 2009, North-Western District of September 15, 2008 No. A21-8224 / 2007).

Elena Popova,

State Advisor of the Tax Service of the Russian Federation of the 1st rank

2. Decree, Classifier of the State Standard of Russia of December 26, 1994 No. 359, OK 013-94 “All-Russian Classifier of Fixed Assets (OKOF). OK 013-94 (codes 10 0000000 - 14 2949220) (as amended on April 14, 1998)"

3. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 01.01.2002 No. 1 “On the Classification of Fixed Assets Included in Depreciation Groups (as amended as of December 10, 2010)”

Fifth group
(property with a useful life of more than 7 years up to 10 years inclusive)

The total amount of depreciation is determined for the entire life of fixed assets according to the formula

A \u003d C O (C P) + KR + Z L - C M,(10)

where CM- the cost of materials left after liquidation

fixed assets, rub.

The annual depreciation rate is calculated using the formula

A G \u003d (S O (S P) + KR + Z L - S M) / T SL, (11)

Having information about the average annual cost of fixed assets and approved depreciation rates for full recovery, you can easily calculate the annual depreciation charges for these purposes using the formula:

Errors in setting depreciation rates seriously affect economic situation enterprises. With an overestimated rate, their initial cost will be reimbursed long before the required time, however, the cost of production for this period will be higher and, therefore, the company will receive less profit. If a lower depreciation rate is set, the enterprise will be more profitable, but by the time the fixed assets fail, it will not have the necessary funds to restore them.

If enterprises carried out revaluation of fixed assets at replacement cost, then it should be used in depreciation calculations instead of the original cost.

The cost of the following items of fixed assets that have not reached the operational age, not repaid through depreciation:

Housing facilities (residential buildings, hostels, apartments);

Objects of external improvement (forestry, road facilities; specialized structures for navigable conditions);

Productive livestock (buffaloes, oxen, deer);

Perennial plantings;

Land and objects of nature management, tk. their consumer properties do not change over time.

For the specified objects, the movement of depreciation amounts is accounted for on a separate off-balance sheet account.

Depreciation is charged regardless of the results of the organization's activities in the reporting period and begins on the first day of the month following the month of acceptance of this object for accounting, and is carried out until the cost of this object is fully paid off or it is written off.

Depreciation is accrued over the entire actual life of fixed assets, does not stop during their repair and downtime, and is not made only during their reconstruction and technical re-equipment. For newly commissioned facilities, depreciation begins on the first day of the month following the commissioning. For retired fixed assets, depreciation is terminated from the first day of the month following the retirement.

For tax purposes, taxpayers charge depreciation in accordance with one of the following methods:

1) linear, in which the amounts of depreciation are evenly distributed over the entire period of use of fixed assets;

2) non-linear method.

The linear method is applied to buildings, structures, transmission devices, regardless of the timing of commissioning of these facilities.

For other fixed assets, the taxpayer has the right to apply any of the methods provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation. The selected depreciation method cannot be changed during the entire depreciation period.

In NGP, the most common depreciation method is straight line. However, this does not take into account the fact that in oil and gas production the means of labor continue to function in the production process with decreasing force. Therefore, the linear method does not always provide a full recovery of the cost of fixed assets, and especially wells commissioned in recent years of development due to the cessation of field operation due to depletion of reserves.

To non-linear depreciation methods relate:

1 Declining balance method (accelerated): based on the residual value of fixed assets at the beginning of the reporting year ( C O) and depreciation rates ( On the), calculated on the basis of its useful life ( T SL) and the coefficient of acceleration to the basic depreciation rate (K usk), established in accordance with the law:

; (13)

. (14)

Enterprises can apply accelerated depreciation in relation to fixed assets used to increase the output of computer equipment, new progressive types of materials, instruments, and equipment.

Accelerated depreciation can be applied to the active part of fixed assets acquired after 01.01.91.

A coefficient not higher than 3 can be applied:

To fixed assets used in an aggressive environment or increased shifts. Aggressive environment - a combination of natural or artificial factors, the influence of which causes increased wear of the OF, - can serve as a reason for initiating an emergency;

The main production assets of agricultural organizations (poultry farms, livestock complexes, greenhouse complexes).

For cars and passenger minibuses with an initial cost of more than 300 thousand rubles and 400 thousand rubles, respectively, the basic depreciation rate is applied with a coefficient of 0.5.

It should be noted that with this method, the initial cost will never be written off. Despite this drawback, the method allows you to write off the maximum depreciation cost in the very first years of operation, and the company is able to most effectively recover the costs of acquiring a fixed asset.

2 Method of writing off the cost by the sum of the numbers of years of the useful life: based on the original (replacement) cost ( S P, S V) an item of fixed assets and a ratio whose numerator is the number of years remaining until the end of its useful life ( T OST), and the denominator is the sum of the numbers of the useful life ( ∑T SL):

, (15)

. (16)

3 The method of writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of production: depreciation deductions are charged on the basis of the natural indicator of the volume of production in the reporting period ( Q plan), the ratio of the initial cost of fixed assets ( S P) and the estimated volume of production for the entire useful life of the item of fixed assets ( Q forecast):

. (17)

This method is used where the depreciation of fixed assets is directly related to the frequency of their use - most often to calculate depreciation in the extraction of natural raw materials.

Also, the method of calculating depreciation in proportion to the amount of work is used mainly for vehicles. Depreciation rates are set as a percentage of the original cost vehicle for every 1000 km of run.

Depreciation of oil and gas wells has some specifics:

1) depreciation for the complete restoration of wells is carried out during the standard service life without taking into account the actual time of their operation and stops after its completion;

2) if the well stops working before the standard service life, then depreciation on it continues to be charged;

3) for abandoned or underdepreciated wells, regardless of the reasons, depreciation is accrued until the full transfer of its book value to finished products and is reimbursed at the expense of the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise;

4) depreciation is not charged for the period of conservation.

For wells, it is advisable to use accelerated depreciation methods, because they determine the volume of production and the cost of production. The use of accelerated depreciation for all other types of fixed assets due to their different relationship with production is inefficient. In well construction, straight-line depreciation is used.

Depreciation deductions for intangible assets are made in one of the following ways:

In a linear way, based on the norms calculated by the organization on the basis of their useful life;

reducing balance method;

By writing off the cost in proportion to the volume of products (works, services).

The application of one of the methods for a group of homogeneous intangible assets is carried out during their entire useful life. During the useful life of intangible assets, the accrual of depreciation charges is not suspended, except in cases of conservation of the organization.

The useful life of intangible assets is determined by the organization when accepting an object for accounting. The useful life is the period during which the use of the object brings profit, benefit to the enterprise.

The useful life for patents, licenses, rights of use, and so on is the term specified in the contract.

For intangible assets for which it is difficult or impossible to determine the useful life, depreciation rates are set based on a conditional period (but not more than the life of the organization).

In Russia, such a period is 20 years of continuous operation. In China, the useful life in similar cases is 10 years. In the United States, in such situations, it is customary to focus on the so-called reasonable period, not exceeding 40 years.

Depreciation is not charged on intangible assets received under a donation agreement and free of charge in the process of privatization, acquired using budgetary appropriations and intangible assets of budgetary organizations.

It is possible not to charge depreciation charges for certain types of intangible assets, the list of which the company establishes independently. Typically, these include assets that do not decrease in value over the years (for example, trademarks).

All over the world, the processes of mergers of enterprises, the acquisition of some enterprises by others, are widespread. Therefore, there is a need to account for the notional value of goodwill.

Goodwill- these are the advantages that the buyer receives when buying an existing and operating company, compared with the organization of a new company. This difference can be either positive or negative.

A positive business reputation means that the value of the enterprise exceeds the total value of its assets and liabilities, that the enterprise has something that is not determined by the value of its assets and liabilities. Such “something” can be the presence of stable customers, a favorable geographical position, a reputation for quality, marketing and sales skills, technical know-how, business connections, management experience, staff qualifications, etc. These factors provide a higher level of profit than that which can be obtained by using similar assets and liabilities, but in the absence of noted intangible factors.

A negative business reputation indicates otherwise.

Business reputation does not exist separately from the enterprise. it inalienable property. They cannot be disposed of separately from the enterprise. This feature distinguishes this type of asset from all other objects. accounting, including other types of intangible assets.

For domestic accounting, a serious problem is the valuation of goodwill. In the balance sheet, such a value appears only if the company has made a purchase of another company. The cost of own business reputation is not reflected in the balance sheet.

There are two main approaches to determining the value of goodwill:

1) as a source of additional income when business valuation methods are used;

2) in the amount of the difference between the amount actually paid for the enterprise and the total value of individual assets and liabilities of this enterprise, recorded in the most recent balance sheet.

The positive goodwill of the organization should be treated as a price premium paid by the buyer in anticipation of future economic benefits and accounted for as a separate inventory item.

The negative business reputation of the organization should be considered as a price discount provided to the buyer due to the lack of factors of having stable customers, reputation for quality, marketing and sales skills, business connections, management experience, staff qualifications, etc., and be considered as future income periods.

Business reputation does not have a definite life span. Domestic practice proceeds from the fact that most of the possible factors that make up a positive business reputation bring economic benefits within 20 years from the date of acquisition. During this time, goodwill should be amortized. However, it is necessary to be aware that the adopted depreciation period is conditional and may affect the accuracy of calculating the financial result of the enterprise.

Some countries have introduced a maximum depreciation period: Japan - 5 years, the Netherlands and Sweden - 10, Australia - 20, Canada and the USA - 40.

In the process of production and economic activities at enterprises in order to achieve more effective use fixed assets are constantly increasing requirements for their accounting and analysis.

All indicators characterizing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, can be divided into public and private.

To general indicators include those that characterize the reproduction of fixed assets, their composition, structure and movement ( To obn, To vyb, To out, To g), and indicators characterizing the effectiveness of their use ( FO, FE, FV, R OF).

Refresh Rate (Input) fixed assets:

. (18)

Retirement rate fixed assets:

. (19)

Wear factor:

. (20)

Acceptance ratio:

. (21)

return on assets in monetary terms shows how many rubles (pieces, tons) of gross output ( Q) can be obtained by using fixed assets, the cost of which is 1 ruble:

capital intensity in monetary terms, shows what is the cost of fixed assets required for the production of 1 ruble of gross output:

. (23)

capital-labor ratio characterizes the degree of technical equipment of labor, it shows what is the value of fixed assets at the disposal of one employee of the enterprise in the production process:

where H- number of staff.

Machine-to-weight ratio takes into account the degree of equipment of labor with the active part of fixed assets ():

Return on investment:

, (26)

where P- profit of the enterprise, rub.

All private indicators can be divided into indicators of the effective use of equipment by power (intensive) and by time (extensive).

Extensive use ratio equipment is determined by the ratio of the actual operating time of the equipment (T F) to calendar time (T K), those. shows the specific weight of the productive operating time of the equipment:

Equipment intensive utilization rate:

, (28)

where P F- the actual performance of the equipment;

P N– normative (design) performance of equipment

by passport.

The degree of equipment loading in time is determined shift ratio, showing the load of equipment during the day:

, (29)

There are peculiarities of calculating these coefficients in the oil and gas complex.

In well construction (drilling) coefficient of intensive use of drilling equipment:

, (30)

where ν F K, ν N K– commercial actual and standard speed

drilling, m/st-month;

ν N T , ν F T– technical actual and standard speed

drilling, m/st-month

1 machine month = 30, 4 machine days = 720 machine hours

Commercial speed drilling is determined by the formula

, (31)

where H- penetration, m .;

T CAL– calendar time of drilling, hour.

T CAL \u003d T PR + T NPR , (32)

where T PR– productive time of drilling, hour;

T NPR– unproductive drilling time, hour.

Productive drilling time can be determined by the formula

T PR \u003d t fur + t SPO + t preg + t crepe + t rem + t osl, (33)

where t fur– time for mechanical drilling, hour;

t SPO– time for hoisting operations, hour;

t prep- time for preparatory and auxiliary work (shift

bits, mud preparation), hour;

t crepe– time for fixing the well (descent and cementing

columns), hour;

t rem– time for repair work, troubleshooting in

fastening drilling period, hour;

t donkey– time to eliminate complications due to geological

reasons, hour.

NPT includes time to eliminate accidents and loss of time due to downtime for organizational and technical reasons.

Technical speed drilling is calculated:

. (34)

cycle speed drilling is calculated:

, (35)

where T C– well construction cycle (rig work,

drilling, well testing for productivity), hour.

The coefficient of extensive use of drilling equipment is found by the following formula:

, (36)

where T F B, T F C – actual time drilling or construction

wells, hour;

T N B, T N C– normative (calendar) drilling time or

well construction, respectively, hour.

AT oil and gas production 1 well-month = 30.4 well-days = 720 well-hours.

The coefficient of intensive use of surface and underground equipment (except for wells) can be determined by the following formula:

, (37)

where q F– actual volume of oil production from the well, t/day;

q PL.(PR)– minimum planned (design) oil production rate, t/day.

However, this indicator has not found wide application, since a wide variety of natural and geological factors influence the volume of oil production.

The coefficient of extensive use in oil and gas production is determined in two ways:

, (38)

where K E– well operation factor;

K I– well utilization factor.

Operation coefficient of the existing well stock shows the ratio of the total actual well operation time to the total calendar time of the operating well stock:

, (39)

where SMC D- well-months, listed in the current fund;

CMO– well-months worked out (without repair time).

Operating well stock utilization factor shows the ratio of the total actual well operation time to the total calendar time of the operating well stock (including all downtime):

, (40)

where SMC E- well-months, listed according to the operational

well fund.

It is customary to determine the total use of fixed assets integral well utilization factor:

K i = K E ´ K I.(41)

Well-months, listed in the operating fund, determine:

where N E- the number of wells in the operating stock at the beginning of the year;

N n– number of new wells commissioned from drilling;

t n.cal– calendar time of operation of new wells per year (in

in accordance with the well commissioning schedule);

N l– number of abandoned wells;

t l.cal– calendar time of abandoned wells operation.

Well-months, listed in the current fund:

where N D– number of wells in the operating fund at the beginning of the year;

N centuries– introduced during the year out of inactivity;

t in.cal– calendar time of work of those introduced from inactivity

N choice- the number of wells brought to the inactive fund;

t select..cal–calendar time of operation of the decommissioned

well fund.

If there is no schedule for commissioning wells (new and inactive), the average time of their work in the planned year is 183 days.

Well-months worked out (operation) in the plan are determined by:

where t stop– planned shutdowns for wells of the operating fund;

t in.rest, t n.rest– scheduled shutdowns for wells commissioned from

inactivity, and new wells.

To improve the use of fixed assets over time, the following are important:

1) increase specific gravity operating equipment as part of all existing equipment;

2) reducing planned downtime of equipment to a minimum based on improving the organization of repair work and equipment operation;

3) complete elimination of unscheduled equipment downtime;

4) development and implementation of progressive standards for active work, overhaul period and repair for all active elements of fixed assets;

5) an intensive way to improve the use of fixed assets - the operation of drilling equipment in forced modes;

6) use of progressive drilling equipment and technology;

7) integrated use of technical means that meets geological requirements;

8) reconstruction, modernization of equipment;

9) liquidation of surplus equipment and excess stocks of reserve equipment.

To maintain the quality side of the use of the fund, various types of repairs are carried out on them:

- current- repairs that are carried out during the operation of fixed assets without a long interruption of the production process to partially restore the equipment's performance (replacement of individual components or assemblies);

- recovery (medium) associated with the control of the technical part of individual parts of the equipment in accordance with passport data, it can be caused by various natural disasters;

- overhaul associated with the complete development of the main parts of the equipment, often with the complete replacement of all worn parts and assemblies of this equipment, with its modernization.

test questions

1 What is depreciation?

2 What is the impact of errors in setting depreciation rates?

3 List non-linear depreciation methods.

4 Which of the accelerated methods does not allow you to write off the initial cost of an object of fixed assets in full?

5 What is goodwill and should it be amortized?

6 What indicators of the efficiency of the use of fixed assets are common? To private?

7 What is return on assets? capital-labor ratio?

Depreciation and its role in the reproduction process. Each item of fixed assets has a limited useful life, which is reflected in its passport documents.

Medvedeva Natalya Vladimirovna

graduate student, Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation (at the time of publication)

The concept of oil and gas assets

Depreciation, depletion and amortization are terms used in the oil and gas industry to refer to the "depreciation" of oil and gas assets and the capitalized costs of acquiring licenses, exploration and development of fields.

Oil and gas assets include:

Expenses for acquiring licenses;

Capitalized exploration and evaluation costs. In particular, such costs include costs for research, seismic exploration, exploration drilling and testing;

Capitalized development and production costs. These costs include the cost of developing discovered commercial oil and gas reserves and bringing them to the production stage. Development and production assets include the cost of acquiring such assets, as well as the cost of a provision for future restoration of deposits and liquidation of property, plant and equipment;

Mineral resources and mining rights. They are included in oil and gas assets when acquired through the acquisition of subsidiaries.

Accounting Standards for Oil and Gas Assets

International Standards financial reporting(IFRS), although developed for commercial organizations in all industries, the complexity of production technology and the specifics of financial and economic activities in the extractive industry lead to the need to develop special industry-specific financial reporting standards. There is currently only one specific IFRS standard, IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors makes it possible, in the absence of international standards, to refer to the accounting and financial reporting systems of other countries, as well as to industry accounting practices.

The US Financial Reporting Standards (US GAAP, US GAAP) set out fairly detailed guidance on the preparation of financial statements for oil and gas companies, which are contained in Regulations on Financial Reporting Standards (SFAS) 19 “Financial Accounting and Reporting for Oil and Gas Production Companies”, 69 “Disclosures about oil and gas production activities” and 143 “Accounting for the obligation to dismantle assets”. Thus, for the preparation of reporting in accordance with international standards and taking into account the specifics of the industry, the provisions of US GAAP are used to a greater extent. In particular, oil and gas companies are guided by SFAS 19 Financial Accounting and Reporting for Oil and Gas Production Companies to calculate depreciation.

Calculation of depreciation of oil and gas assets

In accordance with the provisions of SFAS 19 and industry accounting practice, depreciation of property, plant and equipment associated with oil and gas production for reporting under international standards is calculated using the unit of production method based on reserves estimates, and not using the straight-line method, as is customary in Russian practice. This means that depreciation costs are proportional to the volume of oil and gas production for the current period. Under this depreciation approach, oil and gas assets are grouped by field or cost center, depending on the chosen method of accounting for appraisal, exploration and production costs.

With an increase in the period of development of the field, as the volume of oil and gas production decreases, flows Money from the use of oil and gas assets also decrease, and the amount of depreciation throughout this period remains approximately at the same level. The volume-based depreciation method usually results in the revenue per tonne of oil or gas produced decreasing as the field develops. For producers that are constantly exploring and developing new fields, the depreciation of newly capitalized costs will be higher than the depreciation of the old fund of oil and gas assets, which in turn will offset the decline in revenue per ton of oil or gas produced. For companies that have been developing their fields for a long time without exploring new reserves, profitability will decline.

The discrepancy between the receipt of economic benefits from the development of a field and the associated costs is a big drawback of the method of calculating depreciation in proportion to the volume of production. In our view, it is possible to achieve greater compliance by amortizing oil and gas assets over the period for which the cash flows from the production of proved oil and gas reserves are projected.

In practice, oil and gas companies use two main methods of cost accounting for the evaluation, exploration and development of fields: the "effective cost" method and the "full cost" method.

The effective cost method assumes that costs are capitalized only if they have led to the discovery of proven reserves, while other costs are non-capitalized expenses and are recognized when incurred. Thus, in accordance with the “effective costs” method, geological and geophysical costs and expenses for the maintenance of undeveloped deposits are charged to cost as incurred. Exploratory well drilling costs are initially capitalized but expensed if such wells are unsuccessful (no commercial-scale hydrocarbon reserves are found or the development of the field is deemed unprofitable). Development wells are capitalized regardless of their success.

Under the full cost method, all exploration, maintenance and development costs are capitalized regardless of whether or not hydrocarbon reserves have been discovered. The "full cost" method is used by small new oil companies as it allows them to capitalize on costs early on until successful drilling activity generates a profit that allows them to be offset. The “performing cost” method is used mainly by large companies, since their future operations are not burdened with the costs of unsuccessful drilling.

For companies preparing IFRS statements, the calculation of depreciation of property, plant and equipment is based on the provisions of IFRS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment, which does not contain the concepts of "area/deposit" or "cost center", but operates with components. In many cases, the calculation of depreciation in the context of deposits will coincide with IFRS 16, which cannot be said about the calculation of depreciation when grouping fixed assets by cost centers. Thus, capitalized costs accounted for by cost centers should be allocated to specific areas or deposits and depreciated as part of them. It is necessary to analyze which fixed assets have a shorter useful life, since such assets must be depreciated separately.

The inventory estimate on which depreciation is calculated is usually taken from reports prepared by independent appraisers in accordance with the requirements of the Society of Petroleum Engineers and the International Petroleum Congress. The best-known examples are Miller and Lents Ltd and DeGolyer and MacNaughton. Large oil and gas companies have their own engineers who prepare such reports. Currently, most companies in the oil and gas sector use the methodology of the US Society of Petroleum Engineers (US SPE) to estimate reserves. This methodology is based on the revised definitions and classification of reserves developed by the US Securities Commission (SEC) back in 1978. The classification of reserves according to the American classification differs from the Russian one. Thus, companies reporting under international standards are unlikely to be able to fully use the Russian classification, since it operates with other categories of reserves than foreign investors and consumers.

The question remains, which reserves should be taken into account when calculating the depreciation of oil and gas assets. In our opinion, it is necessary to use the following approach, which, however, is not fixed in the standards, but is a generally accepted accounting practice in the industry:

Proved reserves should be used as reserves when calculating the depreciation of capitalized acquisition costs;

On the basis of proved developed reserves, calculate the amortization of capitalized exploration and development costs that have yielded a positive result and producing assets (for example, oil wells, related equipment).

The term for the development of an oil and gas field is determined based on an assessment of oil and gas reserves and their production volumes per year. Proved developed reserves include the amount of reserves that are expected to be produced before the expiration of the current licenses.

The practice in the oil and gas industry is that if the license is less than the life of the oil and gas field, the depreciation of production assets is calculated based on the life of the oil and gas field, because the management of the company believes that it will be able to renew these licenses. However, when choosing such an accounting policy, it is necessary to adhere to the principle of prudence. Even if the company does not violate the terms of the license agreements, it must include in the calculation only proven reserves that it can produce before the license expiration date, until the company's management has evidence that its licenses will be renewed.

The provisions of IFRS do not regulate this issue. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission notes in its comments in the financial accounting and reporting rules for oil and gas companies that the fact of issuing and subsequent confirmation of commercial agreements with government bodies should influence the assignment of a Mineral Resource to the Proved Reserve category. Automatic renewal of such agreements should not be taken into account unless there is a long history of such facts that confirm the expectations of companies regarding the renewal of license agreements. Thus, it can be concluded that the existence of a history of renewal of licenses for the exploration and development of an oil and gas field is a key, but not the last factor in choosing an accounting policy for the depreciation period of assets.

Depreciation of fixed assets of companies applying the "full cost" accounting method is calculated using the formula:

The assessment of reserves can be changed depending on the economic efficiency of development, the degree of industrial development, the degree of geological exploration. Changes in inventory valuation are taken into account in depreciation calculations for the current period only, and no adjustments are made to depreciation from previous periods.

For companies accounting under the effective cost method, the formula is as follows:

Under the effective cost method, the accumulated capitalized costs related to the exploration of proven oil and gas reserves, which has not yet resulted in their discovery, are not related to mining activities, and therefore are not taken into account in the calculation of depreciation.

Example 1

The company applies the "performing cost" method.

Capitalized costs associated with exploration, which led to the discovery of proven reserves - 400 million rubles.

Accumulated depreciation at the beginning of the reporting period - 40 million rubles.

Proved reserves at the beginning of the reporting period - 8 million tons of oil.

The volume of production in the current period is 16 thousand tons.

The revised estimate of proven reserves at the end of the reporting period is 8.9 million tons.

Depreciation for reporting period will amount to 646 thousand rubles:

If depreciation is calculated for an item of fixed assets, detailed depreciation calculations are made for each such item. If the calculation is carried out for a group of objects as a whole, then it is done according to the example presented above, however, in this case, depreciation will relate to a group of objects, and not to each unit of fixed assets separately.

Capitalized costs of exploration wells and stratigraphic test wells that led to the discovery of proved reserves, as well as capitalized field development costs, should be amortized on the basis of proved developed reserves rather than total proved reserves, which will be the basis for amortization of capitalized costs for the acquisition of exploration licenses and booty.

Example 2

The cost of acquiring a license - 280 million rubles.

Exploration costs - 3.900 million rubles.

Costs for the purchase of oil and gas equipment - 500 million rubles.

Accumulated depreciation of capitalized costs:

For the acquisition of a license - 0.24 million rubles;

For exploration - 800 million rubles;

For the purchase of equipment - 80 million rubles.

Proved developed reserves at the end of the reporting period - 8 million tons of oil.

The volume of production in the current period is 16 thousand tons of oil.

Proved reserves at the end of the reporting period - 8.9 million tons of oil.

Depreciation for the reporting period will be calculated as follows.

Amortization of license acquisition costs:

Amortization of exploration costs:

Depreciation of costs for the acquisition of oil and gas equipment:

Field development costs are amortized as proven developed oil and gas reserves are recovered. However, the depreciation rate will change if the development costs relate to both proved developed and undeveloped reserves.

Example 3

The company spent 70 million rubles on the acquisition of a license and the development of an oil field.

The company plans to drill 17 production wells to produce 30 million tons of oil and spend RUB 28 million on this. In addition, the company has already spent 14 million rubles. for the construction of 2 exploratory test wells.

At the end of the reporting period, there are 3 production wells, the cost of which is 5 million rubles. and which give industrial oil production of 0.3 million tons per year.

At the end of the reporting period, the proven reserves of these 3 wells amounted to 4.7 mmt.

Capitalized costs amounted to RUB 89 million. (70 + 14 + 5 million rubles).

Depreciation calculated on the basis of proved developed reserves at the beginning of the period is RUB 17.8 million. (89 million rubles / 5 million tons).

If the company had drilled all the planned wells, the capitalized costs would have been RUB 112 million. (70 + 14 + 28) and the company would have 30 million proven reserves. Then depreciation would decrease to 3.8 million rubles. (112 million rubles / 30 million tons).

In order to match costs, revenues and production volume, it is necessary to exclude part of the capitalized costs for the acquisition of a license and exploration of a deposit (in our example - 84 million rubles (70 + 14)) from the depreciation rate calculation until all proven reserves will not be developed (i.e., all 17 planned production wells will be drilled).

The explanations to the US Securities Commission's accounting and disclosure rules for oil and gas companies provide the following comment: if significant initial capital expenditures (for example, for the construction of an oil platform, stratigraphic wells) associated with the subsequent construction of production wells are planned, then it is necessary to exclude these capitalized costs at the depreciation rate until all planned production wells have been drilled. However, no clarification is given as to how to determine the portion of capitalized costs to be temporarily excluded from the calculation. Calculations can be based on: 1) the proportion of proven reserves that are expected to be recovered from already drilled production wells, in general assessment proven reserves or 2) the proportion of production wells drilled in the total number of planned production wells.

Example

Let's turn to our example.

Capitalized costs related to the construction of production wells - 84 million rubles.

Proved developed oil reserves - 5 million tons.

Proved oil reserves - 30 million tons.

Depreciation = 5 / 30 x 84 = 14.0 million rubles.

Number of drilled production wells - 3.

Number of production wells planned for drilling - 17

Depreciation \u003d 3 / 17 x 84 \u003d 14.8 million rubles.

Capitalized costs temporarily excluded from the depreciation calculation will be taken into account in full when all planned production wells have been drilled. The cost of drilling production wells will be included in the depreciation base when oil and gas reserves are converted to proved.

There is another way to calculate depreciation, when all planned capital costs and the total amount of proved reserves (developed and non-developed) are taken into account. In our example, depreciation calculated in this way will be 3.8 million rubles. (112 million rubles / 30 million tons).

Under the US Securities and Exchange Commission's rules for oil and gas companies that record using the "effective cost" method, this method of calculating depreciation is not allowed. It is also important that, when calculating depreciation, these companies will exclude those proven oil and gas reserves that would require significant capital expenditures to produce. This aspect is related to the SEC's definition of proved developed reserves as reserves that are recoverable with existing production methods, well stock and existing oil and gas equipment. This rule is introduced to ensure that the consumption of economic benefits from the use of assets is consistent with the costs associated with them.

Depreciation of auxiliary equipment and infrastructure assets

Any oil and gas enterprise has auxiliary equipment, non-extractive assets such as warehouses, vehicles, office buildings, infrastructure facilities, etc. As a rule, such fixed assets serve the company's activities from exploration of reserves to oil and gas production, and determine their attachment to a particular field is often simply impossible. For such assets, the application of the depreciation method in proportion to the volume of production becomes unreasonable, and oil and gas companies use the straight-line method of calculation.

Therefore, depreciation of oil and gas assets that relate to exploration and development activities should be capitalized, while depreciation of oil and gas assets is charged to operating costs. Distribution of ancillary assets by various types activities can be carried out, for example, in proportion to the cost of the objects being serviced.

Management estimates for depreciation

The calculation of depreciation for oil and gas assets is one of the most significant areas of management's estimates and judgments. Property, plant and equipment associated with the production of oil and gas are depreciated over the relevant useful life of the field, determined on the basis of oil and gas reserves, in proportion to the volume of production. In determining the amount of provisions, assumptions valid at the time of the valuation may change if new information becomes available. In particular, factors that can affect the useful life of an oil and gas field include:

The difference between actual prices and the oil and gas price assumptions used to estimate reserves;

Changes in capital costs, operating expenses, discount rates and foreign exchange rates, which may have a negative impact on the economic efficiency of oil and gas reserves.

If any of the above factors changes, there may be a change in the depreciation periods for mining equipment and their current value, and, accordingly, depreciation charges. Therefore, the management of oil and gas companies should regularly, at the end of each reporting period, review the correctness of the applicable useful lives of assets based on their current condition and the expected period during which economic benefits are expected to flow from their use.

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A task3. 1

depreciation cost calculation

Calculate and distribute between various industries depreciation on fixed assets.

Initial information

Book value of fixed assets thousand rubles:

wells: oil - 300; gas - 250; injection for water injection - 170; for gas injection - 150; control - 140.

equipment: oil pipeline networks - 70; gas pipeline networks - 50; oil demulsification units - 30.

Useful life: oil wells - 15 years, gas wells - 12 years;

equipment: oil pipeline networks - 10 years, gas pipeline networks - 7 years, oil demulsification units - 8 years.

Depreciation is charged on a straight-line basis.

The calculation is made in the statement of form 1.

Solution

To calculate the rate of depreciation, we use the formula:

K = (1/n) x 100%,

Gde

K - depreciation rate as a percentage of the initial cost of the depreciable property;

n is the useful life of this depreciable property, expressed in months.

To determine the monthly depreciation amount, use the formula:

Monthly depreciation amount= (Pinitial cost xTO: 100%).

To calculate column 3 of form No. 1, we use the formula:

K (month) \u003d (Balance sheet * (1 / n)) / 12 \u003d (300,000 * (1/15)) / 12 \u003d 1,666.66 rubles.

Thus, the amount of monthly depreciation for each type of fixed assets is calculated.

Form No. 1 Statement of depreciation of fixed assets and its distribution by production

Types of fixed assets	Book value of fixed assets, thousand rubles	Monthly depreciation rate	Amount of deductions, rub.
			management	including production
				oil production	gas production	collection, storage and transportation of oil		collection and transportation of gas
Production wells:
a) oil
b) gas
Injection wells: 2555.55
a) by pumping water
b) gas injection
c) control
Equipment: 1491.06
a) oil pipeline networks
b) gas pipeline networks
c) oil demulsification units

Task 3.2

Fill in the records of production costs and the distribution of the cost of services of auxiliary industries.

Initial information

1. Extract from the statements of distribution of production costs, rubles:

The name of indicators	production
	water supply	electricity supply	steam supply	Compressed gas
Auxiliary materials
Fuel for steam production
Steam, water, compressed air and gas
Received an invoice from the energy sales company
Wages of production workers
Produce in size
Depreciation of fixed assets
Services of your transport workshop
Third Party Services
Future expenses
overhead costs

2. Report of auxiliary productions on the distribution of services

Directions for the formation of production costs		Electricity, kW. h	Steam, Gcal	Compressed gas, thousand m 3
For oil production
For injection into the reservoir of water and gas
For flushing wells during repair
To work compressors
For oil demulsification
For steam production

When solving problems, fill out statements according to forms 2-4

Solution

1. To calculate the wages of production workers with deductions for social needs, it is necessary to add up the amount of payment for production workers and deductions for social. needs.

2. To calculate the unit cost, we use the formula:

Unit cost of services, rub. = Total / Produced services in physical units = 2387/14300= 0.17

Form No. 2

Calculation cost items	production
	water supply	electricity supply	steam supply
Auxiliary materials
Electricity
Remuneration of production workers with deductions for social needs
Depreciation of fixed assets
Fare
overhead costs
Produced services in natural units of measurement
Unit cost of services, rub.

3. To calculate the amounts of consumption for each line, multiply the indicator by the unit cost.

9,540* 0.17=1,592.45 rubles

Form No. 3 List of distribution of services of auxiliary production

Consumers		electricity		compressed gas
	quantity, m 3	amount, rub.	quantity, kWh	amount, rub.	quantity, Gcal	amount, rub.	quantity, thousand m 3	amount, rub.
Oil extraction production
Production of technological preparation and stabilization of oil
Compressed gas production
Steam supply production

Form No. 4 Auxiliary production cost sheet

A task3. 3

Fill in the sheets:

1) synthetic accounting of the costs of the main production and equipment maintenance costs;

2) distribution of overhead costs of the workshop for the preparation and pumping of oil;

3) management accounting of expenses for shops and divisions of the main production;

4) management accounting of expenses for workshops engaged in the maintenance and operation of equipment;

5) writing off the expenses of workshops and divisions of the main production for oil and gas production.

Initial information

Extract from the statements of distribution of production costs, rub.

Auxiliary materials released:

Underground well repair workshop for equipment operation - 9,840;

Production of gas collection and transportation - 2,600;

Reservoir pressure maintenance workshop - 3,450;

Production of technological preparation and stabilization of oil - 1,700;

Rolling and repair shop of electric submersible installations for equipment operation - 200;

Production - 920;

Production of external oil transportation - 310;

Production automation workshop for equipment operation - 670.

Spare parts written off for the current repair of equipment:

In the underground well repair shop - 4,210;

In the rental and repair shop of electric submersible installations - 200;

In the production automation workshop - 1,380.

Written off for production tools and devices for:

Underground well repair workshop - 2,400;

Rolling and repair shop of electric submersible installations - 1,030;

Production automation workshop - 2,150.

Wages paid to production workers:

Reservoir pressure maintenance shops - 5,020;

Production of collection and transportation of gas - 4950;

Production of technological preparation and stabilization of oil - 4030;

Collection, storage and intra-production transportation of oil - 3200;

Production of external oil transportation - 3,200.

Deductions for social needs were made in the amount of 26%.

Depreciation of fixed assets has been accrued for:

Reservoir pressure maintenance workshop - 30,200;

Underground well repair workshop - 10,630;

Production of gas collection and transportation - 30,340;

Production of collection, storage and intra-production transportation of oil - 12,430;

Rolling and repair shop of electric submersible installations - 4,920;

Production of technological preparation and stabilization of oil - 10,300;

Production of external oil transportation - 1,740;

Production automation workshop - 5,340.

The consumed electricity was written off from the production of electricity supply for:

Production of technological preparation and stabilization of oil - 3,250;

Reservoir pressure maintenance workshop - 5,640;

Production of collection, storage and intra-production transportation of oil - 8,960;

Production of external oil transportation - 2,030.

The cost of steam was written off from the production of steam supply for :

Reservoir pressure maintenance workshop - 21,300;

Production of gas collection and transportation - 7,620;

Production of technological preparation and stabilization of oil - 8,250;

Collection, storage and intra-production transportation of oil - 9,040;

External transportation of oil - 1,840.

The services of a third-party transport organization for the movement of goods have been written off for:

Reservoir pressure maintenance workshop - 9,020;

Production of technological preparation and stabilization of oil - 420;

Underground well repair shop - 830;

Production of collection, storage and intra-production transportation of oil - 1,510.

The cost of services of auxiliary workshops is written off to:

Reservoir pressure maintenance workshop - 2,040;

Production of technological preparation and stabilization of oil - 240.

Deferred expenses are written off for:

Production of gas collection and transportation - 5,470;

Collection, storage and intra-production transportation of oil - 1,480;

Reservoir pressure maintenance workshop - 9,730;

Production of technological preparation and stabilization of oil - 760;

Production of external oil transportation - 340.

General production expenses amounted to:

Underground well repair workshop - 8480;

Rolling and repair shop for electric submersible installations - 3,060;

Production of gas collection and transportation - 3,880;

Reservoir pressure maintenance workshop - 5,320;

Production automation workshop - 4,070;

Oil preparation and pumping workshop - 8,250.

When solving the problem, fill out the statements according to forms 5-9.

Solution

Form No. 5 List of distribution of overhead costs of the workshop for the preparation and pumping of oil (rub.)

Collection, storage and internal transportation of oil	(3 200+832)=4032
External oil transportation	(3 200+848)=4 032	(8 250:(13 141:4 032)=2 531,31
Technological preparation and stabilization of oil	(4 030+1 047)=5 077	(8 250:(13 141:5 077)=3 187,38

To calculate the amounts for social insurance and security, we use the formula:

The amount of social deductions = Amount of wages * 26%

Form No. 6 Statement of synthetic accounting for the costs of the main production and equipment maintenance costs.

Structural units	From credit accounts
	materials	Auxiliary production	overhead costs	Future expenses	Settlements with suppliers and contractors	Settlements for social insurance and security	Settlements with personnel for payroll	Depreciation of fixed assets
	auxiliary	tools and fixtures
Account "Main production" Reservoir pressure maintenance shop			(21300+ 2040+ 5640)
collection, storage and intra-production transportation of oil
production of external oil transportation
production of technological preparation and stabilization of oil
Production of gas collection and transportation
Account "General production expenses", sub-account "Expenses for the maintenance and operation of machinery and equipment" Underground well repair shop
Rolling and repair shop for electric submersible installations

Form No. 7 Statement of accounting for expenses by workshops and divisions of the main production (rub.)

Calculation cost items	Reservoir pressure maintenance shop	Oil preparation and pumping shop	Production of gas collection and transportation
		production
		collection, storage and intra-production transportation of oil	external transportation of oil	technological preparation and stabilization of oil
Auxiliary materials
Electricity
Steam, water, compressed air and gas
Labor costs and social security contributions
Depreciation of fixed assets
Services of other workshops and from outside	11060 (9020+2040)
Other operating expenses
overhead costs

Form No. 8 Accounting sheet of expenses for workshops engaged in the maintenance and operation of equipment

Calculation cost items	Underground well repair shop	Rolling and repair shop for electric submersible installations	Production automation workshop
Equipment depreciation
Equipment operation
Repair of equipment
Intra-production movement of goods
The cost of special tools and fixtures
overhead costs

Form No. 9 Statement of write-off of expenses of workshops and divisions of the main production for oil and gas production

Calculation cost items	Reservoir pressure maintenance shop	Oil preparation and pumping shop	Production of gas collection and transportation	Underground well repair shop	Rolling and repair shop for electric submersible installations	Production automation workshop
		production
		collection, storage and intra-production transportation of oil	external transportation of oil	technological preparation and stabilization of oil
Oil and gas collection and transportation costs
Costs for the technological treatment of oil
Selling expenses

A task3. 4

Distribute production costs between oil and gas.

Initial information

Extract from the statements of management accounting of the costs of the main production, rub.

Oil and gas production includes:

1 845;

Deductions for social needs - 523;

Well depreciation - 23,985;

The cost of oil received from drilling and exploration organizations is 4,815.

The total amount of expenses amounted to:

Reservoir pressure maintenance workshop - 4,050;

Production of collection, storage and intra-production transportation of oil - 675;

Production of external oil transportation - 262;

Production of technological preparation and stabilization of oil -2,700;

Electricity supply production - 1,630;

Production of compressed gas - 3,500;

Production of gas collection and transportation - 6,300;

Underground well repair shop -500;

Rolling and repair shop of electric submersible installations - 7,100;

Production of rental of operational equipment - 9,200;

General production costs are 9,485.

Gross production amounted to: oil - 13,500 tons and gas - 4,500 thousand m 3; the conversion factor of 1000 m 3 of gas into a conventional ton of oil is 1.1. When solving problems, fill out the sheets according to forms 10, 11, 12

Solution

Form No. 10 Conversion of gas into conditional tons of oil

Form No. 11

Form No. 12 Statement of distribution of production costs between oil and gas

Calculation cost items		Total expenses, rub.	Of them on
				associated gas
			coefficient, %	amount, rub.	coefficient, %	amount, rub.
Artificial stimulation costs
Labor costs of production workers
Additional wages for production workers
Deductions for social needs
Oil well depreciation
Oil collection and transportation costs
Gas collection and transportation costs
Costs for preparation and development of production
Well workover costs
Expenses for the maintenance of electric submersible installations
Payment for oil received from drilling and exploration organizations
Total (mining costs excluding overhead costs)
overhead costs
Selling expenses

A task3. 5

Compile a cost estimate for oil and gas.

Initial information

Gross oil production is 13400 tons, gas - 4500 thousand m 3; commercial production of oil - 13200 tons, gas - 4200 thousand m 3.

Production costs for the reporting period,rub.:

Calculation cost items	Extraction costs
Oil recovery energy costs
Artificial stimulation costs
Labor costs of production workers
Additional wages for production workers
Deductions for social needs
Well depreciation
Expenses for technological treatment of oil
Costs for preparation and development of production
Expenses for the maintenance and operation of equipment
overhead costs
Other operating expenses
Selling expenses

When solving the problem, fill out the statement in form 13.

Solution

Form No. 13 Reporting calculation of oil and gas production(rub.)

	unit of measurement	Gross production	Commercial production
Calculation cost items	Cost of oil	Gas cost
		according to the report	according to the plan 1000 m 3	according to the report
		all production			all production
Oil recovery energy costs
Artificial stimulation costs
Additional wages for production workers
Deductions for social needs
Well depreciation
Oil and gas collection and transportation costs
Expenses for technological treatment of oil
Costs for preparation and development of production
Expenses for the maintenance and operation of equipment
overhead costs
Other operating expenses
Production cost: gross output marketable products
Selling expenses
Full cost of commercial products

A task3. 6

Allocate production costs and calculate the cost of oil production according to the methods of well operation.

Initial information:

During the reporting period, production costs were formed, rubles:

For oil extraction: 1630 for electricity, 3500 for gas;

For artificial stimulation of the formation - 4050;

Oil collection and transportation - 675;

Technological preparation of oil - 2700;

On preparation and development of production - 690;

Depreciation on wells - 16,875;

The basic wages of production workers were accrued - 1350;

Additional wages accrued - 135;

Contributions made for social needs - 386 ;

General production expenses - 6750;

Other production expenses - 9450.

Oil produced by deep-pump method 6530 tons and by compressor method - 3470 tons; respectively, 33 and 27 well-months were worked out. The calculation is made in the statements according to forms 14, 15.

Form No. 14 Calculation of distribution coefficients for indirect costs

Form No. 15 Sheet for calculating the cost of oil and gas production by well operation methods

Calculation cost items	Allocation base number for indirect costs	Total production costs, rub.	Of them on
			downhole pumping method	compressor way
			coefficient, %	amount, rub.	coefficient, %	amount, rub.
Oil recovery energy costs
Artificial stimulation costs
Basic wages for production workers
Additional wages for production workers
Deductions for social needs
Well depreciation
Oil and gas collection and transportation costs
Expenses for technological treatment of oil
Costs for preparation and development of production
Operating equipment maintenance costs
overhead costs
Other operating expenses
Production cost
Cost of 1 ton of oil

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