Of the many questions and topics that are asked to tarot cards, not a small one ...
4. Factors affecting the distribution of the population (give examples). Features of the distribution of the population in the world and Russia.
1. natural conditions
2. economic development level
3. type of use of the territory
Nymnik suggested 3 types of land use:
A. rural - does not require a concentration of population and labor per unit of territory and leads to a strong population
B. semi-rural - mining industry except for coal. Leads to focal character of settlement
B. Neruralny - processing coal industry and non-production sphere
4. economic geographic position
1/10 of the land is not inhabited at all
1/2 land has a density of 0.01 to 0.1 person-a
1\4 from 1 to 10 per 1 km2
Regions with density above 50:
1. east china
2. Japanese islands
3. indonesia - island of java
4. india - Indogan lowland and south of Hindustan
5. Europe without sowing part
6. Africa - Lower Nile and Niger
8. part of the east of argentina and brazil
The main axis and the main strip of settlement: Vyborg - Severouralsk - Then to the south - Along the Trans-Siberian Railway (to the north 100-150 km)
Northern: northern zone of rare settlement with focal character of settlement
Canadian principles:
1. work of medium and low qualification is performed on shifts
2. everything related to high labor is done by permanent residents
3. attracting the local population to work
4. The country considers all these territories as the most important strategic resource
Russia: density 8.5 people/sq.km.
Moscow and moscow region -361 people/sq.km.
Center area 61 people \ sq. km.
North of the Russian Federation 4-2 people \ sq. km.
Zap-Sib 6 people \ sq. km.
Vost-Sib 2 people\sq.km.
DV 1 person\sq.km.
5. Indicators characterizing the birth rate of the population.
Birth rate is a demographic term, defined as the ratio of the number of births per period per 1000 inhabitants.
A healthy woman, according to her physiological data, can give birth to an average of 10-12 children, which corresponds to a birth rate of 50-60 per thousand. This was the case until about the 18th century. The development of capitalist relations in the XIX century. led to a sharp increase in industry and cities, an increase in the general educational and cultural level of the population and the involvement of women in social production. All this could not but lead to a drop in the birth rate. In developing countries, high birth rates are the result of traditions of large families that date back to primitive society - in order to survive, the tribe had to maintain a high birth rate. This was facilitated by religious beliefs, and moral norms, and laws, and customs. Such traditions still exist today: among the Indians of Bolivia, for example, women with many children are especially revered, and a widow with many children is the most enviable bride. In Madagascar, a bride who already has children is considered preferable. How strong these traditions are is shown by the example of China, where large families have been encouraged since ancient times, especially obligation in the family of a son-heir. The introduction of birth control led to the fact that the 80s. cases of newborn deaths have increased. The tradition of having many children is supported by some religions. So, Islam and Hinduism encourage high birth rates, call for early marriages. Fertility and fertility
It is necessary to distinguish between fertility and fertility - the average number of children born to a woman in her life. For example, if a society (country) has a high proportion of women giving birth to their first child, then a high birth rate will be observed. However, if this child remains the only one, then fertility may remain at a low level, including below the replacement level of generations.
World fertility trends
small number of children (average number of children born to a woman in her life, no more than 1.5)
a high proportion of illegitimate births (in the UK and France - 30%. In Denmark - 40%)
in rural areas, the birth rate is slightly higher than in cities
high average age of birth (2005 - 25.4 years)
refusal of births, contraception, abortion, abstinence, weak communication between members of some families.
Total fertility rate: birth per year, j referred to the average number of all of us. Wed numbers, because birth rate per year, us at the beginning of the year + us at the end of the year.
Standardized total fertility rate: with a straight standard, the effect of differences in age structure is eliminated. When cosv stadr eliminated the influence of differences in intensive birth.
Age-specific fertility rates: this is the ratio of the number of births per year for wives of a certain age group to the average annual number of wives in this group according to the current estimate
Total fertility rate: the sum of the age coefficient is the average number of children in the wives of a hypothetical cohort (women of childbearing age 15-50) 2.15 - the number of children per woman
Gross factor: used when it is necessary to find out how many virgins will replace their mothers in a given generation
Nettocoef: not taking into account the dead virgins (probability of surviving to a certain age
Remember
Population density - the number of inhabitants per 1 km² of territory. Population density calculations may exclude uninhabited areas and large inland waters.
2. What determines the distribution of the population on the territory?
The uneven distribution of the population is caused by a number of interrelated factors: natural, historical, demographic and socio-economic. Since ancient times, people settled in areas with favorable conditions for human life, but as the economy developed, its location began to have a decisive influence on the distribution of the population.
3. What is migration?
4. What are the types of migration?
There are four main types of spatial movement of the population. These include episodic, pendulum, seasonal and permanent migration. All four types of migration are specific in nature, and the population participating in them pursues completely different goals.
What do you think
1. Is it possible to distribute uniformly over the territory of the Earth?
Uniform distribution of the population on the territory of the Earth is impossible. Severe climatic conditions, lack of a developed transport network, lack of jobs make some regions of our planet inaccessible for living.
Let's check your knowledge
1. What is population density?
Population density - the number of inhabitants per 1 km² of territory.
2. What is the global average for population density?
The average world value of the population density indicator is 52 people \ km2.
3. What are the centers of population concentration?
There are three centers of population concentration: Asian, European, Atlantic.
4. What is population migration?
Population migration (lat. migratio - resettlement) - the movement of people from one region (state, country) to another, in some cases in large groups and over long distances.
5. What are the types of migrations?
Migrations are external and internal.
Now for the more difficult questions.
1. What factors influence the distribution of the population in the territory?
Factors of distribution of the population on the territory of the Earth:
1) factor of natural conditions: proximity to the sea, flatness of the territory, favorable climate, fertile soils, abundance of natural resources, etc.
2) the historical factor: the territories that have been developed for a long time are the areas where ancient states were formed - Egypt, Rome, Greece, China, India.
3) demographic factor: high or, conversely, low natural population growth can significantly affect the distribution and density of people by region.
4) socio-economic factors:
Employment of the population in agriculture;
Industry development;
Gravity to transport and trade routes.
2. What explains the existence of three centers of population concentration?
The existence of three centers of population concentration can be explained by the following reasons:
Favorable climate;
Flat terrain;
High level of socio-economic development.
3. What factors influence the magnitude of migration flows?
Migration factors are a set of social conditions in which this process takes place and which affect its volume, intensity, direction and other parameters. These factors can be classified depending on the possibilities of regulating their influence on migration processes.
Uncontrollable permanent factors: the geographical location of the area and its natural components - high seasonal temperature fluctuations, swampiness, earthquakes, floods, blood-sucking insects, etc.;
- "temporary" factors that can be regulated by indirect impact, that is, which can be changed gradually: the level of development of territories, including the creation of industrial and social infrastructure; gender, age, ethnic composition of the population. One of the "temporary" factors that act with the greatest force on migration processes is the composition of the population by length of residence. In an area where the population is growing at a high rate due to migration and, consequently, the proportion of new settlers is increased, as a rule, the proportion of men, non-families, etc. is higher. Such a structure of the population contributes to the high migration mobility of the population;
Regulated, which include: wage increases, the establishment or abolition of certain benefits, personnel policy, changes in national policies, etc. So, higher coefficients wages and various kinds of benefits in the regions of the Far North of Russia were attracted there until the mid-80s. large contingents of labor resources. In a relatively stable socio-political environment for this group of factors, the living conditions of the population and labor supply are of the greatest importance.
4. What is the difference between external and internal migration?
Internal migration is movement within a country, while external migration is from one country to another.
5. What are the consequences of population migration?
Migration is a rather complex and controversial process. Having a number of pluses and positive results for the development of receiving and sending countries, it also leads to negative consequences. The more the country's population is involved in migration processes, the more acute its consequences are. For example, migration contributes to the improvement of the material well-being of families, but at the same time, the preservation of the family and the upbringing of children is hampered by the absence of one or both parents.
From theory to practice
2. Calculate the population size for the value of the average population density equal to 52 people/km2.
Population:
148 939 063 × 52 = 7 744 831 276 people
?2
INTRODUCTION
2.2 Urbanization of Russia
2.3 Rural population Russia
3.2 Trends in the development of management systems for the territorial organization of the population
APPENDIX………………………………………………………………………………………45
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
The population is an object of study of socio-economic geography, which establishes the general patterns of its development, considering its life activity in all aspects: historical, political, economic, social, medical and statistical.The geography of the population studies its object in the specific conditions of place and time, revealing a change in the population due to births and deaths, as well as marriages and divorces, the movement of people across the boundaries of individual territories, changes in the social conditions of life of the population.
Geography studies the following characteristics of a population:
? Number;
? population structure, demographic processes. Attention here is primarily drawn to the division of the population according to sex, age, level of education, professional, production characteristics, according to belonging to urban and rural areas;
? distribution of people according to the professions acquired in the process of training, according to occupations, according to branches of the national economy;
? resettlement. Here, a distinction is made between the degree of urbanization, the determination of the density of the entire population;
? the relationship that takes place in the population itself between its various groups
? study of the dynamics of demographic processes;
? population statistics, forecasts of its size and composition for the future.
Territorial organization of society:
1) this is a combination of functioning territorial structures of the population, production, nature management, united by management structures;
2) it is a set of processes or actions for the distribution of population and production, environmental management, taking into account their relations, connections, subordination and interdependence in order to accelerate the socio-economic development of both the whole society as a whole and its individual territorial communities.
Thus, the territorial organization of the population is one of the main components of the territorial organization of society, along with the territorial division of labor, the distribution of productive forces, the administrative-territorial organization of states, economic zoning, etc. The territorial organization of the population can be simultaneously considered in two aspects:
1) as a process of organizing the population in any territory;
2) as a result of this process - the established territorial systems associated with the population (number and density, composition, settlement, network of settlements, migration, etc.).
The distribution of the population of Russia on its territory for many centuries (starting from the formation of the Moscow Principality) has changed in the direction of its increasing territorial dispersal, "spreading" over a vast territory.
This term paper is the study of the features of the distribution of the population in the Russian Federation.
The object of the course work is the population and its placement on the territory of our country.
The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that the uneven distribution of the population in our country creates a huge problem in the development of resources and reduces the productivity of the agricultural sector.
1 BASES OF TERRITORIAL POPULATION ORGANIZATION
1.1 Basic concepts and patterns of territorial organization of the population
The primary unit of accommodation of the population in any territory is a dwelling - a building (room) in which people live. At the same time, individual residential buildings (their layout, building material, etc.) are the subject of study of architecture. And in the territorial organization of the population (as well as in the demography and geography of the population), the primary unit of account is the locality (settlement). At the same time, it should be taken into account that sometimes a settlement may consist of a single dwelling (residential building). And therefore, the distinction between the concepts of "separate dwelling" and "settlement" is a rather complicated issue. It is solved differently at different points in time (during different censuses) even in the same country. Not to mention the large differences that exist in the definition of a locality between countries.According to the most general definition adopted in our country, a settlement (settlement) is a set of dwellings and other material forms of human habitation, as well as places of application of labor, industrial and non-industrial infrastructure, characterized by spatial limitation, territorial commonality of structural elements and name ( toponym) A separate dwelling can also be a settlement if it performs specialized functions and is remote from other dwellings.
An obligatory sign of a settlement is the constancy of its use as a habitat, at least seasonally, but year after year. The criterion for distinguishing individual dwellings as settlements is usually the continuity of development.
the necessary gap (distance to the nearest neighboring dwelling) ranges from 100-150 m to 2 km or more.
Most settlements, as a rule, serve not only as a place of residence for people, but also as a location for industrial facilities (factories, farms, etc.), as well as institutions for industrial and non-industrial infrastructure (roads, shops, etc.). Relevant buildings and structures can occupy most of the area of the settlement (production and infrastructure zones). But there must be a territory occupied by residential buildings (settlement). Industrial and infrastructure facilities without residential buildings are not settlements. Whereas settlements can only consist of residential buildings - without any other buildings and structures.
The territorial organization of the population in some cases also considers the internal structure of individual settlements (the relationship between residential and industrial zones, patterns of distribution of residents within the settlement, and other issues). At the same time, it merges with urban planning (if we are talking about urban settlements), district planning (rural areas) and microgeography of settlements. But usually settlements are studied as internal undifferentiated objects (migration studies), or even a specific network of settlements is not considered at all, but larger territorial units are analyzed (location studies).
All settlements are usually classified into two large types - urban and rural. The extreme variants of these types are clearly distinguished - the largest multi-million cities and the smallest rural settlements, sometimes consisting of only one house. But between them there is a continuous chain of settlements (rural-urban continuum), in which it is almost impossible to draw a clear line between urban and rural settlements. Specific criteria for the division of settlements into urban and rural areas in different countries. The most commonly used criteria are the following.
1. The predominant economic function of the settlement. At the same time, the main industry in rural areas, as a rule, is agriculture, and in urban areas - non-agricultural sectors of the economy.
2. The size of the settlement, i.e. the number of inhabitants in it - urban settlements are usually larger than rural ones.
3. Administrative value - if it is, then the settlement is considered urban.
4. Population density - in urban areas it is much higher than in rural areas, due to denser and more multi-storey buildings.
5. The degree of improvement - in urban areas it is higher than in rural areas.
6. Historical significance, fixed by legal acts - settlements are urban or rural, because in the past they received the corresponding status, fixed legal documents.
In some countries, only one group of criteria is used, such as administrative significance only or settlement size only. So, in Iceland, a city is considered a settlement with a population of more than 200 people, and in Japan, more than 30 thousand people. In most countries, a set of criteria is used, and within urban and rural settlements, special varieties can be distinguished. Therefore, the collection of comparable data on urban and rural settlements across countries is a difficult problem.
Thus, Russia uses a combination of dominant economic functions and size. In urban settlements, no more than 15% of workers should be employed in agriculture. At the same time, the varieties are: 1) cities in which at least 12 thousand people should live; 2) urban-type settlements, in which at least 3 thousand people should live. The historical significance of settlements is also taken into account in Russia - urban settlements that were given such a status in the past, although today they do not meet the criteria for size or function, can remain urban for many decades. In the past, criteria of administrative significance and degree of improvement were also used.
Thus, rural settlements in Russia are those in which either less than 3 thousand people live, or more than 15% of the employed work in agriculture. Therefore, they are also divided into two varieties: 1) agricultural and 2) non-agricultural. Among the latter, there are so-called settlements of purpose, often consisting of only one house with outbuildings - single-yards: sidings, cordons, zaimkas, barracks, etc., although simultaneous settlements can also be agricultural - farms, settlements, in contrast to the usual ones for our country of villages, villages, towns, consisting of several residential buildings. With the predominance of single-family (simultaneous) settlements, one speaks of a scattered form of rural settlement. With the predominance of villages, villages and towns - about the group form of rural settlement.
Both urban and rural settlements can have two spatial forms - compact or dispersed. Settlements in the full sense of the definition are only compact settlements. Whereas dispersed (consisting of separate parts remote from each other) are, in essence, groups of settlements. However, if such a group is legally united into one locality, all statistical data are collected, as a rule, only for the whole of it, without highlighting individual parts. And therefore, dispersed settlements are analyzed in the same way as compact ones, and it is possible to single out individual parts within them only with the help of special studies.
In principle, the existence of autonomous (isolated) settlements, practically not connected with any others, is possible. But such settlements prevailed in the distant past. Today, the vast majority of settlements form interconnected groups - territorial systems of settlements (settlement). Within such a system, one can usually distinguish the main settlement (having the greatest administrative significance, or the largest size, or economic organizing functions) - the central settlement. The settlements most closely associated with the central settlement and located in its immediate vicinity are usually called satellite settlements. The remaining settlements in the sphere of influence of the central settlement are peripheral settlements.
Territorial systems form a certain hierarchy. At the same time, it is possible to identify levels from the local (a relatively small group of settlements between which intensive daily communications are carried out) to the global (the entire set of settlements on the Earth that do not yet form a single system, but development in this direction is moving more and more intensively). In most countries of the world, as a rule, a national system of settlements has been formed, headed by an administrative capital and / or the main economic center) and regional systems, which in large countries, in turn, can form several hierarchical levels. In the most developed regions of the world (foreign Europe, North America), there are clear features of the formation of international national systems resettlement. In Russia, regional levels of settlement systems can be distinguished:
1) macro-regional (large economic regions or federal districts);
2) regional (subjects of the Russian Federation);
3) intra-regional (parts of large subjects of the Federation);
4) district (grassroots administrative regions). District systems typically consist of local
settlement systems. Although the largest local systems (urban agglomerations) may include the territory of several grassroots administrative regions. If we are talking about predominantly rural settlement, then local systems are sometimes called areas of settlement, and district-level systems are called areas of settlement. At each level, it is possible to single out the supporting frame of settlement - a combination of the main centers and transport routes connecting them.
Thus, according to various characteristics, several forms of settlement are distinguished:
1) urban and rural;
2) permanent and temporary (seasonally inhabited settlements);
3) group and scattered;
4) systemic (interconnected) and isolated. The combination of forms according to different characteristics makes it possible to identify the types of settlement - the most generalized characteristic of the distribution of settlements (and, accordingly, the population) over the territory. For example, in Russia along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, the predominant type of settlement will be "focal (systemic) predominantly urban and rural non-agricultural settlement in combination with seasonal camps of livestock breeders." And in the interior steppe regions of the United States, "scattered rural permanent settlement with separate cities-centers of local systems" will prevail.
1.2 Factors affecting population distribution
The formation of one or another type of settlement depends on many factors, the main of which are socio-economic:1) the level of development of society;
2) the current location of the economy;
3) transport network;
4) the level of income of the population;
5) the composition of the population (gender and age, national, religious, professional, educational, family);
6) demographic processes (natural increase, migration);
7) strategic factor;
8) environmental factor;
9) administrative and political structure;
10) features of historical development.
But great importance (in the past - dominant) is also played by natural factors, the most important of which are the following:
1) relief;
2) climate;
3) availability of water sources and routes;
4) soil;
5) availability of minerals and other natural resources;
6) frequency of natural disasters, including seismic activity of the territory.
Specific examples of the influence of certain factors on the distribution and resettlement of the population will be given below.
Here we dwell only on the influence of the main social economic factor - the level of development of society. It acts in a complex manner, mediating the influence of individual socio-economic factors (location of the economy, composition of the population, etc.) and at the same time changing (increasing or decreasing) the significance of individual natural factors. Therefore, sometimes its influence is called the main regularity of settlement - the correspondence of forms (types) of settlement to the level of socio-economic development of society. At the same time, in accordance with the change in the level of development of society, several generalized historical types of settlement can be distinguished.
1. Archaic type (the birth of modern mankind) - gradual settlement on the surface of the Earth along the coasts of rivers and seas, the absence of permanent settlements, the absence of ties between tribes, their gradual fragmentation.
2. Pre-agrarian type (primitive communal) - - people are engaged in gathering, hunting and fishing, almost complete development of land by man, each tribe has its own settlement, unrelated to others, but the existence of neighboring tribes (settlements) is known, the settlements are surrounded by hunting grounds of the tribe , around them - no man's (neutral, protective) territory.
3. Early agrarian type (slave-owning) - people begin to engage in nomadic cattle breeding (degradation of settlement - disappearance of settlements) or crop production (settlement progress - permanent settlements appear), migrations appear between settlements, but mainly for military, commercial or religious purposes, and not for the purpose of permanent relocation:
the eastern version (Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China) - large (up to 500 thousand inhabitants) capital cities and religious centers appear, in which artisans and merchants are also concentrated, but the bulk of the population lives in small rural settlements;
western version (Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome) - another part of the population lives in small cities, where they are mainly engaged in agriculture, but also in crafts and trade, capitals can reach large sizes - up to 1 million inhabitants (Rome, Athens, Carthage) ;
4. Agrarian type (medieval) - the main part of the population lives in small settlements in the countryside under the rule of individual feudal lords and cannot move anywhere, large cities are destroyed and the surviving residents disappear, flee to the countryside, small cities (up to 10 thousand inhabitants ), but their number is gradually increasing, they are freed from the power of the feudal lords thanks to their fortifications, the people in them are mainly engaged in crafts and trade, but also in agriculture.
5. Late agrarian type (revival) - - a new flowering of the Yurod culture, including crafts and trade, begins fast growth the most advantageously located cities, which become the capitals of large centralized states, the rural population is also growing and gradually freed from feudal dependence, the migration of residents from the village to the city begins;
6. Early industrial type (the origin and development of capitalist relations until the beginning of the 20th century) - the rapid development of industry, which is concentrated in cities due to the availability of capital and labor, the rapid growth of individual cities of which is becoming larger and larger, including due to mass migrations residents from rural areas, the emergence of cities with millionaires, the growing differences between rural and urban settlements in terms of lifestyle and living conditions (large comfortable industrial cities - rural uncomfortable small settlements);
7. Industrial type (the development of a socially oriented market economy - the beginning and middle of the 20th century) - the growth of individual cities is replaced by the development of urban agglomerations, since individual cities can no longer accommodate the population and functions striving for them, sharp differences between urban and rural the way and conditions of life, but within urban agglomerations, rural settlement begins to converge with the urban one;
8. II post-industrial type (formation of the information society at the end of the 20th century) - further growth of urban agglomerations, the formation of multimillion-dollar agglomerations, mass suburbanization, the formation of megalopolises, the spread of the urban image and living conditions to the countryside (urbanization), mass migrations of the population as between urban settlements and from urban settlements to rural areas;
9. Prospective development of settlement - the formation of an oikumenopolis, i.e. a continuous network of megalopolises and urban agglomerations covering the entire land inhabited by mankind, beyond its borders - - only separate small rural settlements, which, in terms of the way and conditions of life due to the development of communications, do not differ from urban settlements, the highest degree of migration mobility of the population within the entire globe, when almost every person moves several times during his life.
The theory of oecumenopolis was put forward by the Greek scientist K. Doxiadis. According to this theory, in the future, almost the entire population of the Earth will be concentrated in a single system of predominantly urban settlements, which form an unbroken chain along the ocean coasts and in other places that are most beneficial in terms of socio-economic development. At the same time, the population of the rest of the land area will decrease compared to the current state, which will contribute to the preservation of the natural environment.
But the development of society should not occur due to the degradation of the natural environment, not only at the global level, but also at the level of local settlement systems, including the largest - - large urban agglomerations
The concept of sustainable development reveals the prospects for joint non-conflict development of society and nature. Sustainable development is the main priority of mankind for the coming decades, set by the decisions of the 1992 UN Session. in Rio de Janeiro and other international documents. Sustainable development includes several components - economic, social, environmental and ekistic (settlement) development. The last aspect is most closely related to the territorial organization of the population, since many problems of interaction and nature can be solved through the optimal organization of the population. One of the theoretical models of such an optimal settlement was proposed by the Russian geographer B.B. Rodoman within the framework of the polarized landscape theory. At the same time, it is assumed that even within a limited space (within the ecumenopolis) there can exist both highly urbanized territories (the centers of the largest urban agglomerations) and almost delicate natural landscapes (reserves).
2. ANALYSIS OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN RUSSIA
2.1 General characteristics of the distribution of the population on the territory of Russia
The distribution of the population is its geographical distribution over the territory of a given country, as well as over the countries of the world.Natural conditions, the history of the settlement of the territory of Russia, as well as a number of economic reasons determined the great uneven distribution of the country's population.
The territory of the most dense settlement forms a wedge, the wide base of which is the western border of Russia - from St. Petersburg to Rostov-on-Don. The northern border of this strip runs approximately along the line St. Petersburg - Cherepovets - Vologda - Kirov - Perm - Yekaterinburg - Krasnoyarsk, and the southern border - from Rostov-on-Don to Saratov - Samara - Ufa - Chelyabinsk - Krasnoyarsk. To the east, the wedge turns into a narrow strip that runs along the Trans-Siberian Railway and ends in Vladivostok. The territory of dense settlement is called the Main Settlement Zone. It occupies only 1/3 of the territory, but concentrates 93% of the population of Russia. Outside the Main strip, the North Caucasus region is distinguished. Almost the entire rest of the territory belongs to the extreme in terms of living conditions - the regions of the North and the North-East - and has a focal character of settlement.
Thus, natural conditions that determine the degree of comfort for people living are the first factor in accommodation. The population distribution map with the grid of January isotherms superimposed on it is very indicative in this respect. The vast majority of the population of Europe and North America lives in areas with isotherms down to -16 °C. In Russia, the January isotherm of -16 °С runs from north to south from the islands of Novaya Zemlya and the mouth of the Pechora through the western part of the Komi Republic, the upper reaches of the Kama, somewhat east of Perm and Ufa, and then to Kazakhstan. In addition, this isotherm passes through the southern and eastern parts of Primorsky Krai, the center of Sakhalin and the coast of Kamchatka. Thus, 72% of Russia's population is concentrated in areas with January temperatures above -16°C. But unlike foreign Europe and North America, about 40 million people live in territories with January temperatures below -16 ° C.
The focal settlement of 65% of the territory of Russia is explained both by the severity of natural conditions and economic reasons. People live near the developed mineral deposits, in transport hubs, in areas of processing of natural resources (Norilsk, Magadan, Murmansk, the middle and lower reaches of the Ob, etc.).
The concentration of the population in the Main Strip was also influenced by historical reasons. The invasions of nomadic tribes forced the population to move from the steppe and forest-steppe to the north and northeast, under the protection of forests. Thus, in the XIII-XIV centuries. the center of settlement moved from the Dnieper region to the forest zone between the Volga and Oka rivers. The role of the economic factor also gradually increased. Crafts and trade began to develop.
In the Urals, the influx of population was largely due to the development (starting from the 18th century) of mineral wealth. Then the settlement of Siberia by Russians and the laying of the Trans-Siberian Railway outlined the final contours of the Main Settlement Belt.
The distribution of the population between the European and Asian parts of Russia in the XX century. changed markedly as a result of migrations from west to east.
As can be seen, the growth rate of the population in the Asian part of Russia significantly exceeded the growth rate in European Russia.
In general, population density decreases towards the east. In the European part it is 27 people/km2 (including 63 people in the Central Economic Region, 31 people in the Volga region, 25 people in the Urals), and 2.5 people/km2 in the Asian part (including 6 people in the West Siberian region). ,2, East Siberian - 2.2, Far East - 1.3).
The population density is higher than the average for the country, that is, more than 9 people / km2, 59 subjects of the Federation have. Occupying only 21.6% of the country's territory, they concentrate 84.2% of the population. In 46 subjects the population density is above 20 persons/km2, and in 38 regions it is above 30 persons/km2.
Speaking about the distribution of the population, a number of scientists pay attention to the degree of population of the country's territory. Population assessment is important for the development of the productive forces of the regions. At the same time, uninhabited regions are understood to be regions that have not yet become the object of permanent economic activity, do not have permanent settlements, and the density of the permanent population in them is less than 1 person/km2.
So, the uninhabited territory makes up more than half of the area of Russia. At the same time, the European macro-region is practically completely populated, not counting the Northern economic region, in which the population covers 2/3 of the territory. 94% of the uninhabited territory is located in the Asian part: less than 1/3 of the area is permanently inhabited there. The most sparsely populated is the Far Eastern economic region, where the developed territories occupy only 1/5 of the entire area and where more than half of all uninhabited territories of Russia are located.
Accommodation of the rural population. There are about 39 million rural residents in Russia, more than 150 thousand rural settlements. The rural population declined until the 1990s. In the last decade, its stabilization at the level of 27% was observed.
Of the 89 constituent entities of the Federation, in 7 the rural population significantly predominates over the urban population (the republics of Altai, Chechen, Kalmykia, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkess, Ingush, Tuva), in 4 it is about half of the population (Republic of Adygea, Krasnodar, Stavropol and Altai Territories). The rural population is distributed unevenly across the country. More than 1/4 of it falls on the North Caucasian and Central Black Earth economic regions, 13% each - on the Central and Ural. Its highest density is in the Krasnodar Territory, the republics of the North Caucasus (except Karachay-Cherkess), Moscow, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions and the Chuvash Republic.
Under the influence of natural conditions and economic requirements, various types of settlement in rural areas are formed. In the north, arable land is located in small areas, mainly in river valleys and near lakes, which created the corresponding type of settlement in the form of groups of small villages among vast forest spaces. In the main agricultural zone, in which the plowing of the territory reaches 70-80%, large (3-5 thousand people and more) settlements located in river valleys and forming multi-kilometer chains predominate. Ciscaucasia is distinguished by large settlements (10-20 thousand people and more), located near rivers and irrigation facilities. Mountain villages are noticeably different. In the foothills and valleys they are larger, have a diversified economy, in the mountains they are smaller in size, more often livestock.
Rural settlements, like cities, perform certain functions. 90% of these are agricultural settlements. Non-agricultural settlements include industrial and timber industry settlements, where the population is engaged in the maintenance of transport communications (railways, pipelines, etc.), and recreational ones. Mixed rural settlements include agro-industrial, local administrative and cultural centers, suburban settlements with a large number of migrants.
2.2 Urbanization of Russia
Urbanization is the process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society. The prerequisites for urbanization are the growth of industry, the development of the cultural and political functions of cities, and the deepening of the territorial division of labor. Urbanization is characterized by an influx of the rural population into cities and an increasing pendulum movement of the population from villages and nearby small towns to large cities.On the territory of Russia there are about 1100 cities, 2000 urban-type settlements. Almost 3/4 of Russians live in cities, so the huge role they play in the life of the country is quite obvious.
Cities plus the road network are the framework that forms the territory, giving it a certain configuration. In Russia, a city is considered to be a settlement with a population of over 12,000 people and with a share of non-agricultural employment of at least 85% of the able-bodied population.
The pace and scale of urbanization in Russia in the XX century. were huge. In 1897, there were only 16 cities with a population of more than 50 thousand people, now there are about 350 of them. Over 100 years, the urban population has increased by almost 11 times (with a general increase in the country's population by 2.2 times). This led to an increase in the share of the urban population from 15 to 73%. The growth of cities is explained by the industrialization of the country.
In Russia, it is customary to single out small towns (with a population of less than 50 thousand people), medium (from 50 to 100 thousand) and large (more than 100 thousand people). In the last group, cities with millionaires are especially singled out.
Despite the fact that small towns make up almost 70% of the total number of cities in Russia, their share in the total urban population is only 16%. On the contrary, almost 3/4 of the country's urban population lives in big cities. This fact in no way diminishes the role that small towns have played and continue to play in the life of Russia. Among these cities are former princely residences, fortified cities, pearls of architecture, centers of modern fundamental science. You can name Zvenigorod (15 thousand people), who covered Moscow from enemies from the west and was called (as its name implies) to raise an alarm in case of danger; Suzdal (12 thousand) is the greatest creation of Russian architecture, the first city in our country that received the Golden Apple prize from the International Federation of Journalists in 1983 and was listed by the UN as a biggest values world civilization; Veliky Ustyug (36 thousand) is one of the oldest and most famous cities of the Russian North, the birthplace of S. Dezhnev, E. Khabarov, A. Atlasov - outstanding sailors and explorers, the center of wonderful folk art crafts, and now the "residence" of the Russian Father Frost ; Staritsa (9 thousand) - one of the favorite cities of Ivan the Terrible; Kasimov (38 thousand people) - for more than 200 years, the former center of the Tatar Kasimov kingdom, as well as dozens and hundreds of others.
Of course, medium and large cities, as well as millionaire cities, which have concentrated a significant part of the country's population, are of interest.
The classification of cities according to the time of occurrence shows that before Tatar-Mongol invasion At least 56 cities arose, and Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Murom, Rostov and Belozersk can be attributed to the number of the most ancient, according to most scientists. Another 111 appeared in the process of formation of the centralized Moscow State (XIV-early XVI century), 155 cities arose during the formation and strengthening of the absolute monarchy (XVI-XVIII centuries), 47 - in the XIX and early XX centuries. and, finally, about 650 - after 1917.
1/5 of the country's population is concentrated in the 16 largest cities of Russia. Population growth rates in these cities vary considerably, primarily due to historical and economic reasons. Thus, 9 cities of European Russia have increased by 7.1 times over 100 years, 4 cities of the Urals and the Urals - by 28, and three Siberian cities - by 56 times.
The classification of cities by geographical location reflects differences in natural, historical and economic conditions.
In the North, cities are separated by vast distances and form rare pockets in mining areas, as well as in transport hubs. Difficult conditions for the construction of cities and in the mountainous regions of southern Russia. A characteristic feature of the geography of Russian cities is their continentality, that is, their remoteness from the seas. Only 168 cities are located in the 200-kilometer seaside strip.
The network of Russian cities is much less dense than in the countries of foreign Europe. One city serves a very large territory - the average for Russia is 15 thousand km2. In the Asian part of the country, this figure increases to 25 thousand km2 or more. This indicates the incompleteness of the formation of the supporting frame of cities and their numerical shortage.
In the development of the city, they naturally come to the stage of agglomeration, which is a system of territorially contiguous settlements, united by stable labor, cultural and other ties, as well as a common infrastructure. At present, more than half of the country's urban population is concentrated in agglomerations in Russia. The most important parameter for distinguishing the boundaries of an agglomeration is the range of daily “pendulum” trips from places of residence to places of work, study, etc. The largest agglomerations of Russia are Moscow (14 million people), St. Petersburg (5.5 million), Nizhny Novgorod (2 million), Novosibirsk (1.6 million), Samara, Yekaterinburg, Volgograd (1.5 million people each). Agglomeration is becoming a key form of modern settlement. It has a particularly high concentration of organizations in the non-productive sphere.
2.3 Rural population in Russia
The existence of group settlement on the territory of Russia for a long time was preserved by the serfdom (until 1861) and the communal system of economy, when the land belonged not to individual peasant families, but to the landowners or the village as a whole ("community"). Only at the beginning of the XX century. - after the start of the Stolypin agrarian reform in 1906, the exit of peasants from the community was facilitated, and along with villages and villages, separate farms began to appear intensively.At the beginning of the XX century. within the territory of modern Russia rural settlement was much more dominant than urban. According to the 1897 census, there were 57.6 million rural residents, which accounted for 85% of the total population. The rural population grew rapidly (up to 2% annually), but still more slowly than the urban population. Up to 90% of rural residents were employed in agriculture. The rural population in Russia reached its maximum in the late 1920s. - more than 75 million people At the same time, the maximum number of rural settlements was also observed - about 400 thousand. This was the period of the highest development of individual agriculture in the country (the period of the new economic policy of the New Economic Policy), when the communal system was already completely destroyed, and the mass collectivization of agricultural production had not yet begun (there were only a few first communes and state farms).
Over the next six decades - until the early 1990s. - The rural population of Russia has been steadily declining. The impetus for the reduction was collectivization (which pushed the peasants out of the countryside) and industrialization (which attracted the population to the cities), carried out in the USSR in the 1930s. The rural population decreased at the maximum rate in the 50-60s, when the gap between urban and rural settlements in the development of the service sector and in general in conditions and living standards became especially noticeable. During this period, up to 1 million rural residents annually left for urban settlements. Accordingly, the proportion of the rural population and the number of rural settlements were rapidly declining.
A significant reduction in the rural population and the number of rural settlements in the 1970s and 1980s. contributed to the ongoing policy of liquidating small villages, which were recognized as "unpromising". It was justifiably believed that the level of development of the service sector in rural areas is too low, and an acceptable level can be organized only in relatively large settlements with at least 1000 inhabitants. Consequently, in order to reduce the outflow of the rural population to the cities, it was decided to relocate the inhabitants of small villages to large villages with a developed service system (shops, household institutions, kindergartens, hospitals, etc.). At the same time, any funds for the development of small villages ceased to be allocated. But there were not enough resources for the development of the service sector in large settlements. Therefore, people from small villages began to move not to large villages, but to cities. Many rural settlements were abandoned by the inhabitants. The fields and meadows adjacent to them turned out to be too remote from the surviving settlements and therefore began to be cultivated less intensively or abandoned. Agricultural production, for the development of which they intended to secure rural residents, suffered heavy losses. Ultimately, for the period 1929-1988. The rural population of the country has decreased by almost 2 times, and the number of rural settlements - by more than 2.5 times. At the same time, the average population of rural settlements has slightly increased, but it still remains very low and insufficient for the organization of any service sector institutions in the vast majority of rural settlements in Russia.
In the early 1990s there has been an increase in the country's rural population. The first source of this growth was migration to the countryside of the southwestern regions of the country in two main directions:
1) from abroad of Russia (from the former Soviet republics), including the movement of refugees and internally displaced persons;
2) from the eastern and northern regions of Russia, where people lived mainly in urban areas.
Accordingly, the rural areas of the country began to be distinguished by a steady migration increase, including due to the relocation of residents from urban settlements. All 1990s. about 5 (10 ti.h people) came to the countryside of Russia. The second source of rural population growth was the massive administrative transformation of urban revenues (mainly small urban-type settlements) into rural settlements. In total, more than 300 settlements were transformed in the 1990s with a total population of over 1 million people As a result, by 1995, the rural population of the country increased to 40 million people, which accounted for 27% of the total population.But then it began to decline again due to a significant natural loss of the rural population ( since its age structure is older due to the intensive departure of young people in previous decades), which is not covered by the migration influx and administrative changes.
Slowed down in the 1990s. and shrinking the network of rural settlements. New settlements appeared (or old ones, previously abandoned by the population, were revived) of four types:
1) farming settlements;
2) settlements of refugees and forced migrants;
3) cottage and dacha settlements in the suburbs of large cities, especially near Moscow and St. Petersburg;
4) former urban-type settlements transformed into rural settlements.
A special case is represented by horticultural associations, which in the 1990s. - after the abolition of the restriction on the size of plots and houses that can be built on them - they began to be transformed into seasonally inhabited settlements (usually from May to September), which, apparently, should be considered rural (in accordance with the number of inhabitants and their occupation mainly auxiliary agriculture), although in the winter season the inhabitants of such settlements are townspeople. A characteristic feature of such settlements is a small number of residents permanently residing during the season, with a many times greater number of people who come on weekends and spend, as a rule, only one night in them - from Saturday to Sunday. The number of such settlements (as a rule, this is one horticultural partnership, but sometimes several merged together) is estimated in tens of thousands in modern Russia. Many of them have already acquired service sector institutions (shops, guarded car parks, entertainment organizations, etc.). If we recognize such settlements as full-fledged rural settlements (which raises objections from many researchers), then it turns out that in the last decade the number of rural settlements in Russia has increased at least 1.5 times, i.e., there has been an unprecedented growth in the network of rural populations points, although temporary (seasonally inhabited).
Many recognized (historical) rural settlements are also currently only temporarily (seasonally) inhabited, which is recognized by all researchers. Even without taking into account the seasonal settlements associated with transhumance, from many Russian villages for the winter period, permanent residents (mostly women of retirement age) move to urban settlements to live with their children, while in the summer they are engaged in subsidiary farming, i.e. in this respect(seasonal constancy of the population and the structure of employment), horticultural associations are no different from many rural settlements that have existed for tens (or even hundreds) of years.
Like urban settlements, rural settlements are classified according to their size (population) and the functions they perform. But naturally, the numerical criteria are completely different, since the average size of a rural settlement in Russia is 150 times smaller than an urban one. The following troupes of rural settlements are distinguished by size:
- the smallest (up to 50 inhabitants);
- small (51-100 inhabitants);
- medium (101-500 inhabitants);
- large (501-1000 inhabitants);
- the largest (over 1000 inhabitants).
Almost half (48%) of all rural settlements in the country are the smallest, but only 3% of the rural population lives in them. The share of the smallest settlements in the total rural population is gradually decreasing. In 1959 it was about 6%. Modern tiny settlements in the past tended to be fairly large villages, but lost most of their population through migration. Mostly young people left, and today pensioners, often only 5-10 people, have remained in such villages. Most of the houses are abandoned by the residents. People of younger ages (children and grandchildren of modern residents) appear in them only for the summer months, helping their relatives in work on household plots and using the surroundings for recreation. In the coming decades, most of the smallest villages are likely to disappear or turn into summer-uninhabited dacha settlements.
The largest share of rural residents (52%) lives in the largest settlements (more than 1000 people), although there are only 6% of the total number of rural settlements of the country. The share of the largest settlements in the total rural population is gradually increasing. In 1959 it was about 30%. It was to such settlements that the main flow of migrants was sent in the 1990s. Rural settlements in the North Caucasus are particularly large in size, where they often spread over many kilometers and number up to 50 thousand inhabitants.
Thus, in the general case, we can say that Russia is undergoing a gradual stratification of rural settlements. Settlements of intermediate groups either lose population (small and medium) or acquire it (large), gradually replenishing the extreme groups of settlements, the smallest and largest. This trend did not change in the 1990s, when either the smallest settlements (farmers) or the largest ones (former urban settlements, refugee settlements and cottages) appeared.
By functional type, the vast majority of rural settlements (more than 90%) are agricultural. Most non-agricultural settlements are industrial (near small enterprises), transport (near railway stations) or recreational (near sanatoriums, rest homes, and other similar institutions), although among non-agricultural ones there are also logging, and military, and scientific and educational, and other types settlements.
Within the agricultural type, settlements are distinguished:
- with a significant development of administrative, service and distribution functions (district centers);
-- with local administrative and economic functions (centers of rural administrations and central estates of large agricultural enterprises);
- with the presence of large-scale agricultural production (crop brigades, livestock farms);
- without industrial enterprises, with the development of only personal subsidiary plots.
At the same time, the size of settlements naturally decreases from village-district centers (which are the largest) to settlements without industrial enterprises (which, as a rule, are small and smallest). Non-agricultural settlements can be of various sizes - from the largest (more than 1 thousand inhabitants, but still less than 3 thousand - a necessary criterion for the formation of urban settlements) to the smallest, in which only 1 person lives. (railway crossings, etc.).
Since rural settlement is closely related to natural conditions, several zonal types of rural settlement can be distinguished on the territory of Russia, as well as one azonal type. Similar types are also represented in other former republics of the USSR, which have similar natural conditions and a common history of the development of the settlement system over the past few centuries.
1. In the zone of tundra and forest-tundra, rarely focal permanent resettlement was formed in addition to seasonal reindeer herders' camps. The network of settlements in this type is the rarest. Large settlements are located along the banks of rivers and seas, on railway lines, but the distances between them are tens or even hundreds of kilometers. People in them are, as a rule, not engaged in agriculture, but are associated with the mining industry or transport. More dispersed, but also at very large distances from each other, there are summer (in the tundra) and winter (in the forest-tundra) camps of reindeer herders. This type of settlement is most typical for the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets, Taimyr, Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs.
2. In the northern part of the forest zone (in the taiga), the settlement has a focal character. The centers of settlement are confined to rivers, and within them the distances between settlements are relatively small. Interfluve areas are practically uninhabited. Most settlements are small. People in them are mainly engaged in animal husbandry (using water meadows) and logging. This type is most typical for the Republic of Karelia, the Arkhangelsk region.
3. In the southern part of the forest zone (in mixed and broad-leaved forests), settlement is selective - the best soil and drainage areas are selected for agriculture. The network of settlements is very dense, but the settlements are the smallest, since small fields with infertile podzolic soils could feed only a small number of inhabitants. This type of settlement is typical for Beijing, Smolensk, Tver and most other regions of the Russian Non-Black Earth region. It also prevails in the Baltic states and in Belarus. In the Baltic States, this type of settlement, subject to early liberation from serfdom and communal land ownership, led to the widest distribution (within the borders of the former USSR) of farms, when a significant part of the rural population (more than half in Estonia) lived isolated from other families on farms cultivated by this family. land plots(in the pre-Soviet period - their own).
4. In the zone of steppes and forest-steppes, continuous agricultural settlement is observed. Settlements are large, but located relatively far from each other. People are mainly engaged in agriculture, but often there are also service industries and small industrial enterprises. The type is typical for the regions of the Central Black Earth region, Rostov, Saratov, Orenburg and some other regions of Russia, as well as for most of Ukraine.
5. In the zone of dry steppes and semi-deserts, permanent settlement again becomes focal, supplemented by seasonal (summer) camps of sheep breeders. The centers are tied to rivers or lakes. Settlements are usually large, and people are engaged in agriculture and its maintenance (construction of irrigation systems, etc.). Such a settlement Russia is distributed only in the Caspian lowland - in the Astrakhan region, the Republic of Kalmykia. But in other CIS states (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, the republics of Central Asia), it occupies large spaces.
6. In areas most favorable for crop production - with an optimal combination of heat and moisture - rural settlement is continuous. At the same time, settlements are very large (often tens of thousands of people live in them) and are located close to each other. The result is a very high density of the rural population, which is engaged in the cultivation and primary processing of products of the most labor-intensive crops - fruits, vegetables, grapes, tea, tobacco. On the territory of Russia, such settlement is found in the foothills of the Caucasus, in other CIS countries - in Moldova, the foothills of the Crimea and the Carpathians in Ukraine, significant parts of the Transcaucasian republics, the foothill regions of Kazakhstan and the states of Central Asia.
7. In the mountainous regions in the south of the country, rural settlement has a mosaic character, caused by altitudinal zonality. Large settlements are located in the valleys, the population of which is mainly engaged in agriculture. The higher the mountains, the smaller the settlements. In the highlands there are only seasonal (winter) camps of sheep breeders. In Russia, such settlement is found in the mountainous part of the North Caucasus, partly in the Southern Urals and in the mountains of southern Siberia. It is widely represented in the mountainous regions of the states of Transcaucasia and Central Asia.
8. A type of settlement that is not found in Russia - focal settlement in the desert zone. In this case, the rural population is concentrated in oases, where large settlements are located close to each other, and therefore the population density is very high. Residents are engaged in the cultivation of labor-intensive crops (technical, vegetables, fruits) and their primary processing. But most of the territory (desert) turns out to be practically uncovered by settlement - there are only rare temporary camps of livestock breeders, very few in number and practically leading a semi-nomadic lifestyle, near water sources. This type of settlement is typical for the desert regions of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.
The azonal type (i.e., not dependent on natural waste) is suburban rural settlement. It is distributed around all major cities of Russia and other former republics of the USSR, but it occupies especially large areas around Moscow and St. Petersburg - in fact, the entire Moscow and Leningrad regions. In this case, the closer to the city, the larger and more often rural settlements are located, and the farther from the city, the smaller and farther they are from each other. The rural population in this type is the most urbanized, most of the inhabitants work in close proximity to cities. Rural settlements often also have an urban look - they are built up with multi-storey buildings, have a high level of amenities, a developed service sector, a diverse employment structure, etc.
In addition to the features due to natural conditions, rural settlement in different parts of the CIS also has national and cultural differences. This is manifested, in particular, in the characteristic designations of rural settlements. So, in most of the territory of Russia, as well as in Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, typical rural settlements are:
- villages: old, as a rule, larger settlements that had or still have churches in the past;
- villages: old small settlements that did not have a church;
- settlements: new settlements that have arisen during the years of Soviet power or in the last decade.
At the same time, in the Russian regions of the North Caucasus inhabited by Cossacks, rural settlements are called villages (there are also farms, but at present they are usually large settlements that were real farms in the distant past), and in the national republics of the North Caucasus - auls . In Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and the states of Central Asia, traditional rural settlements are villages or villages. And in the Baltic States, farms are widespread.
3 IMPROVING POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION BY APPLICATION OF WORLD TRENDS
3.1 Trends in the global economy and the territorial organization of the population
The development of national OET systems cannot be considered in isolation from current trends and features of the functioning of the world economy, which determine the state of the world economic environment, the world economic space for all states and regions of the Earth. The pace and level of socio-economic development of the world economy and its individual regions have a significant impact on socio-demographic and environmental-economic processes, changing the parameters of the material and spiritual needs of the population, indicators of its reproduction, distribution, migration, forms of settlement, organization of production.In recent years, the influence of the world economic system on national economies has been increasing. Previously, the world economy was a field in which sovereign states operated, now it is turning into an independent entity operating in the space of sovereign states and OET subsystems. At the same time, in international economic relations, there is a change in emphasis from predominantly trade economic ties on financial-industrial, investment and social. At the same time, there have been significant imbalances in the development of market relations: the growth rate of international trade exceeds the growth rate of world production, the growth rate of international capital flows exceeds similar indicators for trade turnover, intracompany sales of TNCs exceed international trade turnover, the mechanisms for regulating international economic relations are increasingly concentrated in transnational corporations and banks and international organizations (IMF, WTO, etc.).
The features and new trends in the development of the world economic system associated with the processes of its globalization are becoming more and more clear, which, according to a number of experts, is a process of accelerated formation of a single global financial and information space based on new, mainly computer, technologies. The scientific and technological revolution has led to a radical change in the meaning of human capital as an integral part of the productive forces. Man as a subject of production began to play a key role in creating new value, became more significant than such factors as machines, natural resources and energy. As a result, the requirements for OET are increasing and changing. At the same time, the importance of a person as the final consumer of manufactured goods has sharply increased. Consumers are beginning to have a decisive influence not only on the policies of corporations, but also on the political decisions of entire states.
Competition in the world economy has long been conducted not so much between individual companies and countries, but between large markets covering entire groups of countries, their regional associations and OET subsystems. Competition has spread to the sphere of formation of social needs. In this regard, approaches to the organization of management of the development of public consciousness are being transformed. If a society forms a strategy for the state management system, then such a society has great opportunities to increase the competitiveness of the national economy. If a society's strategy is formed under the influence of group interests that do not meet social needs, then the national economy becomes less competitive.
The integration of national economies into the world economy in the long term creates conditions and opportunities for accelerating economic growth and socio-economic development of less developed countries, helps outsider countries to catch up with economic leaders. The incentives for the integration of national economies into the world economic system are now well known and are based on the principle of comparative advantages of a country's participation in international trade, according to which its liberalization allows obtaining certain conclusions through access to cheaper imported components, raw materials, services (including financial ones) and expanding export opportunities for those national goods that are less expensive to produce in a given country or region. This creates the necessary conditions for increasing the rate of economic growth and the living standards of the population.
The country's accession to the WTO gives its enterprises access to cheaper imported components, raw materials and services (financial, communications, transport, etc.), and the population - to cheaper goods and services (including financial ones) and, thus contributes to the improvement of the standard of living. However, this well-known classical position in the development of the world and national economies was true under certain conditions, at previous stages of the development of the world economy, with universal observance of the established principles and norms of international exchange. Practice shows that in the context of the globalization of the world economy, this classical pattern is violated and has negative consequences for the socio-economic development of national economies, their regional subsystems, including various subsystems of OET. According to experts, the liberalization of foreign trade is indeed one, but by no means a priority factor in economic growth, and accession to the WTO does not guarantee the solution of the problems of development of national economies.
According to K. Annan, “... it is the developed countries that today dump food products at dumping prices on world markets, the surplus of which in developed countries was created by subsidies worth $ 250 billion annually. This threatens the existence of millions of poor farmers in the developing world” . Over the past two decades, the increase in exports has not led to a general economic growth. During this time, only 33 countries have been able to maintain a 3 percent annual increase in GDP per capita. In 59 countries, this indicator has decreased, and 80 countries now have lower per capita incomes than 10 or more years ago.
In recent years, this gap has become more and more fixed and becomes almost insurmountable due to the spread of radically new technologies, the use of which is toughening competition. The most effective modern technologies are formed not only and not so much in production (in the field of value added formation), but in the field of social production management and control over the sales market (the degree of uniqueness of the product is of decisive importance here - real or “introduced” into the minds of consumers with the help of advertisements, trademarks, etc.). Such an organization of management and control of social production allows the formation of fundamentally new technical and behavioral standards that create unique, competitive advantages in the way these standards are formed.
In recent years, there has been a tendency to accelerate integration processes at the micro level - between specific economic entities of the market and at the interregional level - between individual cities, subjects of the Russian Federation. In this regard, one of the most important conditions for accelerating integration processes is interstate support for the formation of new transnational companies, joint ventures and industries, border cooperation zones, offshore zones, etc. Adoption of unified legislative acts regulating the movement of labor force, recognition of documents on education, encouragement and protection of mutual investments, elimination of the practice of double taxation, creation of opportunities for participation in cross-corporation, preferential lending to priority projects, etc.
As the globalization of the world economy deepens, there is a rethinking of approaches to the territorial organization of society. There are currently three approaches to this problem:
1) the world is seen as a progressive integration of differences;
2) as a set of hybrid phenomena or some kind of global mixture;
3) how complex interaction different cultures in the global space.
Modern Western society is becoming more individualized, and collective action in it is increasingly difficult to define and implement.
The importance of the cultural factor in development is now felt not only in Russia and other countries with economies in transition, but in almost all countries of the world. The recognition of the importance of the cultural aspects of development in these projects and the impressive success of the last of them have set the stage for considering culture as a special development factor at the global level. In order to justify the inclusion of cool
etc.................
Analysis of population distribution is an important task of population geography. Most often, it is determined by the number of inhabitants per 1 square kilometer, that is, population density indicators (in the world it is 40 people per square kilometer).
Population density
The people on the planet are extremely unevenly settled. Approximately 1/10 of the land is still uninhabited (Antarctica, almost all of Greenland, and so on).
According to other estimates, about half of the land has a density of less than 1 person per square kilometer, for 1/4 the density ranges from 1 to 10 people per 1 square kilometer. km and only the rest of the land has a density of more than 10 people per 1 square kilometer. On the inhabited part of the Earth (oecumene), the average population density is 32 people per square meter. km.
80% live in the eastern hemisphere, 90% live in the northern hemisphere, and 60% of the world's population live in Asia.
Obviously, a group of countries with a very high population density stands out - over 200 people per square kilometer. It includes such countries as Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Israel, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, the Republic of Korea, Rwanda, El Salvador, etc.
In a number of countries, the density indicator is close to the world average - in Ireland, Iraq, Colombia, Malaysia, Morocco, Tunisia, Mexico, etc.
Some countries have lower density than the world average - in them it is no more than 2 people per 1 km2. This group includes Mongolia, Libya, Mauritania, Namibia, Guyana, Australia, Greenland, etc.
Causes of uneven settlement
The uneven distribution of the population on the planet is explained by a number of factors.
- First, this natural environment. For example, it is known that 1/2 of the world's population is concentrated in the lowlands, although they make up less than 30% of the land; 1/3 of people live at a distance of no more than 50 kilometers from the sea (the area of \u200b\u200bthis strip is 12% of the land) - the population is, as it were, shifted to the sea. This factor has probably been leading throughout human history, but its influence is weakening as socio-economic development progresses. And although vast areas with extreme and unfavorable natural conditions (deserts, tundras, highlands, tropical forests, etc.) are still sparsely populated, natural factors alone cannot explain the expansion of the ecumene ranges and those huge shifts in the distribution of people that have occurred over the past century.
- Secondly, the historical factor has a rather strong influence. This is due to the duration of the process of human settlement on Earth (about 30 - 40 thousand years).
- Thirdly, the current demographic situation affects the distribution of the population. Thus, in some countries, the population is increasing very rapidly due to high natural increase.
In addition, within any country or region, no matter how small, the population density is different and varies greatly depending on the level of development of the productive forces. It follows that the indicators of the average population density give only an approximate idea of the population and economic potential of the country.
see also
Population structure
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All over the world, the location of various industries, transport, and agriculture does not occur by chance, but under the influence of certain conditions. The conditions that have a great influence on the choice of a place for the development of production are called production location factors.
Factors affecting the location of production
Factors of the location of production forces are a set of external conditions and resources, the correct use of which provides the best result in the development of economic activity and the location of production.
The most important factors in the location of production include:
- Raw material - location of enterprises in close proximity to sources of raw materials. Most factories and factories are built near large water bodies, mineral deposits. This saves time and financial costs for the transportation of large volumes of goods, and the cost finished products will be significantly lower. The raw material factor has a decisive influence on the location of enterprises for the production of cement, potash fertilizers, timber, for the enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores.
Many deposits of natural resources are almost completely devastated. This led to the fact that mining enterprises began to develop new places, most often hard-to-reach. For example, oil and gas production is currently taking place in bays and seas. Such industries require large capital investments and are highly polluting. environment.
Rice. 1. Oil production in the sea.
- fuel - this factor has a decisive influence on the location of enterprises that use a large amount of mineral fuel in their work: fuel oil, natural gas, coal. Such industries include the chemical industry, ferrous metallurgy, and thermal power engineering.
- Energy - determines the location of industries that use large amounts of electricity. Such industries are called energy-intensive. These include enterprises for the production of paper, chemical fibers, light non-ferrous metals. They are located near large hydroelectric power plants.
- Labor - has an impact on the location of industries that involve a large number of labor resources, including high-level specialists. Such productions are called labour-intensive. These include vegetable growing, rice growing, the production of personal computers and electronic equipment, and clothing production. Such enterprises are located in densely populated areas with cheap labor.
Rice. 2. Manufacture of electronic equipment.
- Consumer - affects the location of enterprises that produce consumer goods: clothing, footwear, food, household appliances. They are found in almost all major cities.
- Transport - this factor is very important for industries whose products need to be delivered to other areas. To reduce additional transport costs, many production facilities are located near major transport hubs.
- Ecological - the role of this factor lies in the negative impact of most chemical industries on the environment. That is why they cannot be placed in densely populated areas. Otherwise, more stringent requirements for cleaning technologies apply to them.
Table “Production location factors”
|
Production location factors |
Branches of production |
|
Raw material |
Mining industry, sawmills, non-ferrous metal ore dressing |
|
fuel |
Thermal power engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry |
|
Energy |
Paper and chemical fiber factories |
|
Labor |
Garment production, vegetable growing, electronic equipment production |
|
Consumer |
Production of consumer goods |
|
Transport |
Railway production, automotive industry |
|
Ecological |
Chemical and metallurgical industries |
Conditions for the placement of production
The location of production also depends on such external conditions as the natural environment, population, base on scientific and technical potential, socio-historical conditions for the development of a particular production.
One of the most important conditions for the location of many industries, in particular, agricultural activities, are agro-climatic indicators. The natural fertility of soils, the water regime of the territory, the specifics of the climate largely determine the productivity of such sectors of the economy.
Rice. 3. Agriculture.
The connection between the conditions and factors of the location of production is very great. Only with a competent approach, taking into account all the indicators, it is possible to create the most efficient and productive production.
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When studying the topic “Factors of location of production”, we learned what the location of various industries depends on. We found out how external factors affect the productivity of various enterprises, got acquainted with examples of factors in the location of production.
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