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English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, writer
Stephen Hawking
short biography
Steven William Hawking(English Stephen William Hawking, January 8, 1942, Oxford, UK - March 14, 2018, Cambridge, UK) - English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, writer, director of research at the Center for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. He is the author of a number of scientific works, including a joint work with Roger Penrose on the theorems about gravitational singularity within the framework of general relativity and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often referred to as Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set forth a cosmological theory that combined the concepts of general relativity and quantum mechanics. He actively supported the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Hawking was an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a Life Fellow of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor for civilians in the United States. In 2002, Hawking was ranked 25th in a BBC poll for the 100 Greatest Britons of All Time. The scientist was the Lukasov professor of mathematics at Cambridge University in 1979-2009, achieved commercial success thanks to popular science works in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general. Hawking's book "A Brief History of Time" was on the bestseller list of the British edition The sunday times over a record 237 weeks.
Hawking had a rare slowly developing form of motor neuron disease (also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig's disease) that gradually paralyzed him over the decades. After losing his speech, Hawking was able to communicate through a speech synthesizer, initially using a manual switch, then using a cheek muscle. Stephen Hawking died on March 14, 2018 at the age of 76.
Childhood, family
Stephen Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, where his parents moved from London, fearing German bombing.
Father - Frank Hawking, who worked as a researcher at the medical center in Hampstead. Mother, Isabel Hawking, worked there as a secretary. In addition to Stephen, the family brought up two younger sisters (Philip and Mary) and an adopted brother Edward.
Education
In 1962, Stephen graduated from Oxford University (BA degree), and in 1966 he received his Ph.D. degree from Trinity Hall College, Cambridge University with his thesis "Properties of Expanding Universes."
From 1965 Hawking at the University of Cambridge worked as a researcher at Gonville and Keys College, in 1968-1972 at the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, in 1972-1973 at the Institute of Astronomy, in 1973-1975 at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, in 1975- 1977 taught the theory of gravity, in 1977-1979 - professor of gravitational physics, since 1979 - professor of mathematics.
From 1974-1975 he was a Fellow at the California Institute of Technology.
Hawking himself said that as a professor of mathematics, he had never received any mathematics education since high school. In his first year at Oxford, Hawking read a textbook, two weeks ahead of his own students.
Confession
In 1974 Hawking became a member of the Royal Society of London, in 1979 he became a Lucas Professor at Cambridge University. He held this position until 2009.
In 1973 he visited the USSR, during his stay in Moscow he discussed the problems of black holes with Soviet scientists Yakov Zeldovich and Alexei Starobinsky. In 1981 Hawking participated in an international seminar on the quantum theory of gravity held in Moscow.
Disability
Already in the early 1960s, Hawking began to show signs of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which subsequently led to paralysis. After the diagnosis of the disease in 1963, doctors believed that he had only two and a half years to live, but the disease did not progress so quickly, and he began to use the wheelchair only in the late 1960s.
In 1985, Stephen Hawking fell seriously ill with pneumonia. After a series of operations, he underwent a tracheostomy, and Hawking lost the ability to speak. Friends gave him a speech synthesizer, which was installed on his wheelchair. Only the index finger on Hawking's right hand retained some mobility. Subsequently, mobility remained only in the mimic muscle of the cheek, opposite which the sensor was fixed. With his help, the physicist controlled a computer that allowed him to communicate with others.
Despite a serious illness, he led an active life. In 2007, he flew in zero gravity on a special plane, and in 2009 a flight into space was planned, which did not take place.
Personal life
In 1965 he married Jane Wilde, later they had a son, Robert (b. 1967), a daughter, Lucy (b. 1970), and a son, Timothy (b. 1979). Steven's relationship with Jane gradually deteriorated, and in 1990 they began to live separately. After his divorce from Jane in 1995, Hawking married his nurse, Elaine Mason, with whom he lived for 11 years. They also divorced in October 2006.
Death
Hawking died at the age of 76 at his home in Cambridge on the night of March 14, 2018. His family issued a statement of their grief. The cause of his death has not yet been disclosed, it is only mentioned that he died peacefully.
Views
Stephen Hawking was an atheist. He adhered to leftist views, in British politics he was a supporter of the Laborites. In March 1968, he marched against the Vietnam War. He called the 2003 war in Iraq a "war crime" and took part in anti-war events, and also boycotted the conference in Israel because of disagreement with the policy of the authorities of this country towards the Palestinians. Supported nuclear disarmament, climate change, and global health. In the last years of his life, he participated in campaigns in support of the UK National Health Service, against its funding cuts and creeping privatization; was one of the applicants in a lawsuit against Health Minister Jeremy Hunt, who initiated the further commercialization of medicine.
Scientific activity
One of the most influential and well-known theoretical physicists of our time, one of the founders of quantum cosmology.
Hawking's main area of research is cosmology and quantum gravity. His main achievements:
- the application of thermodynamics to the description of black holes;
- the development in 1975 of the theory that black holes "evaporate" due to a phenomenon called Hawking radiation;
In addition, in 1971, within the framework of the Big Bang theory, Hawking proposed the concept of microscopic black holes, the mass of which could be billions of tons and at the same time occupy the volume of a proton. These objects are at the junction of the theory of relativity (due to the enormous mass and gravity) and quantum mechanics (due to their size).
Notable controversies
In 1974, Stephen Hawking and Kip Thorne made a joke bet (an annual subscription to Penthouse magazine if Thorne wins versus a four-year subscription to Private Eye magazine if Hawking wins) over the nature of the Swan X-1 object and its nature. radiation. Hawking, in contrast to his theory based precisely on the existence of black holes, bet that Cygnus X-1 is not a black hole(as he said: "even if I turn out to be wrong, I will at least win a subscription to the magazine"). He admitted defeat in 1990 when observational data bolstered confidence in the presence of a gravitational singularity in the system.
In 1997, Hawking, along with Kip Thorne, made a bet for the complete publication of the Britannica with John Preskill, a California Institute of Technology professor and director of the Institute of Quantum Information, on the issue of preserving information about matter previously captured by a black hole and subsequently emitted by it. Professor Preskill believed that the radiation from a black hole carries information, but we cannot decipher it. Professor Hawking believed, according to his own theory from 1975, that this information, in principle, cannot be found, because it is branching off into a parallel Universe, absolutely inaccessible to us and absolutely unknowable.
In August 2004, at the International Conference on General Relativity and Cosmology in Dublin, Professor Hawking presented the revolutionary theory of black holes and simultaneously declared that Professor Preskill was right, and he and Thorne were wrong. It follows from the report that a black hole distorts the swallowed information, but still does not destroy it without a trace. In the end, in the process of evaporation of a black hole, information still breaks out of its embrace. As usual, trying to intrigue listeners who are not ready to perceive quantum wisdom, Hawking advised science fiction fans to part with the dream that plunging into a black hole could be a throw into another universe. However, Professor Preskill noticed that he did not fully understand Hawking's arguments, but he was glad of his victory and would accept the encyclopedia. The third participant in the dispute, Professor Thorne, said that he did not agree with Hawking. In 2016 Hawking published a research paper on this issue.
Popularization of science
Hawking was actively involved in the popularization of science. In April 1988, the book "A Brief History of Time" was published, which became a bestseller.
Then came the books Black Holes and Young Universes (1993) and The World in a Nutshell (2001). In 2005, a new edition of "A Brief History ..." was published - "The Shortest History of Time", co-authored with Leonard Mlodinov. In 2006, together with his daughter Lucy Hawking, he wrote a book for children "George and the Secrets of the Universe".
Hawking stated that space travel is critical to the future of humanity, as life on Earth is in an ever-growing danger of being destroyed by global problems such as nuclear war, genetically modified viruses or other dangers that we have not yet thought of.
Hawking was one of the signers of the Project Steves Declaration in support of the theory of evolution and to prevent the teaching of creationism in US public schools.
Popular science films starring Hawking were released on television: the six-part Stephen Hawking's Universe (1997) and the three-part Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking (2010 In 2012, The Stephen Hawking Grand Design was released on Discovery Channel, and in 2014, the TV series The Science of the Future of Stephen Hawking was launched on National Geographic.
At the end of 2015, the Royal Society of London presented the Stephen Hawking Medal for Scientific Communication, which will be awarded annually to scientists and artists for the dissemination of scientific knowledge and presented during the Starmus international festival of science and arts held in the Canary Islands.
In 2015, Hawking supported Yuri Milner's Breakthrough Listen project to search for radio and light signals from extraterrestrial life. In April 2016, he co-authored the Breakthrough Starshot project to send mini-vehicles to the Alpha Centauri star system.
In 2016, he named microscopic black holes as a source of almost unlimited energy.
Stephen Hawking is widely mentioned in literary, musical, cinematic works of art. Stephen himself has also participated in media projects.
Awards
- Eddington Medal (1975)
- Pius XI Gold Medal (1975)
- Hughes Medal (1976)
- Danny Heinemann Prize for Mathematical Physics (1976)
- Maxwell Medal and Prize (1976)
- Doctor Honoris causa, University of Oxford (1978)
- Einstein Prize (1978)
- Albert Einstein Medal (1979)
- Franklin Medal (1981)
- Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE, 1982)
- Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1985)
- Dirac Medal (1987)
- Wolf Prize for Physics (1988)
- Order of the Knights of Honor (1989)
- Prince of Asturias Prize (1989)
- Gold Medal of the Supreme Council for Scientific Research (1989)
- Schrödinger Lecture (Imperial College London) (1989)
- Honoris causa Harvard University (1990)
- Marcel Grossmann Prize (1991)
- Andrew Gemant Award (1998)
- Naylor Prize and Lectureship (1999)
- Albert Medal (Royal Society of the Arts) (1999)
- Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize (1999)
- Michelson-Morley Award (2003)
- Oscar Klein Medal (2003)
- The James Smithson Bicentennial Medal (2005)
- Copley Medal (2006)
- Fonseca Prize (2008)
- Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009)
- Robert A. Heinlein Memorial Award (2012)
- Fundamental Physics Prize (2013)
- Bodley Medal (2015)
- BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards (2015)
Hawking was a member of the Royal Society of London (1974, became one of the youngest members of the society), the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (1986), and the US National Academy of Sciences (1992).
Bibliography
(in Russian)
- Hawking S., Ellis J. Large-scale structure of space-time / Per. from English E. A. Tagirova. Ed. Ya. A. Smorodinsky.- M .: Mir, 1977 .-- 432 p.
- Black holes (collection of articles). / Per. from English IV Volovich, [others].- (News of fundamental physics, issue 9) - M .: Mir, 1978. - 323 p.
- General theory of relativity (collection of articles). / Ed. S. Hawking, V. Israel. Per. from English ed. Ya.A. Smorodinsky and V. B. Braginsky- M .: Mir, 1983 .-- 455 p.
- Geometric ideas in physics (collection of articles). / Per. from English Ed. Yu.I. Manin.- M .: Mir, 1983 .-- 240 p.
- Hawking S. Edge of the Universe // Past and Future of the Universe / comp. ND Morozov. - M .: Nauka, 1986 .-- S. 92-103.
- Hawking S. A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes / Per. from English N. Ya. Smorodinskaya.- SPb .: "Amphora", 2001. - 268 p.
- Hawking S. Black holes and young universes / Per. from English M. V. Kononova.- SPb .: "Amphora", 2001. - 189 p.
- Hawking S. and Mlodinov L. The shortest history of time / Per. from English Bakidzhan Oralbekov.- SPb .: "Amphora", 2006. - 184 p.
- Hawking S. World in a nutshell / Per. from English A.G. Sergeeva.- SPb .: "Amphora", 2007. - 218 p.
- S. Hawking and R. Penrose... The Nature of Space and Time / Per. from English A. Berkova, V. Lebedeva.- SPb .: "Amphora", 2007. - 171 p.
- Hawking S., Hawking L., Galfar K. George and the Secrets of the Universe / Per. from English E. Kanishcheva- Children's publishing house "Pink Giraffe", 2008. - 331 p.
- Hawking S., Hawking L. George and the Treasures of the Universe / Per. from English E. Kanishcheva- Children's publishing house "Pink Giraffe", 2010. - 352 p.
- Hawking S. Theory of Everything / Per. from English N. N. Ivanova. Ed. G. A. Burba.- SPb .: "Amphora", 2009. - 160 p.
- Hawking S. Big, small and human mind - SPb .: "Amphora", 2008. - 192 p.
- Hawking S. The future of space - time - SPb .: "Amphora", 2009. - 256 p.
- Hawking S., Mlodinov L. Greater Purpose / Per. from English M. V. Kononova. Ed. G. A. Burba.- SPb .: "Amphora", 2012. - 208 p.
- Hawking S., Hawking L. George and the Big Bang. Per. from English E. Kanishcheva- Children's publishing house "Pink Giraffe", 2012. - 328 p.
Filmography
- A Brief History of Time (1991), directed by Errol Morris
- Stephen Hawking's Universe (1997)
- Hawking (2004), BBC
- Horizon: The Hawking Paradox (2005)
- Masters of Science Fiction (2007) - produced
- Stephen Hawking and the Theory of Everything (2007)
- Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe (2008)
- "Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking" (2010)
- Brave New World with Stephen Hawking (2011)
- Stephen Hawking's Grand Design (2012)
- Stephen Hawking: A Brief History Of Mine (2013), BBC
- The Theory of Everything (Stephen Hawking Universe, 2014), directed by James Marsh.
- Genius By Stephen Hawking, 2016, National Geographic Channel
Stephen Hawking Prepared by: Kambulova Ekaterina 7-A grade
Hawking's biography Stephen Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, where his parents moved from London, fearing German bombing. Father - Frank Hawking, who worked as a researcher at the medical center in Hampstead. Mother, Isabel Hawking, worked there as a secretary. In addition to Stephen, the family brought up two younger sisters - Philip and Mary, and an adopted brother Edward. He worked at the University of Cambridge. Already in the early 1960s, Hawking began to show signs of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which subsequently led to paralysis. After the diagnosis of the disease in 1963, doctors believed that he had only two and a half years to live, but the disease did not progress so quickly, and he began to use the wheelchair only in the late 1960s.
In 1985, Stephen Hawking fell seriously ill with pneumonia. After a series of operations, he underwent a tracheostomy, and Hawking lost the ability to speak. Friends gave him a speech synthesizer, which was installed on his wheelchair. Only the index finger on Hawking's right hand retained some mobility. Subsequently, mobility remained only in the mimic muscle of the cheek, opposite which the sensor was fixed. With its help, a physicist controls a computer that allows him to communicate with others. Despite a serious illness, he leads an active life. In 2007, he flew in zero gravity (on a special plane).
First marriage to Jen Wilde After being diagnosed with lateral sclerosis, Stephen fell into a rather serious depression. It was at this time at the university that he met Jen Wilde. According to the girl, she was attracted by Hawking's open wide smile and his huge gray eyes. She, not afraid of the diagnosis given to the young man, answered “yes” to his proposal to get married, and in 1965 the couple legalized their relationship. In 1967, the couple had their first child, in 1968 the second, and in 1969 the third. Every year more and more responsibilities fell on the shoulders of the woman, and Stephen became weaker and weaker. And they soon got divorced
Second marriage to Elaine Mason After Hawking lost his ability to speak, an engineer named Mason built a speech apparatus for him. The wife of the engineer at that time was unemployed and he proposed her as a nurse for the scientist. So in the late 80s, Elaine appeared in the Hawking house. She was very courteous and accurate with Stephen, spent a lot of time with him. In 1990, Stephen moved into an apartment with his caregiver, Elaine. But hell was happening in their house. Elaine purposely washed him with hot or cold water, left him in the yard under the scorching sun and tortured him. The police interrogated Hawking more than once, asking him to admit the guilt of his wife, but he categorically denied physical abuse on her part. But the proof of the not at all sweet family life was the divorce of the couple in 2006. And Stephen, in turn, only thanked Eli for helping him live these years.
Scientific activity One of the most influential and well-known theoretical physicists of our time. Hawking's main area of research is cosmology and quantum gravity. His main achievements: the application of thermodynamics to the description of black holes; the development in 1975 of the theory that black holes "evaporate" due to a phenomenon called Hawking radiation; In 1971, Hawking, within the framework of the Big Bang theory, proposed the concept of small black holes, the mass of which could be billions of tons and at the same time occupy the volume of a proton. These objects are at the junction of the theory of relativity (due to the huge mass and gravity) and quantum mechanics (due to their size). Is one of the founders of quantum cosmology
There is a "Theory of Everything" M-theory, proposed by Edward Witten in the 1990s, was understood and refined by Hawking and his colleague Leonard Mlodinov. M-theory is an offshoot of string theory and describes the entire universe at once. According to her, at the smallest level, all particles consist of branes - multidimensional membranes, the properties of which can explain absolutely all the processes occurring in our Universe. By the way, this theory also assumes the existence of a huge number of universes in which physical laws differ from ours
Quarks are never alone Quarks, the "building blocks" of protons and neutrons, exist only in groups and never one at a time. The force that binds the quarks increases with the distance between them, so if you try to pull one quark away from another, then the harder you pull, the harder it will try to break free and come back. Free quarks do not occur in nature. Hawking surprised scientists with this.
The universe spawned itself Hawking is a staunch atheist. He devoted a lot of time to scientific evidence that no God is needed for life to exist. One of his famous sayings is: “Since there is such a force as gravity, the Universe could and created itself out of nothing. Spontaneous creation is the reason why the universe exists, why we exist. There is no need for God to 'light' the fire and make the universe work. "
Awards Eddington Medal (1975) Pius XI Medal (1975) Hughes Medal (1976) Danny Heinemann Prize in Mathematical Physics (1976) Maxwell Medal (1976) Doctor Honoris causa University of Oxford (1978) Einstein Prize (1978) Albert Einstein Medal (1979) ) Franklin Medal (1981) Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1982) Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1985) Dirac Medal (1987) Wolf Prize in Physics (1988) Order of the Knights Commander (1989) Prince of Asturias Prize (1989) Honoris causa Harvard University ( 1990) Marcel Grossman Prize (1991) Andrew Gemant Prize (1998) Naylor Prize (1999 Albert Medal (1999) Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize (1999) Michelson-Morley Prize (2003) Oscar Klein Medal (2003) James Smithson Bicentennial Medal ( 2005) Copley Medal (2006) Fonseca Prize (2008) Presidential Medal of Freedom (2009) Robert Heinlein Medal (2012) Fundamental Physics Prize (2013) BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Kno wledge Awards (2015)
He goes to work, takes part in conferences, conducts scientific activities and even acts in films. The scientist's zest for life and self-confidence are so strong that they make one believe - "nothing is impossible!" ... But, along with pride in this man, there is an incredible pity that he, an adult, intelligent, talented, remains the most defenseless and dependent. It's a pity that Stephen was surrounded by people who add pain, physical or mental, to his already difficult life ... But he endured all the trials with pride, as befits a man, with wisdom, as befits a scientist.
Thank you for your attention
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In the photographs of Stephen Hawking, you can see a small silver paper clip-sized apparatus attached to the frame of his glasses. It is an infrared motion sensor like the ones used in cameras and game consoles. But only this sensor is connected to a more complex computer. By the behavior of the scientist's facial muscles - the only ones that were not destroyed by the disease - the system determines exactly where the gaze is directed. An infrared sensor allows a paralyzed scientist to communicate with the world. He just needs to "click" on a certain area on the computer screen with an effort of will. In this way, he types his articles, writes letters and even speaks aloud, typing the text with a glance - one letter at a time in the speech synthesizer. Hawking also controls his “smart home” with the help of facial signals, which the sensor reads from his face and sends further to various devices wirelessly. In the photographs of Stephen Hawking, you can see a small silver paper clip-sized apparatus attached to the frame of his glasses. It is an infrared motion sensor like the ones used in cameras and game consoles. But only this sensor is connected to a more complex computer. By the behavior of the scientist's facial muscles - the only ones that were not destroyed by the disease - the system determines exactly where the gaze is directed. An infrared sensor allows a paralyzed scientist to communicate with the world. He just needs to "click" on a certain area on the computer screen with an effort of will. In this way, he types his articles, writes letters and even speaks aloud, typing the text with a glance - one letter at a time in the speech synthesizer. Hawking also controls his “smart home” with the help of facial signals, which the sensor reads from his face and sends further to various devices wirelessly.
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In the photographs of Stephen Hawking, you can see a small silver paper clip-sized apparatus attached to the frame of his glasses. It is an infrared motion sensor like the ones used in cameras and game consoles. But only this sensor is connected to a more complex computer. By the behavior of the scientist's facial muscles - the only ones that were not destroyed by the disease - the system determines exactly where the gaze is directed. An infrared sensor allows a paralyzed scientist to communicate with the world. He just needs to "click" on a certain area on the computer screen with an effort of will. In this way, he types his articles, writes letters and even speaks aloud, typing the text with a glance - one letter at a time in the speech synthesizer. Hawking also controls his “smart home” with the help of facial signals, which the sensor reads from his face and sends further to various devices wirelessly. In the photographs of Stephen Hawking, you can see a small silver paper clip-sized apparatus attached to the frame of his glasses. It is an infrared motion sensor like the ones used in cameras and game consoles. But only this sensor is connected to a more complex computer. By the behavior of the scientist's facial muscles - the only ones that were not destroyed by the disease - the system determines exactly where the gaze is directed. An infrared sensor allows a paralyzed scientist to communicate with the world. He just needs to "click" on a certain area on the computer screen with an effort of will. In this way, he types his articles, writes letters and even speaks aloud, typing the text with a glance - one letter at a time in the speech synthesizer. Hawking also controls his “smart home” with the help of facial signals, which the sensor reads from his face and sends further to various devices wirelessly.
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Stephen william hawking
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Childhood, family
Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January 1942 in Oxford, where she moved from London with his parents for fear of bombing by German aircraft. Father Frank Hawking, who worked as a researcher at the medical center in Hampstead. Mother, Isobel Hawking, worked there as a Secretary. In the family except Stephen was brought up two younger sisters (Philip and Mary) and an adopted brother Edward.
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Education
In 1962, Stephen graduated from Oxford University, and in 1966 at the College of Trinity hall at Cambridge University he received the degree. Since 1965, at Cambridge University, he worked as a researcher in the College Gonvil and Keyes, 1968-1972 - the Institute of theoretical astronomy, 1972-1973 - at the Institute of astronomy, 1973-1975 - Department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics , in 1975-1977 he taught the theory of gravity, 1977-1979 Professor of gravitational physics, 1979 Professor mathematics. In 1974-1975 he was scholar at the California Institute of technology.
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Disability
Already in the early 1960s, Hawking began to show signs of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which later led to paralysis. After the diagnosis of the disease in 1963 the doctors believed that he left to live only two and a half years, but the disease has not progressed as quickly, and to use the stroller, he began only in the late 1960-ies. In 1985, Stephen Hawking was seriously ill, he had pneumonia. After a series of operations he underwent tracheotomy, Hawking lost the ability to speak. Friends gave him a speech synthesizer that was installed on his wheelchair. Some mobility was retained, only the index finger on his right hand. Subsequently, the mobility remained only in a mimic muscle of a cheek, in front of which is fixed the sensor. With it, the physicist controls the computer, allowing him to communicate with others.
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Despite serious illness, he leads an active life. In 2007 he took flight in zero gravity (on a special plane), and for 2009 were planned flight into space, which did not take place. Himself Hawking said that, as a Professor of mathematics, he never received any mathematical education since middle school. In his first year of teaching at Oxford Hawking had read the textbook ahead of their own students for two weeks.
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Scientific activities
One of the most influential and known to the General public theoretical physicists of our time. The main research area of the Hawking - cosmology and quantum gravity. His main achievements: application of thermodynamics to the description of black holes; the development in 1975 of the theory that black holes "evaporate" due to the phenomenon, called Hawking radiation; In 1971 Hawking in the theory of the Big Bang suggested the concept of small black holes whose mass would be in the billions of tons and occupy the volume of the proton. These facilities are located at the intersection of the theory of relativity (because of the huge mass and gravity) and quantum mechanics (due to their size). Is one of the founders of quantum cosmology. In 2016, called microscopic black holes a source of almost unlimited energy.
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The popularization of science
Hawking is actively engaged in the popularization of science. In April 1988 he published a book "A Brief History of Time", which became a bestseller. Then came the book "Black holes and young universes" (1993) and "World in a nut shell" (2001). In 2005 he published a new edition of "a Brief history ..." - "the Shortest history of time", co-authored with Leonard Mlodinow. In 2006, together with his daughter Lucy Hawking has written a book for children "George and the secrets of the Universe." Hawking has stated that space missions are crucial to the future of humanity as life on Earth is On television came out of popular science films with the participation of Hawking: a six-part "Stephen Hawking" "s Universe" (1997) and the three-part "Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking" (2010). In 2012 came the film "the Grand design Stephen Hawking" on the Discovery channel.
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Hawking was one of the signatories of the "Project Steve" in support of the theory of evolution and for preventing the teaching of creationism in USA public schools. At the end of 2015 at London "s Royal society was presented the“ Medal for scientific communication "will be annually awarded to personalities of science and art in the dissemination of scientific knowledge and be awarded during the international festival of science and arts" Starmus " , held in the Canary Islands.
Hawking has stated that space missions are crucial to the future of humanity, because life on Earth is in growing danger of being destroyed as a result of global issues such as nuclear war, genetically engineered virus or other dangers of which we haven "t thought of yet.
