1) What is religion in a wide and narrow sense of the word? Is it possible, in your opinion, ...
Modern Amazonia is difficult to attribute to the most densely populated areas of the Earth. However, once a developed agricultural civilization with densely populated cities existed in these places. Most recently, scientists find out that might have destroyed it. Oddly enough, it was ... reservoirs created by people in order to preserve the reserve of rainwater.
Many people have the word Amazonia associated with endless virgin tropical forests growing on the shores of one of the largest rivers of the world. In these chains, there are exotic animals at every step, multicolored birds and butterflies flute and, most importantly, there are no people nearby. Only sometimes you can see away the naked Indian hunter with a fuch tube filled with arrows, whose tips are moistened with the strongest poison coarara.
Indeed, modern Amazonia is difficult to attribute to the most densely populated areas of the Earth. Indian villages occur here not so often, and their population is very small. This is not explained by the fact that the Amazonian Indians have been extended by colonialists for many centuries. Just on the contrary, it was the Indians who live in this region practically did not suffer from the colonization of America. Some of them were white people first seen only in the twentieth century.
The fact is that the soil of tropical forests are not particularly suitable for agriculture, since they are quickly depleted. Tropical forest is a unique natural community that produces exactly so many substances as needed for the normal life of the ecosystem, and no more gram. Therefore, everything that falls from the trees is almost immediately disposed of animals and mushrooms in soil. The resulting humor is enough exactly to maintain the vital activity of plants. His surplus (as it happens in our forests and forest-steppes) is never formed.
And since the accumulation of the soil layer does not occur, then the farmers in these parts, you know, do especially nothing - well, I plowed the earth once, the other, and then what? The soil has already been exhausted with these stares, and the new one is nowhere. That is why, as scientists believed, the tribes living in Amazonia were never engaged in intense agriculture, preferring hunting and gathering - the benefit that there is always a forest in the forest that to choose.
The number of hunters and collectors, as we know, never happens especially high - the power source is unstable, you will not make big stocks with this lifestyle. Therefore, the researchers of this region have been confident for a long time that in the forests near the greatest river of the world, there was always quite low and no civilizations - the locals lived all the time "in the old manner", the cities did not build, roads did not start, gardens and gardens Not "aroded".
True, for a long time, several facts have been known, not fit into the familiar picture. For example, the fact that it was in the Amazon region that the most ancient ceramics in South America was discovered (which was over the age of the Inquo). Hunters, as you understand, clay pots are not particularly needed - the soup they are not cooking, the vegetables are not extinguished, and we will choose such a quarrel with you with a nomadic lifestyle somewhat burdensome (and as a head-up pot is also not very convenient).
In addition, the Spanish traveler Francisco de Orelian, visiting Amazonia in 1541-1542, in his report portrayed this edge as very densely populated. At the same time, he described the major cities, which were on the banks of the river and in the depths of the forest, as well as gardens and arable land, their surrounding. For a long time, scientists did not even know how to interpret this information - whether the researcher described a completely different region (for example, the Orino River basin), whether all these reports are created from the words of local residents (which, frankly, love to bring), whether unusual Food caused strong visual hallucinations from an impressionable Spaniard.
However, not so long ago, scientists found out that Don Francisco was still the right and city in Amazonia really existed. The first of them were discovered in 2003 when deciphering satellite photographs of the Schinger district in Brazil. It turned out that in this region whose territory is now occupied by virgin forests, even before the Columbus era there were about 20 large settlements, surrounded by thousands and gardens and the roads were connected by a network.
Over the next seven years, several expeditions investigated this area, studying the ruins of ancient settlements and collecting all items found among the ruins. They managed to establish that all cities were built in the same plan - in each village there was a central area of \u200b\u200b120-150 meters in diameter, whereby the most important persons of this city were buried. From each area, the road was moved out, and always strictly from the northeast to the southwest, apparently, personifying the movement of the Sun in the sky. The streets of large cities sometimes reached 50 meters wide.
Apparently, in the square in the center, residents of the city were collected in case of danger, as well as to fulfill religious and public rituals and ceremonies. His leisure was carried out in one-story houses built from wood, the foundations of which were found at the edges of the city streets. In these housing, scientists have discovered many artifacts - bone and stone arrowheads, tools, decorations and, of course, debris of ceramic vessels.
The analysis of the latter showed that the ancient Amazonian potters using very complex materials, for example, microscopic quartz needles, obtained from certain freshwater sponges, made beautiful household and ceremonial vessels, with a complex carved and painted ornament. However, these craftsmen, apparently, not a pottery circle, nor a glass-like glaze.
All this indicates that there is no time developed agricultural civilization in the now in the currently deserted region. However, until now, scientists have not been unclear how the ancient Indians managed to cultivate plants in the tropics? After all, there, as you know, for two or three months in a year there is an endless rain (in which agricultural crops cannot be imprisoned - they will simply be shattered), and then almost immediately the dry season comes, during which the soil turns almost into dust and all seedlings can just die .
Residents of those settlements, which are located directly next to the river, solved this problem quite simply - digging channels, but the area under study is far enough from Amazon and its large tributaries. And just recently, this mystery was finally revealed.
This summer, the Swedish expedition, exploring the remains of settlements in the Brazilian city of Santaren, stumbled upon strange depressions located near the ancient fields. According to the head of research of Petaner of the Walking, they are nothing more than the remains of ancient reservoirs, which were filled with water during the rainy season. When drought, this water was used for irrigation of fields and gardens.
In addition, scientists, analyzing the soil at the place of the former passengers, found that it is radically different from the one that is characteristic of the rainforest of this region. It is intense dark color, which is caused by a large content in it. The most interesting thing is that the soils of this type in the vicinity of Santarsna are not found anywhere.
Stenborg believes that this fertile land was created by people artificially, just as soon as the silage and compost are manufactured. The basis for her could serve the leaves and other organic remains of those plants that the ancient residents of Amazonia were grown in their gardens. Scientists have established that all of them are not local. The hosts apparently brought plants with themselves when six thousand years ago came to this region.
So it turns out that the ancient inhabitants of the land located in the Amazon basin could create an artificial soil (and this, by the way, did not know how Maya nor Inki do not know and build tanks for water storage. Perhaps they were the cause of the death of this mysterious civilization.
Previously, scientists thought that the city of Amazonia was deprived in connection with the epidemics of unprecedented diseases previously in a new light that the Indians infected European migrants. Indeed, this sometimes happened in other regions of South America, however, for Amazonia, which, before the twentieth century, colonists visited extremely rarely, this situation was hardly characteristic. Most likely, civilization disappeared as a result of a certain natural disaster that residents of the ancient cities themselves provoked themselves by creating a reservoir system.
It is known that the level of groundwater in the tropics is mainly maintained due to the water that fell into the soil during the "wet" season. If you dig a reservoir, then all rainwater from a significant territory will be drained in it, leaving the surrounding soils completely without moisture. As a result, the trees begin to dry out, their roots stop preventing the erosion of soils, and in the end, the place where there used to be forests, turns into a fruitless desert.
And here it will not even help add artificial soil - after all, it plays only the role of a biological supplement, which, interacting with a native soil layer, only increases its fertility, but does not replace entirely. And if the foundation itself is destroyed, then these additives simply have nowhere to gain and they also carry out wind or storm erosion.
As a result, after the disappearance of fertile soils, the city was empty, and the surviving residents were mixed with the tribes of hunters and collectors who were also injured from this natural cataclysm. The total number of people of the once densely populated region dropped sharply, the "cultural baggage" of the former farmers merged slowly (hunters these knowledge of anything), progressive technologies have been forgotten with time. It is in this form that the indigenous population of the region and survived to this day.
Interestingly, the ancient inhabitants of Amazonia, apparently, were the first people on our planet, whose civilization died as a result of the ill-conceived human impact on natural communities. Therefore, looking at the ruins of once majestic cities, somehow we intend to think about - and are they not a visual example of what humanity is waiting for in the future if it does not stop his mockery of the environment?
Modern Amazonia is difficult to attribute to the most densely populated areas of the Earth. However, once a developed agricultural civilization with densely populated cities existed in these places. Most recently, scientists find out that might have destroyed it. Oddly enough, it was ... reservoirs created by people in order to preserve the reserve of rainwater.
Many people have the word Amazonia associated with endless virgin tropical forests growing on the shores of one of the largest rivers of the world. In these chains, there are exotic animals at every step, multicolored birds and butterflies flute and, most importantly, there are no people nearby. Only sometimes you can see away the naked Indian hunter with a fuch tube filled with arrows, whose tips are moistened with the strongest poison coarara. Indeed, modern Amazonia is difficult to attribute to the most densely populated areas of the Earth. Indian villages occur here not so often, and their population is very small. This is not explained by the fact that the Amazonian Indians have been extended by colonialists for many centuries. Just on the contrary, it was the Indians who live in this region practically did not suffer from the colonization of America. Some of them were white people first seen only in the twentieth century. The fact is that the soil of tropical forests are not particularly suitable for agriculture, since they are quickly depleted. Tropical forest is a unique natural community that produces exactly so many substances as needed for the normal life of the ecosystem, and no more gram. Therefore, everything that falls from the trees is almost immediately disposed of animals and mushrooms in soil. The resulting humor is enough exactly to maintain the vital activity of plants. His surplus (as it happens in our forests and forest-steppes) is never formed. And since the accumulation of the soil layer does not occur, then the farmers in these parts, you know, do especially nothing - well, I plowed the earth once, the other, and then what? The soil has already been exhausted with these stares, and the new one is nowhere. That is why, as scientists believed, the tribes living in Amazonia were never engaged in intense agriculture, preferring hunting and gathering - the benefit that there is always a forest in the forest that to choose.
The number of hunters and collectors, as we know, never happens especially high - the power source is unstable, you will not make big stocks with this lifestyle. Therefore, the researchers of this region have been confident for a long time that in the forests near the greatest river of the world, there was always quite low and no civilizations - the locals lived all the time "in the old manner", the cities did not build, roads did not start, gardens and gardens Not "aroded". True, for a long time, several facts have been known, not fit into the familiar picture. For example, the fact that it was in the Amazon region that the most ancient ceramics in South America was discovered (which was over the age of the Inquo). Hunters, as you understand, clay pots are not particularly needed - the soup they are not cooking, the vegetables are not extinguished, and we will choose such a quarrel with you with a nomadic lifestyle somewhat burdensome (and as a head-up pot is also not very convenient). In addition, the Spanish traveler Francisco de Orelian, visiting Amazonia in 1541-1542, in his report portrayed this edge as very densely populated. At the same time, he described the major cities, which were on the banks of the river and in the depths of the forest, as well as gardens and arable land, their surrounding. For a long time, scientists did not even know how to interpret this information - whether the researcher described a completely different region (for example, the Orino River basin), whether all these reports are created from the words of local residents (which, frankly, love to bring), whether unusual Food caused strong visual hallucinations from an impressionable Spaniard.
However, not so long ago, scientists found out that Don Francisco was still the right and city in Amazonia really existed. The first of them were discovered in 2003 when deciphering satellite photographs of the Schinger district in Brazil. It turned out that in this region whose territory is now occupied by virgin forests, even before the Columbus era there were about 20 large settlements, surrounded by thousands and gardens and the roads were connected by a network. Over the next seven years, several expeditions investigated this area, studying the ruins of ancient settlements and collecting all items found among the ruins. They managed to establish that all cities were built in the same plan - in each village there was a central area of \u200b\u200b120-150 meters in diameter, whereby the most important persons of this city were buried. From each area, the road was moved out, and always strictly from the northeast to the southwest, apparently, personifying the movement of the Sun in the sky. The streets of large cities sometimes reached 50 meters wide. Apparently, in the square in the center, residents of the city were collected in case of danger, as well as to fulfill religious and public rituals and ceremonies. His leisure was carried out in one-story houses built from wood, the foundations of which were found at the edges of the city streets. In these housing, scientists have discovered many artifacts - bone and stone arrowheads, tools, decorations and, of course, debris of ceramic vessels. The analysis of the latter showed that the ancient Amazonian potters using very complex materials, for example, microscopic quartz needles, obtained from certain freshwater sponges, made beautiful household and ceremonial vessels, with a complex carved and painted ornament. However, these craftsmen, apparently, not a pottery circle, nor a glass-like glaze.
All this indicates that there is no time developed agricultural civilization in the now in the currently deserted region. However, until now, scientists have not been unclear how the ancient Indians managed to cultivate plants in the tropics? After all, there, as you know, for two or three months in a year there is an endless rain (in which agricultural crops cannot be imprisoned - they will simply be shattered), and then almost immediately the dry season comes, during which the soil turns almost into dust and all seedlings can just die . Residents of those settlements, which are located directly next to the river, solved this problem quite simply - digging channels, but the area under study is far enough from Amazon and its large tributaries. And just recently, this mystery was finally revealed. This summer, the Swedish expedition, exploring the remains of settlements in the Brazilian city of Santaren, stumbled upon strange depressions located near the ancient fields. According to the head of research of Petaner of the Walking, they are nothing more than the remains of ancient reservoirs, which were filled with water during the rainy season. When drought, this water was used for irrigation of fields and gardens. In addition, scientists, analyzing the soil at the place of the former passengers, found that it is radically different from the one that is characteristic of the rainforest of this region. It is intense dark color, which is caused by a large content in it. The most interesting thing is that the soils of this type in the vicinity of Santarsna are not found anywhere. Stenborg believes that this fertile land was created by people artificially, just as soon as the silage and compost are manufactured. The basis for her could serve the leaves and other organic remains of those plants that the ancient residents of Amazonia were grown in their gardens. Scientists have established that all of them are not local. The hosts apparently brought plants with themselves when six thousand years ago came to this region. So it turns out that the ancient inhabitants of the land located in the Amazon basin could create an artificial soil (and this, by the way, did not know how Maya nor Inki do not know and build tanks for water storage. Perhaps they were the cause of the death of this mysterious civilization. Previously, scientists thought that the city of Amazonia was deprived in connection with the epidemics of unprecedented diseases previously in a new light that the Indians infected European migrants. Indeed, this sometimes happened in other regions of South America, however, for Amazonia, which, before the twentieth century, colonists visited extremely rarely, this situation was hardly characteristic. Most likely, civilization disappeared as a result of a certain natural disaster that residents of the ancient cities themselves provoked themselves by creating a reservoir system. It is known that the level of groundwater in the tropics is mainly maintained due to the water that fell into the soil during the "wet" season. If you dig a reservoir, then all rainwater from a significant territory will be drained in it, leaving the surrounding soils completely without moisture. As a result, the trees begin to dry out, their roots stop preventing the erosion of soils, and in the end, the place where there used to be forests, turns into a fruitless desert. And here it will not even help add artificial soil - after all, it plays only the role of a biological supplement, which, interacting with a native soil layer, only increases its fertility, but does not replace entirely. And if the foundation itself is destroyed, then these additives simply have nowhere to gain and they also carry out wind or storm erosion. As a result, after the disappearance of fertile soils, the city was empty, and the surviving residents were mixed with the tribes of hunters and collectors who were also injured from this natural cataclysm. The total number of people of the once densely populated region dropped sharply, the "cultural baggage" of the former farmers merged slowly (hunters these knowledge of anything), progressive technologies have been forgotten with time. It is in this form that the indigenous population of the region and survived to this day. Interestingly, the ancient inhabitants of Amazonia, apparently, were the first people on our planet, whose civilization died as a result of the ill-conceived human impact on natural communities. Therefore, looking at the ruins of once majestic cities, somehow we intend to think about - and are they not a visual example of what humanity is waiting for in the future if it does not stop his mockery of the environment?
Lost cities in Amazonia have been a cliché inherent in low sewing fiction; Serious scientists considered Sello as an environment in which only primitive human cultures may exist. Anthropological studies have so far confirmed this point of view: Amazonia is a place where Indian tribes are living at the stoneware level. However, anthropological data contradict archaeological: scientist from the University of Florida (USA) Augusto Oyuel-Kaycedo spends excavations in the northeast of Peru, in the jungle near the city of Ikitos. His findings confirm the theory that has recently spread in scientific circles that there was a developed culture with a population of up to 20 million before the arrival of Europeans in Amazonia (much more than the number of current amazonians).
Finds in the Indian mounds - ceramics and earth, mainly the so-called terra preta ("black land"), which is a mixture of local soil with human livelihood products, charcoal and ash. Footprints of the disappeared culture are found everywhere in Amazonia: Terra Preta layers Brazilian archaeologist Eduardo Nevash from São Paulo University and his American colleagues are near Manaus. The Indians raised the jungle yield not only with the help of soil fertilizer: the jungle sites with an abnormal number of trees bringing edible fruits are present here everywhere. According to supporters of existence in the Amazon basin of developed civilizations in Decolumbov's epoch, these are the remains of fruit gardens. The findings of archaeologists in Bolivia and Brazil (near the Schinger River) testify: already at the end of the first I millennium, the inhabitants of Amazonia were able to move tons of soil, building channels and dams that changed the river beds.
Changing the views of scientists on the ancient cultures of the Amazon basin began with research by Anna Roosevelt from the University of Illinois to Chicago in the 1980s: on the world's largest freshwater island, houses, high-quality ceramics and footprints of developed agriculture were found at the mouth of the Amazon.
Scientists who deny existence in the past developed cultures in Amazonia (for example, Betty Meggers from the Smithsonian Institute) consider supporters of theory of opportunists seeking to become famous by opposition to classical views. They claim: if in the Amazon basin and existed more advanced than now, autochthonous cultures, they did not differ too much - neither by the level of development or by the number of population.
In response, the Adepta developed Amazonia quoted the Spanish Dominican Monk and Chronicle Gaspara de Cabbhal, who in 1541, swimming along the river, wrote about "sparkling white cities", "very fertile land", "beautiful roads" and canoeing capable of transporting dozens of warriors . Scientists argue that a developed civilization died due to diseases entered by Europeans, and built from the city tree and relatively compact fields were very quickly and almost completely absorbed by the jungle. (Here it should be remembered that different cultures have different ability to leave traces for archaeologists - depending on the materials used. If not a few miracle of the last notes on an easily elapsed Bereste, most of the ancient Novgorod people would be considered illiterate.)
And one more accusation against those who consider the Amazonia of the birthplace of highly developed cultures: their statements about the ability of the region to feed millions without harm to ecology, they contribute to corporations lobbying the active development of the region. Eduardo Nevsky is responsible for this: "We are thinking of the history of Amazonia."
Lost cities in Amazonia have been a cliché inherent in low sewing fiction; Serious scientists considered Sello as an environment in which only primitive human cultures may exist. Anthropological studies have so far confirmed this point of view: Amazonia is a place where Indian tribes are living at the stoneware level.
However, anthropological data contradict archaeological: scientist from the University of Florida (USA) Augusto Oyuel-Kaycedo spends excavations in the northeast of Peru, in the jungle near the city of Ikitos. His findings confirm the theory that has recently spread in scientific circles that there was a developed culture with a population of up to 20 million before the arrival of Europeans in Amazonia (much more than the number of current amazonians).
Finds in the Indian mounds - ceramics and earth, mainly the so-called terra preta ("black land"), which is a mixture of local soil with human livelihood products, charcoal and ash. Footprints of the disappeared culture are found everywhere in Amazonia: Terra Preta layers Brazilian archaeologist Eduardo Nevash from São Paulo University and his American colleagues are near Manaus. The Indians raised the jungle yield not only with the help of soil fertilizer: the jungle sites with an abnormal number of trees bringing edible fruits are present here everywhere. According to supporters of existence in the Amazon basin of developed civilizations in Decolumbov's epoch, these are the remains of fruit gardens. The findings of archaeologists in Bolivia and Brazil (near the Schinger River) testify: already at the end of the first I millennium, the inhabitants of Amazonia were able to move tons of soil, building channels and dams that changed the river beds.
Changing the views of scientists on the ancient cultures of the Amazon basin began with research by Anna Roosevelt from the University of Illinois to Chicago in the 1980s: on the world's largest freshwater island, houses, high-quality ceramics and footprints of developed agriculture were found at the mouth of the Amazon.
Scientists who deny existence in the past developed cultures in Amazonia (for example, Betty Meggers from the Smithsonian Institute) consider supporters of theory of opportunists seeking to become famous by opposition to classical views. They claim: if in the Amazon basin and existed more advanced than now, autochthonous cultures, they did not differ too much - neither by the level of development or by the number of population.
In response, the Adepta developed Amazonia quoted the Spanish Dominican Monk and Chronicle Gaspara de Cabbhal, who in 1541, swimming along the river, wrote about "sparkling white cities", "very fertile land", "beautiful roads" and canoeing capable of transporting dozens of warriors . Scientists argue that a developed civilization died due to diseases entered by Europeans, and built from the city tree and relatively compact fields were very quickly and almost completely absorbed by the jungle. (Here it should be remembered that different cultures have different ability to leave traces for archaeologists - depending on the materials used. If not a few miracle of the last notes on an easily elapsed Bereste, most of the ancient Novgorod people would be considered illiterate.)
And one more accusation against those who consider the Amazonia of the birthplace of highly developed cultures: their statements about the ability of the region to feed millions without harm to ecology, they contribute to corporations lobbying the active development of the region. Eduardo Nevsky is responsible for this: "We are thinking of the history of Amazonia."
It seems that now only historians do not know that humanity lives on our planet for several hundred thousand years. The evidence of this is added everything, but scientists pretend that they are blind-bullies, and they still do not know how to read ...
We have already reported previously minted miser information about many cities found on the seabed. Today, some more information appeared, which will make it possible to clarify another piece of the mosaic of the Great Past Earth Civilization. Very brief information about new finds of underwater cities are published. Scientists immediately stated that they were several thousand years ... Meanwhile, a lot of evidence was already discovered that about 13 thousand years Back was a big war behind which a terrible planetary catastrophe was followed. This catastrophe caused the destruction of the highly developed terrestrial civilization, which built thousands of colossal structures, many of which went under water. Moreover, the level of knowledge and technologies in those, to the flop times was such that we would have to grow to it very much and very long. For more information about this interesting period of life, earthlings can be read in the 2nd Tome of the Book of Academician N.V. Levashova "Russia in curves of mirrors" and on the site "Food of RA" ...
Ancient cities found in aquatic depths
Billy Roberti.
Possible connection between old and new worlds
Ancient Egyptian civilization existed so long ago that today it seems mystical. Pyramids and temples with their hieroglyphic images that flourished in the past civilization have mysterious, almost magical attractiveness. It is difficult to believe that people of a highly developed society went through the streets of this ancient state.
In January 2002, it was announced that civilization was found, which would seem like people who built the pyramids, the same ancient, which pyramids seem to us. According to oceanologists from India, the archaeological remains of the lost city were found under water at a depth of 36 meters (120 feet) in Camboi Gulf, from the west coast of India. Carbon analysis showed that the city is 9500 years.
Underwater city near Japan
One of the greatest discoveries in the history of archeology was made in the summer of 2000 not far from Japan. There, at the bottom of the ocean, for the whole 311 miles, the well-preserved remains of the ancient city are extended.
In the coastal waters of Okinawa island, eight fragments of the city found. Expanding the search, they found near other facilities. Their gaze opened long streets, majestic boulevards, grandiose stairs, magic vaults, giant blocks of immaculately sharpened and fitted stone - all this was harmoniously merged into a single architectural ensemble like which they never saw.
In September of the same year, in 300 miles south of Okinawa, 100 feet under water were discovered a giant pyramidal structure. It turned out to be part of the ceremonial center consisting of wide pleasure alleys and pylons. The length of the colossal structure is 400 feet.
Underwater city found off the coast of Cuba
In the summer of 2001, the researchers found near the Guanachabiba Peninsula (at the west coast of Cuba) at a depth of 2310 feet plot, where there are a group of megalithic structures on the square of about 20 square kilometers.
With a more careful examination, scientists saw a huge plateau with ordered stone buildings (which were pyramids), rectangular buildings and roads. Researchers believe that the underwater "city" was built at least 6,000 years ago, when this territory was over the water. They put forward a hypothesis that this part of the sushi was immersed in the puchin as a result of earthquake or volcanic activity.
The researchers emphasize that their interpretation of this opening is pre-and require further research and analysis before you can make an official statement. Thus, the publication of this discovery is just a matter of time.
These messages completely contradict the position of most Western historians and archaeologists, who (since it does not fit into their theory) have always denied, ignored or hidden facts that testify in favor of the fact that humanity appeared on the planet Earth much earlier than it is considered. Now it becomes obvious that human civilization is significantly ancientWhat many were believed.
These discoveries will make Western archaeologists rewrite history.
Ancient cities found on Amazon
In the release of the magazine Sayens ("Science") for September 19, 2003, archaeologists from Florida University and their colleagues reported that they found the remnants of a pre-columbotic road system, which connects the network of large settlements in Central Brazil, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe top course of the Hingu River, southern tributary Amazon.
Researchers have found traces of wide, borders of roads, squares and well-groomed parks, which indicate that people living here lived significantly changed their habitat. These ancestors of modern Indians of Hings were fishing around their settlements channels, built bridges and piva in wetlands and cultured large plots of land. This refutes the view that the first territory of Amazon began to cultivate Europeans.
It was also not confirmed that the environment at that time was too hostile, and people did not organize large settlements. In fact, according to archaeologists estimates, during the heyday, the population of this area was calculated tens of thousands.
The first written certificate associated with the subgroup of Indians Hingu, Kycururo, refers to 1884. But, according to their own oral history, Kycuro first met with Europeans in 1750. After that, their civilization was destroyed by slavery and epidemic. By the 1950s, only 500 Indians of Hingu remained.
The head of the researcher group, Michael Heckenberger, said that by now they have already found nineteen settlements, of which, at least four were large centers. Settlements are built in accordance with the cosmology of Kycuro. For example, roads and other structures were focused on the sun or stars, thanks to which it was created, on the expression of Hekenberger, some "ethnocartedography".
In photographs from the satellite, patterns are visible that make up the settlements of this area. They also show that vegetation covering now this territory is very different from older forests, which means that in the past this land or was cleared or cultivated.
The territory of the upper current of the Hingu River is the largest plot of Amazonian forests, still owned by the Aborighen. Kycurou Indians still use many preserved bridges, Rips and Channels where settlements are located on the marshy soil.
The last discovers dispelled the myth that initially it was a wilderness.
Now there is a question: how to maintain the remaining Amazonia? Should I keep "primitive" wildness, unaffected human activity? Or develop a landscape that helps the life of Aborigines?
It is possible to take into account both approaches, because Amazon jungle is as diverse as all places on Earth.
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