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You can talk endlessly about the types of needlework techniques using paper, because human imagination is limitless. We don’t do anything with this grateful material - we cut, and glue, and wrinkle, and burn, and tear, and fold, and twist and soak. And all this in order to turn a flat sheet of paper into a wonderful miracle, which can please the eye and put into practice. Well, if not for business, then for pleasure - for sure!
Those who think that only children should learn various techniques for working with paper material are mistaken. Today, both paper-plastic, and origami, and quilling are very popular with designers and are used in the design of retail space and festive events. We want to tell you about the facing technique. It is simple, but allows you to create airy, voluminous compositions of any size and on any topic.
CUTTING - one of the types of paper needlework. This technique can be attributed both to the method of application and to the type of quilling (paper rolling). With the help of facing, you can create amazing three-dimensional paintings, mosaics, panels, decorative interior elements, postcards.
In this way, it is possible to decorate almost any item, for example, photo frames. Still little known, this technique is very quickly gaining new fans and gaining popularity in the world of needlework. Such a rapid growth in its popularity is explained, firstly, by the unusual “fluffiness” effect that the trimming gives, and secondly, by a very easy way of performing. What is it, paper trimming technique? Let's get to know her better.
The principle of facing This technique is based on the creation of images and objects using three-dimensional paper elements. The volumetric element of trimming is called "trimming" or "butt". It is a piece of soft paper compressed in the form of a funnel or cone. It is from these elements that the intended product is created. Each such “end trim” is like one brush stroke in creating a picture, like one loop in knitting or one bead in beading.
Facing is not a difficult job, but painstaking. It requires not only perseverance, but also accuracy, attention and a certain dexterity. Tools To perform crafts in this technique, you need a minimum set of materials and tools: paper, glue, scissors and the so-called "cutting" tool. Not all paper is suitable for trimming. Typically, this technique uses corrugated paper or otherwise crepe paper. Such paper is sold in almost all art supply stores and in cultural goods.
In addition to corrugated paper, ordinary paper napkins are also suitable for trimming. Corrugated paper is used to make directly the "ends of glasses" - elements of a three-dimensional appliqué. Scissors and glue will be needed to cut and glue these trim pieces to the base of the craft.
A wide variety of materials are used as the basis. As a matter of fact, any surface to which this paper is glued can be “downed” with corrugated paper. Therefore, for panels, paintings and mosaics, a flat base is taken - a sheet of drawing paper, cardboard, light ceiling tiles. For voluminous crafts, blanks are made from foam, newspapers, papier-mâché, and plasticine.
Technique as such How to work with all these tools and materials? After you have decided on the type of product, you need to prepare paper for "trimming". These should be squares cut from corrugated paper. Size - from one to three centimeters, quantity - depending on the area or volume of the product. The workpiece, on which the "ends of the glasses" will be attached, can be smeared with glue in advance. But you can also apply glue to each individual element - that's how you like it.
How to make one such "fluffy"? The manufacturing technology of "trimming" requires accuracy. So, in your right hand you have a stick for trimming, in your left - a square of paper. Attach a piece of paper with the center to the end of the stick, and, holding it, gently crease the paper, wrapping it around the stick. When squeezing the paper, do not press too hard to avoid tearing it. As a result, you will get a small fluffy cone. Fluffiness will be given to it by the sides of the square folded into folds.
After that, without removing the cone from the rod, glue it to the workpiece so that the top of the cone is glued to the surface of the workpiece, and the folds of a kind of “carnation” look at you. When gluing trimmings, remember that the denser you place them on the surface of the product, the more fluffy and neat it will look.
If the whole process of trimming is written in stages, it will look like this: We cut squares (one by one cm) from corrugated paper. We make a blank for a bulk product or draw a pattern on a flat surface. We put the blunt end (end) of the rod on a paper square. Crumple the paper and roll the rod between your fingers. Glue the end tube to the workpiece. We take out the rod.
If you want to give a loved one a truly original and memorable gift, then you can hardly find something more suitable than a variety of paper crafts. This book contains everything you need to know to penetrate the magical world of paper art on your own. The first four chapters are devoted to its theoretical foundations, including a description of the history of the invention of paper, its types, the tools needed to work, the techniques used, as well as tips for beginners. The practical part with examples of making toys and paper souvenirs fit in the last chapter.
A series: DIY crafts
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by the LitRes company.
Paper techniques
Application
Application- This is a composition, usually made up of pieces of colored paper or fabric using a wide variety of additional materials. Since ancient times, people have been decorating their homes with crafts made in this interesting technique. The Kazakhs decorated their yurts, carpets, and the Tatars - saddles and boots. The peoples of the North sewed fur appliqués onto their leather garments. The Slavs used this technique to finish fabrics, from which they then sewed clothes. Even
Currently, there are many artists who are engaged in applique works. However, for now, we will only talk about applications made of colored paper.
For example, a bouquet of flowers looks good in half a candy box. To make such a bouquet, we glue a sheet of colored paper on the bottom of the box - the background. Glue flowers, stems and leaves on top. Moreover, the application will look much better if the flower petals are not completely glued, i.e., they will be made using the technique bulk application.
If you need to quickly decorate the interior or just keep the children busy with some interesting and useful thing, you should make several pictures from colored paper with them. Why take several multi-colored sheets of colored paper, one of which will become the background of the future picture, and you can cut out any figures from the rest. It doesn't matter if they are correct or not. The main thing is that the colors are bright and contrasting. Next, randomly paste them on the background.
You can do it much easier if you make the background sheet square (Fig. 13), and then sequentially stick squares of different sizes on it, starting from the largest and ending with the smallest in the center. The picture will turn out to be quite unusual, but at the same time it is very simple in execution.
With such applications it is easy to decorate a nursery or a veranda. By the way, the child himself is quite capable of coping with the decoration of his room. Of course, it is better to give the baby safe scissors and lay a piece of oilcloth on the table.
Rice. 13. Application
When performing the application, one should try not to stain the details with glue, otherwise the work will no longer be so attractive. It is better to refuse to use ordinary clerical glue, which turns yellow over time, and when it hits a dark background, it is noticeable (forms white spots). In addition, it tends to corrode painted surfaces and does not wash off clothes at all. PVA glue or ordinary paste will be the most acceptable. You can also use wallpaper glue, however, it dries for a long time.
Papier mache
Papier-mâché products are a special type of souvenir toys. Where did they come from? To begin with, let's dwell on what papier-mâché is in principle. Literally translated from French, the word "papier-mache" means "chewed paper" and is a way of gluing paper in small pieces in 5-7 layers according to a certain shape or model. According to one version, the first papier-mâché products appeared in medieval Iran, while other scientists believe that this needlework comes from China, where it originated before our era.
The basis of Iranian caskets and other handicrafts was several layers of glued paper (coated on top with a mixture of glue and chalk), painted with paints, over which a layer of transparent varnish was applied. Unfortunately, these wonderful bright chests and caskets were very fragile.
In Europe (England, Germany and France), the art of papier-mâché appeared only at the beginning of the 16th century. and immediately received a new development. In Russia, it spread somewhat later.
In industrial production, papier-mâché is a paper mass crushed into fibers mixed with glue, chalk or plaster. At home, this is torn paper, preferably newsprint, impregnated with a paste or other glue, pressed in several layers and primed with gesso or drying oil. At the same time, it becomes durable, which allows you to work with it, like with a tree.
Depending on the purpose of the product, its size and the number of items intended for the manufacture, there are several technological methods for preparing papier-mâché. So, you can work in six main ways:
According to various models;
According to the form taken from the model;
According to the original - a genuine product;
By pigs;
On a wire frame;
Sculpt from home-made newspaper mass.
Over the years, papier-mâché has been used to make visual aids, layouts, and relief maps.
Christmas decorations, New Year and carnival masks, caskets, wall plates, a variety of souvenirs and much more were made from this material.
Behind this foreign word lies the usual application of paper, which we did in labor lessons at school or even in kindergarten. Translated from French, the word "decoupage" means "cut", which means that the decoupage technique comes down to cutting and gluing paper elements. If you turn to history, you can find out that the first products in this technique appeared in China in the 12th century; in the XVII-XVIII centuries. The method of decorating interior items with the help of paper motifs came to Europe along with the fashion for Chinese lacquered furniture.
Now, ordinary three-layer napkins with various patterns, ornaments or whole plots are used to decorate objects, which is why decoupage is also called napkin technique.
The decoupage technique is very simple, and even children who have already learned how to cut out various shapes and elements from paper along the contour can master it. Its essence boils down to the following: a paper motif cut along the contour is glued onto a previously prepared surface using any adhesive, and after drying, it is covered with one or more layers of varnish, which is necessary so that the applied pattern is not afraid of moisture.
In addition, in a craft store you can buy special decoupage glue, which can be of different types, depending on which surfaces it is intended for decorating. However, the simplest and most affordable option is PVA glue, which can be successfully used on any surface. For work, it is usually diluted in a 1: 1 ratio or used undiluted.
To decorate a large surface area (cabinet doors or countertops), it is better to use wallpaper paste, gelatin solution or paste prepared by yourself.
To prepare a gelatin solution, you need 1 tbsp. l. gelatin, pour 0.25 cups of cold water and leave for 30 minutes to swell. Then you should dilute the resulting solution with 0.5 cups of cold water, heat with constant stirring, but do not boil. The cooled solution can be used as ordinary glue.
As mentioned above, varnish is used to fix the paper pattern on the surface. You can buy a special varnish for decoupage in an aerosol, but a regular water-based acrylic varnish, which comes in matte or with a glossy and diamond sheen, is also quite suitable.
To create the effect of antiquity, you will need a one- or two-stage craquelure varnish. The surface covered with such a tool will crack after a while, as a result of which small cracks will appear on it, and the picture will artificially “age”. The craquelure effect allows you to create real masterpieces of decoupage art - "old" boxes, paintings, vases, etc.
In addition, acrylic paints are useful for additional decoration of the napkin pattern, its elaboration and clarity to some lines. They can also make inscriptions on any surface, draw small elements of a picture, outline a contour, etc. The advantage of acrylic paints is that they dry quickly, do not have a strong odor and adhere well to different surfaces.
For work, it is advisable to use ready-made decoupage napkins, which, as a rule, are in stores for creativity. Decoupage napkins are a great option for decorating interior items, accessories and clothes, and made of rice paper, they have an original texture and will help create stunning effects on a variety of surfaces - from glass to fabric.
In order for the pattern to practically merge with the surface, the top colorful layer of the napkin must be separated, and then the pattern should be cut out along the contour. Some elements of the napkin may contain small details, but it is not necessary to painstakingly cut them out, since they can simply come off when glued. Therefore, in this case, it is more convenient to simply cut out the largest elements of the pattern as accurately as possible, and finish the small ones with acrylic paints using a thin brush. For some compositions, the napkin pattern can be carefully torn out with your hands, for example, this technique is often used when decorating flower pots and large surfaces.
Clippings from glossy magazines and simply printed text from a newspaper are no less original options for decoupage on various objects. Patterns from scraps of old newspapers look especially beautiful, which can additionally be “aged” with the help of tea brewing.
Fragments of magazine and newspaper clippings are easy to compose into a wonderful composition that will decorate an old coffee table or turn a brand new, but not very interesting locker into an antique. Even old letters from dear people can come into play - it is better to decorate a box for the same letters and photographs with them.
Postcards with gorgeous flowers or cute angels, despite the thickness of the paper, are also suitable for decoupage on various surfaces. The front side of the postcard must first be covered with 3-4 layers of acrylic varnish, allowing each of them to dry well. Then soak it in a bowl of water at room temperature for 10–20 minutes, then carefully roll up the soaked back layer. The result is a thin film with a colorful pattern that can be used for decoupage on any surface.
In addition, you can draw a beautiful pattern yourself and print it using a printer, but in order to get a beautiful and durable decoupage on an object, the printout should be processed correctly. So, it is better to print the drawing on very thin paper, such as tracing paper, and so that the paint does not flow, after the motif is moistened with water or glue, it should be fixed with varnish.
In this case, a regular strong hold hairspray or spray can is useful. You should not rush and immediately apply a thick layer of varnish on the surface of the picture: first, it must be sprayed in a thin layer at a distance of 30 cm from the surface, let it dry for 10–15 minutes and apply a layer of varnish again in the same way. Repeat the procedure 3-4 times, and be sure to let each layer of varnish dry.
If you do not perform these preparatory work, then the paint will inevitably flow and the work will be spoiled.
One of the most important tools for translating a conceived idea into reality are scissors. They should be with rounded ends and cut paper well. You can also use nail scissors to cut out the smallest details of the pattern. To cut a complex pattern with a large number of small elements, scissors with serrated blades are suitable.
To apply glue on a small surface, it is convenient to use a flat semi-rigid brush 1–2 cm wide. The same brush is useful for applying paints and varnish. To decorate a large surface, it is better to choose a larger brush or use a roller.
The decoupage technique can be applied on any surface, the main thing is to properly prepare it, and then even old iron buckets will turn into original designer interior items.
wood surface, varnished, almost ready for gluing thin paper patterns on it, it is only necessary to remove dust and greasy deposits from it. For what it is enough to wipe it with a cloth dipped in water with the addition of alcohol; however, various industrial products are also suitable for cleaning such surfaces from dust and dirt. After the surface is completely dry, it will be ready for decoupage.
raw wood before gluing the paper fragment, it is necessary to sand it with fine sandpaper, remove dust, cover with undiluted PVA glue and allow to dry. It is possible to prime with PVA glue both in one and in 2-3 layers, depending on the condition of the tree. After that, the surface is ready for decoration.
Decoupage is very easy to do on plastic surface, e.g. plastic glasses, plates, dishes, mugs, flower pots, buckets, etc. can be decorated with original napkin patterns. Before decorating, the plastic surface should be cleaned of dirt and dust (if the thing is not new), and then degreased with an alcohol solution or any dishwashing detergent. Then it needs to be thoroughly wiped dry and you can start gluing the paper motif.
Decoupage on glass it is very simple to do, only the preliminary glass surface should be degreased and wiped dry. After the paper motif is glued, the pattern must be fixed with a special decoupage varnish for firing, and then the object can be washed.
Decoupage on metal will allow you to decorate even old galvanized buckets, iron barrels and other metal objects. If the intended surface to be decorated is covered with rust, then it should be cleaned with a metal brush or sandpaper, and then wiped with an anti-corrosion solution, allowed to dry and primed with any paint for metal.
In order for the paper pattern to look bright on the metal and not be lost, the background should be light, preferably white, so the area reserved for gluing the motif should be covered with light paint. After the motif is completely glued, it must be covered with 2-3 layers of varnish.
Decoupage looks great ceramic surfaces, allowing you to turn even the most nondescript terracotta pots and flowerpots into bright and colorful objects that can decorate any interior. Before decorating, the ceramic surface should be cleaned, degreased and primed with undiluted PVA glue. After gluing the motif, the object is varnished in 2-3 layers.
Decoupage on fabric will allow you to transform ordinary clothes, make them elegant and attractive; however, in this case, a special varnish is required. The cut motif is circled with a water-soluble marker or chalk on a pre-prepared place. Inside the resulting contour, glue is applied to the fabric without going beyond its borders, since otherwise glue stains will remain around the pattern.
The napkin motif is glued according to the contours and left for about a day until the glue dries completely. To fix the decor on the fabric, the motif must be ironed with a hot iron through the fabric or a clean sheet of paper. After that, the product can be washed and ironed.
paper plastic
Paper plastic is a kind of mixture of paper sculpture and origami, something that turns paper into a plastic material from which interesting and original crafts come out.
The paper-plastic technique will allow you to create voluminous figures to decorate an office table or home interior, to complement gift wrapping. However, such a craft may well become an independent gift.
In the process of its manufacture, you can use ready-made patterns for cutting leaves, flowers, figures of people and animals. In any case, you should complete a preliminary project, think through every little thing and stock up on special tools and materials. For example, you will need a clerical knife with a comfortable handle and replaceable blades for cutting paper, as well as special volumizing tool a paper part, which is a wooden pen the thickness of a pencil with a metal rod with a ball (of different diameters) at the end (Fig. 14).
Rice. 14. Volume tool
Anything can be the objects of work in the paper-plastic technique - birds, animals, people, car models, flowers, gift wrapping, fish, etc. However, in order to finally translate what was conceived into reality, it is necessary to accurately represent the final result.
To transfer elements from the pattern to paper for subsequent cutting, as well as to punch the bending contour, a special awl is used. This tool is a pencil-thick pen, at both ends of which there are awl points with small balls that do not allow the paper to be pierced (Fig. 15).
Rice. 15. Double-sided awl
With the help of a conical awl, the elements of the figure are ironed to give it volume (Fig. 16).
Rice. 16. Tapered awl
To work with fine details, you will need tweezers with sharp, precisely connecting ends, which must be without nicks, as they can leave marks on paper, which makes the work look sloppy.
It is better to cut out details for crafts on a plank, which will protect the table surface from possible scratches, punctures, etc. It is more convenient to squeeze out three-dimensional figures on a piece of linoleum.
In paper plastic, glue is used in an aerosol can, which allows it to be applied evenly and in a thin layer, and the surfaces to be glued adhere well.
To give the craft volume, you will need double-sided tape when one layer should be located above or in front of the other, for example, when creating three-dimensional panels, paintings and postcards.
So, getting started, you need to decide on the composition of the future product, use ready-made patterns and templates more often, and most importantly, your own imagination. After the craft has matured in your imagination, you can start collecting suitable material, for which it is not at all necessary to go to the stationery store for a new pack of paper or drawing paper. It is easier to use the paper that is available in the house: wrappers and candy boxes, packages from parcels, etc., magazines, newspapers, old books.
If the beautiful paper you have is too thin to use it for paper-plastic work, it is quite possible to stick it on a denser base - drawing paper, paper for drawing or sketching.
For classic crafts using the paper-plastic technique, drawing paper or watercolor paper is more suitable, which is perfectly cut with a clerical knife at an angle of 45 ° and keeps its shape. You can also use colored paper, which is not inferior in density to whatman paper. Thicker paper will fold poorly and sometimes break at the fold.
In craft stores, you can find handmade paper, which consists of two layers of different colors. On the cut, it looks very decorative, and its color scheme allows you to create very spectacular crafts.
After the paper is selected and prepared, the necessary elements are cut out of it, which are given the desired shape. Details can be twisted, crushed, folded, cut into them, squeezed out, giving the desired volume. When all the details take their shape, it is necessary to start assembling the figure or composition, the individual parts of which are glued with glue or double-sided tape.
For the first craft using paper-plastic technique, it is better to take the simplest composition with a small amount of details. For example, it can be a postcard with a three-dimensional inscription, a heart, a butterfly or a large flower. Success in paper plastic is easy to achieve only with constant practice; and who knows, maybe the usual passion for paper will develop into a real skill.
The paper paste technique should be divided into several stages, each of which plays an important role in creating a neat and beautiful craft.
Preparing a sketch and materials for crafts
On a sheet of plain paper, you need to draw a sketch of the future work, develop templates and patterns. If the craft will be made only of white paper, you can glue glossy paper on a sheet of whatman paper so that the product keeps its shape better and looks more refined. It is also worth noting that when working with pure white paper, hands should always be absolutely clean and dry so as not to leave stains on the craft.
Cutting parts and giving them the desired shape
After the patterns and templates are designed, they must be cut out of the prepared paper. A sketch of a future craft or a cutting plan is outlined on paper using an awl with a rounded end. The fact is that if you make a pattern with a pencil, then the craft will look messy, and a simple pencil will have to be removed with an eraser.
The necessary details are cut out with a mock-up (stationery) knife, which must be held at an angle of 45 °, since in this case the element of the composition will stand out against the general background, which is especially noticeable when using two-color paper. For example, a red carrier outline of the main paper will look great against a green decorative background.
After the details of the composition are cut out, they can be given volume, and this can be done in a variety of ways. For example, wind it onto a metal rod, which will result in a twisted or rounded part, or push it with a special tool with a ball at the end to get a convex or concave surface, etc.
The volume of individual parts is carried out depending on the goals of the project and your own imagination.
Assembling crafts into a single composition
Assemble a composition or figurine from the prepared elements in accordance with the idea and the drafted sketch. Individual elements can be glued with glue, which must be applied very carefully and only at the junction, which is convenient to do with a thin brush. Flat surfaces that are separated from the general background are glued to double-sided tape.
quilling
translated from English, the word "quilling" means "bird feather", "paper rolling".
This technique appeared at the end of the XIV - beginning of the XV century. in Europe. The nuns of medieval Europe made elegant medallions with gilded edges from narrow strips of paper. Their miniature masterpieces looked like products made of the thinnest gold strips, but, unfortunately, unlike real gold, they have not survived to this day.
In the Middle Ages, quilling was considered an art, in the XIX century. it was exclusively the amusement of noble ladies, and in the last century it was practically forgotten about. Luckily, it is now back to its former glory.
Many consider paper to be a short-lived material from which something practical cannot be made, but the quilling technique refutes this. For example, from delicate and fragile elements, you can assemble a basket and use it to store small things.
Having mastered this, in general, simple technique, you can once and for all solve the problem of greeting cards and small souvenirs for relatives, friends and work colleagues for any celebration or holiday. Such gifts will leave an unforgettable impression on the recipient, and the author will receive a lot of positive emotions from the creative process.
The main rule of quilling is to choose the right paper. So, it should not break when folded, but simply must twist well and keep the shape of a spiral. Plain white or colored copier paper is perfect for crafts. For bright colorful works, it is better to take paper dyed on both sides. A pattern made of white paper on a colored background looks very nice.
Beginners in quilling can start with plain paper, and over time, when a certain skill and experience appear, use special quilling paper, which is sold both as whole sheets of the usual A4 format, and cut into strips 3 or 5 mm wide, which very convenient for creating a conceived masterpiece.
For more spectacular work, it is better to use the original Korean paper, which has unique properties that appear in the process of shaping the strip.
Such paper, as a rule, is already cut into strips of the desired width.
The prepared strips of paper are wound on an awl with a diameter of 1 mm, which, unfortunately, has the shape of a cone, as a result of which inconvenience may arise when forming a paper blank.
Therefore, you can cut off the sharp tip. Or use a metal rod of the desired diameter, which should be conveniently equipped with a wooden handle to make it easier to wind strips of paper and adjust the density of the turns.
It is convenient to take paper blanks with tweezers with sharp tips without notches. The tweezers should have a comfortable grip with minimal pressure.
Scissors will be required with sharp ends in order to most accurately cut the fringe from strips of paper. Their blades must be sharpened so that they work evenly along the entire length.
For quilling, you can use any glue. The main requirement is that it should dry quickly and not leave stains on colored paper. For beginners, ordinary PVA glue is suitable, which must be diluted with water in a ratio of 1: 1.
To give the blanks a certain diameter, an officer's ruler is used, on which there are several circles of different diameters.
The technique itself is not particularly difficult, but will require perseverance and accuracy. So, first you should think over a sketch of a future craft and draw it on a piece of paper, then decide on a color scheme and think over the shape of the elements that make up the work.
The main element of quilling is a roll - a strip of colored or white paper twisted into a spiral (Fig. 17).
Rice. 17. Roll
It is more convenient to wind a strip of paper on the tip of a sharp awl, and then continue without it, working with your thumb and forefinger, since in this case you feel the tightness of the winding of the spiral.
The result is a dense spiral with a diameter of less than 1 cm.
To obtain a regular dense roll, the free end of the strip is fixed with a drop of glue. From such rolls of different colors, you can assemble the most ordinary or, conversely, a fancy pattern according to the mosaic principle. Parts are allowed of the same or different diameters, for which, using the officer's ruler, it is easy to dissolve a dense spiral to the size you need and also fix its tip with a drop of glue.
The main charm of this type of work with paper lies in the fact that the base roll can be given a variety of shapes, for which it is easy to crush the part loosened to the desired diameter and fixed with glue in a variety of ways using the thumb and forefinger.
There are basic forms of rolls from which you can assemble any composition from an abstract fantasy picture to animal figures (Fig. 18).
Rice. 18. Basic forms of rolls
paper weaving
Do you know how else to use paper besides cutting, sticking, folding, etc.? From paper, it turns out, you can still weave. For example, by interlacing multi-colored strips of paper with each other, it is easy to get no less original crafts than in techniques such as origami or quilling.
A woven paper canvas can become a pretty bookmark for a book, a backdrop for a postcard or a modest panel with a pretty flower, etc.
For simple paper weaving, it is necessary to cut a number of colored strips of the desired width, for example, 1 cm. It is more convenient to do this with a clerical knife, and several sheets are stacked at the same time to get a large number of strips at once.
For a simple checkerboard weave, you need to arrange several strips vertically, and then alternately skip the horizontal strips under and over the vertical ones (Fig. 19).
Rice. 19. Weaving from paper strips
For convenience, vertical stripes can be fixed with glue or tape on the base sheet. After the canvas is completely ready, you can trim its sides and glue the ends of the strips. To obtain a bright colored canvas, it is better to use paper at least the spirit of colors, such as blue and yellow, white and red, etc.
Of course, with the use of complex and not very techniques, magnificent paintings, panels, greeting cards and much more are obtained from beautiful paper. However, you can also find a use for old newspapers and magazines by making very original crafts from them - wicker baskets and boxes. Those who like wicker items will definitely adopt this technique of working with paper, and most importantly, piles of old newspapers and magazines will turn into necessary interior items and wonderful gifts without any extra financial costs!
For weaving from old newspapers and magazines, you will need the old newspapers and magazines themselves, PVA glue, any varnish and a knitting needle with a diameter of 1.5-2 mm, and work will begin with the preparation of paper twigs.
Why is a sheet of a newspaper or magazine torn into blanks about 27 in size X 9 cm, wind it on a thin needle and glue the tip of the paper with glue. It should be wound at an angle of 45 ° - in this case, the twig is flexible enough for weaving (Fig. 20).
To make the twigs easier to intertwine with each other, they need to be rolled with a rolling pin, as a result of which they will become flat. It is better to start work with braiding an object, such as a flower pot or even a jar.
Rice. 20. Rolling a newspaper into a twig
Weaving, as a rule, starts from the bottom, for which 4 twigs are first crossed with each other (Fig. 21 a). Next, more twigs are added, of which there should be an odd number in total (Fig. 21 b).
After that, they are braided in a circle, passing a working twig under and above each of the protruding twigs of the base (Fig. 21 c).
As weaving, the twigs straighten out and a workpiece is obtained that looks like a sun with evenly diverging rays (Fig. 21 d).
End of introductory segment.
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The following excerpt from the book Paper crafts, toys, souvenirs and gifts (E. A. Kaminskaya, 2011) provided by our book partner -
Made by hand from a variety of materials, not only provide great opportunities for creativity, but can also serve as an additional source of income.
Along with the classical trends, many new-fangled types of needlework with exotic names have now appeared.
What are handmade crafts called?
Consider also what materials are used in their manufacture.
Origami
The ancient Chinese art of making paper figures. Initially, possession of the origami technique was considered good form and was popular among the upper classes. To simplify the folding process, a unified system of signs has been developed. For the manufacture of crafts, plain, special (kami) or foil paper can be used.
beading
Even the ancient Egyptians wove necklaces and bracelets from beads, decorated their clothes. Beaded jewelry is no less relevant today. The versatility of beads also allows souvenirs: flower arrangements, key rings, Easter eggs, photo frames, etc.
modeling
For the manufacture of products of various shapes, plastic materials are used (plasticine, clay, polycaprolactone, etc.). You can decorate your own home or please friends with original and useful things.
Decoupage
A technique for decorating objects, which consists in gluing paper with a pattern on the surface, creating the illusion of hand painting. Similarly, you can restore furniture, decorate vases, dishes, boxes and other interior items.
scrapbooking
The art of creating and decorating photo albums, notebooks with clippings or notes, postcards. For this, various types of fasteners (rings, ribbons, springs) and decorative elements from various materials (leather, fabric, paper of various textures, lace, rhinestones, etc.) are used.
Topiary
Topiary is called the tree of happiness, which brings good luck, prosperity and good mood to the house. This type of crafts originated from the art of figured pruning of trees. To make a tree, you need a decorative pot, foam plastic, building foam or a floral sponge for the base and any material for the crown (ribbons, dried flowers, colored paper, coffee beans, etc.).
Patchwork
The patchwork technique is used not only for the manufacture of traditional bedspreads. According to the principle of a mosaic of multi-colored pieces of fabric, craftsmen create bags, paths and even whole paintings.
Natalia Bogdanova
Non-traditional paperwork techniques (consultation for educators ...)
USAGE NON-TRADITIONAL PAPER WORKING TECHNIQUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN'S ARTISTIC CREATIVITY
It is known that children's creativity is a unique phenomenon. Children's creativity can be developed in a variety of ways, including work with different materials, which includes various types of creating images of objects from paper, natural and waste material. Paper technique may be various: torn and cut-out, three-dimensional applications, mosaic, origami-style crafts, creating various volumes using paper-plastic techniques, paper rolling, trimming on plasticine.
Teachers and psychologists involved in the development of artistic creativity and children's abilities note that various types of productive activities, Job with different materials affects the development of abilities for creative activity. What methods can be used to develop the creative activity of children?
Application is one of the easiest and most effective ways paper handling. This technique, based on cutting out details, superimposing them on the background and fixing them, is especially suitable for classes with preschool children, since their activities during this period are of an objective nature, that is, they are based on active interaction with various objects. Paper technique may be various: cut-off and cut-out appliqué, mosaic technique, crafts in technique"origami", creating different volumes using technology« paper plastics» , paper rolling. In creating crafts in integration with non-traditional paper techniques gives children great pleasure when they succeed, and great chagrin if the image does not work out. In the same time brought up the child has a desire to achieve a positive result.
Origami - Japanese art of folding paper. It attracted the attention of many residents of Russia, including teachers, as it is not only an exciting way to spend leisure time, but also a means of solving many pedagogical problems, in particular the development of fine motor skills. By improving and coordinating the movements of the fingers and hands, origami affects the overall intellectual development of the child, including the development of speech. The Japanese believe that the art of ORIGAMI brings peace of mind and physical recovery. It is very useful for the creative and spiritual development of children.
Origami looks like a trick - from an ordinary piece of paper paper in a few minutes a wonderful figure is born! Origami does not require large material costs, origami classes are absolutely safe even for the smallest children. With the help of origami, a whole world can be easily and quickly created that you can play with! No special skills required and everyone can do it! With the help of origami, it is easy to make unusual and original gifts and decorate rooms.
Age: from 4 years
paper rolling(quilling)- based on the ability to twist the strips paper different widths and lengths, modify their shape and make volumetric and planar compositions from the obtained parts. During the course paper rolling you can use double sided paper for origami or color for the printer, as well as multi-colored napkins.
Lessons in use non-traditional paper techniques:
Increase sensory sensitivity, i.e. form a more subtle form perception, texture, color, volume;
Develop imagination, spatial thinking;
Develop general manual skill, fine motor skills, synchronize work of both hands:
Build planning skills work to implement the plan, to foresee the result and achieve it;
If necessary, make adjustments to the original plan.
But the most important and valuable thing is that paper rolling, along with other types of fine arts, develops the child aesthetically. Children learn to see, feel, evaluate and create according to the laws of beauty. A child who knows various methods of transforming materials can, in his activity, consciously choose the type of material and the method of its transformation, depending on the specifics of the conceived craft and in accordance with its purpose, combine materials, choose means to implement aesthetic requirements for the result. work.
Norigami is a unique author's format paper design technique, which makes it possible to make paper, anything. Think - and it will be done. If you want - learn to invent crafts yourself, if you want - learn to make them after the master. No other paper design technique do not do so quickly, simply and recognizably even Carlson, even a Chinese dragon, a tank or a submarine, a zebra or an elephant, a giraffe, a horse, a cat, a princess, a castle.
Norigami - relative origami: also without patterns, also according to the schemes, also from standard sheets with simple folding. But the difference is in cutting and gluing. Because nori is Japanese for "glue" - and fold, and cut, and glue. Children are very fond of work with paper- it is available as a material and easy to handle. Working with paper the child masters various techniques and methods - bending the sheet, gluing, notching. Simple manipulations available to everyone, and the result is a unique creative craft that children take with them. Such an unusual handmade toy will be a wonderful decoration for your home. Boys having fun construct their favorite cars out of paper, tanks and planes and even dinosaurs. Girls are princesses, funny little animals. Age of children from 5 years to infinity.
kirigami
Age: from 6 years
This is the art of folding figures from paper. In a sense, kirigami is a kind of origami techniques, but, unlike the latter, the use of scissors and glue is permissible in kirigami.
The name itself tech says it: it comes from two Japanese words:kiru - cut and kami - paper.
The basis of crafts in technique kirigami is leaf paper. As a rule, the creation of crafts begins with folding a sheet paper halved and cutting out various shapes. Shapes can be cut as symmetrically:
as well as asymmetrical:
IN technique kirigami make beautiful voluminous folding cards (in English they are called pop-up,
as well as entire architectural structures from paper.
Volumetric application of color or white paper:
Age: from 5 years
means of expression: silhouette, texture, color, volume.
Equipment: double-sided color and solid white paper, PVA glue.
Image Acquisition Method: the child tears off pieces of colored paper, crushes them or twists them, and then glues them onto the sheet with a dense paper. work must be done on a large sheet paper.
Volumetric application from paper napkins painted with gouache
Age: from 4 years.
means of expression: spot, texture, color, volume, composition.
Equipment: white napkins, sponges, dense color paper, PVA glue, gouache.
Image Acquisition Method: the child twists pieces of white napkins into small flagella, and then glues them onto a sheet of dense paper. The twisting procedure is repeated until the space of the depicted object is filled with folded flagella. Now you can take gouache and paint the glued napkins.
Facing one of the types paper needlework. This technology can be attributed both to the method of application and to the type of quilling. With the help of facing, you can create amazing three-dimensional paintings, mosaics, panels, decorative interior elements, postcards. This technology is quite popular., interest in it is explained by the unusual effect of "fluffiness" and the easy way to perform it.
You can also use other materials: straw, birch bark, fur, poplar fluff, paper, plasticine. For example, an application can also be made on a cardboard covered with a layer of plasticine. And then press a wide variety of shapes from different cereals: peas, beans, rice, vermicelli, etc. You can pour sand, tinted semolina, buckwheat, etc. on a sheet smeared with plasticine or paste with a funnel. that you have enough imagination.
Making toys, various crafts from natural and waste materials is painstaking, interesting and very pleasant work. Try it and you won't regret it!
Paper was invented in the 2nd century BC. Chinese court official and gradually began to spread to the west, reaching Central Asia in 751 AD. e. In 793, paper was first made in Baghdad, during the golden age of Islamic culture. From there, the art of papermaking spread further east, and by the 14th century there were several paper mills in Europe.
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When the printing business arose in 1450, the demand for paper increased dramatically. At this time, linen and cotton were the main raw materials for paper production, but it was not until the 18th century, when demand for materials exceeded supply, that a search began for a material that would be available in abundance. At the beginning of the 19th century, the use of wood began.
Modern equipment and methods of paper production date back to the same 19th century, and now they have turned the ancient craft into a highly technical industry. The basic processes remain the same as before, but cotton and flax fibers and whole, sorted fabric offcuts are still used for paper grades that offer maximum strength, longevity and durability.
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All over the world, people have recognized the value of paper as an object for creativity, because it can be used to make products or use it as an element for decoration. They learned how to create useful objects out of paper, each with its own grace and beauty.
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They also invented many ways to decorate with paper, by folding it or cutting it into intricate shapes, by painting it in different colors, or by using shapes from plain colored paper or cut-out prints to create paintings. In the Far East and Europe, the tradition of using paper as a raw material and recognizing its decorative potential is especially strong.
Papier mache.
Papier-mâché (meaning "chewed paper" in French) is actually shredded paper or paper strips mixed with glue. Paper pulp can be molded into various shapes to create hard or brittle pieces that can then be creatively decorated.
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Centuries before the craft arrived in Europe, it was an art form in the Far East, where carefully crafted items were exquisitely decorated and lacquered. At the beginning of the 18th century, papier-mâché products began to be made in France, and later in England and Germany, where several different manufacturing processes were used.
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One was to create trays and furniture panels from pressed sheets of paper glued together. Although the production of papier-mâché products fell somewhat in Europe in the 19th century. Papier-mâché was still a popular material for making toys, masks, and various types of mannequins. Being one of the cheapest and simplest materials, today papier-mâché is experiencing its rebirth.
Decoupage.
The word "decoupage" comes from the French verb decouper, which means "to cut". Decoupage is a type of decorative art in which paper cutouts are used to create pictures or patterns on various surfaces.
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Decoupage as an art form arose under the influence of the Siberian art of creating felt appliqué and ancient Chinese and Polish folk art, which used paper cutouts. It first appeared in France in the 17th century as an art for decorating furniture. A century later, decoupage became a popular activity throughout Europe. It became so fashionable that specially printed pictures were produced to stick on various household and personal items such as hair brushes, hair dryers and screens.
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Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in it as a way to bring various objects to life, such as wastebaskets, lampshades, screens, trays, and boxes.
Many of today's decoupage products are inspired by the lush floral motifs of the Victorian era, but this does not mean at all that this is how modern decoupage should look like.
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You can use any kind of paper with different images. You can even use black and white or tinted photocopies to create your own designs. At the end, each work must be covered with several layers of varnish for protection.
Paper cutting.
The art of paper cutting originated in the Far East. In China, where paper stencils were originally used as embroidery templates, their designs were extremely complex and intricate. In Japan, they were originally used as stencils for printing designs on fabric.
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Eventually, this art form made its way along the trade routes of the Middle East to Europe, where it began to be used by monks to decorate manuscripts. Thus, the first secular paper cut designs in Europe were with religious themes, but as paper became more widely used, people began to carve scenes from everyday life. Polish masters of folk art became famous for their charming and bright products depicting rural life.
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German and Swiss paper cuts were intricate, folded stories called scherenschmitte. This tradition of creating symmetrical images, white on a black background, was subsequently adopted and continued by early European settlers in the New World.
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In Great Britain and France, the continuation of the German style was the creation of portraits by cutting out paper silhouettes. The first images of silhouettes were created in full size - the head of the fashion model was illuminated by candles and the shadow was redrawn on paper. Then the image was painted over with black, cut out and pasted onto white paper.
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As the fashion for paper-cut ornaments spread, well-mannered ladies who had a lot of free time realized that their little needlework scissors were the perfect tool for carving intricate lace symbols of love or Valentine's Day cards and mementos for family holidays. Traditional paper-cutting festivals are still held in Denmark, Mexico and the USA. Depending on the type of paper used, the number of folds, and the style of the image, you can create a huge variety of products.
Paper decoration.
There are various ways to decorate paper to enhance the look of paper products or plain paper or board. Various decorative effects can be achieved with stencils. For centuries, they have been used to decorate interiors with repeating patterns.They can also be used to decorate small or large items, from homemade wallpaper to wrapping paper and stationery.
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Stamping, actually a type of printing, is another excellent way to decorate paper. It can be applied to any kind of paper or paper products. Today, the application of patterns using stencils and seals (stamps) is used as a simple, inexpensive, but at the same time, an expressive way to decorate or give originality to any surface.
Ready-made prints and stencils are available for sale, but you can also make them yourself to your liking. You can cut stencils out of waxed stencil paper or acetate film, and stamps can be cut out of a potato or household sponge.
Paper designs.
By cutting and folding paper, you can create an amazing variety of items for the home - boxes, mobiles and lanterns. The art of creating decorative and useful products by folding paper several times goes back to an even more ancient art of creating such products from fabric. The pinnacle of this art is the Japanese art of origami, where three-dimensional objects and animals are obtained from paper folded several hundred times.
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Anything from an elephant to a vase of flowers can be made without the use of glue or duct tape. The tradition of making paper structures by folding paper also exists in Spain and South America. In Germany, in the 19th century, they began to make crafts from folded colored paper in kindergartens, and later the Bauhaus, the famous German school of design, opened courses on how to create structures from several times folded paper.
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Often considered just a packaging material, cardboard can also be used to create many functional and decorative items. At the beginning of the 20th century, cardboard was already being used in the manufacture of models for sculptures, furniture and architectural projects.
Some imaginative designers have even made various pieces of furniture entirely out of it, a testament to its inherent durability. Cardboard became a popular craft material during World War II when it was widely used as packaging.
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Artisans immediately found a use for this new waste product, but their enthusiasm soon waned as more interesting materials became available in the post-war period. Recently, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in cardboard as a creative material, and many craftsmen have begun to use it in new ways to create a variety of amazing items from toys and handbags to chairs and tables.
Corrugated cardboard, with its multi-layer structure, is particularly well suited for the creation of cardboard structures.
