Slide 1 Algebra lesson in grade 7 "Linear function and its graph" Prepared by ...
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Working with concepts: - triumph - province - Punic war - legion - gladiator - amphitheater
Solution of historical problems 1) During the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus, out of 1.5 million people of the population, only 600 thousand were free, while there were 1.5 times more slaves - 900 thousand. Only in the first half of the II century BC. in Rome as a result of the wars, 250 thousand slaves were brought - prisoners. What consequences could the rapid increase in the number of slaves lead to? 2) The owners of the estates believed that one should not acquire many slaves of the same specialty. How can this be explained?
“She is richer than anyone else in the world, Children run along her, rush. And in the spring is all in color, And so beautiful at dawn. And feeds all people in the world. ”What is this? Tell me children.
What I know about the lesson What I want to learn 1. There were a lot of slaves in Rome, a source of cheap labor 1. Causes of the Civil Wars in Rome 2. The peasants were ruined 2. Who are the Gracchi brothers 3. The Roman Empire was weakening 3. The land law of the Gracchi brothers What I know about the lesson What I want to know
Student task: 1. Why was the land law of the brothers Gracchus doomed to fail? 2. Why did civil wars begin in Rome
A civil war is a war between citizens of one state. Reasons: long overseas trips; land cultivation and grazing were expensive; the peasants could not find a sale for their goods; an influx of mass of slaves; the ruin of the peasants; weakening of the army.
Tiberius Gracchus. "Even wild animals have holes and dens, and those who fought and died for Rome have nothing but air and light ..."
133g. BC. - adoption of the land law.
Immediately after the promulgation of the land reform bill, obstacles began to arise before Tiberius. His political enemies spread a rumor through the city that Tiberius had offered to redistribute the land only in order to anger the people and bring disorder to the life of the state. The Roman Senate took an openly hostile position towards the bill. Think about who and why was against the adoption of the bill?
Death of Guy Gracchus Death of Guy Gracchus, painting by Jean-Baptiste Topino-Lebrun, 1792
After the massacre of the Gracchi, the Senate and all their enemies triumphed. But the common people have not forgotten the Gracchi. The places where they were killed were often visited by the people, and their memory was honored with sacrifices. Later, statues of both brothers were erected. Why did the people remember the Gracchi and honor their memory? Why did their opponents triumph over victory?
1. Why was the land law of the brothers Gracchus doomed to failure? 2. Why did civil wars begin in Rome
Homework: § 50 read; On "5" Prepare a detailed answer to the question: What prompted the Gracchus brothers to speak out in defense of the farmers? On "4" Describe the drawing "Death of Tiberius Gracchus". To "3" Answer the questions at the end of the paragraph
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Presentation plan. 1. Ruin of the farmers. 2.Tiberius Gracchus. 3.Land law of the brothers Gracchus. 4. The murder of Tiberius. 5. Attempt by Gaius Gracchus to continue land reform.
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1. Ruin of the farmers. The wars in the Mediterranean began to lead to the ruin of the landowners who formed the basis of the Roman army. During the war, their plots fell into disrepair and their wealthy neighbors began to seize them. There was no point in complaining to the Senate; the rich sat there. Land registry (plan) of the estate of a Roman nobleman.
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2.Tiberius Gracchus. In 134 BC. Tiberius Gracchus, who came from a plebeian family, was elected the tribune of the people. As a child, he drew attention to the fact that the fields throughout Italy were cultivated by slaves. Tiberius feared that this force might revolt, and began to fight for land reform. Only scattered fragments of his speeches before the senators have come down to us: “Even wild animals have holes and dens, and those who fought and died for Rome have nothing but light and air ... Warriors are called the rulers of the world, but they are not a single lump of earth cannot call their own. " Tiberius Gracchus speaks to the Romans
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3.Land law of the brothers Gracchus. LAND LAW 1. Each owner is allowed to have no more than 500 yugers of land. If he has sons, then for each son there are 250 yugers, but each family cannot have more than 1000 yugers of land (250 hectares)
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3.Land law of the brothers Gracchus. LAND LAW 2. Surplus state land must be transferred to the treasury, and plots of 30 yugers are cut from them into hereditary leases for poor citizens. The sale of these plots is categorically prohibited. Rent-use of something for a fee
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3. The land law of the brothers Gracchus. LAND LAW 3. To carry out the reform, a special commission of 3 people is created, elected by the People's Assembly for a period of 1 year with the right of subsequent re-election. TIBERIUM GRAKCH
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4. The murder of Tiberius. The large landowners who had influence in the Senate opposed the law and persuaded him to speak out against Gracchus, his friend, also the tribune of the people, Marcus Octavius. He, being himself a large landowner, vetoed the law. However, Tiberius appealed to the People's Assembly and Octavius was removed from office, and the law was passed. To bring the law to an end, Tiberius had to be elected to the post of tribune. The popular masses supported him, but ... During the elections, the poor people engaged in field work could not attend the People's Assembly. His opponents orchestrated a conspiracy. One of the supporters of Tiberius warned him of the danger He touched the head, signaling to friends, but the enemies accused him of wanting to become king. The senators, having received this news, armed themselves with clubs and smashing the supporters of Tiberius, moved towards him. 300 people and Tiberius Gracchus himself, despite his parliamentary immunity, were killed. Their bodies secretly from the people were thrown into the Tiber at night. The assassination of Tiberius Gracchus.
After the Romans established their rule over the Mediterranean, enmity broke out in the Roman state between various groups of the population. The period of civil wars in Rome began. What events caused the struggle in Roman society? Why were the people's defenders killed, whose lives were considered inviolable? With whom did the descendants of the famous commander Scipio Africanus fight? You will learn about this in our today's lesson.
Background
In the II century. BC. Rome achieved dominance over the entire Mediterranean (see lesson). Long military campaigns led to the fact that the warriors-agriculturalists went bankrupt, since the economy in their absence fell into desolation or was taken away by wealthy neighbors. This led to the growth of contradictions in society.
Developments
133 BC- the tribune of the people Tiberius Gracchus proposes a new land law, according to which one family should not use a plot of land exceeding a thousand yugers. The surplus had to be removed and distributed among the poor citizens. The law was passed. As a result of the conspiracy, Tiberius dies.
122 BC- the tribune of the people Gaius Gracchus (brother of Tiberius) continues the reform of his brother. Opponents of the reform bring troops into Rome, many citizens, including Gaius Gracchus, die.
Participants
40s II century was the time of relatively peaceful existence of Rome. Carthage was destroyed. Most of the Mediterranean states became Roman provinces. However, in Rome itself, a conflict was brewing. Legionnaires - owners of small plots of land - could not engage in farming during the years of military campaigns, so their plots were overgrown with grass, the house and barn were dilapidated, tools were stolen. The only way out was to sell land to a wealthy neighbor for a song. The farmer and his family moved to Rome, replenishing the ranks of the local poor.
One noble young man, once driving around the outskirts of Rome, was horrified to see that thousands of slaves were working in the fields of wealthy landowners, and there were practically no free farmers left in Rome. The name of this observant youth was Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. He was the grandson of the outstanding Roman general Scipio Africanus. Scipio was famous in Rome not only for his military successes, but was also considered the most educated person. His daughter Cornelia was one of the smartest women of her era. Cornelia instilled a love of knowledge in her sons Tiberius and Gaius Gracham (Fig. 1), both of her sons were outstanding orators.
Rice. 1. Tiberius and Guy Gracchi ()
At meetings of citizens, Tiberius more than once made speeches that did not leave anyone indifferent. "Even wild animals have holes and dens," he said, "and those who fought and died for Rome have nothing but air and light!" Tiberius was elected a tribune of the people. In 133 BC. NS. Tiberius proposed to adopt a law on the redistribution of land: no family should use more than a thousand yugers (about 250 hectares) of state land. The surplus should be taken away and distributed in small plots without the right to sell to poor citizens. Not only the Senate, but also the tribune of the people Octavius opposed the adoption of the law. Then Tiberius, addressing the National Assembly, asked the question: "Can a tribune, acting not in the interests of the people, remain in his office?" The assembly dismissed Octavius and approved the law (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Land law
Tiberius wanted to be elected tribune for a new term in order to bring his plan to the end. The elections were held at the height of summer, when most of the farmers were working in the fields. Dissatisfied with the activities of Tiberius, the senators organized a conspiracy. More than three hundred citizens were killed. Tiberius Gracchus himself, the tribune of the people, was also killed.
Nine years after the death of Tiberius, his brother Gaius Gracchus was elected a tribune of the people. With extraordinary energy, he continued to redistribute the land. Thousands of farmers received plots. The rich people hated Guy. By order of the Senate, troops were sent to Rome. Three thousand supporters of Gaius Gracchus were killed. Not wishing to surrender into the hands of enemies, he committed suicide (Fig. 3).
Rice. 3. Death of Guy Gracchus, Jean-Baptiste Topino-Lebrun, 1792 ()
A few years later, the ban on the sale of land plots was lifted. The rich began to buy land from the poor. The ruin of the cultivators of Italy continued.
Bibliography
- A.A. Vigasin, G.I. Goder, I.S. Sventsitskaya. Ancient world history. Grade 5. - M .: Education, 2006.
- A.I. Nemirovsky A book to read on the history of the ancient world. - M .: Education, 1991.
- Ancient Rome. Book for reading / Ed. D.P. Callistova, S.L. Utchenko. - M .: Uchpedgiz, 1953.
- Bibliotekar.ru ().
- Archivarium.ru ().
- Ritorika.ru ().
Homework
- Why did the free farmers of Italy go bankrupt?
- What prompted Tiberius to defend the poor landowners?
- What is the name of the period of Roman history that began in 133 BC? NS.?
The Roman peasant returned to Italy after long campaigns, and his land was overgrown with weeds, the wattle fence collapsed, the cattle shed is empty, because the wife was forced to sell the bulls. To restore the economy, money was needed, so I had to go to work.
Question. What is the first reason for the ruin of the peasants in Rome?
Not all peasants immediately sold their land. When they returned, they tried to restore the economy. But they went broke very quickly. He will collect, for example, wheat, take it to the city, and there they offer such a low price for it that at least throw it into the river .
Question. What is the second reason for the ruin of the peasants in Rome?
Large landowners imported wheat from Sicily. It was costly to hire peasants, and it was cheaper to use slave labor. And although the quality of the goods produced by the slaves is worse, their labor was cheaper, so the peasants were ruined.
Question. What is the third reason for the ruin of the peasants in Rome?
Reasons for the ruin of farmers
- Long overseas trips
- Land cultivation and grazing were expensive
- There was no sale of goods produced by the peasants
- The influx of mass of slaves
- Civil War - This war between citizens of the same state
Reasons for the outbreak of the civil war in Rome
- The ruin of the farmers.
- Weakening of the Roman army.
- Peasants' dissatisfaction with their position.
Serve in the army
Rome will not be able to assemble a large army
Pay taxes
Rome will not be able to raise money for a large army
Land law of Tiberius Gracchus - 133 BC 1.Each owner allowed to have no more 500 yugers of the earth. If he has sons, then for every son 250 yugers, but for each family can't have more 1000jugers of land (250 hectares) "Yuger" (measure of area in ancient Rome, equal to a quarter of a hectare. 1 yuger = 25 ares
2.Surplus government
land should be transferred to
treasury and plots are cut from them
30 yugers to the poor
to citizens in a hereditary lease.
Sale of these plots
Rent-using something for a fee
3. For reform
a special commission is created from
3 people, elected
By the People's Assembly for a period of 1 year
with the right of subsequent
re-election.
TIBERIUM GRAKCH
Complete the task
- Select the word you want:
- 1. Tiberius Gracchus defended the interests of the poor / rich.
- 2. Tiberius Gracchus was elected: Senator / tribune of the people.
- 3. He proposed a new land law in 133 BC. / in 134 BC
- 4. Guy Gracchus - brother / father of Tiberius.
- 5. The new land law prohibited / allowed the sale of land.
- 6. Gaius Gracchus set low prices for bread / meat.
- 7. The land law was soon canceled / existed for 100 years.
- 8. Under the new law, each family can have no more than 1000/500 yugers
- land.
- 9.Tiberius Gracchus was killed by the Senators / People's Tribune
- Select the word you want:
- 1. Tiberius Gracchus defended the interests: the poor / the rich.
- 2. Tiberius Gracchus was elected: Senator / people's tribune .
- 3. He proposed a new land law in 133 BC ... / in 134 BC
- 4. Guy Gracchus - brother of Tiberius / father of Tiberius.
- 5. New land law forbade / allowed to sell land.
- 6. Guy Gracchus set low prices for bread / for meat.
- 7. Land law was soon canceled / existed for 100 years.
- 8. Under the new law, every family can have not more than 1000 / 500 yugers
- land.
- 9.Tiberius Gracchus was killed Senators / People's Tribune
Homework: Paragraph 50, Answer questions under § 50 For the curious Challenge: Do you think there are cases in history where reformers have been honored with gratitude?
Reflection
I liked the lesson ... I learned ... It was difficult for me ... I would like to ....
1. Ruin of the farmers. The wars in the Mediterranean began to devastate the landowners who formed the backbone of the Roman army. During the war, their plots fell into disrepair and their wealthy neighbors began to seize them. There was no point in complaining to the Senate; the rich sat there. Land registry (plan) of the estate of a Roman nobleman.
2.Tiberius Gracchus. In 134 BC. Tiberius Gracchus, who came from a plebeian family, was elected the tribune of the people. As a child, he drew attention to the fact that the fields throughout Italy were cultivated by slaves. Tiberius feared that this force might revolt, and began to fight for land reform. Only scattered fragments of his speeches before the senators have come down to us: “Even wild animals have holes and lairs, and those who fought and died for Rome have nothing but light and air ... Warriors are called the rulers of the world, but they are not a single lump of earth cannot call their own. " Tiberius Gracchus speaks to the Romans
3.Land law of the brothers Gracchus. LAND LAW 1. Each owner is allowed to have no more than 500 yugers of land. If he has sons, then for each son there are 250 yugers, but each family cannot have more than 1000 yugers of land (250 hectares)
3. The land law of the brothers Gracchus. LAND LAW 2. Surplus state land must be transferred to the treasury, and plots of 30 yugers are cut from them into hereditary leases for poor citizens. The sale of these plots is categorically prohibited. Rent-use of something for a fee
4. The assassination of Tiberius. The large landowners who had influence in the Senate opposed the law. They persuaded to speak out against Gracchus, his friend, also the tribune of the people, Marcus Octavius. He, being himself a large landowner, vetoed the law. However, Tiberius appealed to the People's Assembly and Octavius was removed from office, and the law was passed. To bring the law to an end, Tiberius had to be elected to the post of tribune. The popular masses supported him, but ... During the elections, the poor people engaged in field work could not attend the People's Assembly. His opponents orchestrated a conspiracy. One of the supporters of Tiberius warned him of the danger He touched the head, signaling to friends, but the enemies accused him of wanting to become king. The senators, having received this news, armed themselves with clubs and smashing the supporters of Tiberius, moved towards him. 300 people and Tiberius Gracchus himself, despite his parliamentary immunity, were killed. Their bodies secretly from the people were thrown into the Tiber at night. The assassination of Tiberius Gracchus.
5. Attempt by Gaius Gracchus to continue land reform. 9 years after the death of Tiberius, the reform was continued by his brother, Guy. Several thousand landowners received plots. For the poor, grain was sold at low prices. The Senate sent troops into the city and when the massacre began in Rome, Gaius Gracchus committed suicide. Sculptural portrait of the brothers Gracchus.
