When you have difficulty writing suffixes -To- and -sk- in adjectives, you must refer to the rules.

Suffix CK in Relative Adjectives

Suffix -sk- written in, which are formed from nouns with other consonants in stems, for example: Frenchman sc ny (French), navy sc iy (fleet), Kazakh sc iy (Kazakh), village sc uy (village).

Before the suffix -sk- letter b written only after l(general b sky, sat down b sky), as well as adjectives formed from the names of the months on -n and -r (june b sky, september b sky etc., except January).

Note

Remember the spelling den b-den b sky- “all day long”.

Adjectives with the suffix CK from proper names

Suffixed adjectives -sk- formed from proper names are written with a lowercase letter, for example: Gogol satire, Turgenev's "Poems in Prose"... Such adjectives are written with a capital letter only when they are part of the names that have the meaning of "name, memory", for example: Lomonosov Readings, Lenin Prize.

Suffix K in adjectives

Suffix -To- written:

1. c (they have a short form), for example: narrow (narrow), impudent (impudent), weighty (weight);
2. in, formed from nouns with stems on -To , -ts , -h ; For example: Cossack To uy (Cossack), German To uy (German), weaver To uy (weaver)... At the base of the noun from which the relative adjective is derived, To and h alternating with c .

Note

In individual words, alternation To and h With c does not occur and adjectives are formed with a suffix -sk- , For example: Uzbek sc iy (Uzbek), Tajik sc iy (Tajik).

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Section 1. SURNAMES AS A SPECIAL KIND OF NAME OF A PERSON: Section 2. HISTORY OF SURNAMES IN THE SMOLENSK REGION IN ETHNOSOCIAL ASPECT:

§ 3. The names of the Smolensk nobility:

3.3. Smolensk noble families in the historical and cultural area:
Section 3. SURNAMES OF THE MODERN SMOLENSHCHA:

§ 1. Surnames derived from rare forms of baptismal names:

§ 2. Surnames derived from non-baptismal names:

1. IMPACT IN SURNAMES

2. DECLINATION OF Surnames

LITERATURE
LIST OF DICTIONARIES AND ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF SOURCES AND ABBREVIATIONS
SURNAME INDEX read

As you know, the bulk of Russian surnames contain the formants ОВ / ЕВ and IN. The suffix -ОВ / -ЕВ denotes belonging to one specific (denoted by the stem of the noun) being. The suffix -IN has the meaning of singularity, denotes ethnic names (Rusin, Kazarin, Tatar, Mordvin, Litvin, etc.), is used in toponymic designations, often as part of complex suffixes (Vologzhanin, Tveritin, Ustyuzhanin, etc.). In addition, the suffix -IN has the meaning of belonging, that is, it is synonymous with the suffix -ОВ / -ЕВ, which is especially important when determining the relationship between persons. It differs from the suffix -ОВ / -ЕВ in that it joins other stems: the suffix -ОВ - to the stems of nouns for a hard consonant, -ЕВ - for a soft one, and -IN - for a vowel.

Our card index contains 19880 surnames, and among them about 45% are decorated with the suffixes -ОВ / -ЕВ and 18% - with the suffix -IN.

Of course, the number of surnames with "standard" affixes is large, but still less than in other Russian territories. So, according to the calculations of S.I. Zinina, surnames with the -ОВ / -ЕВ suffixes make up about 58% of all Russian surnames, and surnames with the -IN suffixes make up about 29%. Note in passing that the percentage of surnames with the named suffixes is much lower in Belarusian and Ukrainian territories: in Belarus, surnames with the suffixes -ОВ / -ЕВ are 19.5%, in Ukraine 2.2%, with suffixes -IN, respectively, from 6% to 8 , 1% and 2.5%. The largest number of surnames with -ОВ / -ЕВ in Bulgarian anthroponymy - 77.1%, with the suffixes -IN - 3.33% (research by N.V. Birillo).

The percentage of surnames with the suffix -SK / -CK-, on the contrary, is higher than in Russia as a whole: 9% in the Smolensk Territory - and 5.5% in Russia (research by S.I. Zinin). Their appearance is different. Here are some comparative data. So, in the Belarusian anthroponymy the percentage of surnames with the suffix -SK / -CK- is 10.5, even more in Ukraine - 13. In Belarus, surnames with the suffix -SK- are more common in the region of Grodno and Minsk, where their percentage is noticeably higher - 19 %. In Ukraine, this type of surname is ubiquitous. The percentage of surnames with -SKI (SKI) in Polish anthroponymy is very high - 32%. Suffix -SK- common Slavic in origin; the phonetic version is the suffix -TSK-, which currently forms independent surnames (OZERENSKY - OZERETSKY). In Bulgarian anthroponymy 17.54% of surnames are in -SKI / -TSKI (based on the works of N.V. Birillo). The high percentage of surnames in -SKY in the Smolensk region is the result of the influence of the Polish anthroponymic system. Many surnames received this formant according to the Polish model, which is reflected in the sources.

For individual surnames, the origin of the suffix -SK- is not easy to determine: for example, VIKTOROVSKY can be an ottoponymic surname (v. Viktorovo), or it can be a surname with a secondary suffix -SK- (VIKTOROV-VIKTOROVSKY); there are surnames KARPILOV and KARPILOVSKY in the presence and at present of the village of Karpilovka, etc. Often such surnames are attested in documents of the XVII-XVIII centuries. For example, at the end of the 18th century. the existence of the surname KSTOV is noted: ... Fyodor Semenovich KSTOV ... and souls in evo osmnatsat ... (GASO, f. 114/1, 1789). In the same text we find a mention of the village of KSTY: old Ksty that in Poretskaya vlst ... Later we found two surnames KSTOV and KSTOVSKY. In the manuscripts of the Smolensk Historical Museum B.A. Moiseev, during the preparation of the 1st issue of the Dictionary of Smolensk dialects, testified to the mention of the village of Ksty in the Demidovsky district (Former Porechsky) of the Smolensk region in the 20-50s. XX century At present the village does not exist (SSG, v. 1). The names KSTOV and KSTOVSKY were found by us in the materials of the Velizhsky registry office, and this indirectly suggests that, perhaps, they were and remain regional, since Velizh and Demidov are neighboring territories, and nowhere else the names have been identified.

About 8% of the surveyed surnames are surnames with the suffixes -OVICH / -EVICH / -ICH, which are quite widespread in the southwestern region, especially in Belarus, less in Poland, where they are of a secondary nature. The surnames are based on both baptismal and non-baptismal names: ADAMOVICH, ALEXE (I) EVICH, ANDRUSEVICH, BOGDANOVICH, VOLKOVICH, ZUBKOVICH, KALINKOVICH, KARPOVICH, MINICH, PANKEVICH, PETROVICH, ROMANECVICHI / ST. ICh (the last suffix is ​​rare) make up about 11% of all affix surnames in Belarus. They are found in Minsk, the western part of Vitebsk, eastern Grodno and Brest regions. In Ukraine, this model is less common - 5.37%. There are few surnames with -OVICH / -EVICH in the Bulgarian anthroponymy - 0.52%. In Polish anthroponymy, surnames ending in -OVICH / -EVICH appeared under the influence of the Belarusian and Ukrainian structural models and account for about 14% of surnames. Surnames formed from the foundations of Christian (baptismal) names have a wider range: VASILEVICH, IVANTSEVICH, OSIPOVICH, PROKOPOVICH, etc. The same can be said about surnames in -SKY: ANDREEVSKY, VASILEVSKY, MIKHALEVSKY, FEDOROVSKY, etc. N.V. Birillo).

About 3% of Smolensk surnames are surnames with the suffixes -ONKO / -ENKO, which are considered Ukrainian by many scientists. In the Smolensk region, this structural model is more common in the southwestern regions (Roslavl, Shumyachi): ALEKSIENKO, ANANCHENKO, ANDRIENKO, GAYDUCHENKO, ISAENKO, ISACHENKO, ISHCHENKO, KARPENKO, KARTAVENKO, NIKARTOSHENKO, KOCHENKO, KOCHENKO RYABCHENKO, SERGIENKO, TIMOSHENKO, TITARENKO, FEDORENKO and others.

In Ukraine, the suffix -ONKO / -ENKO forms from 8 to 12% of all affix surnames, in Belarus - about 4.5%. In Ukraine, this model is more common in the eastern regions, in Belarus - in the Vitebsk, Gomel and Mogilev regions. S.I. Zinin does not at all consider anthroponyms with the named suffix among Russian surnames. Of course, a fairly high percentage of such surnames in the Smolensk region is associated with extralinguistic factors.

There are also surnames in the Smolensk Territory with the suffix -ONOK / -ENOK, which, according to M.L. Khudash, the legacy of the Old Russian language, which later became more active in Ukraine (from the 16th century). Among the corpus of Smolensk surnames, such names are also common in the southwestern regions of the region: KARTASHONOK, KNYAZHONOK, KUTENOK, LOSENOK, MEDVEZHONOK, MIKHAILENOK, NOVICHONOK, NOVICHONOK, PANENOK, CENTENOK, TELEZHENOK They account for about 0.5% of all surnames. The suffix -ONOK / -ENOK denotes the names of cubs or children. In the Belarusian anthroponymy, surnames with this suffix are widespread in the Vitebsk, Mogilev and Minsk regions and make up 1.7% of the affixed Belarusian surnames. In Russian anthroponymy, they, according to N.V. Birillo, "did not take root." Their existence in the Smolensk region is the result of Belarusian influence. In Ukraine, at present, surnames with this affix are less common (about 2%) than with -ОНКО / -ЕНКО, although in history it was the opposite.

In the Shumyachsky and Ershichsky districts of the Smolensk region, partly in the Monastyrshchina and Khislavichy, there are surnames with the suffixes -UK / -YUK / -CHUK: ANDREYUK, BOGDANYUK, VOLOSCHUK, GNATYUK, DONCHUK, DRALYUK, OSHYUKVAYCHUK, IAPHUK , PAVLYUK, SENCHUK, etc. In quantitative terms, they make up about 0.4% of all surveyed surnames of the Smolensk Territory.

The Türkic origin formant - one of the most active in the system of structural models of Ukrainian surnames - has a diminutive meaning and makes up about 10-12% of all affix surnames in Ukraine. Among the Belarusian surnames of anthroponyms with the suffixes -УК / -УК / -ЧУК from 3% to 5%: they exist mainly in the West, on the border with Ukraine. For Russian surnames, this model is completely uncharacteristic; in the Smolensk region, it takes place under the influence of the Ukrainian and Belarusian anthroponymic systems.

Approximately the same percentage of Smolensk surnames with the suffix -KO (0.3-0.4%): BYCHKO, GURKO, DRENKO, DYCHKO, ZYUZKO, KLETSKO, KRASKO, KRYSKO, LYASHKO, MELESHKO, OLESHKO, ROZHKO, RUTSKO, RUCHKO , SANKO, STANKO, USHKO, USCHEKO, HAVKO, etc. The surnames in -KO are typical for the Ukrainian and Belarusian anroponymic systems, which he pointed out in the 19th century. also A. Stepovich. In Ukraine, they make up about 4% of all affix surnames, in Belarus - about 2%.

The percentage of surnames that are not formalized with family suffixes, that is, they represent old non-baptismal names or "pure" nicknames, is quite high. Such surnames, as we noted earlier, are characteristic of the southwestern Russian regions, the Ukrainian and Belarusian anthroponymic systems: ANOKH, BABA, BABAK, BABAN, BABICH, BIBA, BALAK, BALAN, BALOGA, BASKAK, BARTOSH, BELIAI, BIZA, BIRLO, BORODA , BOBYL, BOGUN, BUKACH, BURYAK, WOLF, WOOL, VEKSHA, GAYDAMAK, ASP, DOVE, DOVE, HUMPPER, LIP, BUCKET, DERYAGA, DZYUBA, DOBYT, DOLBNYA, DOVBENYA, DOBEZHU, DOBBYA , ZYK, KASH, KOVGAN, KOCHAN, KUROSH, KUSHNER, KING, KOSAR, KRAVETS, KULESHA, SWAN, LINDEN, LYSAK, LYAD, METELITSA, MILL, WALNUT, COOK, LATE SUCK, SALOON, SYBOYUK , SYCH, TARAN, CART, TIZIK, TKACH, TUROK, USIK, KhMARA, HAMYAK, HRIPACH, HRYAK, CYGAN, CHAUS, CHERNYAK, CHERNYSH, etc. in the territory of the Smolensk region at the present time. S.I. Zinin points to the paucity of such a structural model in the corpus of Russian surnames. On the contrary, in the Ukrainian and Byelorussian anthroponymic systems, non-suffix surnames are very widespread: they make up about 25% of Belarusian surnames and about 34% of Ukrainian surnames. Similar surnames (often with the same bases) are widespread in Polish anthroponymy (N.V. Birillo and others).

In the regions of the region bordering on Belarus, there are surnames with the suffix -ENYA: VESENYA, DASENYA, KOSENYA, MALENYA. The suffix has a diminutive meaning, the anthroponyms of this model are found in eastern Ukraine, in some places in Belarus (1% of suffix surnames) (N.V. Birillo).

Single surnames with the Belarusian-Ukrainian suffix -EC: RUNNER, IVANETS, MARTINETS, SEMENETS, CHUKOVETS. Surnames with this suffix make up 2.1% of Belarusian affix surnames; they are often derived from place names. Surnames with the diminutive suffix -EC are noted among the surnames of eastern Ukraine, their percentage is 2.34% (N.V. Birillo, M.L. Khudash).

Rare (but known throughout the region) surnames in -Sh: YOUNG, GRAY, SEVEN, OLD, FAT, BLACK. As S.I. Zinin, surnames with the YKH suffix, which are grammatically forms of the genitive plural of substantive adjectives, are characteristic of the North and Siberia. However, they are found in the Kursk and Belgorod regions, as V.A. Nikonov (1993). Perhaps the existence of such surnames in the Smolensk region is due to the fact that in ancient times the Smolensk dialects belonged to the North Great Russian ones, and this is a northern influence.

Surnames in -AGO / -YAGO are also rare: DUBYAGO, YOUNG, SIPYAGO, with the suffix -HNO: VAKHNO, DAKHNO, SAKHNO, YUKHNO. Surnames in -AGO / -YAGO occur in central and eastern Ukraine and western Belarus, but this model is not productive. The surnames in -KHNO are of Novgorod origin, as indicated by A.M. Selishchev (1968). And at the same time, many Ukrainian anthroponymists note their existence in Ukraine since the 16th century. (M.L. Khudash and others).

Among the surnames with the suffixes -ОВ / -ЕВ / -ИН, about 5% are surnames formed from compound non-baptismal names: BEZRUCHENKOV, BELOGRIVIN, BOLOKOPYTIN, BELONOGOV, BELONOZHKIN, VOLOOKOV, KRIVOZUBOV, KRIVOKHOZHEUZHEIN SUKHOSTOYEV, TVERDOLOBOV, CHERNOBROVKIN, CHERNOZUBOV, CHERNOMORDIN, etc. Less commonly, surnames consisting of two bases are not decorated with affixes, which is characteristic of the Ukrainian and - to a lesser extent - Belarusian anthroponymic systems: BELODED, BELOSVET, KRIVOZUBET, LIDERANO , TERDOZLOB, etc.

Summing up the above, it should be stated that the structural models of Smolensk surnames are in many respects similar to the types of surnames of Belarus, partly of Ukraine, although for the most part Smolensk surnames are nevertheless decorated with standard Russian family suffixes.

Suffixes in Russian are part of the word and in verbs. and, in adjectives, and in each part of speech, the difficulty of writing causes a certain set of morphemes.

Suffixes -ek- and -ik- in nouns

The basic rule says that the suffix -ik- in those words in which the letter "and" is preserved during their declension.

The suffix -ek- is written in those words, the vowel "e" in which, on the contrary, drops out during their declination.

For example: "luminaire-ik - luminaire-a", "trickle-yok - stream-to-a".

Suffixes -chik-, -shchik- in nouns

The basic rule says that in such suffixes after the letters "z" - "s", "d" - "t", the letter "h" is always written, and in the remaining cases - the letter "u". For example: "izvo-z-chik", "le-t-chik", "sva-r-shchik".

"O" and "e" in suffixes with hissing in adverbs, adjectives and nouns

The rule is that in such cases the letter "o" is written under the stress, and the letter "e" is written without the stress. For example: "beggar", "little book". An exception is the word "more".

Suffixes with one (two) letters "n" in adjectives

There is a rule that says that -nn- is written in those adjectives that were formed from nouns whose stem ends with the letter "n", or formed with the suffixes -onn- or -enn-. For example: "kore-n - kore-nn-oh", "limo-n - limo-nn-th".

One -n- is written in the following suffixes: -in-, -an-, -yan- ("windy", "earthy"), except for the words "", "pewter" and "wooden".

In short adjectives, as many letters "n" are always used as there were in them, from which the adjective was formed.

Suffixes -к-, -sk- in adjectives

The suffix -k- is written in adjectives that have a short form and (or) were formed from some forms of nouns with a stem that ends in the letters "k", "h", "ts". In the remaining cases, the suffix -sk- is always written.

Suffixes -iva- (-iva-) and -ova- (-eva-) in verbs

If the verb used in the present and (or) future tenses has an ending in -yu or -ivu, then the suffix -yu- or -iva- is written in the past tense or the indefinite form. Conversely, if it ends in -yu or -yu, then the suffix "-ova-" or "-eva-" is used. For example, "close - close - close", "to - to - to - ova".

Suffixes with one and (or) two letters "n" in participles and adjectives formed from verbs

Two -нн- are written as verbal adjectives and in full passive participles if they have a prefix (except for the prefix not-), if they were formed from verbs with the suffixes -ova- or -eva-, they also include various dependent words , if at the same time they were formed from the perfective verbs.

One -н- is written if the word was formed from a verb that has an imperfect form. Also, one -n- will be written in the suffixes of short passive participles.

Suffixes with vowels and one (two) letters "n" in adjectives and participles

The letter "e" is written in the suffixes of those participles (adjectives) that were formed from the verbs in -it, -et. Letters "a", "I" are written if they were formed from verbs ending in -at, -yat.

Tip 2: Word with the suffix "chick": spelling rules and examples

When it comes to the rules for writing nouns ending in "chik", problems arise with both consonants and vowels. How to write correctly - "chick" or "shchik"? Or maybe a "check"? All options may turn out to be correct. It all depends on the word itself - its meaning, features of declension and consonants preceding the suffix.

Suffixes –chik and –schik in nouns

In Russian, the suffix chik / shik has a very definite meaning: with its help, the names of persons are formed by gender from occupation. These can be names of professions (for example, Cutter, storekeeper, lamplighter, cabman, busman, loader, developer, translator), and other words indicating people who are characterized by certain actions ( smoker, payer, bather, diver).

The internal form of such nouns is simple and understandable: most often the suffix -schik or -chik, indicating a person, is attached to a verb stem denoting the same action characteristic of a given person:

• dancer - one who dances;
• payer - the one who is obliged to pay;
• lubricator - one who lubricates;
• swordsman - one who fences;
• subscriber - a person who subscribes to a newspaper or magazine;
• binder - binds books.

Sometimes such words can be formed from nouns, and in rare cases - even from phrases:

• lamplighter - one who watches the lanterns;
• clerk - works in an office;
• interest-holder - gives out money at interest;
• counterfeiter - makes counterfeit coins.

In some cases, nouns with the chik / shik suffix can denote not only people, but also mechanisms that perform a particular function. For example, "paver" can refer to both the person paving the asphalt and the technician performing the task. The same is with the word "counter" - in modern speech this word most often refers to devices or programs that count something automatically, but in some cases it can also be the name of a profession. In this case, the exact meaning of a word can only be determined by context.

Rules for writing -chik and -schik in nouns with examples

According to the rules of the Russian language, the suffix -chik in words denoting people by occupation is written only in cases where the stem ends in consonants d, t, s, s, f... For instance: abuser, earner, storyteller, peddler, defector.

After all other consonants, write the suffix - schik. For instance: moneylender, drummer, gravedigger, bricklayer, batman... Speaking about the rules for writing words with this suffix, you must definitely pay attention to the following point: the consonant u is soft, and the consonants in front of it are also softened. However, according to the rules of the Russian language, a soft sign in front of -schik will be placed only after the consonant л (for example - shareholder, taxpayer, fan). In all other cases, the soft sign will be considered an error.

The rule " after all consonants except d, t, h, s, z food suffix -schik»Also applies to words whose stem ends in th (for example, washer, binder, grocer). In this case, the final sound is iot, which refers to consonants. And we must not forget about it.

However, there are also a few exceptions to this rule... For example, in the words astphalt or maintenance worker to write correctly –shchik. This can happen if three conditions are simultaneously met:

• the root of the word is borrowed from another language;
• the suffix is ​​preceded by at least two consonants in a row;
• in this case, the base ends with the so-called.

How to quickly memorize the spelling rule -chik -chik

In order not to be mistaken in the spelling of these suffixes, it is necessary to know by heart the list of consonants, after which -chik is written. And the "classic of the genre" in such cases is the use of mnemonic phrases, which are much easier to memorize than to memorize a combination of unrelated consonants.

To memorize the combination " d, t, s, s, f"You can use the mnemonic" children behind soot"- it contains all the" necessary "consonants (" superfluous "is only iot, which is easy to discard), the phrase became widespread thanks to the book of the Soviet children's writer Vsevolod Nestayko" The Extraordinary Adventures of Robinson Kukuruso ". According to the plot, this phrase was invented by the main characters of the book - two schoolchildren who suffered for a long time over a Russian language textbook, trying to memorize a list of consonants. And the "stupid", meaningless phrase was remembered instantly.

Thus, the rule "folded" into a mnemophrase will sound like this: children for soot - chick, the rest - chick».

Examples of sentences with nouns na-chik and -schik

There are many examples of sentences illustrating the rules for using words with such suffixes.

For example, here are 10 variants of sentences with words in -chik denoting a profession or occupation

1. Journalists working in print periodicals are sometimes called newspapermen.
2. A good wood carver can create real works of art.
3. A fiction translator should pay attention to the stylistic features of the original.
4. The customer may refuse to accept the work if it is performed poorly.
5. Software developers are in demand in the labor market.
6. A cab driver in the old days is the same as a taxi driver today.
7. To become a pilot, you need to be in good health.
8. A team of movers had to be hired to transport the piano to a new apartment.
9. Both the plaintiff and the defendant were present at the hearing.
10. The scout was able to detect an enemy spy.

Examples of sentences with nouns ending in –Server:

1. Posting ads often spoil the entrance doors.
2. The actor played the role of a gravedigger in Shakespeare's famous tragedy "Hamlet".
3. Grocers and greengrocers are often mentioned in classical literature.
4. The watchmaker promised to repair the alarm clock in two days.
5. A gimmick is one who never strives to do his job well.
6. Football fans from many countries came to the World Cup.
7. An excellent sense of rhythm is a must for a drummer.
8. Glass washing is a dangerous profession when it comes to cleaning skyscraper windows.
9. Each pioneer squad had its own buglers and drummers.
10. The mass media wrote a lot about the problems of defrauded real estate investors.

Spelling of vowels in suffixes: how to correctly, -chik or -chek

In nouns denoting persons by occupation in suffixes -Chick and –shchik always spelled the vowel and. However, other nouns can also end in –chik (or –chek). For instance, boy, bell, cucumber or stalks.

In such cases, we are already talking about the suffixes of subjective assessment - most often diminutive, and in some cases giving the word a connotation of disdain (for example, "a bad worker from him"). In this case, the morphemic composition of the word will be different - the suffix -ec or -ik is highlighted in the word, and the preceding consonant h can be part of the root (for example, in the word kalachik) or a separate suffix (bell).

The rule to be followed in this case is quite simple.

If the vowel in the suffix is ​​preserved during declension, you should write –ik... For instance:

• bell - bell;
• corolla - corolla;
• casket - casket;
• little finger - little finger.

If the vowel is fluent, the suffix must be written through e:

• leaflet - leaflet;
• bell - bell;
• robber - robber.

Rules for writing suffixes -chik, -schik, -ek, -ik briefly

In order to quickly figure out how to write chik / cheek / check, you can use a simple algorithm.

1. Determine the meaning of the suffix... Does he denote a person, or does he introduce a diminutive or dismissive meaning into the word?
2. If the word denotes a person by occupation, look at the final letter of the basis... If it is d, t, s, s, z and the word is not among the exceptions, we write -chik. In all other cases - a box.
3. If we are talking about the subjective assessment suffix, we put the word in the genitive case... If the vowel is preserved in the suffix - write the word through "and". If it turns out to be fluent - through "e".