What is the transcription in English? How to read and pronounce English transcription. Examples for English vowel sounds

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English Transcription

Pronunciation of English sounds.

Pronunciation of English vowels.

The pronunciation of English sounds is presented in Russian letters, you should understand what to convey the correct English pronunciation Using the Russian alphabet is not possible.

• ɑː long, deep
• ʌ short vowel a, as in the Russian word run.
• ɒ = ɔ - short, open about
• ɔː - long o
• zː - long vowel e, as in the Russian word hedgehog.
• æ - open e
• e - like e in the word these
• ə - unclear unstressed sound, similar to e
• iː - long and
• ɪ - short, open and
• ʊ = u - short u, pronounced with a slight rounding of the lips.
• uː - long u pronounced without strong rounding of the lips.

Two-vowel sounds

Pronunciation of English consonants.

• p - p
• b - b
• m - m
• f - f
• v - in
• s - s
• z - z
• t - resembles the Russian sound t, pronounced with the tongue positioned at the gums.
• d - resembles the Russian sound d, pronounced with the tongue positioned at the gums.
• n - resembles the Russian sound n, pronounced with the tongue positioned at the gums.
• l - resembles the Russian sound l, pronounced with the tongue positioned at the gums.
• r is a very hard sound pronounced without vibration of the tongue. Corresponds to the sound r in the word lot
• ʃ - soft Russian sh
• ʒ - soft Russian zh, as in the word yeast.
• tʃ- h
• ʤ - similar to the Russian sound j (voiced ch)
• k - k
• h - inhale, reminiscent of a faintly pronounced x sound
• ju - long yu in the word southern
• je - sound e in the word spruce
• jɔ - sound ё in the word fir-tree
• jʌ - the sound I in the word pit
• j - resembles the Russian sound й before vowels. Occurs in combination with vowels.

English consonant sounds that have no approximate correspondence in Russianː

• w - formed with the help of rounded lips (as in whistling). It looks like a sound uttered with just lips. In translation it is denoted by the letters в or у ː W illiams - Williams, Williams.
• ƞ - Open your mouth slightly and say n without closing your mouth.
• ɵ - Move the slightly spread tip of your tongue between your teeth and pronounce Russian with
• ð - Move the slightly spread tip of your tongue between your teeth and pronounce Russian z

Transcription is the transmission in writing of elements of oral speech using a certain set of written characters. Phonetic transcription– this is the most accurate transmission of oral speech by graphic means (special transcription signs).

Each individual sound and its variants have their own designations. For recording, special characters are used, called transcription marks, which are enclosed in square brackets. Some of these signs repeat the letters of the English alphabet; the designations of others may differ significantly. However, a letter and a sound are completely different things. Letter- these are designations of sound in writing, while sound can be regarded as an independent unit. We write and read letters, we hear and pronounce sounds. The transcription sign indicates the sound and the features of its pronunciation. In writing, one letter can convey several sounds at once, and each transcription sign can convey only one sound.

What is transcription used for?

The spelling of a word and its actual pronunciation may vary significantly. Therefore, for correct pronunciation, only knowledge of the reading rules is not enough, because there are always exceptions to the rules. The same letters/letter combinations under the same conditions can be read differently. Thanks to transcription, if necessary, you will be able to correctly read an unfamiliar word. At the initial stage of learning a language, it is possible to use Russian transcription, but in the English language there are sounds that are absent in the Russian language, so Russian transcription conveys only the approximate sound of a word, which is why you may pronounce a word written in Russian transcription incorrectly. In addition, the quality of pronunciation of the same sounds may differ.

Perfect knowledge of transcription signs is not necessary, because it is unlikely that you will need to convey the sound of a word using these signs. But you may need to look up the correct pronunciation of the word in a dictionary. And for this it is important to be able to correctly read the transcription in the dictionary. In addition, most transcription signs are found in other European languages.

Factors influencing pronunciation

Word stress

The correct pronunciation of vowels in stressed syllables, where vowels are pronounced clearly, and the meaning of the word will depend on the correctness of their sound, can cause difficulties. In an unstressed syllable, vowels are not clearly articulated and may fall out (not pronounced), therefore special difficulties when pronounced they do not represent. Unlike the Russian language, where the stress is placed above the stressed syllable, in English the stress is indicated by a vertical stroke before stressed syllable. Monosyllabic words have one stress, long ones can have two. In this case, the main stress is placed at the top, the secondary stress is at the bottom.

English sounds

Consonant sounds and their approximate Russian analogues:

• [b] - [b]
• [d] - [d]
• [f] – [f]
• [g] - [g]
• [k] -[k]
• [l] - [l]
• [m] -[m]
• [n] - [n]
• [p] - [p]
• [s] - [s]
• [t] - [t]
• [v] - [v]
• [z] - [z]
• [ʃ] - [w]
• [ʒ] – soft [zh]
• - [h]
• – absent in the Russian language (represents a very quickly pronounced sound [j]);
• [r] – the tip of the tongue is not tense, does not vibrate, is motionless, raised to the roof of the oral cavity, but does not touch the alveoli (reminiscent of the Russian sound [r], but not as clear);
• [j] - [th];
• [ŋ] – nasal [n];
• [θ] – absent in Russian, interdental (to pronounce it, pronounce [s], sticking the tip of your tongue between your teeth);
• [ð] - absent in Russian, interdental (to pronounce it, pronounce [z], sticking the tip of your tongue between your teeth).

The articulation of a number of English sounds is practically no different from the articulation of Russian sounds, but there are some features:

• English [t], [p], [k] are distinguished from their Russian counterparts [t], [p], [k] by their pronunciation with aspiration (aspiration);
• When pronouncing sounds [d], [l], [n], [t], the tip of the tongue is on the alveoli (tubercles just above the upper teeth);
• [ʃ] [ʒ] – softer than their Russian counterparts, for this you need to slightly raise the back of the tongue;
• [h] – the sound is slightly louder than an exhalation;
• [w] – lips are rounded and tense, the lower lip should not touch the teeth (quickly say [ui]).

Pronunciation of vowels

In English, vowel length is very important because it affects the meaning of a word. This means that words with the same vowel of different lengths will differ in meaning, for example: sheep [ʃi:p] - sheep, ship [ʃɪp] - ship, live live - leave - leave, leave.

The length of a vowel in writing is indicated by two dots after it. With 6 vowel letters you can form a wide variety of sounds:

• – long sound [a];
• [æ] - average between [a] and [e], the mouth is wide open, the jaw is lowered down;
• - long [and];
• [i] - short [and];
• [e] – average between [e] and [e], the corners of the lips are stretched to the sides;
• [ɔ] - short [o];
• [ɔ:] - long [o];
• [ə] - unclear, unstressed sound, reminiscent of [e];
• [ʌ] – short [a];
• [z] - resembles the sound [ё];
• [u] - short [y];
• - lingering [y].

Diphthongs

Diphthongs- these are two vowel sounds pronounced together, where the first is stressed, articulated more clearly and clearly, and the second is weaker:

• - [ay];
• - [Hey];
• [ɔi] - [oh];
• - [ay];
• [əu] - [оу];
• - [ie];
• - [ue];
• [ɛə] - vaguely similar to [ea].

Thrifthongs

Triphthong is a combination of three vowel sounds that are pronounced together and are part of one syllable.

- pronounced [aye]. The longest of the three sounds is “a”. The sounds “y” and “e” are pronounced almost simultaneously.
In writing it is expressed using the letter combinations “ire”, “yre”, “iar”, less often “ier” and “ie+t”:

ire - fire [‘faɪə] (fire)
yre - tire [‘taɪə] (tire)
iar - liar [‘laɪə] (liar)
ier - tier [‘taɪə] (binding)
iet - quiet [‘kwaɪət] (quiet)

- pronounced [aue]. In this case, the sound “u” is exactly the sound that is conveyed by the letter “w”.
In writing it is conveyed using the letter combinations “our”, “ower”:

our - sour [‘sauə] (sour)
ower - power [‘pauə] (strength)

- pronounced [yue]. The longest of the three sounds in this triphthong is "u".
In writing it is conveyed using the letter combinations “eur”, “ure”:

eur - European [ˌjuərə’piːən] (European)
ure - pure (pure).

Words in a stream of speech

In addition to the main stress, with the help of which emphasis is placed on a syllable, there is the concept of phrasal stress. Phrase stress- this is the selection in the flow of speech of words on the importance of which the speaker wants to emphasize. The placement of phrasal stress does not significantly change the essence of the sentence. Let's compare using the example of a simple short sentence (emphasis added in bold:) She has gone to the shop just now. She just went to the store (it was she, not someone else). She has gone to the shop just now. She had just gone to the store (walked, not used another means of transportation). She has gone to the shop just now. She just went to the store (namely the store, and not anywhere else). She has gone to the shop just now. She just went to the store (just now).

Accordingly, the stressed word will be pronounced as clearly as possible. As a rule, function words are prepositions, conjunctions, particles, pronouns, etc. are in an unstressed position. It should also be noted that colloquial speech tends to be minimized: it is characterized by the use of abbreviated forms, less clear articulation, sometimes deliberate mispronunciation of words, loss of vowels, etc.

How much time to devote to practice?

The answer is obvious. The more practice in the language, the better. The more time you spend practicing your pronunciation, the more authentic (more natural, as similar to English speech as possible) your speech will sound. Listening to English speech, imitating it, reading aloud will help you with this. Record your speech on a voice recorder, which will help you identify your own mistakes, because your perception of your own speech differs from its perception by others. And remember that when learning a foreign language, regularity of classes is extremely important. With shorter, but regular exercises, you will achieve greater results than with long, “jerky” exercises. We wish you success!

English alphabet with transcription
Reading rules in English

The sounds that represent are 44 English phonemes, which are divided into two categories: consonants and vowels. Since sounds cannot be written down, graphemes (letters or combinations of letters) are used to convey sounds in writing.

English alphabet

There are 26 letters in the English language. The standard one starts with the letter a and ends with the letter z.

When classifying alphabetic characters, the following are distinguished:

• 5 pure vowels: a, e, i, o, u;
• 19 pure consonants: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z;
• 2 semivowels: y, w.

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Features of English consonants

A consonant combination is a set of two or three consonant letters that, when pronounced, retain the original sound. Such sets occur either at the beginning or at the end of a word. For example, the word brave, in which both “b” and “r” are pronounced, is the initial combination. In the word bank “-nk” is the final combination.

Classification:

1. The starting combinations are classified into sets with "l", "r", and "s". In "l" the combination ends with "l". An example would be the letters “bl” in the word blind. In the same way, the final sound in “r” is combined with “r” when “br” and “cr”, for example, in the words bridge, crane. On the contrary, in “s” it begins with s, “st” and “sn” - stap, snail.
2. The final combinations are grouped into sets with "s", "l" and "n": -st, -sk, -ld, -nd, -nk. Examples: first, desk, gold, sand, sink.

Digraphs

Consonant digraphs refer to a set of consonants that form a single sound. Some digraphs appear both at the beginning and at the end of a word - “sh”, “ch” and “th”. There are also strict initial and final digraphs – “kn-” and “-ck”.

Examples of digraphs:

Features of digraphs:

Table of pronunciation of English consonants

English vowels

Each English vowel is pronounced in three ways:

1. like a long sound;
2. How short sound;
3. as a neutral vowel sound (schwa).

There are 5 vowels in the English alphabet, but sometimes y becomes a vowel and is pronounced like i, and w replaces u, for example in the digraph ow.

Rules for reading vowels

Short vowels, which are characterized by a "short" sound, occur when a word contains one vowel, either at the beginning of a word or between two consonants. For example, if, elk, hop, fan. The typical short vowel pattern is consonant+vowel+consonant (CGS).

Words are taught as families, which represent groups of words with a common pattern, such as the pattern “-ag” – bag, wag, tag or “-at” – cat, bat, hat.

vowels:

vowels:

The vowel sound in unstressed syllables is expressed with a shortened neutral sound ("schwa"), the phonemic symbol /ə/, especially if no syllabic consonants are used.

For example:

• a in about, around, approve, above [ə bʌv];
• e in accident, mother, taken, camera;
• i in, family, lentil, officer pencil;
• o in memory, common, freedom, purpose, London;
• u in supply, industry, suggest, difficult, succeed, minimum;
• and even y in sibyl;
• schwa appears in function words: to, from, are.

Features of vowel sounds in English

Vowels are classified as monophthongs, diphthongs or triphthongs. A monophthong is when there is one vowel sound in a syllable, a diphthong is when there are two vowel sounds in a syllable.

Let's take a closer look:

1. Monophthongs – pure and stable vowels, the acoustic characteristics (timbre) of which do not change during the time they are pronounced.
2. - a sound formed by a combination of two adjacent vowels in one syllable. Technically, the tongue (or other parts of the vocal apparatus) moves when pronouncing a vowel sound - the first position is stronger than the second. In diphthong transcription, the first character represents the starting point of the body of the tongue, the second character represents the direction of movement. For example, you should be aware that in the letter combination /aj/, the body of the tongue is in the lower central position represented by the symbol /a/, and immediately begins to move up and forward to the position for /i/.
3. Diphthongs are often formed when individual vowels work together in fast conversation. Usually (in the speaker’s speech) the body of the tongue does not have time to reach the /i/ position. Therefore, the diphthong often ends closer to /ɪ/ or even to /e/. In the diphthong /aw/, the body of the tongue moves from the low central position of /a/, then moves up and back to the position of /u/. Although there are also single diphthongs, which are heard as separate vowel sounds (phonemes).
4. There are also triphthongs in English.(combinations of three adjacent vowels), including three sound types, for example, fire /fʌɪə/, flower /flaʊər/. But in any case, all diphthongs and triphthongs are formed from monophthongs.

Pronunciation table for simple English vowel sounds

All vowel sounds are formed from only 12 monophthongs. Each, regardless of spelling, is pronounced using some combination of these sounds.

The table shows examples of simple English vowels with pronunciation in Russian:

Diphthong pronunciation table

Learning transcription of English words

Let's look at some features of English transcription:

There are a large number of videos online to listen to, and you can also practice using exercises.

Even if you have just started learning English, you probably already know that a word is not always pronounced as it is written. But it is the correct pronunciation (pronunciation) that will bring you as close as possible to the advanced level and will help you not only communicate freely, but also easily understand people with different accents.

For those who do not remember by heart all the rules of reading in English, there is an excellent alternative - transcription. However, not everyone can correctly decipher this mysterious, at first glance, set of symbols. In fact, everything is quite easy, and today we will prove it.

In this article we will figure out how to read transcription in English correctly and why you need to learn reading English transcription at all.

Sounds in English

Let's start with the fact that despite the fact thatThere are only 26 letters, there are many more sounds - 44. Some of them are difficult for foreigners due to the peculiarities of the speech apparatus, and simply because they are not used to it. Sometimes more active articulation and long practice are required to pronounce complex sounds without errors.

Each of the sounds in English has its own graphic expression and designation in phonetic transcription. Without it, it is not always possible to understand exactly how a word is pronounced: whether a syllable is closed or open, how long a vowel lasts, and which consonants are not pronounced. Therefore, reading transcriptions in English is a skill that needs to be developed in parallel with learning words.

An open syllable is one that ends with a vowel (take, nose, cute), and a closed syllable, the most common in English, ends with one or more consonants, and the vowel sound in it will be read briefly (hat, red, pin).

In addition to these two main options, there are many pronunciation rules, such as when a vowel is followed by the letter r or the syllables re and le.

Vowels, in turn, are divided into: single vowels, diphthongs (a combination of two vowels) and triphthongs (a combination of three vowels). In transcription they are also designated differently.

The number of sounds in a word does not always coincide with the number of letters. So, an interesting example is the word daughter (daughter), the transcription of which looks like [ˈdɔ:tə ] and consists of four sounds.

One of the most difficult sounds for us is the combination th, which is indicated phonetically as [ð].

So, how is the English transcription read? Let's figure it out together.

Transcription

The first thing you need to know is that in writing, transcription is indicated by square brackets, as in the examples above. Second: the same word can have different transcriptions depending on the pronunciation (British or American).

There are two types of stress in English transcription: primary and secondary.

‘ is the main stress. It is placed before the stressed vowel wherever it is in the word.

This is secondary stress. It is placed before the vowel in long words where necessary.

There is also one important sign that will indicate the length of the vowel sound. It can be located either in the middle or at the end of a word:

: - vowel length

The signs in the transcription can repeat the English letters themselves, or they can be those very “squiggles” that so frighten beginners. Below we will give examples of sounds and phonetic signs with an approximate description of how they will sound, so that you can understand more clearly how to read the transcription in English.

These consonant sounds are similar to Russian ones and come to us more or less easily:

• [f] - f (vigorously, lightly bite the lower lip) - forest
• [v] - in (lightly bite your lower lip) - vocal
• [s] - s (muffled sound, press not the tip of the tongue, but a little more of it) - sofa
• [z] - z (similarly, press the tongue not with the tip, but with the “back”) - zone
• [h] - x (pronounce with a slight exhalation) - hall
• [p] - p (sharp exhalation with aspiration) - pen
• [b] - b (sharp exhalation with aspiration) - ball
• [d] - d (place the tip of the tongue slightly behind the front teeth, on the gum tubercles) - drink
• [k] - to (sharp exhalation with aspiration) - kite
• [g] - g (as in Russian, but not as energetic) - green
• [m] - m (as in Russian) - mother
• [n] - n (as in Russian) - note
• [l] - l (as in Russian, but a little softer) - let
• [r] - r (softer sound, the tip of the tongue on the tubercles of the gums) - rose
• [t] - t (softer, the tip of the tongue is not towards the teeth, but onto the gum tubercles above them) - tree
• [w] - in (lips folded into a tube and sharply unclenched) - what

Consonant sounds reminiscent of combinations of Russian letters:

• [ʃ] - sh (something between sh and sh, but not whistling) - ship
• [ʒ] - w (soft, almost zh, but not whistling) - pleasure
• - tch (soft combination, pronounced together) - catch
• - j (soft, almost j, pronounced as a single sound) - jump
• [j] - yi (something in between these letters) - yet

Consonant sounds that do not exist in Russian:

• [θ] - s (as if “blowing” on the tip of your tongue between your teeth) - thin
• [ð] - z (blow on the tip of your tongue between your teeth again, pronouncing the Russian letter “z”)
• [ŋ] - n (pronounced “on the nose”) - long

Vowel sounds similar to Russian:

• [ʌ] - a (short and sonorous) - sun
• [ɑː] - a (deep and long sound, as if showing your throat to a doctor) - car
• [i] - and (short sound, something between “and” and “s”) - fit
• - and (long sound and) - sea
• [u] - u (pronounced a little more relaxed) - cook
• - y (long light “y”) - true
• [e] - e (soft sound, something between “e” and “e”) - get
• [ə] - e (weak, something between “e” and “a”) - sister
• [ɔː] - o (long sound, as if you are surprised by something) - more
• [ɒ] - o (something between “o” and “a”) - hot

Vowel sounds that do not exist in Russian:

• [ɜː] - ео (as if you were preparing to say “е”, but say “о”) - her
• [æ] - ae (pronounce by relaxing lower jaw and stretching his lips slightly) - cat

Diphthongs:

• - ai (with emphasis on “a” and at the end it is “and”, not “th”) - like
• - ay (short, with emphasis on “a”) - cow
• [ɪə] - е (with emphasis on “and”) - hear
• - eee (pronounced briefly, with emphasis on the “e”) - take
• - ea (with emphasis on “e”) - hair
• [əu] - оу (short, with an emphasis on “o”, and “у” practically does not sound) - go
• - ue (softly, with emphasis on “y”) - cure
• [ɔɪ] - oi (pronounced briefly, with emphasis on “o”) - boy

And finally, there are triple combinations of sounds:

• - aie (with emphasis on “a”, quickly and continuously) - fire
• - aue (with emphasis on “a”, quickly and continuously) - our

Tricky transcription and difficult words

Always check the transcription of words you don't understand. For example, it would seem that there could be something difficult in pronouncing such a simple preposition of? But at the end it is pronounced not “f”, but “v”, and its transcription looks like [ɔv].

But the word halt (stop) in the British version of the transcription will be , and in the American version it will be . In both cases, it is pronounced “o”, but not “a” in the German manner.

Often consonants are completely omitted during pronunciation. For example, in the word doubt the letter “b” is not pronounced, and the transcription in both versions looks like this: . Similarly, in the word comb (comb), there will be no “b” at the end, although the temptation to pronounce it is very great. His transcription is as follows: .

As for long vowels, they are not always pronounced as you think, regardless of the fact that the word has a double vowel. Good examples of such trick words are good [ɡʊd], book (book) and look (look).

Always pay attention to where the emphasis is in the transcription. Let's give an interesting example: the word valet (valet, servant). In the Russian manner, we want to pronounce it with the emphasis on “e”, but this is definitely not worth doing, because according to its English transcription [ˈvæleɪ], the emphasis is placed on the first vowel “a”.

Where do you put the emphasis in the word applicable? The correct answer is to the second syllable (vowel “and”), because its transcription looks like [əˈplɪkəbəl].

By the way, even native speakers themselves have problems with pronunciation. So, according to the study, the British have the hardest time learning words in which the letters m and n, t and s, and the combination th are next to each other.

One of the most popular The Daily Telegraphsurveyed people in the UK and revealed the 20 most difficult words to pronounce in English. It is interesting that one of these words is the “pronunciation” or pronunciation itself, which is not even easy to spell. We give examples of all twenty below with transcription:

1. Phenomenon - phenomenon
2. Anaesthetist [əˈniːsθətɪst] - anesthesiologist
3. Remuneration - reward
4. Statistics - statistics
5. Ethnicity - ethnicity
6. Philosophical [ˌfɪləˈsɒfɪkəl] - philosophical
7. Provocatively - defiantly
8. Anonymous [əˈnɒnɪməs] - anonymous
9. Thesaurus [θɪˈsɔːrəs] - thesaurus
10. Aluminum [ˌæljəˈmɪniəm] - aluminum
11. Regularly [ˈreɡjələli] - regularly
12. February [ˈfebruəri] - February
13. Particularly - in particular
14. Hereditary - hereditary
15. Prioritising - determining priorities
16. Pronunciation - pronunciation
17. Prejudice [ˈpredʒədɪs] - prejudice
18. Facilitate - to facilitate
19. Hospitable - hospitable
20. Onomatopoeia [ˌɒnəˌmætəˈpiːə] - onomatopoeia, onomatopoeia

Typical pronunciation mistakes

If the British themselves have difficulty pronouncing sounds, then what about all those who are just starting to learn English? And what to hide, even those who have been studying and practicing the language for many years can pronounce sounds incorrectly or have problems with certain combinations of letters. This is quite normal, and the main thing here is regular practice and training.

It's interesting that the residents different countries have different problems with English sounds. This is how a “typical accent” is formed, by which foreigners can easily determine where you come from. Even if you don't want to tell them this, they will understand what country you come from. Let's see what typical mistakes are found in the speech of Russians, so that we not only know how to read transcription in English, but also be able to do it like a native.

So, Russians most often:

• Muffles voiced consonants at the end of a word

At incorrect pronunciation the word bed can easily become bat ( bat). Therefore, pronounce the sounds to the end and do not eat the endings.

• Pronounce short and long vowels the same way

If you don't pay attention to how long the vowel sound is pronounced, you can easily get a ship from a sheep.

• Pronounce [w] and [v] like the Russian sound “v”

The main problem is that in our language there is only one such sound, but in English it has several pronunciation options.

• They pronounce [r] like the Russian “r”

This English sound is not as sonorous and harsh as ours. Practice not to “croak” when pronouncing the word car.

• They pronounce [ŋ] like the Russian “n”

Learning to say this sound “in the nose” can be quite difficult, but as soon as you understand how to do it correctly, you will quickly get used to it and rebuild your speech apparatus.

Phonetics is a section that studies sounds. Its main goal is to teach you how to correctly pronounce English sounds and words, and also to develop your ability to perceive the speech of native speakers. Therefore, in order to learn to speak and read English correctly, you need to know the English alphabet and learn the pronunciation of individual phonemes and the words in which they are used. English phonetics The English language is built on the Latin alphabet, has only 26 letters (instead of the usual 33), but almost twice as many sounds are superimposed on these familiar letters, namely 46 different phonemes. English sounds are very important for language learners, so you need to understand how they are used in speech and why.

As stated above, the distinguishing feature in English- this is a huge number of sounds that do not correspond to the number of letters available. That is, one letter can convey several phonemes, depending on the letters that are next to each other. Based on this, it is necessary to speak very carefully and carefully. Incorrect use of a particular sound leads to misunderstandings.

For example, the word "bed" (bed) and the word "bad" (bad) They are pronounced and written almost identically, so it is quite easy to get confused about them. At this stage of learning English, many begin to transcribe pronunciation in Russian in order to facilitate the memorization process.

However, this “relief” is very misleading, as it often leads to even greater confusion between words with similar pronunciation. After all, both words “bed” and “bad” in Russian can be transcribed exclusively as "bad" without reflecting the duality of sound in any way. Therefore, it is better to learn sounds separately.

Learning English phonetics will undoubtedly bring some clarity to the pronunciation and mastery of all phrases and words that will come your way during learning.

First of all, you should create a dictionary in which you will designate all the sounds in traditional transcription, and then, next to them, their sound version in your native language.
Special cases of pronunciation should also be indicated, indicating that this word needs to be pronounced in a special way or writing down that it is impossible to give an analogy of the Russian sound. London - London For convenience, it is better to divide phonemes into groups. For example, consonants, vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs. It is also necessary to constantly practice and perform exercises of this type:

The main city of Great Britain is London. London - ["lʌndən]- 6 letters, 6 sounds. Let's find it on the map of England. Where is it? Then, let’s check with our friend: How do you write it? How do you spell it? Now spell this name - Spell this name for us:

- London - [Landen]

This way you will practice not only the pronunciation of sounds, but also learn useful words and phrases in foreign languages.

Now let's move on directly to their writing and pronunciation.

Sounds of English

Let's get to know brief description all sounds using this table

Sound	Pronunciation
Vowels
[ı]	short [and], as in “outside And»
[e]	similar to [e] - “sh” e exist"
[ɒ]	short [o] - “in O T"
[ʊ]	short, close to [y]
[ʌ]	similar to Russian [a]
[ə]	unstressed, close to [e]
	looks like a long [and]
[ɑ:]	deep and long [a] - “g A lk"
[ə:] = [ɜ:]	long [ё] in “sv” e cla"
	long [y], like “b” at lk"
[ᴐ:]	deep and long [o] - “d O lgo"
[æ]	Russian [uh]
Diphthogs (two tones)
	[hey] - same
[ʊə]	[ue] - poor
[əʊ]	[оу] - tone
[ᴐı]	[ouch] - join
	[ouch] - kite
	[ea] - hair
[ıə]	[ie] - fear
Triphthongs (three tones)
	[ауе] - power
	[yue] - European
	[aie] - fire
Consonants
[b]	Russian [b]
[v]	analog [in]
[j]	weak Russian [th]
[d]	like [d]
[w]	short [y]
[k]	[j]aspirated
[ɡ]	like [g]
[z]	like [z]
[ʤ]	[d] and [g] together
[ʒ]	like [f]
[l]	soft [l]
[m]	as M]
[n]	like [n]
[ŋ]	[n] “in the nose”
[p]	[p] aspirated
[r]	weak [p]
[t]	[t]aspirated
[f]	like [f]
[h]	just exhale
[ʧ]	like [h]
[ʃ]	average between [w] and [sch]
[s]	like [s]
[ð]	voiced [θ] with voice
[θ]	tip of tongue between upper and lower teeth, without voice

Notes:
• Double vowels are read as one sound: moon - - [moon] or bitter - ["bitǝ] - [bite]
• Voiced consonants in English, unlike Russian, do not become voiceless: in a word good [good] the sound [d] is pronounced clearly, just like [g] in dog [dog] etc.

The meaning of correct pronunciation

As I already said, it is very important and extremely necessary to improve English pronunciation, because a large number of words in this language differ by only one or two sounds. But sometimes, even such a small difference is critically significant for correct and accurate contact with primary native speakers.