France in the post-war period presentation. France after the second world war. the establishment in Fran

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State of the country after World War II

After the end of World War II, France lost its position as a great power. Against the backdrop of economic decline, the country became dependent on US financial policies. After the war, the French colonial system also disintegrated. In the summer of 1944, the Provisional Government was formed in France, headed by Charles de Gaulle. It began preparations for the elections to the Constituent Assembly. The country was restored to the democratic system. People who collaborated with the Nazis were brought to trial. A number of industries were nationalized in the country's economy.
photo - Charles de Gaulle

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In post-war France, the alignment of political forces was determined by the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist Party (SFIO), the Catholic Party and the Republican People's Movement (MRP). In October 1945, elections to a constituent assembly were held, which were won by left-wing forces that actively participated in the resistance movement. The newly formed government was headed by Charles de Scholl. In 1946, a new constitution was adopted, which marked the establishment of a fourth republic in France.
photo - Fknapsacks welcome Charles de Gaulle

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The collapse of the colonial system

According to the constitution, the French colonial empire was transformed into the French Union, which also included states that had already taken the path of independence. Among them were Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos. But the communist government of Vietnam refused to accept this decision, which led to France's war against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1946-1954).
War in Indochina.
photo - French soldiersin Indochina.

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In the fall of 1954, the second colonial war began, already in Algeria. In 1956, France was forced to recognize the independence of Morocco and Tunisia. Supporters of the preservation of the French colonial empire did not want to lose also Algeria. To prevent this, they revolted against the government in 1958. The country found itself in a state of deep political and moral crisis. On June 1, 1958, the National Assembly granted Charles de Gaulle extraordinary powers and ordered the drafting of a new constitution. So with the return to power of de Gaulle, the Fourth Republic fell in the country.
Independence Treaty of Algeria
Proclamation of the independence of Algeria

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Domestic and foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle

The main forces of the country saw in Charles de Gaulle a strong personality. In 1958, de Gaulle became prime minister and passed through a referendum a constitution that made France a presidential republic. The subsequent period became part of the history of France under the name of the Fifth Republic. In 1960. Charles de Gaulle granted independence to all colonies, except for Algeria, which became independent in 1962. The Right tried twice to organize attempts on his life, but failed. In 1966, France withdrew from the NATO military organization. Against the backdrop of a decrease in France's dependence on the United States, its relations with the USSR improved.

photo - General de Gaulle

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France has made notable strides in the field of economics as well. With the growth of the private sector in the economy, investment in production also increased. The government supported the development of the newest branches of the economy and the reconstruction of old ones. All this has led to shifts in the structure of the country's population: the proportion of the population employed in agriculture has decreased, and the proportion of the population employed in the non-productive sphere has increased. A stratum of highly qualified workers has grown at the Production. But gradually, dissatisfaction with the authoritarian style of leadership characteristic of Charles de Gaulle began to grow in the country.

photo - Sorbonne University. Paris.

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Powerful student performances were held throughout France. Youth unemployment and authoritarianism on college campuses led to a social explosion. In early May 1968, a student demonstration was dispersed. In response, the students took over the Latin Quarter of Paris. Their leader, Cohn-Bendit, called for a decisive struggle against the capitalist system.
photo - "Red May" in Paris
Photo -D. Con-Bendit

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Police brutality increased the ranks of the movement. A general strike began in France under socialist slogans.
The students took over the Sorbonne, the Odeon Theater and introduced a system of self-government, seeing in it the basis of a future just society.
General de Gaulle lost control of the country. There were human casualties.
photo - Demonstration in Paris.May 1968

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Then the trade unions and the government signed an agreement that improved the economic situation of the workers. It said nothing about social reforms and the workers continued their strike. De Gaulle flew to Germany and negotiated support with the French generals. He announced the communist threat and dissolved parliament. The opposition, fearing a civil war, decided to stop the protests.
In 1969, on the initiative of de Gaulle, a referendum was held, which brought up the question of reforming the system of self-government in the country.
More than half of the participants in the referendum did not support de Gaulle and he resigned.
photo - Anti-governmentdemonstration in Paris

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After de Gaulle's resignation, the less powerful Georges Pompidou was elected president. After his death in 1974, the leader of the independent republicans, Valerie Giscard d'Estaing, became president.
Since the mid-70s. France entered a period of economic and political difficulties that were associated with the global economic crisis. The government began to pursue a policy of "austerity". This met with resistance from the population and led to a fall in the popularity of independent Republicans and their defeat in the presidential and parliamentary elections in 1981.
photo - V.Zh. d "Esten

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In 1981, the left-wing forces won the presidential and parliamentary elections. Socialist leader François Mitterrand became president. The policy pursued by the new government aimed at expanding the public sector in the economy and increasing social spending has led to a deterioration in the situation in the economy.
The political situation at the turn of the 80-90s. characterized by instability, but gradually the growth of the influence of right-wing parties was revealed. The influence of the left-wing parties was declining.
photo - Francois Mitterrand

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France in the 90s. XX century

In 1993, the parliamentary elections, and then in 1995 and the presidential elections were won by the right-wing parties. Jacques Chirac became President. He pursued a policy aimed at freeing the French economy and society as a whole from the dominance of the state. In 1995, nuclear weapons were tested. In 1996, France returned to the military organization NATO. Chirac's policy was perceived ambiguously by the French. And the 1997 elections were won by the socialists, communists and "greens". The cabinet was headed by the socialist L. Jospin. The coexistence of a left-wing government and a neo-conservative president began.
Photo:Lionel Jospin,Jacques Chirac

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Country culture

The most prominent representatives of French mass culture are fashion designers who are considered the trendsetters of modern fashion. One of them was Christian Dior.
French cinema successfully competed with American Hollywood. One of the most famous actresses in the country was the movie star of the 50-60s. Brigitte Bardot, who created the image of the "free woman of the future."

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French literature was influenced by philosophy. J.-P. Sartre, a philosopher and writer, in his early works referred to the individual nature of man as the source of evil in society. Simone de Beauvoir and Françoise Sagan opposed the de facto inequality of women. Albert Camus, the Nobel Prize laureate, was worried about the problem of a person's freedom to choose his place in life, the search for its meaning.

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The symbol of the scientific and technological development of Europe was the launch by France in 1979 of the carrier rocket "Ariane", which is intended to launch satellites of many European countries into orbit for commercial purposes.
photo - Launch vehicle "Arian"

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For the life of their loved ones, For our happy future They fought until their last breath, endured all the hardships and hardships so that WE LIVE 70 years ago, they won the battle for their Motherland,

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Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle is a French general and statesman. During World War II, it became a symbol of the French Resistance. Founder and first president of the Fifth Republic. De Gaulle was born into an aristocratic family and was brought up in the spirit of patriotism and Catholicism. In 1912 he graduated from the military school Saint-Cyr, becoming a professional military man. He fought on the fields of World War I. Even in the interwar period, he became an adherent of French nationalism and a supporter of a strong executive power. The Second World War, at the beginning of which de Gaulle received the rank of general, turned his whole life upside down. He resolutely refused the truce concluded by Marshal A.F. Pétain with fascist Germany, and flew to England to organize the struggle for the liberation of France. De Gaulle strove to build relations with Britain, the USA and the USSR on the basis of equality and the defense of the national interests of France. After the landing of Anglo-American troops in North Africa in June 1943 in Algeria, the French Committee for National Liberation (FKLO) was created. De Gaulle was appointed its chairman. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 - 9 November 1970)

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The regiment took part in the Battle of Kursk in 1943, the Belarusian operation in 1944, in the battles to defeat the German troops in East Prussia in 1945. On November 28, 1944, by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces I. V. Stalin, the regiment was given the honorary name "Neman" since then it has become known as the Regiment "Normandy-Niemen". Normandy - Niemen is a French fighter aviation regiment that fought during World War II against Axis forces on the Soviet-German front in 1943-1945. Years of existence 25 November 1942 - present Country France Included with the French Air Force Type Fighter Aviation Regiment Dislocation 132 Air Base "Colmar / Meichenheim" WWII Equipment: Yak-1, Yak-9, Yak-3

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In March 1942, the French National Liberation Committee "Fighting France" appealed to the authorities of the Soviet Union with a proposal to send a group of pilots and aircraft mechanics to the USSR to participate in hostilities against Germany. On November 25, 1942, a Soviet-French agreement was signed on the formation of a French aviation squadron on the territory of the USSR. The squadron was formed on December 4, 1942 in the city of Ivanovo. At the request of the personnel, the military unit was named "Normandy", in honor of the French province, which suffered the most from the German occupation. This is how the French fighter squadron emerged, later transformed into a regiment, whose military glory spread all over the world. The squadron's personnel consisted of 72 French volunteers (14 pilots and 58 aircraft mechanics) and 17 Soviet aircraft mechanics. The squadron was equipped with Yak-1 fighters, later Yak-9 and Yak-3. On March 22, 1943, after the personnel mastered military equipment, the squadron was sent to the Western Front, where it was included in the 303rd Fighter Aviation Division of the 1st Air Army. On April 5, 1943, the squadron began combat operations.

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1943 French and Soviet pilots from the Normandie-Niemen! Near Konigsberg during the battle of 5 aircraft "Normandie-Niemen" against 12 During the hostilities on the Soviet-German front of World War II, the regiment's pilots flew 5240 sorties, conducted about 900 air battles, scored 273 confirmed victories], 36 unconfirmed, and damaged more than 80 German aircraft. Losses during the conduct of hostilities amounted to 42 pilots. In total, during the conduct of hostilities, 96 combat personnel passed through the squadron.

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Marcel Lefebvre (March 17, 1918 - May 28, 1944) The commander of the third squadron "Cherbourg" was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for exemplary performance of combat missions, the regiment was awarded the Orders of the Red Banner and Alexander Nevsky. 96 French pilots who served in the regiment were awarded with Soviet military awards. Jacques Andre (February 25, 1919 - April 2, 1988) 113 sorties were flown, 15 Nazi aircraft were shot down. In terms of the number of individual victories, J. Andre became the most productive fighter pilot of the regiment. On June 4, 1945, a citizen of the French Republic, Junior Lieutenant Andre Jacques, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal.

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Marcel Albert (November 25, 1917 - August 23, 2010) By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 27, 1944, for courage, heroism and military valor displayed in battles with the Nazi invaders, a citizen of the French Republic, Senior Lieutenant Marcel Albert, was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal. Roland Polise d'Ivoire de la Poip (July 28, 1920 - October 23, 2012) As part of the Normandie-Niemen air regiment, Senior Lieutenant Roland de la Poip flew 125 sorties, scoring 18 air victories. By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of November 27, 1944, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal

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Order of the Liberation Military Cross of Foreign Theaters of War

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On October 10, 2007, in Moscow, the presidents of France and Russia unveiled a monument to the pilots of the Normandie-Niemen. During the war, the loss of the regiment's personnel amounted to 42 people. In 1956, a memorial was erected in Moscow with the names of all the dead pilots, and in 1964, at the Vvedenskoye cemetery, on the grave of a French pilot, whose remains were found in the Oryol region, a monument was erected to the Unknown pilot of the Normandie-Niemen regiment.

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In the city of Le Bourget, France, there is a monument to the pilots of the Normandy-Niemen In the village of Hotenki, near Kozelsk, there is a monument to the Soviet-French military brotherhood in the grove in which our planes were camouflaged and there were dugouts in which the personnel of the units lived, including commander of the "Normandy-Niemen" Zh. L. Tyulyan. There is a plaque on the monument with the inscription "Here was born the military friendship of Soviet and French pilots in the fight against the Nazis." The pilots of the Normandie-Niemen squadron lodged in the houses of the village of Khatenki.

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Included were: anti-German combat activities of partisans (maki) in France, terrorist attacks against the German military, sabotage; dissemination of anti-German information and propaganda; harboring persecuted Jews and communists; activities outside France to strengthen the alliance with the anti-Hitler coalition and national power in the colonies (General de Gaulle's fighting France; to a large extent also coordinated underground activities within the country). The activities of the Resistance were supported by the British Office of Special Operations, which sent its agents to France, the Resistance Movement, or the Resistance (fr. Résistance) - an organized opposition (had several organizational centers) to the occupation of France by Nazi Germany in 1940-1944.

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French citizens took part in the anti-fascist resistance on the territory of other European countries, including the Soviet partisan movement in the occupied territory of the USSR. 18 French participated in the partisan movement on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR For participation in the anti-fascist struggle in the underground and partisan detachments on the territory of the BSSR, 14 French were awarded with Soviet government awards. Participation of French citizens in the anti-fascist resistance of European countries. Women in the French Resistance Movement comprised 15 to 20% of the fighters, playing an important role in the guerrilla war in France. Women also made up 15% of French citizens deported to concentration camps. At the same time, France was the country where there were almost no women in the partisan detachments.

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Simone Seguan Nicole Mine, born October 3, 1925, died at the age of 88 Participated in the Resistance Movement, French guerrilla riflemen Participated in the Battle of Shatrte and in the liberation of Paris Awarded the Military Cross Claude Rodier Sergeant of the Unified Resistance Movement Army, executed in the Equal Resistance camp and active members of the resistance movement Marie-Helene Lefoschot (head of the women's section of the civil and military organization, member of the Paris Liberation Committee, deputy and senator) Tuti Iltermann (in charge of communication between the partisans of France and the Netherlands) Germain Thillon (head of the Oe-Wilde resistance network from 1941 to 1942. , later the head of the resistance of the Museum of Man) Helene Studler (organizer of numerous escapes from prisons and concentration camps, was the organizer of the escape of François Mitterrand, Henri Giraud and other famous military and political figures of France)

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Nun Maria (Elizaveta Yurievna Skobtsova) - (1891-1945) -During the Nazi occupation of Paris, the dormitory of nun Maria on rue Lourmel became one of the headquarters of the Resistance. In June 1942, when the Nazis carried out mass arrests of Jews in Paris and drove them to the winter velodrome to be sent to Auschwitz, Nun Maria managed to secretly take four Jewish children out of there in dumpsters. Houses on Lourmel and Noisy-le-Grand became refuge for Jews and prisoners of war, M. Maria and Fr. Dimitri Klepinin also gave fictitious baptismal certificates to Jews, which sometimes helped. Nun Maria was executed in the gas chamber of Ravensbrück on March 31, 1945, a week before the liberation of the camp by the Red Army. Vera Apollonovna Obolenskaya (Viki) - (1911-1944) -From the beginning of the occupation of France by Germany in 1940, she joined the Resistance Movement and entered one of the underground circles. She was known underground as Vicki. She was engaged in intelligence activities, as well as organizing the escape and exportation of British prisoners of war abroad. Obolenskaya was the general secretary of the organization: she was in charge of communication with other underground groups and coordination of joint actions. In 1943, the organization began to work with Soviet prisoners of war. The Nazis tried to introduce their agent into the organization, but thanks to Vicki, this attempt was thwarted. Vera Obolenskaya was arrested on December 17, 1943 in a safe house. In prison, for a long time she managed to mislead the Gestapo investigators, and then she refused to give any evidence at all. Gestapo investigators nicknamed her "Prinzessin - ich weiß nicht" ("Princess - I don't know anything"). She was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree, the Military Cross with a palm branch, and the Knight's Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honor. Russian émigrés participating in the French resistance

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Anna Marly (fr. Anna Marly, Anna Yurievna Smirnova-Marley; October 30, 1917, Petrograd - February 15, 2006, Palmer, Alaska) is a French singer and songwriter. Became famous after writing "Song of the Partisans", which became the unofficial anthem of the French Resistance and Britain during World War II. "The Song of the Partisans" achieved such popularity that after the end of the war it was proposed to be made the national anthem of France. Jean Moulin (1899-1943) was a hero of the French Resistance movement during the Second World War. From the very beginning of the war, he took an active part in the Resistance movement, worked closely with Charles de Gaulle. He was one of the leaders of the French National Committee. On June 21, 1943, the Gestapo was arrested. The head of the Lyon Gestapo, Klaus Barbie, personally tortured Moulin for many days in a row, as a result of which the French freedom fighter died on July 8, 1943, on a Berlin train near Metz, on his way to a concentration camp. Knight of the Order of the Legion of Honor, Companion of the Order of Liberation, War Medal, Military Cross 1939-1945, Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy, etc. In the history of the Russian emigration, participation in the Resistance movement is one of the most glorious and noble pages. Many of our compatriots in the most difficult period of the Nazi occupation of France rose to fight against fascism. Their names are on the tablets of memory of the heroes of the Second World War.

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The half-naked man bent and raised his hand, clenched in an anti-fascist greeting. In the other hand he has a submachine gun, and behind him is a flaming German tank and a panorama of a big city. "Liberation of Paris" - this is the name of the medal of the participant in the August 1944 uprising, which cleared the French capital of the invaders. Next to the inscription, a five-pointed star glows on a golden circle. The Central Committee of the French Communist Party established this award for those who shed blood in the Paris uprising. The Medal of Resistance (Médaille de la Résistance) is a French award instituted by General Charles de Gaulle on February 9, 1943. It was awarded "for the faith and courage of those who fought in France and abroad, who contributed to the resistance of the French people against the enemy and his accomplices since June 18, 1940". The French Resistance Medal was awarded to approximately 38,288 living and 24,463 were awarded posthumously. Insignia of the French Resistance Movement A female figure with a bowed head, her left hand drops a burning torch, and a long chain fetters her right hand - this is the Hostage Medal. The Nazis grabbed civilians to shoot them in retaliation for the fighting of the elusive poppies and frantires, and the red field of the ribbon reminds of spilled blood. For those who were persecuted during the years of occupation, the “Exiled Patriots” medal is intended. On its obverse there is a traditional symbol of France - a woman's head in a Phrygian cap; on the back - a man with a traveling bag, a woman and a child leaving the city. On the green field of the ribbon there is a black vertical stripe and three-colored borders, which symbolize life and suffering in the name of the motherland.

France in the second half of the 20th century. Let's remember what happened to France during the Second World War. Before the war, there was a Third Republic (). It was a presidential republic. In 1940, the northern part of France was occupied by the Germans, and the collaborationist regime of Marshal Petain was formed in the southern part. The third republic thus fell. French leader Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain welcomes Adolphe Guitlar to Montoire-sur-la-Loire on October 24, 1940. Reich Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop is on the right. In 1944, France was liberated. Major leaders of the Vichy regime have been convicted of high treason in years. De Gaulle in the liberated Cherbourg. Pierre Laval (), executed 1945

France in the second half of the 20th century. Charles de Gaulle () In France, there was a Provisional Government, which was headed by the main character of the Resistance, General de Gaulle. The government was coalitional. It included all parties that actively participated in the Resistance, including the communists and socialists. The main question was about the nature of the future state structure. There were two main options - a presidential republic and a parliamentary republic.

France in the second half of the 20th century. Charles de Gaulle () As a result, the version of a parliamentary multi-party republic prevailed. De Gaulle did not like it 1946 - The Constitution and the establishment of the regime of the Fourth Republic in France. De Gaulle left for a while. He was a supporter of more right-wing, authoritarian and nationalist ideas. Why do you think de Gaulle, a man of military training, adhered to the idea of a "presidential republic"?

France in the second half of the 20th century. Lesson plan 1. Fourth republic () 2. Fifth republic () De Gaulle in power (). 3. Student revolution of 1968 and de Gaulle's departure. 4. From the socialist Mitterrand to the neogollist Sarkozy ()

1. Fourth Republic () The Constitution of the Fourth Republic did not provide for a strong presidential power independent of parliament. The regime of the Fourth Republic proved to be unstable. Governments were formed by a coalition of diverse forces. From 1944 to 1958, 26 (!) Offices were replaced. The main failure in the policy of the Fourth Republic was the colonial war in Algeria () War in Algeria ()

1. Fourth Republic () On January 8, 1961, after the return of de Gore, a referendum was held on the fate of the Algerian problem. 75% of respondents were in favor of granting independence to Algeria. The war was extremely unpopular among the people. The war in Algeria claimed about 40 thousand lives

1. The fourth republic () years became the years of a deep political crisis of the IV Republic. A protracted war in Algeria, unsuccessful attempts to form a Council of Ministers, and finally an economic crisis. Rene Coty, the glorious president of the Fourth Republic, everyone was dissatisfied with the war in Algeria - both those who wanted peace and those ultra-right forces that did not want to allow the independence of Algeria. In September 1958, the French parliament approved de Gaulle's new government. Among the French at that time there were many supporters of a "strong government". Who do you think they wanted to see in power?

2. Fifth Republic (...) De Gaulle in power () Charles de Gaulle () 1958 - the adoption of a new Constitution and the establishment of the Fifth Republic.

2. The Fifth Republic (...) De Gaulle is in power () Charles de Gaulle () “When the institutions of the republic, the independence of the nation, the integrity of its territory or the fulfillment of international obligations are under serious and immediate threat, and the normal functioning of the constitutional organs of state power is disrupted, the President republic takes measures that are dictated by these circumstances. For this, a simple consultation with the prime minister, the chairmen of both chambers of parliament and the Constitutional Council is sufficient. ”

2. Fifth Republic (...) De Gaulle in power () Charles de Gaulle () 1958 - the adoption of a new Constitution and the establishment of the Fifth Republic. De Gaulle's dream of 12 years ago came true - a republic with a strong presidential power De Gaulle himself, having been elected president, became something of a "national arbiter"

2. Fifth Republic (...) De Gaulle in power () Charles de Gaulle - Man of the Year (1958) Cover of Time magazine “What is the justification for Article 16? I recalled that precisely because of the absence of such an article in June 1940, President Lebrun, instead of moving with the state apparatus to Algeria, called on Marshal Petain and thereby opened the way to surrender "(From de Gaulle's memoirs) How de Gaulle justified authoritarianism presidential power in emergencies? What events in French history influenced de Gaulle's views?

2. Fifth Republic (...) De Gaulle in power () In 1965, Charles de Gaulle was elected for a second term (7 more under the Constitution). Charles de Gaulle () In 1962, de Gaulle ended the Algerian War, granting independence to Algeria. Read the second paragraph in the "Fifth Republic" section of the 24th paragraph. Highlight the main features of Gaullism. Around de Gaulle a party of his supporters rallied (now called the Union for a Popular Movement). The ideology for her was "Gaullism"

2. Fifth Republic (...) De Gaulle in power () "Political spectrum": Extreme Left Right Extreme Right Social Democrats Communists Anarchists Conservatives Nationalists To which part of the political spectrum would you classify the worms?

3. Student revolution of 1968. What do you know about the May 1968 student revolution? Who participated in it? One of the posters in May 1968 was "Ten years is enough!" What were the rebellious students hinting at? Ironic May 1968 poster Take a look at the poster. A dark figure gagging a student - who is it? Why do you think De Gaulle, with his authoritarianism, was a distance from the protest youth of the 1960s?

3. Student revolution of 1968. France in May 1968 was actually divided into "young" and "old". Street fighting between young people and the police in the Latin Quarter of Paris did not subside. On May 30, 1968, De Gaulle spoke on TV. He announced that he would not leave his post, dissolves the National Assembly and calls early elections. The Gaullists won the elections.

3. Student revolution of 1968. Nevertheless, in 1969, almost 80-year-old de Gaulle resigned from power - voluntarily. De Gaulle was often accused of being authoritarian. Remember how de Gaulle stepped down from power in 1946, when the Fourth Republic was proclaimed. Can he be considered a fully authoritarian politician?

Valari Giscard d'Estaing, President of France () Georges Pompidou, President of France (20 June 1974) After de Gaulle, his course was continued by his devoted supporter Georges Pompidou. He put a lot of effort into modernizing the country, but died in 1974 of a rare form of leukemia. In the 1974 elections, Valyarie Giscard d'Estaing defeated the socialist François Mitterrand in a tough fight. "When Giscard looks at me, I feel: he thinks that I am dying too slowly" (Pompidou in 1974)

4. From the socialist Mitterrand to the neogollist Sarkozy () Francois Mitterrand, President of France Rejection of the policy of neoliberalism. Nationalization of large banks and corporations. Increase in pensions, lower wages.

4. From the socialist Mitterrand to the neogollist Sarkozy () Jacques Chirac, President of France (from 1995 to 2007) In 1995, the Gaullists returned to power in the person of Jacques Chirac. Now the president is Nicolas Sarkozy.

4. From the socialist Mitterrand to the neohallist Sarkozy () The “political spectrum”: Extreme Left Right Extreme Right Social Democrats Communists Anarchists Conservatives Nationalists Which part of the political spectrum can be attributed to François Mitterrand and Jacques Chirac?

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In a second referendum, a compromise constitution was adopted, under which a weak president and an advisory advisory upper house were complemented by an influential National Assembly, which oversaw government activities. In this, the similarities between the Fourth and the Third Republics are quite obvious.

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The ruined economy of the country forced the government of the country to actively participate in the US economic aid program (Marshall Plan, 1947). France also participated in the general activities under the treaty establishing NATO, despite the fact that this generated an additional burden on the country's budget and reduced its military resources, which created an intractable conflict between the implementation of treaty obligations under the NATO treaty and the country's financial capabilities.

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During this period, in France itself, attempts by the communists to discredit and refuse American aid intensified, and de Gaulle's party, the French People's Union (RPF), striving to prevent the coming of communists to power, sought to change the state system. In the general elections of 1951, the Communists and Gaullists won a significant number of votes. However, thanks to the change in the electoral law, the Republican parties, united before the elections in a bloc called the Third Force, were able to win almost two-thirds of the seats in the National Assembly. This allowed them to form a coalition government.

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Shortly after the landmark defeat of the French army in Indochina, in the battle of Dien Bien Phu (battles of divisional scale), Pierre Mendes-France was appointed as the new prime minister. As a consistently anti-colonialist politician, he held peace negotiations and in July 1954 signed the Geneva Agreements to end the war in Indochina. The prime minister's failures in the struggle for the approval of the treaty on the organization of the European Defense Community (EOS) and the inclusion of the FRG in it with the revival of the German army led to the resignation of the government.

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The army and French colonists in Algeria showed open disobedience to the government. Rallies and demonstrations that swept Algeria spread to Corsica, the metropolis was under the threat of a civil war or a military coup. The regime of the Fourth Republic proved ineffective in a crisis situation and on June 2, 1958, emergency powers were transferred to the national hero of World War II, Charles de Gaulle.

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At the same time, positive results became noticeable in France, associated with an economic program for the development of industry and the country's entry into the European Common Market. Instability came from outside and Algeria became the main problem. In January 1960, an ultra-colonialist rebellion broke out in the Algerian capital, directed against de Gaulle's government, which had embarked on a course of self-determination for Algeria. This time, the bulk of the troops remained loyal to the government, the rebellion was suppressed. In March 1962, France granted independence to Algeria. Soon Paris was overwhelmed by a wave of terrorist attacks, attempts on the life of General de Gaulle, prepared by the right-wing armed secret organization SLA, which was trying to prevent the separation of Algeria from France.

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On April 28, 1969, after his proposals for constitutional reform were rejected, de Gaulle resigned. On June 15, Gaullist candidate Georges Pompidou, Prime Minister under de Gaulle in 1962-1968, won the second round of elections. After becoming president, he retained de Gaulle's independent foreign policy, but did not always follow the principles of Gaullist domestic policy. In August 1969, he devalued the franc (which de Gaulle once opposed) and thereby reduced the purchasing power of the population. Galloping inflation exacerbated this trend in 1972-1973. Dissatisfaction with the economic situation resulted in a series of strikes, and the political position of the left strengthened.

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In April 1974, Pompidou died suddenly. There was a split among the Gaullists. In the May 19 elections, the second round winner was Valerie Giscard d'Estaing, the Conservative Independent Republican candidate who began his reign with several reforms, including lowering the voting qualification to 18 and liberalizing education, divorce and abortion laws. The population was dissatisfied with the economic downturn and deep inflation, but the left bloc collapsed on the eve of the 1978 parliamentary elections, with Gaullists, Republicans (formerly "Independent Republicans") and their conservative allies voting in the majority of the National Assembly seats.

Slide No. 13

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Giscard d'Estaing decided to stimulate economic growth by reducing the role of the state in the economy. The control over the prices of many goods was eliminated, the number of civil servants was reduced. The unpopularity of these measures led to the removal of the right from power in 1981. He won the elections in May 1981. François Mitterrand, became the first socialist president of the Fifth Republic After the Socialist Party won the majority of seats in early parliamentary elections in June, the new government began to implement its reform program, which included the nationalization of several large banks and corporations, the liquidation of prefectures in the development of local self-government and the abolition of the death penalty.

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