Purulent is the stage name of one of the most scandalous participants ...
Gives you the opportunity to meet and learn one of the oldest and most widespread languages \u200b\u200bin the world - Arabic language.
Arabic is considered an official language in the following countries of the world: Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Western Sahara, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, United United Arab Emirates, Oman, Palestinian Authority, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Chad, Eritrea. Arabic is spoken by about 290 million people (240 as their mother tongue and 50 as their second language).
The Arabic language played an important role in the history of world culture: an extensive fiction and scientific literature was created on it in the Middle Ages. A huge number of Arabic words entered the languages \u200b\u200bof many Asian and African peoples. Even in European languages, including Russian, there are words borrowed from Arabic (algebra, azimuth, zenith, alcohol, genie, shop, treasury, coffee, safari, tariff, etc.).
Currently, the Arabic language exists in two significantly different forms, on the one hand, there is the Arabic literary language - the language of education, print, radio, science, literature, oratory, common to all Arab countries, on the other hand, there are Arabic colloquial languages, or dialects used by the population in everyday communication... The spoken language of each Arab country differs both from the common Arabic literary language and from the spoken languages \u200b\u200bof other Arab countries.
Like all language learners from scratch, we will talk about literary Arabic. The basis online lessons the site taken by V.S.Segal's tutorial (). Its peculiarity is that it allows you to get to know the language gradually, without throwing you at once with a stream of incomprehensible and complex Arabic letters. Also errors were fixed, animation of letters was added, answers were added, which can be viewed by dragging the mouse over the key:. Also added audio! Not only will you learn to read and write in Arabic, but you will also begin to understand the language by ear. Lessons are free.
Go to → list of lessons ← (Click)
If the opportunity to connect with 290 million people is not a big motivation for you to learn Arabic, then it may be, for example, the desire to stand out from the crowd. Few people know Arabic. And if now you just seem very smart, then in the future you can build a successful career. The Middle East has a very large economic potential, so knowledge of the language and culture is beneficial and promising.
IN modern conditions growing hostility between the Arab world and the West, understanding the Islamic religion is key information to overcome the crisis. People who speak Arabic can overcome cultural and linguistic barriers between countries, help resolve or avoid international conflict, and help businesses to successfully conduct international trade. In addition, knowledge of Arabic opens the door to other languages. For example, 50% of the words of the Farsi language are made up of Arabic words. The situation is similar with Urdu and Turkish. Hebrew is also linguistically related to Arabic, making it easier to understand grammatical and semantic concepts in languages.
The Arabs are hospitable. As soon as you say a few words in Arabic in front of a native speaker, they will be delighted and willing to help you in any way they can. And try to do the same, for example, in German in front of the Germans - it is unlikely that this will greatly surprise them. Arabs are proud of their language and will be glad to see someone making an attempt to learn it.
Arabic is the 5th most spoken language in the world, and the migration processes of recent years have only increased its spread. More recently, Arabic has become the second most common language in Sweden, and it has always been Finnish. Until Arabic has taken over the world, you still have time to study it!
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Learning Arabic
The Arabic language is currently the most common of the Semitic language group and belongs to its southern branch. The Arabic language reached its peak of perfection with the sending down of the final Divine Scripture, the Holy Quran, before the beauty and greatness of which many connoisseurs of the word of that time worshiped. The Supreme Lord announces:
“We have brought it down with the Qur'an in Arabic, which has not the slightest flaw. Perhaps, piety before God will awaken in the hearts of people ”(see:).
Modern literary Arabic, which is the result of the gradual development of the classical Arabic language, is widespread in many countries of the world, the total population of which exceeds 100 million.
Along with the literary Arabic language, which is the single and common state language in all Arab countries, there are also local Arabic dialects. In contrast to the literary language, which unites not only all Arabs, but also educated Muslims of the world, dialects and dialects have a narrow local, territorial meaning.
Phonetically, literary Arabic is characterized by an extensive system of consonant phonemes, especially guttural, emphatic and interdental. It has six vowel phonemes: three short and three long.
In grammatical terms, the Arabic language, like other Semitic languages, is characterized by a significant development of inflectional language and belongs to the group of inflectional languages. Each grammatical form is based on a three-consonant (less often four-consonant) root. The formation of words occurs mainly due to the internal structural changes in the word.
Arabic letter
The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters, displaying only consonants in the letter. There are no special letters for writing vowel sounds in the Arabic script. But due to the fact that short and long vowels are distinguished in Arabic, some letters that serve to draw consonants are used to convey long vowels in writing. Short vowels are conveyed in writing using vowels.
Thus, the system of Arabic writing is based on the written image of only consonants, and the vowels that make up the word are complemented by the reader in the process of reading, depending on the meaning of the word and its role in the sentence.
The letters of the Arabic alphabet are characterized by the fact that each of them has, depending on its position in the word, several styles: independent, initial, middle and final. The character of the letter writing depends on whether it is connected on both sides with parts of the given word or only on the right.
Of the 28 letters of the alphabet, 22 are connected on both sides and have four forms of writing, and the remaining 6 are only on the right, while having only two forms of writing.
By the nature of the writing of the main elements, most of the letters of the Arabic alphabet can be combined into several groups. Letters of the same group have the same descriptive "skeleton" and differ from each other only in the presence and location of the so-called diacritical points. Letters either have no dots at all, or have one, two, or three dots that can stand above or below the letter. Letters are connected with each other using connecting dashes.
The printed and written styles of the letters of the Arabic alphabet do not fundamentally differ. There are no uppercase letters in the Arabic alphabet.
Announcements
The Arabic writing system provides for the transmission of only consonants and long vowels. Short vowels are not shown in writing. However, to clarify the nature of short vowels in certain cases, for example, in the Holy Quran, prophetic legends, teaching aids, they are indicated using special subscript or superscript characters called vowels.
The vocalization is placed above or below the letter denoting a consonant sound. There are three vocalizations in Arabic:
- "Fatah"
The vowel "fatha" is placed above the letter in the form of an oblique dash َ_ and conveys a short vowel sound [a]. For example: بَ [ba], شَ [sha].
- "Kasra"
The word "kasra" is put under the letter in the form of an oblique dash ـِ and conveys a short vowel [and]. For example: بِ [bi], شِ [shi].
- "Damma"
The vowel "damma" is placed above the letter in the form of a comma ـُ and conveys a short vowel [y]. For example: بُ [boo], شُ [shu].
- "Sukun"
The absence of a vowel after a consonant is indicated by an icon called "sukun". "Sukun" is written as and is placed above the letter. For example: بَتْ [baht], بِتْ [bit], بُتْ [bout].
Additional symbols in Arabic include the shadda sign, which means doubling a consonant. "Shadda" is spelled in Russian capital letter "W". For example: بَبَّ [babba], بَتِّ [batty]
Transcription
Due to the fact that in the Arabic language there is a significant difference between the system of depicting words in writing and their sound composition, for practical purposes, they resort to the so-called transcription. Transcription is the transmission of sounds of a language using conventional symbols or letters of the same or another language, provided, if necessary, with additional symbols.
In this textbook, the Russian language is adopted as the signs of transcription of Arabic sounds. To depict those sounds that are not in the Russian language, some Russian letters are supplied with additional symbols: a dash and a dot under the letter. A dash indicates an interdental consonant, and a dot indicates a solid sound.
The Arabic language has historically flourished in the world thanks to the development and spread of Islam as one of the world's largest religions. It is known that the Arabic language is the language of the Koran - the Holy Book of Islam. This is the main language of Muslims.
What is interesting to know for everyone who is going to learn Arabic for beginners
1. Where is Arabic spread
Arabic is the official language of 22 countries and is the native language of more than 200 million people, geographically living from Southeast Asia to Northwest Africa, more commonly known as the Arab World.
"Classical" The Arabic language, known as the language of the Quran, is the language in which the Quran is written and is the base language for the syntactic and grammatical norms of modern Arabic. It is this classical Arabic language that is taught in religious schools and in all Arab schools around the world.
"Modern Standard" Arabic is similar to the classical language, but lighter and simpler. It is understood by the majority of Arabs and is broadcast on TV, politicians speak it, and foreigners study it. Most Arabic newspapers and modern literature use Modern Standard Arabic.
Arab colloquial
has many different dialects. So, for example, an indigenous Iraqi can hardly understand local resident Algeria and vice versa, as they speak completely different dialects. But both of them will be able to communicate with each other if they use Modern Standard Arabic.
2. What any of us already know about the Arabic language
- A lot of words came to us from Arabic, and we all know them, for example:
قطن, cotton
سكر, sugar
غزال, gazelle
قيثارة, guitar
الكحول, alcohol
صحراء, Sahara
قيراط, carat
ليمون, lemon
- Arabic uses the same punctuation as any other foreign language, such as english languagebut Arabic has slightly different punctuation marks, such as inverted comma (،) or mirrored question mark (؟).
3. How difficult is it to learn Arabic
- Difficulties in pronunciation
Many of the sounds in Arabic are pronounced in the throat, as if they are forming deep within the throat, so it takes practice to pronounce them correctly.
- Order of words in a sentence
Any sentence in Arabic begins with a verb, so to say "a boy is eating an apple", you need to say "a boy is eating an apple":
اكل الولد التفاحة .
- Adjectives are placed after the noun:
السيارة الحمراء - red car
- Sentences are written from right to left, so the first page of the book, for us Europeans, will be considered the last.
4. How Arabic for beginners can help in the future
- The Arabic language belongs to the Semitic group of languages, therefore it has a lot in common with languages \u200b\u200bsuch as Amharic, Hebrew. Therefore, for those who can learn Arabic, other languages \u200b\u200bof the Semitic group will be more understandable.
- Languages \u200b\u200bsuch as Persian / Farsi, Urdu, Kurdish and others use the Arabic language whose alphabet is used in the writing of their own languages. Therefore, those who comprehend the Arabic language from scratch will be able to read the written words and sentences of any of these languages, but not understand the meaning.
1. Define exactly the goals for which you need to learn Arabic for beginners.
As we wrote above, there are several types of Arabic: Modern Standard, Classical, and Colloquial Arabic. Each type is responsible for its own goals.
2. Master the Arabic alphabet
At first glance, the alphabet seems to be the most difficult and incomprehensible moment for those who decided to take up the Arabic language. Some even try to avoid learning it and only memorize the pronunciation or transliteration of Arabic words. This method will bring many problems in the future. It would be much more useful, on the contrary, to ignore the transcription, but to learn the spelling of words. Therefore, to learn Arabic for beginners quickly, learn the alphabet.
3. Learn to use an Arabic dictionary.
Using the Arabic dictionary is very difficult at first, but after clarifying the main points and some practice, it should not be too difficult.
First, it should be borne in mind that all words in the dictionary are used in their original forms, while in texts they are found in derived forms.
Secondly, the structure of the dictionary itself has a root system, that is, the root of a word is considered as the search word. The roots in the dictionary are located in alphabetical order... That is, to find the word istiqbaal (registrar), you need to know the three-letter root of this word - q-b-l, that is, this word will be in the dictionary under the letter q.
4. We study the Arabic language constantly.
In order to quickly learn Arabic, you need to practice it constantly. If you have internet, you can learn Arabic online. There are many resources on the web for self-study Arabic. You can buy textbooks with audio recordings, listening to which you will feel the language and absorb the pronunciation. Many self-study guides like learning Arabic from scratch offer interesting mnemonics for memorizing Arabic words.
5. Ask your tutor for help.
After finishing the 10th grade on summer vacation I went to Dagestan. Usually there you are constantly surrounded by relatives. But one day I stayed in Makhachkala, on my own. And he went for a walk around the city. Probably, this was my first independent walk in a strange city. I walked along Hamidov Avenue towards the mountains. And, suddenly, I saw a signboard "Islamic shop". As strange as it may seem, my first acquisition in Dagestan was an Arabic script.
When I came home to my uncle, I opened it. There were all kinds of writing of letters and their pronunciation was explained in relation to the Dagestan alphabet "The letter ع approximately corresponds to the Arabic gI", "The letter ح is similar to the Avar xI". Together with ظ, these were the most difficult letters for me, because it was hard to imagine how to pronounce them, and others were mostly in my language. So I started learning to read Arabic on my own. An ordinary Russian teenager, far from religion. Then I went to my grandfather's mountain village. It was a time filled with the events of adolescence, when you try a lot for the first time. Along with all this, I tried and learn Arabic. What drove me when I bought this recipe then is still a mystic for me.
Recently I found my first attempts to write in Arabic, which I started that summer in my grandfather's village.
Over the summer I learned to read. But then he abandoned this business for many years and got stuck on this knowledge. The Arabic language seemed to be something extraordinarily distant and incomprehensible. And my lifestyle was far from learning this language.
Then, already in the 4th year of the university, I began to do namaz, began to go to the mosque, and met Muslims. One Friday at the mosque, I greeted one of my acquaintances:
- Assalam alaikum! How are you? What are you doing?
- Wa aleikumu ssalam! Alhamdulillah. Here, I study the Arabic language.
- How do you study? Are there any courses?
- No, on your own, according to the textbook "Learn to read the Qur'an in Arabic."
Then this brother went to Kazan to study and there he got new textbooks, and he sold Lebedev's books "Learn to read the Koran in Arabic" for 500 rubles when he returned from Kazan for his first vacation.
I worked as a night security guard in a store and took this book with me on duty. I began to read it in my spare minutes between the massacre of the local drunkard and until I fell asleep. As soon as I started acquaintance with the book, I thought - "Subhanallah, this Arabic language is so easy to learn."
For so many years I was able to read stupidly and hardly memorized the verses of the Koran - and now I began to understand the logic of the entire language!
There was no limit to my delight. I went through the first book in a month. I didn't even memorize the words there - I just carefully studied the new rules and read the exercises for them.
Then a textbook fell into my hands "First lessons of Arabic ". I became banal in the day to learn from the lesson (they are very small there). I just memorized new words in the morning - and then repeat them all day (on the bus, when walking, etc.). After a couple of months I already knew almost 60 lessons by heart - all the words and turns of speech that were found in them.
After 2 months of classes, I was visiting an Arab and was surprised to find that I could communicate in Arabic without speaking a word in Russian !!! It started out as a joke. I greeted in Arabic and a friend answered. Then I asked something else and he answered again in Arabic. And when the dialogue began, it was as if there was no turning back. As if we didn’t know Russian. My knees were trembling with happiness.
Previously, I had to learn the Koran "photographically" - it was stupid to memorize the order of all letters in words. For example, it took me several days to memorize the An-Nas surah. And after I have mastered the basics of grammar, you can read Krachkovsky's translation and the Arabic text of the ayah once (comparing each Arabic word with the translation), repeat a couple of times - and the ayah is remembered. If so, walk through a small sura (like An-Naba "News"). After half an hour of study, I can look at Krachkovsky's translation and read the surah in Arabic (essentially from memory). The most difficult part is usually remembering the order of the verses.
My tragedy is that having learned to read (it took about two months independently and haphazardly), I simply did not imagine that it would be possible to spend the same amount of time to learn the basics of grammar, and even more, if you make an effort and develop an active vocabulary - you can speak Arabic very soon.
The biggest problem for many people is that they imagine the language as an impregnable fortress, which will take many years to storm and siege. And only after that you will master it. In fact, learning a language is best thought of as a small cottage that you build piece by piece. Having studied the basic grammar (changing verbs by person and tenses, changing cases, etc. - in terms of volume, this is a brochure of 40 pages) - consider that you have filled the foundation. Further, an opportunity arose - they built a room where you can already live and moved there. Then - the kitchen. Then they built a living room, a nursery, and all the other rooms. I saw how houses are built in Dagestan in this way. Instead of renting an apartment, they buy an inexpensive land plot, fill in the foundation and build at least one room where they move. And then, as far as possible, they continue to build a house on an already poured foundation.
If suddenly someone wants to repeat my path, which I consider optimal for those who do it mostly on their own, for example, in their free time from their main studies or work, here they have prepared a selection of materials (now they have become more accessible and better).
1. Learn to read and write
→ Speaking tutorial (self-instruction manual for reading and writing with voice acting for each word and many hints)
2. Basics of grammar. To study grammar, it is better to arm yourself with many books and choose the one that suits you best. The same rule can be given in different words in different books - so that incomprehensible moments can be viewed from different angles. Start with one book and download the rest as needed.
→ Lebedev. Learn to read the Quran in Arabic - an unobtrusive explanation of the basics of grammar on the example of ayahs from the Koran (I personally went through the first volume. I hated studying foreign language all my life, but I read this book as a fictional one, and realized that Arabic is mine).
→ Yashukov. Arabic grammar manual - a compressed volume of 40 pages gives all the basics (a short summary of any textbook).
→ Khaibullin. Arabic grammar ... A thorough new textbook, contains the basics of grammar with numerous examples, as well as the basics of morphology. Very accessible language and sparing volume.
→ Rules of the Arabic language in a simplified and simplified form ... (I did not pass it myself, but I heard the reviews of friends).
→ Kovalev, Sharbatov. Arabic textbook ... (A classic of the genre. Usually it is used as a reference where you can find any question on grammar).
I think these books should be enough with a margin. If you don't like it, google Kuzmin, Ibragimov, Frolova, etc.
3. Build active vocabulary
→ First lessons of Arabic ... - read carefully the preface to this book and you will understand everything. I actually lived with this book for several months until I learned 100 lessons. If you repeat "my feat", you will feel your closeness to the Arab world - no kidding.
4. Language practice
→ Get to know the Arabs, try to communicate with them. For example, you can look in the mosque for students who have just arrived in Russia and do not speak Russian well. If you are hospitable and non-intrusive, you can develop very warm friendships. You will be able to learn the language directly from the native speaker. ). So you can google materials that interest you, your favorite nasheeds on YouTube, etc. You will be able to plunge into the Arabic Internet, participate in their forums, discussions, make friends on FaceBook, etc.
After finishing the 10th grade for the summer holidays, I went to Dagestan. Usually there you are constantly surrounded by relatives. But one day I stayed in Makhachkala, on my own. And he went for a walk around the city. Probably, this was my first independent walk in a strange city. I walked along Hamidov Avenue towards the mountains. And suddenly, I saw the sign "Islamic shop". As strange as it may seem, my first acquisition in Dagestan was an Arabic script.
Arriving at my uncle's home, I opened it. There were all kinds of writing of letters and their pronunciation was explained in relation to the Dagestan alphabet "The letter ع approximately corresponds to the Arabic gI", "The letter ح is similar to the Avar xI". Together with ظ, these were the most difficult letters for me, because it was hard to imagine how to pronounce them, and others were mostly in my language. So I started learning to read Arabic on my own. An ordinary Russian teenager, far from religion. Then I went to my grandfather's mountain village. It was a time filled with the events of adolescence, when you try a lot for the first time. Along with all this, I tried and learn the Arabic language. What drove me when I bought this recipe then is still a mystic for me.
Recently I found my first attempts to write in Arabic, which I started that summer in my grandfather's village. (If you click on the screenshots, they should enlarge. The spectacle is not for the faint of heart, I warn you).
Then, already in the 4th year of university, I began to do namaz, began to go to the mosque, and met Muslims. One Friday at the mosque, I greeted one of my acquaintances:
Assalam alaikum! How are you? What are you doing?
- Wa aleikumu ssalam! Alhamdulillah. Here, I study the Arabic language.
- How do you study? Are there any courses?
- No, on your own, according to the textbook "Learn to read the Qur'an in Arabic."
Then this brother went to Kazan to study and there he got new textbooks, and he sold Lebedev's books "Learn to read the Koran in Arabic" for 500 rubles when he returned from Kazan for his first vacation.
I worked part-time as a night security guard in a store and took this book with me on duty. I began to read it in my spare moments between the massacre of the local drunkard and until I fell asleep. As soon as I started acquaintance with the book, I thought - "Subhanallah, but this Arabic language is so easy to learn."
My delight knew no bounds. I went through the first book in a month. I didn't even memorize the words there - I just carefully studied the new rules and read the exercises for them.
Then another textbook fell into my hands (I already wrote about it in the post "Pencil Writing to the Brain.) It became banal to learn from the lesson every day (they are very small there). I just memorized new words in the morning - and then repeat them all day. (on the bus, when walking, etc.) After a couple of months I already knew almost 60 lessons by heart - all the words and phrases that were encountered in them.
After 2 months of classes I was visiting an Arab and was surprised to find that I could communicate in Arabic without speaking a word in Russian !!! It started out as a joke. I said hello in Arabic and a friend answered. Then I asked something else and he again answered in Arabic. And when the dialogue began, it was as if there was no turning back. As if we didn't know Russian. My knees were trembling with happiness.
Previously, I had to learn the Koran "photographically" - it was stupid to memorize the order of all letters in words. For example, it took me several days to memorize the surah "An-Nas". And after I have mastered the basics of grammar, you can read Krachkovsky's translation and the Arabic text of the ayah once (comparing each Arabic word with the translation), repeat a couple of times - and the ayah is remembered. If so, walk along a small sura (like An-Naba "News"). After half an hour of study, I can look at Krachkovsky's translation and read the surah in Arabic (essentially from memory). The hardest part is usually remembering the order of the verses.
My tragedy is that having learned to read (it took about two months on my own and haphazardly), I simply did not imagine that it was possible to spend the same amount of time to learn the basics of grammar and, if you make an effort and develop an active vocabulary, you can speak Arabic very soon.
The biggest problem for many people is that they imagine the language as an impregnable fortress, which will take many years to storm and siege. And only after that you will master it. In fact, learning a language is best thought of as a small cottage that you build piece by piece. Having studied the basic grammar (changing verbs by person and tenses, changing cases, etc. - in terms of volume, this is a brochure of 40 pages) - consider that you have filled the foundation. Further, an opportunity arose - they built a room where you can already live and moved there. Then - the kitchen. Then they built a living room, a nursery, and all the other rooms. I saw how houses are built in Dagestan in this way. Instead of renting an apartment, they buy an inexpensive land plot, fill in the foundation and build at least one room where they move. And then, as far as possible, they continue to build a house on an already poured foundation.
If suddenly someone wants to repeat my path, which I consider optimal for those who do it mainly on their own, for example, in their free time from their main studies or work, here they have prepared a selection of materials (now they have become more accessible and better).
→ (self-study guide for reading and writing with voice acting for each word and many tips)
2. Basics of grammar.To study grammar, it is better to arm yourself with many books and choose the one that suits you best. One and the same rule can be given in different words in different books - so that incomprehensible moments can be viewed from different angles. Start with one book and download the rest as needed.
→ Lebedev. Learn to read the Qur'an in Arabic - an unobtrusive explanation of the basics of grammar based on the example of the verses from the Qur'an (I personally passed the first volume. I hated studying foreign language all my life, but I read this book as a fictional one, and realized that Arabic is mine).
→ - a compressed volume of 40 pages gives all the basics (a short summary of any textbook).
→. A thorough new textbook, contains the basics of grammar with numerous examples, as well as the basics of morphology. Very accessible language and sparing volume.
→ (I did not go through it myself, but I heard the reviews of friends).
→ (Classics of the genre. Usually it is used as a reference where you can find any question on grammar).
I think these books should be enough with a margin. If you don't like it, google Kuzmin, Ibragimov, Frolova, etc.
3. Build an active vocabulary.
→. - read carefully the preface to this book and you will understand everything. I actually lived with this book for several months until I learned 100 lessons (in the article "Pencil Writing to the Brain" I just wrote about this). If you repeat "my feat", feel your closeness to the Arab world - no kidding.
4. Practice of the language.
→ Get to know the Arabs, try to communicate with them. For example, you can look in the mosque for students who have just arrived in Russia and do not speak Russian well. If you are hospitable and non-intrusive, you can develop very warm friendships. You will be able to learn the language directly from the native speaker.
→ Learn to type in Arabic (). So you can google materials that interest you, your favorite nasheeds on YouTube, etc. You will be able to plunge into the Arabic Internet, participate in their forums, discussions, make friends on FaceBook, etc.
You can bookmark the second part of the article, here is the link
