The history of the state of the East is a traditional society in the era. Electronic educational resource "states of the east in early modern times". Decomposition of the estate system

LESSON ON THE TOPIC:

TRADITIONAL SOCIETY IN THE EARLY NEW TIME

DEVELOPMENT OF A TEACHER OF HISTORY

MBOU VISHNEVSKY UVK

KRASNOPEREKOPSKY DISTRICT, REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

MARSHAL NATALIA VASILIEVNA

Lesson topic:States of the East: Traditional Society in the Early Modern Era. (Slide 1)

Goals:determine the development trends of the eastern states; to consolidate the main characteristics of the traditional societies of the East; highlight the special features of the eastern countries.

Tasks: to implement the acquired skills in solving specific historical problems; learn to think independently, creatively; acquire critical thinking skills. (Slide 2)

Lesson type:

Combined lesson

Used tutorials and tutorials:

Study guide: Yudovskaya A. Ya., Baranov P. A., Vanyushkina L. M. New history 1500 - 1800 M., Education, 2014. Yudovskaya A. Ya, Vanyushkina L. M.

Lesson development on New History. Yudovskaya A. Ya, Vanyushkina L. M. M., Education, 2013.

Equipment: laptop, projector, presentation, cards.

During the classes

I. Organizing time

Greetings. Preparation for the lesson.

II. Knowledge update

What, in your opinion, are the common features typical for traditional societies of the countries of the East - India, China, Japan? (Slide 3)

III. Motivation for learning activities

Today we will meet and learn to highlight the distinctive features of each country.

These are three different states, each with its own unique history, culture, religion and traditions. But all these states are united by common features characteristic of the East. The structure of their economic life is called traditional.

Concept: traditional society(Slide 4)

IV ... Learning new material

Cognitive task:Highlight the features characteristic of the societies of the East inXvi - Xviii centuries

Were there such features in the life of European society: in the X-XIII centuries, XIV-XV centuries, XVI-XVIII centuries?

LESSON PLAN

The role of the state in the economic life of the states of the East.

Estates system.

Religions of the East.

Comparison questions

India

Japan

China

Common features, main conclusion

1. Who owned the land?

2. Characteristic features of the peasant community.

3. What estates occupied a dominant position?

1. The first trait common in all these societies was the attitude towards private property.

INDIA

Land must belong to the state

The right of the supreme power to land belongs to the state

The state makes sure that the nobility does not turn into large owners.

The state provides vast lands for the use of a noble person, and for this he pays taxes and maintains an army.

You can use the land plot for no more than 10 years, then it was transferred to another owner.

Lands have never been inherited. (Slide 5)

CHINA

All lands were divided into two parts: state and national (private)

State land is given to peasants who cultivate the land and pay taxes

The state annually issues decrees prohibiting the sale of land

The land must belong to the state. (Slide 6)

JAPAN

The main land fund owned by the princes

The central government pursues a policy of confiscation and redistribution of land holdings.

Land redistribution helps to strengthen the central government.

The Edoya family clan from the city of Osaka owned granaries, warehouses, dormitories of thousands of gold bars, precious stones. The Edoy clan was accused of disobedience to the state, all of its property was confiscated.

The state is the supreme owner of the land. (Slide 7)

2. The next characteristic feature of Eastern societies there was a community. (Slide 8)

? What are the signs of rural life?

Estimated student responses.

Natural economy- an economy, the main production of which is created and consumed for the community's own needs, and not for sale.

Teacher:

Economic isolation- characteristics of the community, in which all economic benefits are produced within the community itself and there is no foreign trade.

Mutual guarantee- characteristics of the community, in which there is joint collective work within the community. The responsibility of all members of the community for each community member, and, conversely, the responsibility of the community member for the community as a whole.

The peasants are dependent on the community, but personally free.

The state regulates economic life.

Community cards are given to students. After reading the text, students should briefly fill out the table and highlight similarities.

INDIA

All positions and responsibilities are inherited from generation to generation.

Outside the community, the members of the community became powerless.

CHINA

The village consisted of 100 yards.

The community was headed by the headman.

The headman is responsible for collecting taxes and fulfilling duties.

The community was self-governing.

The central government set prices for the most important goods, there was state trade, state industries.

JAPAN

The peasants could not leave their farm, their life flowed in hard work and poverty

State decrees instructed the peasants what to eat and how to dress.

If a peasant left the village, the entire community had to pay taxes for him and cultivate the land for him.

In the country, the custom of “infanticide” (usually girls) has spread to get rid of extra mouths.

Teacher. Our class contains travelers who have visited China and Japan.(Leading task)

With their help, the question of "Estates in the countries of the East" is revealed.

(Slide 9)

Religions of the East... (Teacher material)

Confucianism Confucius (551 - 479 BC) The power of the emperor is compared to that of the father. Relationships in a state with family relationships, where the younger ones depend on the elders. The relationship between rulers and officials must be based on goodness and justice. The dominance of the norms of moral behavior. The people must be loyal to the ruler in obedience and reverence. In the country, everyone should take their place and position in society. The sovereign should be the sovereign, the dignitary - the dignitary, the father - the father, the son - the son. A person should be inherent in the five virtues of wisdom, humanity, loyalty, respect for elders, courage.

Each person should strive for self-improvement and benefit everyone.

Confucius taught to avoid extremes (the principle of the middle).

The government is responsible to the people, otherwise the people will stop trusting it

Buddhism (Slide 11)

Religion founded by Gautam Buddha (6th century BC). All Buddhists revere Buddha as the founder of the spiritual tradition that bears his name. The goal of believers is to achieve nirvana, a blissful state of insight and liberation from the shackles of one's self, the world and an endless circle of births, deaths and new births in the chain of new lives. The state of spiritual perfection is achieved through humility, generosity, mercy, abstinence from violence and self-control. Also eliminated all statutory caste privileges and insignia.

Buddha is enlightened by the highest knowledge. Gautama lived in a golden palace until he was 40, but after learning about the suffering of the people, he fled from the palace and became a hermit.

The whole life of a person is a continuous path of suffering, grief and sorrow. The human soul does not die, but is reborn again and again. In order not to be reborn again, a person must attain nirvana. Completely renounce all passions. If a person has led an unrighteous life, he can be reborn as an animal or a stone.

How to achieve nirvana? The Buddha taught: "Bridle the eyes, so as not to be seduced, bridle the tongue, ears, body, speech, mind - bridle everything."

Buddhism called for self-improvement, pointed out that the path to salvation is in the hands of the person himself

Shintoism (Slide 12)

The original religion of the Japanese. The word "Shinto" ("path of the gods") is of Chinese origin. The earliest forms of Shinto were the deification of nature. Buddhism and Confucianism had a strong influence on Shinto. From Buddhism, Shintoism drew philosophy, lavish rituals, the concept of daily ethical responsibilities.

The amazing variety of gods and goddesses in early Shinto is perhaps unique in world history. Every mountain, river, natural phenomenon, even trees and herbs had their own gods (kami). The main ones were the Heavenly Father and the Earthly Mother; during the creation of the world, which was very similar to the processes of conception and birth in humans, they gave birth to the islands of the Japanese archipelago and most of the other gods and goddesses. Amaterasu Omikami, the sun goddess, or "Great Heavenly Shining Deity," is the most remarkable goddess of all this offspring. Shinto texts tell how she went to heaven and joined the heavenly gods, became the ruler of the sun and, finally, sent her grandson to earth to rule the islands that later became the homeland of the Japanese. This grandson became the founder of the eternal imperial dynasty.

The myth of the origin of the Japanese state and the emergence of the imperial dynasty formed the basis of Shintoism. Legislation stated that the emperor is a divine, sacred messenger of heaven, which means that the hereditary power of the emperor does not depend on the will of the people. The Emperor - the living embodiment of the ancestral gods - was to be given absolute obedience.

Shintoism taught that under certain conditions the soul of every deceased person can turn into a deity, but for this it is necessary to fulfill all religious precepts: to pray, to make sacrifices.

V ... Anchoring(Slide 13)

Consolidation of knowledge and methods of action.

Pupils draw conclusions about the features of the development of India, China, Japan.

Fix the rules for compiling syncwine.

VI ... Results. Reflection: the "Backpack" method(Slide 14)

In the lesson, I learned ...

In the lesson, I learned ...

I understood…

Assessment of work in the lesson.

Homework: to work out paragraph 28, to draw up a syncwine for the religions of the East.

States of the East: traditional society in the early modern era. Land tenure methods. Village community. Estates. Religion. ... During the lesson, you will learn what influenced the worldview of the inhabitants of India, China and Japan, how economic and social relations developed in these states. Let's begin our consideration of the countries of the East with the methods of land tenure characteristic of these states. India. ... India. In India, society was divided into 4 varna: brahmana, ksatriya, vaishyi, sudra. Each varna included many castes, more than two thousand in total, many of which have survived to this day. Let's take a closer look at the varnas of Indian traditional society.

28. Traditional societies of the East in the early modern times. India.doc

Pictures

28. Traditional societies of the East in the early modern times. India During its long history, India has experienced many conquests and conquerors. But the ruler who captured the north of the country in one thousand five hundred and twenty-six was truly great. Zakhireddin Muhammad, the hereditary ruler of the Fergana Valley, a direct descendant of the great Timur, lived in the era of great geographical discoveries and no less great changes. Apparently, therefore, he became the creator of the New Time in the East. Even in his youth, Mongolian relatives awarded Zakhireddin with the nickname Babur, which means "tiger", for the courage, intelligence and special unblinking look that these beautiful predators possess and that the Conqueror of Asia, Genghis Khan, had. All his short life (he lived only forty-eight years) Babur lived up to this name. In one thousand five hundred and twenty-six, Babur invaded India at the head of an army of twelve thousand. In the battle of Panipat, he defeated the army of the Delhi Sultan. So, according to the apt expression of the shah's courtiers, Babur became a tiger riding an elephant. After that, the great conqueror founded a new state in the north of India, the empire of the Great Mughals. This name is no coincidence. Strictly speaking, Babur was not a Mongol, but in India not only Mongols were called Mughals, but all other Muslim feudal lords who were previously under the rule of the Mongols. The territory of the new state was enormous. It spread to Eastern Afghanistan, Sindh, Kashmir and almost the entire Indian subcontinent, with the exception of its southern part. The conquest of such a vast territory was due to the weakness of the Delhi Sultanate and feudal fragmentation. Having risen at the head of a vast empire, Babur and his successors tried to bring local feudal lords closer to the throne and thereby strengthen their position in the conquered country. I must admit that they succeeded. By the end of the sixteenth century, a centralized system of government had developed in the country. Unlike the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, the Great Mughals often appointed Hindus to administrative and military positions. The peasants, as before, were united in communities and paid the land tax. In addition to the land tax, non-Muslim peasants paid a special tax. The population was obliged to fulfill labor innocence in state construction works, to support passing officials, messengers, and so on. However, by the time of the reign of Babur's grandson Shah Akbar, the system of government began to weaken. In different parts of the country, rebellions of local feudal lords took place every now and then. A wise and talented ruler, Akbar tried in various ways to stop these performances. For example, he married the daughters and sisters of major Indian rajas, thus turning them into his relatives and depriving

to raise an armed rebellion. As a result, Akbar had about five thousand wives, most of whom he had never seen in his life! If the “peaceful way” of preventing the uprising did not help, Akbar resorted to decisive measures. In order to distract the feudal lords from civil strife, the shah began campaigns of conquest. True, unlike his distant ancestor Tamerlane, Akbar never ravaged the conquered territories: the padishah needed constant taxes, and you can't collect them from the dead. During his reign, Akbar significantly expanded the territory of the state, making a number of successful campaigns of conquest. It is easy to see that Akbar's armies operated most often along the ancient caravan routes. Shah sought to establish his control over the seaports of Hindustan. Master: The successors of Akbar throughout the seventeenth century fought constant wars of conquest and suppressed all the increasing rebellions of the rebellious feudal rulers. All this required huge funds. The bureaucratic apparatus and the number of military leaders grew. There was not enough land for the distribution of jagirs, and taxes were growing uncontrollably. In addition, persecution of Hinduism began, and Hindu temples were destroyed. The emergence of various religious sects was also a serious manifestation of tension in the empire. The most influential of these was the Sikh sect. Sikhs differed from traditional Hinduism in that they proclaimed monotheism. The Sikhs were renowned for their strong organization, harsh discipline and unquestioning obedience to their teacher, whom they called guru. Militant Sikhs became another factor of tension in the empire. Over time, the situation was aggravated by the penetration of Europeans into India, which became especially active in the seventeenth century. The Europeans used the internecine struggle to their advantage, inciting the feudal lords to protest, and then seizing territories and penetrating deeper into the economy of the states of Hindustan. All this could not but lead to an explosion. In one thousand six hundred and seventy-four, several uprisings broke out throughout the empire, as a result of which independent independent states arose not only in India, but also in Afghanistan. The empire of the Great Mughals finally ceased to exist in the first half of the eighteenth century, when first the Afghan rulers, and then the troops of Nadirshah, captured the northern territories of India. From the once mighty empire of the Mughals, wonderful architectural monuments remained: mosques, mausoleums and palace fortresses, as well as beautiful park ensembles. The TajMahal Mausoleum in Agra, the capital of Babur, has become the most famous symbol of the cultural achievements of the Mughals. Painting masterpieces of that era, especially miniatures, serve as convincing evidence of the former brilliance of the empire.

Penetration of Europeans into India. The beginning of the sixteenth century in India was also marked by the commercial expansion of Europeans. The first to penetrate the Indian coast were the Portuguese with the Vasco da Gama expedition in one thousand four hundred and ninety-eight. As a result of military incursions in the early sixteenth century, the Portuguese were able to capture a number of ports on the West Coast of India. Over time, these cities became the strongholds of the Portuguese. From here they controlled the ships that entered the Persian and Arabian Gulfs. The Portuguese possessions in India were ruled by the viceroy, who expanded the spheres of Portugal's domination. Missionary monks also appeared in India along with the Portuguese garrisons and merchants. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Indian rulers often entered into an armed struggle with the Portuguese, which, however, most often ended in the defeat of the Hindus. seizing the possessions of local feudal lords. The penetration of Europeans into India intensified in the seventeenth century, when England and Holland began to pursue an active expansionist policy. The British and Dutch founded the East India trading companies at the beginning of the century and gradually drove the Portuguese back. The weakening of the position of the Portuguese was also facilitated by the fact that the port cities under their control were located in territories covered by internecine wars. Having founded the East India Trading Company in one thousand six hundredth year, the British, with the help of intrigue, bribery, armed attacks, sought more and more trade privileges. Since one thousand six hundred and eight, their ships have established permanent expeditions to India. Having defeated the Portuguese flotilla at Surat (Gujarat) in one thousand six hundred and twelve, they received permission from the padishah of the Mughal empire Jahangir to open a trading post there. After a three-year stay at the Mughal court in Agra of Thomas Roe, the official ambassador of the English king, the British gained the right to trade with Bengal. They bought mainly Indian fabrics, indigo, spices, saltpeter, bringing porcelain, silks, corals, wool and pearls to India from the Far East, Southeast Asia, the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. As a result of the activities of this company, Indian merchants were pushed aside and were able to retain in their hands only the coastal trade on the Indian coast. The British opened a number of trading posts in many cities and villages, built the Fort of St. George, around which the city of Madras grew, created a trading base in Bombay, where they settled weavers from Surat and organized the production of fabrics, founded the city of Calcutta on the place where Vasco da Gama had once landed ... Both French and Danish trading companies had their trading posts in India. Pursuing their own selfish goals, the Europeans intervened in feudal civil strife and

the struggle between the Indian feudal lords and the Mughal authorities, supplying both of them with weapons and sending their military detachments to help. The seizure of Bengal and other lands by the British. In the eighteenth century, the French became the most serious opponents of England in the struggle for colonies in India. Their trading posts appeared in India in the second half of the seventeenth century, immediately after the French East India Company was founded in one thousand six hundred and sixty-four. However, in the middle of the eighteenth century, the interests of the British and French came into direct conflict in Europe and North America and Asia. During the Seven Years War (from one thousand seven hundred and fifty-sixth to one thousand seven hundred and sixty-three), which was waged in the east by the French and English East Indian companies, the British completely defeated the local feudal lords, who were supported by the French, and captured Bengal, made it a vassal. two neighboring areas, thereby depriving the French of almost all of their Indian possessions. The scheme of actions of the representatives of the East India Company was very simple. The East India Company entered into agreements with the rulers of various small Indian states on subsidies, that is, on gratuitous assistance. According to these agreements, the company provided by its own forces and means the defense of these states from the invasions of neighbors. In response, the Rajahs, “blessed” in this way, provided the East India Company with various privileges, becoming completely dependent on it. When it came to war, the East India Company led it with the help of hired Indian soldiers - sepoys. Having bled both sides in such a war, both their ally and his enemy, the representatives of this company simply introduced British military units into the territory of the dependent state. The British continued their aggressive policy and so expanded the territories belonging to the English crown that in one thousand seven hundred and seventy-three, the first governor general of all India, Warren Hastings, was even appointed. It was during his reign that the first act on the management of the British possessions of Great Britain was adopted, placing the activities of the East India Company under the control of the English parliament. Hastings laid the foundations for civil service in the colonies, improved legal proceedings and successfully solved problems arising from the constant uprisings of the local population, as well as the outbreak of colonial wars. In a short period of time from one thousand seven hundred and sixty-seventh to one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine, four such wars occurred. However, they all invariably ended in the defeat of the Indians. Thus, by the beginning of the nineteenth century, India's colonial dependence on Great Britain was in its main form. The British had no rivals in the colonial conquests in India, since

Questions at the beginning of a paragraph

Question. What forms of political power existed in the countries of the East in the Middle Ages? What features of economic life were characteristic of traditional oriental societies? What values ​​did the ancient Indian religion Buddhism preach?

In the countries of the East, there was predominantly a despotic form of power.

Economic life was characterized primarily by the fact that these were agrarian societies in which the state was the main owner of the land. The peasants experienced a very strong tax oppression.

The values ​​of Buddhism: the cessation of suffering and the achievement of awakening, spiritual liberation, in which life is seen "as it is", withdrawal from worldly life

Questions in paragraph

Question. What do you think, than the architecture of China in the 15th century? different from European architecture of this era? Why?

Chinese architecture differs from European architecture primarily by the stability of its traditions. All the basic constructive and decorative techniques were formed in antiquity and were preserved with minor changes. And in European architecture there has always been a search for new forms, materials, building technologies. The layout of Chinese buildings and cities is associated with the principle of "feng shui", the ancient doctrine of the harmonious organization of space. The main building material in China was wood, and in Europe, stone buildings are becoming more common, especially in cities. Curved roofs are the main distinguishing feature of Chinese architecture. This is due to the construction technology - rafters were never made for roofs, but a post-and-beam system

Questions towards the end of the paragraph

Question 1. What forms of land ownership existed in the countries of the East?

forms of land ownership: State, communal and private. In China and India, state ownership of land absolutely prevailed. The state gave land for use to noble people for military service and to peasants, for which they had to pay taxes.

In Japan by the 17th century. the main land fund was owned by the princes, but the central government, wishing to strengthen its position, pursued a policy of confiscation and redistribution of land holdings.

Question 2. Compare the position of cities in the West and in the East in the XVI-XVIII centuries.

The cities in the East did not achieve the independence that the cities in Western Europe had. Unlike Europe, the townspeople were under the vigilant control of the state. In China, every resident of the city was registered in a special book, assigned to his street and quarter, and was obliged to go to the city administration for checks twice a month. Denunciation of neighbors was encouraged.

In the East of the XVI-XVII centuries. - the time of rapid development of cities. Crafts and trade were well developed in the cities.

Question 3. How did the states in the East regulate the life of their subjects?

The states regulated the life of their subjects through a rigid estate system. The state established the rules of life for all estates and strictly monitored their observance. The state regulated economic life. The government set prices for the most important goods, and a state monopoly was established for some branches of handicrafts and trade. Since the state was the main owner of the land, then, distributing land for use, it established the conditions for this use, thereby regulating the life of people living on state land.

Question 4. Tell us about one of the Eastern religions of your choice.

Buddhism is a religious teaching that has become a world religion. Prince Siddhartha Gautama (623-544 BC) is considered the founder of this religion that originated in India. He was called Buddha, that is, "the enlightened highest knowledge." According to legend, the prince, having learned about the suffering of the people, fled from the palace and became a hermit. According to his teaching, the whole life of a person is a continuous path of suffering, the cause of which is unsatisfied earthly desires. After death, the suffering does not stop, since the soul does not die, but is reborn again and again. If a person led an unrighteous life, then in a new birth he may turn out to be a representative of a lower caste or despised by all animals. If he embarked on the path of salvation indicated by the Buddha, managed to suppress earthly passions in himself, then he will have a "favorable rebirth" (the soul will be reborn in a representative of the highest caste). The ideal of a person is to become "enlightened", to free oneself from worldly life, to receive complete spiritual liberation, to approach the Buddha. Then comes complete bliss, the cessation of rebirth and the immortality of the soul.

How to achieve the ideal? The Buddha taught: "Bridle the eyes, so as not to be seduced by seductive things, bridle the ears, tongue, body, curb speech, mind, curb everything." Buddhism taught withdrawal from worldly life, the ideal is to become a monk and live in a monastery, suppressing earthly desires.

Buddhism called on believers for constant self-improvement, pointed out that the path to salvation is in the hands of the person himself, regardless of his social status. Any believer, having embarked on the path indicated by the Buddha, can become a righteous person and achieve bliss.

Tasks for the paragraph

Question 1. Make up a story of your choice: "Eastern city through the eyes of a European traveler" or "Village community in the East."

Village community in the East

The main occupation of the population in a traditional society is agriculture. In China, regions of intensive agriculture developed, in which the vast majority of the population was employed. All land suitable for agriculture was cultivated. In swampy places, the Chinese lowered bamboo rafts filled with earth into the water, creating floating vegetable gardens. The peasant community was divided into groups of 10 households, headed by ten households. Both the headman and the tenants were responsible for collecting taxes and performing duties. There was a principle of mutual responsibility: if someone from the villagers violated the established order, the community was responsible for this offense. Peasant labor was very hard, people worked from dawn to dawn, bore exorbitant taxes, and were always in debt. But it was on peasant labor that the power of the state rested.

Question 2. Think about why Buddhism has become a world religion.

Buddhism became a world religion because its main idea of ​​suffering and deliverance from suffering found a response in the oppressed sections of the population, which were the absolute majority. If you become enlightened, anyone can get spiritual liberation, which means that all people are equal.

Buddhism called on believers for constant self-improvement, pointed out that the path to salvation is in the hands of the person himself, regardless of his social status.

The path to salvation proposed by Buddhism, accessible to any person regardless of his social status, became one of the reasons for the spread of Buddhism and its transformation into a world religion.

Question 3. Make a conclusion: what are the main features characteristic of the traditional societies of the East in the XVI-XVIII centuries?

Common features characteristic of traditional societies in the countries of the East:

The state was the supreme owner of the land;

The main occupation of the population in a traditional society is agriculture;

The peasants lived in the closed world of the rural community, the communal economy was preserved in the village;

Rigid estate system;

Tolerance.

Today in the lesson we will really begin to study the countries of the East: India, China and Japan. Why are these societies called traditional?

Traits of a traditional society

The state is the owner of the land

The main occupation is agriculture

Estates

Preserving the village community

State control over the life of society

Preserving Traditions and Religious Institutions

However, despite all these similarities, all these states have differences. Now, each group will get acquainted with the peculiarities of land tenure in these countries. 1 group - China, 2 - India, 3 - Japan.

The right of the supreme power to land belongs to the state

The state makes sure that the nobility does not turn into large owners.

The state provides vast lands for the use of a noble person, and for this he pays taxes and maintains an army.

You can use the land plot for no more than 10 years, then it was transferred to another owner.

Lands have never been inherited.

The peasants could not leave their farm, their life flowed in hard work and poverty

State decrees instructed the peasants what to eat and how to dress.

If a peasant left the village, the entire community had to pay taxes for him and cultivate the land for him.

In the country, the custom of "infanticide" (usually girls) has spread to get rid of extra mouths.

All lands were divided into two parts: state and national (private)

State land is given to peasants who cultivate the land and pay taxes

The state annually issues decrees prohibiting the sale of land

Land must belong to the state

So what are the common characteristics we see? - 1. The state is the owner of the land 2. The main occupation is agriculture

All peasants lived in a rural community

Community peasants were free by law

They could not leave the community, because outside its borders they became disenfranchised The community was responsible for collecting taxes from peasants before the state

The community resolved issues of self-government based on traditions and religion

3. The village community was preserved

4. Classical division of society.

To better understand the events of subsequent years, it is necessary to know about the worldview of the inhabitants of the East. It was formed under the influence of three religions - Confucianism, Buddhism and Shintoism. Let's consider their main provisions.

Confucianism formed in China, and was a compulsory teaching for all its inhabitants. It had a significant impact on the behavior and formation of the Chinese worldview.

Confucius taught: “ The state is a big family, and the family is a small state". It is necessary to honor your parents and elders, the same respect should be shown to the emperor, since he is the head of a large family-state.

One of the central ideas in the culture of China was the following: “ Equality Needs Inequality". Relationships in society have been built on this for many centuries.

The teaching itself was based on 5 principles:

· Justice;

· Performance of rituals;

· Prudence;

· Sincerity.

Every resident of China had to match them.

Widespread in India, China and Japan received Buddhism... This religion also determined the basic life principles characteristic of the eastern person. Budda taught that the whole life of a person is suffering that arises from the fact that a person constantly strives to fulfill his desires. When he does not achieve this, he takes the path of suffering. To prevent this from happening, you should do the following:

• believe that the world is full of suffering;

· Limit your desires and aspirations;

• speak only the truth and kind words;

• do good deeds;

· Do not harm the living;

· Monitor your thoughts, drive away bad ones and think about good ones.

If a person constantly improves, then in the next life he will have rebirth e, and he can become a representative of the highest caste.

In Japan, became the national religion Shintoism... It is an ancient religion, but the Japanese rulers returned to it in the 18th century, when it became necessary to consolidate the power of the emperor. According to the doctrine, there is sun goddess Amaterasu... The Emperor is her direct descendant and representative. Through him, people can address the goddess. A distinctive feature of Shinto is the absence of a teacher who would explain its essence.

5... Preserving Traditions and Religious Institutions