Who created the Russian Chemical Society? Russian Chemical Society Vkho im Mendeleev

D.I.Mendeleev is one of the greatest scientists in the field of natural science, whose name will forever be in the history of science along with the names of Archimedes, M.V. Lomonosov, Ch. Darwin, and others.

D.I.Mendeleev's works are multifaceted: chemistry, physics, meteorology, metrology, industrial development, Agriculture, shipbuilding, aeronautics.

“An ingenious chemist, a first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the field of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, in various departments of chemical technology, a deep expert in the chemical industry, a statesman who, unfortunately, was not destined to become a statesman, but who saw and understood the tasks and Russia's future is better than the representatives of the official authorities. Such was Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. "- wrote in 1922 L. A. Chugaev, professor of chemistry at Petrograd University, author of the first detailed study of the life and creative path of D. I. Mendeleev.

A bright page in Mendeleev's life is his work on organizing the Russian Chemical Society (RSC), which is still the center of scientific thought of the leading chemists of our country. 2008 marks the 140th anniversary of the founding of the RFO.

The object of the research is the Russian and All-Union chemical society them. D.I. Mendeleev.

The subject of our research is the study of the activities of D.I. Mendeleev on the creation and work of the Russian Chemical Society, the work of the DI Mendeleev, study of the activities of the Vologda branch of the Russian Chemical Society.

Our goal is to clarify the role of the personality of a scientist in the Russian Chemical Society - its organization, formation, collection of local history material on the organization and work of the chemical society.

1. To study the history of the creation of the chemical society, its goals.

2. To study the activities of DI Mendeleev in the period from 1860 to 1907 and determine the contribution of DI Mendeleev to the creation and organization of the Russian Chemical Society.

3. Collect material about the presidents of the All-Union Chemical Society. DI Mendeleev, the work of the Mendeleev congresses.

4. To study the work of the Vologda branch of the All-Union Chemical Society named after V.I. D.I. Mendeleev.

5. Collect local history material on the members of the Russian Chemical Society.

Research methods:

1. Study of literature and archival documents.

2. Analysis of literature and work with it.

3. Collection of local history material about the members of the Russian and All-Union societies.

Literature analysis

Work on this topic began with the study of literature on the life and work of Mendeleev, published in various years. The analysis of literary and archival sources was based on the following questions:

In what period did the need to unite scientists in a chemical society matured?

Who stood at the origins of the creation of the RFMO?

What is the basis of the activities of the RFMO?

Did political events influence the work of the RFMO during that period and at the present time?

We managed to find and read a unique publication - the book by A. Arkhangelsky in 1907 - "Mendeleev, his scientific and social activities." This book was published in Bryansk and dedicated to the memory of DI Mendeleev, compiled from his speech at a meeting of the Warsaw circle of physics and mathematics teachers. The proceeds from the sale of this publication went to the construction of a monument to the great chemist. The author shows the versatility of the activities of the great scientist, who achieved world recognition during his lifetime.

In 1951, DI Mendeleev's youngest daughter, Maria Dmitrievna, published the "DI Mendeleev's Archive", which presents bibliographic notes compiled by the scientist himself at the end of his life. In them Mendeleev singled out works, trips; remembered where his articles were published, right down to the pages. What he considered most important is underlined = or ≡. That. Mendeleev left behind a whole archive (55 volumes), the results of his life, in which a brief and clear assessment of each of his works is given. Mendeleev himself said on this occasion: "Whoever will write my biography will thank me."

The next book, which helped us in the study of the topic - "Chronicle of the life and work of D. I. Mendeleev." It reproduces the main events in the life and work of DI Mendeleev. These archival documents helped us to reconstruct the chronology of DI Mendeleev's works and his personal attitude to certain issues.

Since the creation of the Russian Chemical Society belongs to those years of the scientist's life, when he worked at St. Petersburg University (and this is 40 years of his life), where he received his education, he went from a private docent to an honored professor, where his laboratory and apartment were located, where the first organizational meeting of the Russian Chemical Society was held, then when the book by A. A. Makaren and I. N. Filimonova “D. I. Mendeleev and St. Petersburg University ”, we simply had to study it. She helped to assess the political situation of that time, the attitude of officials to science. The period of formation of the RCS is also indicated here.

On the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the Periodic Law and the Russian Chemical Society in 1947, the publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR published a book covering this event. The collection includes the main materials of the ceremonial meetings, reports of leading scientists A. A. Baykov, A. E. Fersman, A. F. Ioffe, A. I. Lazarev, V. V. Kozlov. The books of Professor V. V. Kozlov "Essays on the History of Chemical Societies of the USSR", published in 1958

Academy of Sciences of the USSR - "All-Union Chemical Societies named after D. I. Mendeleev", represent a huge work on the study of chemical societies, including the Russian Chemical Society, created by Mendeleev. It covers such sections as "Organization of the Russian Chemical Society", "Public and scientific and technical activities of the Russian Physicochemical Society", "Work of the All-Union Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev", "Scientific and technical conferences, meetings, symposia " and etc.

In these literary sources, we gleaned information about the outstanding figures of the Russian Chemical Society, the history of the creation of the journal of the society.

To study the activities of the Vologda branch of the Mendeleev All-Union Chemical Society, we analyzed the materials of the local archive, which helped our research on the importance of the chemical society in modern world, had the opportunity to personally talk with the chairman of the Vologda branch of the chemical society I. A. Podolny.

When collecting material about the vice-president of the Russian Chemical Society L. Chugaev, we turned to the archives of the Gryazovets Museum of Local Lore and the Spaso-Obnorsky Monastery.

To study the work of the Mendeleev congresses, we have worked out a selection of magazines, a conversation with participants in the XI and XII congresses, and collected photographic material.

To collect data on the presidents of the All-Union Chemical Society. DI Mendeleev used the Internet search engine.

3. The emergence and formation of the chemical society in Russia

3.1 Organization and development of the Russian chemical society

"Chemical scientific societies and unions are voluntary associations of persons engaged in scientific research in the field of chemistry and chemical technology, teaching these sciences, working in the chemical industry and in factory laboratories, as well as persons who, regardless of their profession, contribute to the progress of chemistry and are interested in it. successes "- this is the definition of chemical societies in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

Chemical scientific societies and alliances began to emerge only in the first half of the 19th century. influenced by the industrial revolution. Prior to this, mutual communication between chemists was carried out through personal contacts, correspondence, reading reports in academies of sciences and scientific societies of natural sciences. There were also informal meetings of chemists (for example, at A.L. Lavoisier's in 1770-90). The first was the Physicochemical Society, founded in 1807 (according to other sources, in 1805) by C.L.Berthollet and P. S. Laplace in the Paris suburb of Arkoy. It numbered about 20 members, among whom were J. B. Bio, J. L. Gay-lussac, A. Humboldt, O. P. Decandol, P. L. Dulong, E, L. Malus, S. D, Poisson , L. Zh. Tenor and others. After the restoration of the Bourbons, the society was closed as a "hotbed of Bonapartism." The basic principles of the activity of this society - a comprehensive discussion of scientific works before their publication, complete freedom of expression, the responsibility of authors for the facts and conclusions they report - remained guiding for the chemical societies that arose later. The oldest of the chemical societies: London (1841), Paris (1857, since 1907 - French Chemical Society), German (1867), Russian (1868) and American (1876).

In 1857, DI Mendeleev prepared an article for publication in which he spoke in favor of "sociability" in science, about the role of scientific societies in strengthening this tendency; development of sciences. "Publicity and mutual communication are all the more necessary in the matter of science, where nothing is decided by the arbitrariness of man, where only one truth reigns," the scientist wrote.

On January 4, 1868, a group of members of the chemical section of the congress passed a resolution on the need to unite Russian chemists into a chemical society. Among them were D. I. Mendeleev, N. A. Menshutkin, V. V. Markovnikov, A. A. Voskresensky, A. P. Borodin, A. N. Engelgardt, F. R. Vreden. These scientists read out the following statement: “The Chemical Section has declared a unanimous desire to unite in the Chemical Society for communication of the already established forces of Russian chemists. The Section believes that this society will have members in all cities of Russia, and that its publication will include works by Russian chemists, printed in Russian. The Section asks to apply for the establishment of the Russian Chemical Society ”.

The charter of the RFC was drawn up by a meeting of chemists at Mendeleev's apartment.

On February 1, 1868, D. I. Mendeleev read out the draft Charter of the Russian Chemical Society (RCS) at a meeting of the commission for organizing the society. On February 15, 1868, the Charter was approved at a meeting of the founding members, and on February 17, it was discussed at a meeting of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University.

September 19, 1868 D.I.

On November 6 (November 18), 1868, the first organizational meeting of the Russian Chemical Society took place. In the old chemical lecture hall of St. Petersburg University, the Russian Chemical Society gathered "with the aim of promoting the success of all parts of chemistry and disseminating chemical knowledge."

D. I. Mendeleev was the chairman of the first meeting. Starting its activity, the Russian Chemical Society expressed gratitude to D.I.Mendeleev and N.A.Menshutkin for their efforts in organizing an association of Russian chemists. At the first meeting of the RFC, DI Mendeleev was elected to the commission for the preparation of the publication of the Society's journal. N. N. Zinin became the President of the Society.

By December 4, 1869, the first annual list included 60 members of the Russian Chemical Society, of which 42 were from St. Petersburg, 7 were from Kazan, 3 were from Moscow, 2 were from Kiev, one person each from Kharkov, Warsaw, Vilno, Dankov Ryazan province (see annexes).

In accordance with § 2 of the Charter of the Society, admission to membership was limited, since it provided for the involvement in the Society only of persons engaged in the teaching of chemistry, or persons with handwritten or printed work on chemistry.

On December 5, 1868, the second meeting of the RCS took place, where D.I.

In May 1869, the first issue of the "Journal of the Russian Chemical Society" was published with an article by D. I. Mendeleev "Correlation of properties with the atomic weight of elements."

On May 3, 1876, D.I.Mendeleev, together with a number of scientists, signed the Charter of the new United Russian Physicochemical Society (RFHO).

On April 19, 1878, the first meeting of the United Russian Physicochemical Society (RFHO) took place. F. F. Petrushevsky became its chairman. DI Mendeleev made a report "On the device of the balance, designated for the production of experiments on gases."

In the period 1868-1917, the society consisted mainly of professors and teachers of higher educational institutions and very few industrial workers (10-12%). The number of members of the society in 1869 was 60 people. (129 in 1879, 237 in 1889, 293 in 1899, 364 in 1909, 565 in 1917).

So, the period of organization of the Chemical Society has been going on for more than 10 years. By the middle of the 19th century, St. Petersburg was the scientific center. The bulk of the scientists who made up the core of the RFO worked in this city. Among them are N. N. Zinin, D. I. Mendeleev, A. M. Butlerov, A. A. Voskresensky, A. P. Borodin, N. A. Menshutkin. All these scientists have contributed huge contribution in the development of domestic science. It should be noted that only those people who still possessed organizational and diplomatic abilities could unite scientists, resist the pressure of the tsarist regime, and legitimize their activities. By that time, DI Mendeleev was a little over thirty years old. Probably, his youth, vital activity, organizational skills helped to overcome all difficulties, and the formation of society took place.

3.2 Outstanding personalities of the Chemical Society

The organization of activities is unthinkable without leadership, which is responsible for the work of the society, directs it, selects speeches and reports, determines the topics of meetings. Scientific activity and the organization of society depended on the leadership. Therefore, in the first place, their authority in scientific circles and organizational abilities were assessed. The presidents of the Russian Physicochemical Society were elected in turn by the chairmen of the departments of chemistry and physics. The Assistant to the President was the Society's elected clerk and, from 1901, the elected Vice President. The appendix lists the presidents of the Society and their years of activity in chronological order.

Having studied the composition and the leading link of the Russian Chemical Society, we came to the conclusion that these scientists raised science to a high level, increased the glory of our country in the scientific world.

3.3 Speeches by D.I.Mendeleev at the meetings of the RFC

A prominent place in the activities of D.I.Mendeleev was occupied by the organization of science. The period of his life from 1868 to 1890 was full of research activities. He experiments a lot himself, works with students, young scientists, is an example for them. It was during this period that the rise of chemical science was noted. The RCS was the center of scientific thought. It should be noted that DI Mendeleev raised the authority of the chemical society. It was he who, for the most part, introduced the members of the RFC to the works of foreign scientists, reported the results of his experiments, and discussed them. DI Mendeleev's speeches are very multifaceted, they refer not only to different branches of chemistry, but also include works on physics and mineralogy. At meetings of the society, DI Mendeleev pays much attention to the development of agriculture and industrial issues. It is he who activates the scientific work of the society, is an example for young scientists, for whom it was an honor to defend themselves at the meetings of the Russian Chemical Society.

Mendeleev presented all his works and experiments at the meetings of the Russian Chemical Society. Having studied the archive and the chronicle of the scientist's life, we have selected the most striking speeches of D.I.

Having worked through a selection of speeches, we highlighted the topics to which D.I.Mendeleev paid main attention:

1. Natural system of chemical elements.

2. Water and alcohol-containing solutions.

3. Crystalline hydrates.

4. The nature of peroxides.

5. Oil, its origin and methods of distillation.

6. Elasticity, compressibility, expansion of gases.

7. Measurement system. Hydrogen and petroleum metric thermometers.

8. Production of individual substances in industry.

Many meetings of the Society were devoted to the analysis of studies of various minerals, in particular, various shoulder straps of Baku oil, gases and fields.

The greatest rise in the scientific thought of a scientist falls on the period of his work at St. Petersburg University and the work of the president of the Russian Chemical Society, that is, the 70s and 80s of the 19th century. DI Mendeleev in his speeches paid great attention to two sciences: chemistry and physics. Before the unification, his performances were dubbed at the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Physics. Probably, this served to unite the chemical and physical society into one - the Russian Physicochemical Society.

We see that DI Mendeleev at the meetings of the RFC always informed about various discoveries in the field of chemistry, promoted young scientists, helped industrialists in the development of substances.

3.4 Public and scientific activities of RFHO

The first official scientific meeting of the Russian Chemical Society took place on November 6, 1868 under the chairmanship of D. I. Mendeleev. From that day on, the meetings of the RFMO took place regularly on the first Thursday of each month (except for the three summer vacation months) and always began at 7 o'clock. 30 minutes. evenings.

The meetings were canceled only for very important reasons. So, for example, the meeting on February 7, 1880 did not take place in connection with the death of N. N. Zinin and A. A. Voskresensky. In January 1905, a few days after the mass execution of workers on January 9, meetings of the physics and chemistry departments were canceled in protest.

In the first year of the Society's existence (1869), 9 meetings were held. They presented 84 scientific reports and statements about interesting, new research, discoveries that were reflected in the pages of the Society's journal. Members of the society took part in the work of congresses, got acquainted with the works of foreign scientists.

A major achievement of the Chemical Society was the creation of the Society's library, which was founded in 1877. The library organized a wide exchange of publications with foreign societies, institutions and publishing houses. When starting to organize the Chemical Society, Russian chemists assumed that its primary task should be the creation of an independent chemical journal. From the very first days of its official activity, the RFB filed a petition for the publication of the journal in accordance with §8 of the Society's charter. At a meeting on March 6, 1869, the clerk of the society, N.A. April 3, 1869 - the 1st issue of ZhRHO was presented to the Society. In 1869, 9 issues were published. Since 1872, at the suggestion of Mendeleev, the minutes of meetings and scientific works of members of the Physical Society began to be published in the journal, in 1878. transformed into the "Journal of the Russian Physicochemical Society." President of the English Chemical Society William Palmer Winney said on March 27, 1924: “Try to become familiar with the Russian language enough to gain access to that treasury of values, which is called the“ Journal of the Russian Chemical Society ”. Such a statement speaks of the immense popularity and respect for the RFC magazine.

4. All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleeva

4. 1. The main goals and objectives of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleeva

The All-Union Chemical Scientific Society named after D.I. It was organized in 1932 by decree of the VI Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry as a voluntary association of chemists, scientists, engineers, technicians, teachers, workers - innovators of production, regardless of their departmental affiliation. The All-Union Chemical Society is the successor of the Russian Chemical Society.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the number of members of society increased sharply, the content, form and scope of its work changed. The main thing in his activity was: the attraction of chemists and other specialists, student youth and advanced workers to scientific and technical creativity, the improvement of socialist production; all-round professional development of workers in science and industry: propaganda of the successes of chemistry among the broad masses of workers. To unite and develop creative initiative and social activities members of the chemical society, scientific, technical and specialized sections, committees, commissions and brigades work under the central and local boards of the society to develop urgent complex scientific and technical issues, prepare conferences, meetings and other events. The public universities of technical progress, increasing the scientific and technical knowledge of members, have gained great popularity. Together with the USSR Academy of Sciences and other organizations, the society holds Mendeleev congresses on general and applied chemistry. There were 12 such congresses from 1907 (in St. Petersburg) to 1981 (in Baku). Leading chemists of the country and foreign scientists made reports at the congresses. The Chemical Society organizes competitions for scientific and industrial-technical works of its members. Since 1965, the Presidium of the Chemical Society, together with the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, have been awarding the D.I. Mendeleev gold medal in competitions for work in the field of chemical sciences and technology of great theoretical or practical importance. The Presidium of the Chemical Society, together with sectoral ministries and trade unions, annually conducts reviews of the implementation of plans for the implementation of science and technology achievements in national economy and measures to improve the technical level, quality and reliability of chemical products. In the period 70-80. the chemical society included 86 local departments (boards) in the republics and large cities of the USSR, which numbered about 320,000 members and over 140,000 young chemists - students of secondary schools.

2. Presidents of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleeva

Having studied the literature, we noticed that the Soviet period of the work of the country's leading chemists is not fully represented. In the publication “Russian Professors. Chemical sciences. »The period 18 - beginning of the 20th century is presented. In the reference book "Who's Who in Russian Chemistry", published by the Russian Chemical Society. DI Mendeleev, the modern period is presented. The most difficult period of work of the RFO named after Mendeleev - 90s is not represented anywhere. We obtained information on the work of the Vologda branch from their archival materials. Below is a briefly collected material about the presidents of the Soviet period of the WMO.

Bach Alexey Nikolaevich (5 (17). 3. 1857, Zolotonosha, Poltava region, - 13. 5. 1946, Moscow), Soviet scientist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Founder of the school of Soviet biochemists. From 1875 he studied at the Kiev University, from which in 1878. for participation in political speeches of students was expelled and sent to Belozersk for 3 years. Upon his return to Kiev, he joined the organization "Narodnaya Volya". From 1883 he lived illegally, led revolutionary work in Yaroslavl, Kazan. From 1885 he lived in exile in France, USA (1891-92), Switzerland and was engaged in scientific activities. In 1917 he returned to Russia. In 1918 he organized the Central Chemical Laboratory at the Supreme Economic Council of the RSFSR, which was later transformed into the Physicochemical Institute. L. Ya. Karpov, the director of which he was until the end of his life. From 1928 he headed the All-Union Association of Science and Technology Workers. In 1935, together with A.I. Oparin, he organized the Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, was its director (in 1944 the institute was named after Bach). Since 1935, President of the All-Union Chemical Society named after V.I. D.I. Mendeleev. In 1939-45. Academician-Secretary of the Department of Chemical Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Favorskiy Alexey Evgrafovich (20. 2 (3.3). 1860, Pavlovo, Gorky Region, - 8. 8. 1945, Leningrad), Soviet organic chemist, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929; Corresponding Member 1922), Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1945). In 1882 he graduated from St. Petersburg University, where he worked for D. I. Mendeleev and A. M. Butlerov. Since 1896, professor of St. Petersburg University, he also worked at the Leningrad Institute of Chemical Technology and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where he was the first director (1934-38) of the institute created on his initiative organic chemistry... Major works in the field of chemistry of unsaturated organic compounds. In 1900-05, while studying the condensation of acetylenic hydrocarbons with ketones under the influence of caustic potassium, Favorsky discovered new method synthesis of tertiary acetylenic alcohols. AE Favorsky created one of the schools of Soviet organic chemists. The works of Favorsky and his students in the field of unsaturated compounds were theoretical basis industrial synthesis of rubber in the USSR. In 1941 A.E. Favorsky was awarded the State Prize of the USSR (1941). He was awarded 4 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and medals. In 1919, the vice-president of the All-Union Chemical Society. D.I. Mendeleev, from 1935 to 1937. - President of the Leningrad Scientific Research Chemical Society.

Dubinin Mikhail Mikhailovich - President of the V.E. DI Mendeleev from 1946 -1950 He developed the theory of diffusion of electrolytes, his works are of great importance for the purification of gases and their separation.

Rodionov Vladimir Mikhailovich (1878-1954) - President of the All-Russian Academy of Sciences from 1950 to 1954. , Professor of the Chemical - Technological Institute named after D.I. Mendeleev.

Knunyants Ivan Ludvigovich - President of the All-Russian Association from 1954 to 1956. and editor-in-chief of the "Journal of VHO im. DI Mendeleev ”, editor-in-chief of the Chemical Encyclopedia.

Losev Ivan Platonovich (1878-1963) - President of the All-Russian Society from 1956 to 1963. , at the Moscow Institute of Chemistry and Technology headed the department of high molecular weight technologies.

Volfkovich Semyon Isaakovich (11 (23). 10. 1896 - 12. 11. 1980) was born in Ananiev, Kherson province, now Odessa region, Soviet chemist and technologist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). In 1920. graduated from the Moscow Institute of National Economy. Professor of the Moscow Institute of National Economy and the Moscow Higher Technical School (since 1929), the Military Academy of Chemical Defense (since 1932), Moscow University (since 1946). He is the author of works on the processing of Khibiny apatites, Karatau phosphorites and other types of raw materials, on the technology of obtaining concentrated and complex fertilizers, fodder for animal husbandry. Volfkovich took part in the creation of the mineral fertilizer industry in the USSR, in the chemicalization of agriculture. Since 1937 S. I. Volfkovich is a member of the Presidium, and since 1963. until 1980 President of the All-Union Mendeleev Chemical Society. He was awarded 3 Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and medals, the State Prize of the USSR in 1941. , in 1967. - a gold medal to them. D.I. Mendeleev for a cycle of works on the chemistry of phosphates and the development of obtaining concentrated fertilizers, the gold medal. M.V. Lomonosov for the development of scientific foundations of chemicalization of agriculture in 1976. "Keep your finger on the pulse of life!" - such was the demand of SI Volfkovich to everyone who worked with him.

Fokin Alexander Vasilievich was born on 13 (26). 8.1912. in Kizyl-Arvat, Turkmen SSR, Soviet organic chemist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1974; Corresponding Member 1968). After graduating from the Military Academy of Chemical Defense (1935), he worked as a process engineer in the chemical industry; in 1941-47 in the Sov. Army. From 1947 he worked at the Military Academy of Chemical Defense (in 1959-1970 head of the department). Head of the laboratory of the institute physical chemistry Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1974). He is one of the authors modern method concentration and storage of fragmentation radioactive isotopes. Author of over 250 published works and 150 inventions, many of which have been implemented in industry. He was awarded the Order of the October Revolution, 4 other orders and medals. Since 1980, for ten years, he was President of the All-Union Chemical Society. D.I. Mendeleev.

The 90s were difficult not only for the WMO, but also for the whole country. The period of perestroika, when ideals are crumbling, when science recedes not only into the background, but much further, it is very difficult for scientific societies to resist at such a time. Many regional chemical societies are shutting down due to the cessation of funding. So it happened with the Vologda Chemical Society. The renewal period was very difficult, but nevertheless the chemical society exists and it pleases.

4. 3 Mendeleev congresses.

Mendeleev congresses, which have been held in our country since 1907, play an important role in uniting domestic chemists, in mobilizing scientists to solve problems of chemistry. In this chapter, we will present information about 4 congresses - the first and three more: X, XI, XII - the delegate of which was I.A. DI Mendeleev, who kindly shared information and impressions with us.

The I Mendeleev Congress was held from 19 to 30 December, with the exception of 25, 27, 28 December. In the regional library. Babushkin has preserved the diary of the First Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry, published in 1907, the pages of which we had a chance to turn over. The work was attended by 1008 people. On December 20, in memory of D.I.Mendeleev, the following reports were presented:

1. V. Ye. Tishchenko "Brief bibliographic sketch of D. I. Mendeleev".

2. DP Konovalov "General overview of the scientific works of DI Mendeleev".

3. NN Beketov "The meaning of the periodic law".

4. B. F. Brauner "About periodic system in connection with the question of rare earths ”.

In the lists of delegates to the I Mendeleev Congress, we found Vladimir Konstantinovich Yeltsov, a teacher of natural history at the male gymnasium of the Vologda province.

The X Mendeleev Congress (jubilee) was held in 1969 in Leningrad and was dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the discovery of the periodic law. At the congress, reports were heard on the periodic system and the synthesis of new elements, quantum mechanics, the significance of the periodic law for modern chemistry. An interesting detail is described by IA Podolny, a delegate of this congress, in his book of memoirs: “Outstanding chemists of the world have gathered. Traditionally, at the Mendeleev congresses, the best scientific work is awarded a gold medal and a diploma named after Mendeleev. That year it was awarded to Academician Nikolai Mikhailovich Zhavoronkov. The awarded person is given the right to a twenty-minute report. Having finished his speech, Nikolai Mikhailovich asked the delegates of the Mendeleev Congress for permission to invite one of the guests to the stage. An old man of very advanced years got up from the hall. Nikolai Mikhailovich introduced him to the audience: “This is my school teacher, who made me love chemistry too. Gold medal convey yours to him, along with the best wishes for health and long life! "The audience stood up and gave a standing ovation to the School Teacher. Academicians and associate professors, professors and associate professors, engineers and researchers, all foreign guests applauded. Everyone at that time remembered their teachers. the old man said only one phrase: "It was worth living for this."

The XI Mendeleev Congress was held in Alma-Ata in 1975 from 22 to 27 September. About 3000 representatives of chemical science and industry, workers of academies of sciences and universities took part in the work of the congress. At this congress, reports were presented by the leaders of a number of industries: chemical, oil refining, non-ferrous metallurgy. At this congress, the main directions of development of the national economy for 1976-1980 were proposed, which were approved at the XXV Congress of the CPSU. President of the All-Russian Academy of Sciences DI Mendeleev, Academician A.V. Fokin presented a gold medal to them. DI Mendeleev to Academician GG Devyatykh for outstanding achievements in the field of chemistry and technology of highly pure substances.

Within the framework of the congress, 19 sections worked, 4900 people made reports. 15 foreign scientists took part in the work of the congress. Professor P. Savich (SFRY) said: "I urge all scientists to program only peaceful results of their scientific research. Such meetings as the current forum on the hospitable Azerbaijani land strengthen our efforts in the interests of the security of peoples and progress."

5. RFMO on the Vologda land

5.1 Vologda branch of the D.I.Mendeleev All-Union Chemical Society

The work of the Vologda branch of the D.I.Mendeleev Higher Education Organization was organized from 1969 to 1992. In March 1969, a joint scientific conference of the departments of the Pedagogical Institute (VGPI), the North-West Polytechnic Institute (SZPI), the Dairy Institute (VMI) was held in Vologda, dedicated to the memory of D.I.Mendeleev. In June 1969, a constituent conference was held to establish a branch of the All-Union Chemical Society (VCHO) in the Vologda Oblast. IA Podolny, Associate Professor of the Department of Chemistry of the Voronezh State Pedagogical Institute, was elected chairman. Representatives of all universities of the Vologda region were elected as members of the board:

L. A. Korobeinikova, Yu. G. Sazhinov, Yu. D. Shevkoplyas, R. A. Paramonova,

Z. V. Kireeva.

The structure of the Vologda branch of the WMO included the engineering and technical personnel of the factories, representatives of the departments of the pedagogical, polytechnic, dairy institutes in Vologda and Cherepovets. On January 1, 1971, at the Vologda branch of the V.I. DI Mendeleev consisted of 286 people.

The main directions of activity of the Higher Military School named after D. I. Mendeleeva:

1. Participation in the discussion of all chemical industries in the Vologda region.

2. Environmental, economic discussion of projects. Expertise of a number of chemical projects.

A ban on the construction of a plant for the destruction of chemical warfare agents on the Sukhona.

Construction of a shop for the disposal of mercury lamps in Cherepovets.

3. Research activities.

Protection of metals from corrosion.

Testing of new types of inhibitors, their effect on the strength properties of steels under low-cycle loading.

Cleaning Wastewater in the production of ammonia with sodium hypochlorite.

Installation and testing of a biochemical plant for de-phenolization of wastewater.

4. Conducting regional seminars, conferences, work with periodicals.

During 1969-1970 a number of conferences dedicated to the memory of DI Mendeleev were held, exhibitions and stands were organized. The regional newspaper "Krasny Sever" published materials about DI Mendeleev.

On June 10-11, 1977, a regional scientific-practical conference dedicated to the memory of L.A. Chugaev was held.

Conducting regional reviews on topics:

"Development of new and improvement of existing methods of technical control in chemical industries."

"Chemical technology and protection the environment».

5. Work with personnel - help in studies, preparation of dissertations.

6. Conduct chemical olympiads- from school to republican; preparation of students for the Olympiads.

The authority of the Vologda Chemical Society was high. By 1981, the organization had 950 members. And this is all thanks to the organizational skills, initiative, inexhaustible activity of the permanent chairman of the society, Professor of the Department of Chemistry - Isaak Abramovich Podolny.

Isaak Abramovich Podolny. Chairman of the Vologda branch of the All-Union Chemical Society. D.I. Mendeleev from 1969 to 1991

Per active work he was repeatedly awarded with certificates of honor, twice - the D. I. Mendeleev medal, the L. A. Chugaev medal; was a delegate to five Mendeleev congresses.

The work of the Chemical Society has always been dependent on the political situation in the country. So it was during the work of D.I.Mendeleev, and so it is now. With collapse Soviet Union many structures collapsed. The Vologda branch of the D.I. On January 10, 1992, a meeting of the Presidium of the All-Russian Higher Educational Organization named after D.I. Apparently, there was no other such outstanding personality as I. A. Podolny, who had retired by that time. “Will the chemical society be reborn in the Vologda land?” - with this question we turned to Isaak Abramovich. "Let's hope. Rather, it must revive, because in the Vologda region there are some of the largest chemical industries - the Cherepovets plants: Ammophos, Nitrogen Plant, Metallurgical Plant - IA Podolny expressed hope.

Isaak Abramovich kindly presented us with his awards, with which he was awarded as the chairman of the Vologda branch of the All-Russian Academy of Sciences. (See Appendices). The Vologda Picture Gallery contains two unique works of artists Rundaltsov and Mate - portraits of D. I. Mendeleev, which were discovered by I. A. Podolny.

5.2 Life and work of L.A. Chugaev (1873-1922), vice-president of the Russian Chemical Society, in the Vologda land

In this chapter, I would like to note the activities of the representative of the leading link of the Russian Chemical Society - L. A. Chugaev, who was vice-president of the chemical society after the death of D. I. Mendeleev, in 1913. , 1918-1920.

Vice-President of the Society (1913, 1918-1920), Secretary of the First Mendeleev Congress. Professor of Chemistry, Petrograd University. L.A. Chugaev developed a theory complex compounds... Subsequently, the Institute for the Study of Platinum was formed at the Academy of Sciences, headed by Chugaev.

Research work on the study of local history material is associated with the name of this scientist. The last years of L. A. Chugaev's life were spent on the Vologda land, and he was buried on the territory of the Gryazovets district. We have collected local lore material, found and visited the grave of L.A. Chugaev, which is located on the territory of the Spaso-Troitsky Pavlo-Obnorsky monastery.

In 1918, L.A. Chugaev brought his wife with children to the Vologda region, who, due to a hard life in St. Petersburg and an illness of their son, came to visit their relatives in the village. Youth of the Gryazovets district. In addition, Chugaev wanted to organize a soap production here, since there was a high lice. During the period from 1918 to 1922 L. A. Chugaev came to the Vologda region three times. During these years, he lectured at the Vologda Pedagogical Institute. In 1922, L.A. Chugaev contracted typhus and died at the Dikaya station in the Vologda region. He was buried on the territory of the Spaso-Trinity Pavlo-Obnorsky monastery in the village. Youthful Gryazovets district. In the early 50s, Pavel Nikolayevich Karelin, dean of the natural-geographical faculty, then vice-rector of the Vologda Pedagogical Institute, organized a search for L.A. Chugaev's grave with the students. P. A. Karelin wrote a letter to the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences with a request to allocate money for the monument. A commemorative medal was cast in Leningrad. Cherepovets sculptors husband and wife Kontarev erected a monument. While there was a school in the village. Youthful, the grave was looked after by the students, and then by the servants of the monastery. We also go there every year. (see photos in attachments)

Conclusion

November 6, 1868 (November 18) the first general meeting of the newly established Russian Chemical Society was held in the old chemical lecture hall of St. Petersburg University under the chairmanship of D. I. Mendeleev.

This is how the glorious activity of the Russian Chemical Society began. The services of the Society in the development of chemistry and chemical industry in our country for the entire period of its existence are invaluable. It has become the world's largest organization of chemists, the center of chemical personnel in our country. At meetings of numerous local branches of the society, the results of a huge number of experimental and theoretical studies, issues related to the development of the chemical industry and the organization of new chemical industries were discussed. In the journals of the society, starting from 1869, the largest studies of Russian and Soviet chemists were published, which glorified Russian science.

The society and its local branches did a great job during the Patriotic War. Many of its members are engaged in defense research. The local branches of the RFB contributed to the organization of research of temporarily evacuated research institutes and universities. Important research included the search for new types of industrial raw materials, cheap and nutritious feed for livestock, etc.

In our research work, based on literary sources, we examined the history of the creation of the chemical society, the contribution of D.I. We have collected local history material about a member of the Russian Chemical Society L. A. Chugaev, therefore we believe that we have fulfilled the tasks set for ourselves. DI Mendeleev was aware of his responsibility as the greatest scientist of his time - both for the fate of Russian science in general, in all areas, and for the development of the productive forces of his native country, the path of which he saw with utmost clarity.

DI Mendeleev played a leading role both in the creation and in the development of the activity of the chemical society throughout his life. Not a single outstanding event in the field of chemical sciences has passed by society. RFChO proved to be the strongest influence on the development of all branches of chemical science, not only in Russia, but also abroad. By right, VHO bears the name of DI Mendeleev, its inspirer and organizer. The middle of the 19th century politically was also not calm, but why in such a difficult time did scientists find the strength and desire to unite, and in our democratic time, on the contrary, is disintegration? Maybe there are no such great scientists as DI Mendeleev was? I would very much like to hope that the work of the chemical society will be in demand on the Vologda land, and there will be organizers of this business.

In our school there is a scientific society of students "Ozarenie", a school scientific conference is held annually, at which there are also works dedicated to DI Mendeleev. This year, a week of chemistry was held, dedicated to the life and work of D. I. Mendeleev, a booklet was issued. This will be our small contribution to the development of the school chemistry society.

Russian Chemical Society

Academician A.I. Rusanov

St. Petersburg

The Chemical Society is one of the most beloved brainchilds of D.I. Mendeleev. These lines are a story about how and why it was created, what happened to it later and what became. This is what the newspaper “Russian invalid” wrote on August 17, 1861: “The chemical society, in our opinion, is quite possible in St. Petersburg. Our most famous chemists, Mr. Voskresensky, Zinin, Mendeleev, Sokolov, Shishkov, Khodnev and An-helgardt - and indeed in St. Petersburg many young people are studying chemistry. " This quote is remarkable in two respects. First, the fact that 27-year-old Mendeleev already falls into the category of "famous chemists" and not "young people" (among whom was, for example, 19-year-old N.A. Menshutkin, the future famous chemist and " right hand"Mendeleev). Secondly, the fact that a publicly available military publication is discussing the seemingly narrow problem of creating a professional scientific society indicates that the problem has gained wide public awareness. What is the reason for this? By that time, chemists acutely felt the need for such an organization that would provide an opportunity for closer professional communication. But the main reason, and this applied not only to chemists, was the need for a printed edition for the publication of scientific works of Russian scientists in Russian. It must be said that authority

© Rusanov A.I., 2009

Russian chemists in the world was then very high. Suffice it to mention that in 1864 the famous German chemist E. Er-Lenmeyer proposed to A.M. Butlerov to turn his journal Zeitschrift fur Chemie und Pharmacie into an organ of Russian chemists (published, however, on German). But our compatriots dreamed of a Russian-language edition.

All Russian chemists agreed that a chemical society should be created in St. Petersburg, where there was the most significant community of chemists (the second largest was in Kazan, the third in Moscow). It can be noted that the "grandfather of Russian chemistry" A.A. Voskresensky was at that time the rector of St. Petersburg University, and the physics and mathematics faculty (the chemistry did not exist yet) and the University Council were very sympathetic to the idea of ​​forming a chemical society at the university. With their support, it was already possible to storm the bureaucratic "Everest" of the Ministry of Public Education. At this stage, which required a lot of energy, Mendeleev (he is actively helped by Menshutkin) gradually becomes the main actor in the process and regularly informs others about step-by-step progress. It can therefore be said that the official establishment of the society was also his personal success.

“The Russian Chemical Society is being established at St. Petersburg University in order to promote the success of all

chemistry and disseminate chemical knowledge ", - with these words begins the" Charter of the Russian Chemical Society ", approved by the scientific committee of the ministry on October 26, 1868. From that day the official activity of the society began. Its first president was N.N. Zinin, the second - A.M. Butlerov, the third - D.I. Mendeleev. In the first year of its existence, the chemical society grew from 35 to 60 members and continued to grow smoothly thereafter. It interestingly combined the features of a club (membership fees, admission only on the recommendation of three members, restrictions on bringing outsiders with you), a permanent chemistry seminar (Mendeleev alone made a total of 90 reports) and a scientific publishing house. The emergence of the Russian Chemical Society was greeted with enthusiasm by the world scientific community. Many foreign societies and scientific organizations shared their books and journals, and as a result, within two years the Russian Chemical Society possessed the best chemical library in Russia. It remains unique to this day (where else can you pick up, for example, the works of Robert Boyle?).

How and on what did the society live? From its original charter, we learn that, firstly, members of the society paid considerable membership fees (10 rubles per year), and secondly, “donations are accepted from members, outsiders and institutions to develop the funds of the society,

The group of the chemical section of the First Congress of Russian Naturalists (Mendeleev is second from the right), which decided to create the Russian Chemical Society. 1868 g.

about which is printed in the protocols ”. Now we already know from our own experience that the first sponsors of any organization are its founders. The founders of the Chemical Society in 1868 were private individuals with a fairly high income, for they were professors. According to the data of 1913, the university professor received 4,500 rubles. (one of the most stable currencies in the world) per year: by 300 rubles. more than a deputy The State Duma, and 5 times more than the most skilled worker (what the train drivers were then). Considering the small size of the first composition of the Chemical Society and the high level of all kinds of donations from its members (up to the formation of bonus funds), as well as the lack of full-time employees, the funds contributed were quite enough for its functioning at first.

As already noted, one of the primary tasks of the society was to create its own magazine. Already at the first, organizational, meeting, a commission was created (F.F. At the second meeting (where Zinin was elected president of the society) Mendeleev presented the estimate of the publication, and at the third the editor of the magazine Menshut-kin introduced the audience to its first issue. This is how the "Journal of the Russian Chemical Society" appeared, which in 1878 was renamed into the "Journal of the Russian Physicochemical Society".

From the first years of its existence, the journal gained a high rating, easily fit into the existing chemical literature (by establishing exchange with other chemical journals) and became an important factor in progress

world chemical science. According to the historian of chemistry VV Kozlov, already in the first volume of the "Journal of the Russian Chemical Society" more than 220 new compounds were described. The same author quotes the words of the President of the English Chemical Society, W.P. Winney, said in 1924: Russian enough to gain access to the treasury of values, which is called the "Journal of the Russian Chemical Society." However, the publishing activity of the society was the most difficult matter and required more and more financial assistance, which began to be provided by the universities of St. Petersburg - the University, the Technological Institute, the Mining Institute, the Artillery Academy and others.

DI Mendeleev and DP Konovalov on the bookmark of the chemical laboratory of St. Petersburg University.

Further development of the Chemical Society is also associated with the name of Mendeleev. As a scientist, he was primarily a physical chemist, and his dream was to unite chemists and physicists. And here he succeeded. Already 10 years after the creation of the Chemical Society, in 1878 it was transformed into the Russian Physicochemical Society (RFHO) with two autonomous departments - physics and chemistry - and acquired more

greater importance for Russian science. With donations from its members and other organizations, RFHO established a premium fund, and the RFChO Journal, which has become one of the largest and most authoritative scientific publications in the world, can be called the forerunner of all Russian physics and chemical journals.

It is impossible not to mention another important achievement of Mendeleev, which created the conditions

viya for the work of RFHO. There were problems with the premises, but even then he approached "globally" and with his characteristic energy achieved in the ministry a decision on the construction of a separate building for the Chemical Laboratory of St. Petersburg University. The construction of an ultramodern building at that time (with imperceptible separate ventilation of different rooms, the possibility of displaying transparencies, etc.) was completed in 1894. The board and library of the RFHO found shelter there. By that time, Dmitry Ivanovich no longer worked at the university, but attended meetings of the society. In essence, the entire building is a large monument to Mendeleev and is rightfully called the Mendeleev Center now.

In 2007, it was a hundred years since Mendeleev left this world, but his name is still inextricably linked with the Chemical Society. After Mendeleev's death, St. Petersburg University bought out his personal archive from his family and created in 1911 Mendeleev's memorial office (now the Museum-Archive, which still exists in the main building of the university), and RFCO establishes Mendeleev Congresses on General and Applied Chemistry. The first three congresses (in 1907, 1911 and 1922) were held in St. Petersburg (Petrograd). The revolution and the post-war devastation did not change the nature of society's activities, although they introduced many difficulties. The government tried to rely on scientific and technical societies to restore the economy. In 1918, a new charter of the society was adopted, in which the RFHO was re-established at Petrograd University and had jurisdiction over the entire territory of the RSFSR, becoming a widely open organization. In July of the same year, RFHO received 70 thousand rubles from the state. for the resumption of activities and publication of works. In the future, one

named after DI Mendeleev All-Union Scientific Society. It is under the jurisdiction of the All-Union Council of Scientific and Technical Societies (VSNTO) under the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (VCSPS). It was organized in 1932 by decree of the VI Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry as a voluntary association of chemists - scientists, engineers, technicians, teachers, workers - innovators of production, regardless of their departmental affiliation. NS. - the successor of the Russian Chemical Society (R. chemical society), founded at St. Petersburg University in 1868 by decision of the meeting of the chemical department of the 1st Congress of Russian Naturalists and Physicians and transformed in 1878 into the Russian Physicochemical Society (R. f.-x . O.). Charter R. x. O. was compiled with the active participation of D. I. Mendeleev and N. A. Menshutkin. The first president of R. kh. O. N. N. Zinin was elected; N. A. Menshutkin was the editor of the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society (renamed in 1879 the Journal of the Russian Physico-Chemical Society) from 1869 to 1900. In the period 1868-1917, the society consisted mainly of professors and teachers of higher educational institutions and very few industrial workers (10-12%). The number of members of the society in 1869 was 60 people. (129 in 1879, 237 in 1889, 293 in 1899, 364 in 1909, 565 in 1917). The society's presidents were A.M.Butlerov (1878-82), D.I.Mendeleev (1883-84, 1891-92, 1894), and other prominent chemists. D.I.Mendeleev, N.A.Menshutkin, D.P. Konovalov, M.G. Kucherov, and others made scientific reports in the society.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the number of members of society increased sharply, the content, form and scope of its work changed. The main thing in his activity was: the attraction of chemists and other specialists, student youth and advanced workers to scientific and technical creativity, the improvement of socialist production; all-round professional development of workers in science and industry: propaganda of the successes of chemistry among the broad masses of workers. To unite and develop the creative initiative and social activities of the members of the artistic community, to develop topical complex scientific and technical issues, to prepare conferences, meetings and other events, scientific and technical and specialized sections, committees, commissions and brigades. The public universities of technical progress, increasing the scientific and technical knowledge of the members of H. o. Have become very popular. Together with the USSR Academy of Sciences and other organizations, the society holds Mendeleev congresses on general and applied chemistry. Such congresses from 1907 (in St. Petersburg) to 1975 (in Alma-Ata) took place II. Presentations at the congresses were made by: A. E. Arbuzov, A. N. Bakh. N. D. Zelinsky (See Zelinsky), N. S. Kurnakov, L. D. Landau, N. N. Semenov (See. Semyonov), A. E. Fersman, V. G. Khlopin, and others. scientists, as well as foreign scientists F. Joliot-Curie, G. Seaborg, R. Robinson, S. Hinshelwood, A. Todd, and others. The proceedings of the Mendeleev Congresses are published in the form of collections. NS. also convenes thematic conferences, symposia, meetings, organizes discussions, many of which are organized with the participation of other interested scientific and economic institutions.

NS. organizes competitions for scientific and industrial-technical works of its members. Since 1965, the Presidium of the Kh. together with the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, they are awarded a gold medal in competitions. D.I. Mendeleev for his work in the field of chemical sciences and technology, which are of great theoretical or practical importance. Presidium H. o. Together with sectoral ministries and trade unions, annually conducts reviews of the implementation of plans for the introduction of science and technology in the national economy and measures to improve the technical level, quality and reliability of chemical products.

In 1976, the structure of the Kh. included 86 local branches (boards) in the republics and large cities of the USSR. NS. (1976) has about 320,000 members and over 140,000 young chemists - students of secondary schools.

NS. has its own printed organs: “Journal of the All-Union Chemical Society named after DI Mendeleev "(6 issues per year) and the journal" Rubber and Rubber "(published jointly with the Ministry of Petrochemical and Oil Refining Industry of the USSR).

Lit .: Kozlov V.V., Essays on the history of chemical societies of the USSR, M., 1958; him, the All-Union Chemical Society named after. D.I. Mendeleev. 1868-1968, M., 1971; All-Union Chemical Society named after D.I. Mendeleev. Information and exchange of experience, M., 1972.

V.V. Kozlov.

• - them. DI Mendeleev, as part of the Union of scientific. and Ing. about-in Russia. Assignee of Vses. chem. about-va, created in 1932 and leading history from Rus. chem. about-va, main. in 1868 ...
• - see Chemical contamination ...

  Civil protection. Conceptual and terminological dictionary

• - an increase in the number of chemical components of a certain environment, leading to a change in its natural chemical properties ...

  Ecological Dictionary

• - the introduction into the environment of polluting chemicals, alien to it or in concentrations exceeding the background ones, posing a threat to people, farm animals and plants for ...
• - the spread of hazardous chemicals in the environment in concentrations or quantities that pose a threat to people, farm animals and plants for a certain time ...

  Emergency Glossary

• - a type of weapon of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the use of military agents, toxins and phytotoxicants. Includes single use and reusable chemical munitions ...

  Emergency Glossary

• - created in 1878 by the union of Rus. physical and Rus. chem. societies. Congresses and publications about-va were an important form of organizing scientific. activities in Russia until 1917 ...

  Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

• - see Weathering ...

  Geological encyclopedia

• - one of the main oppositions of history and philosophy of history ...

  Philosophical Encyclopedia

• - "...6.15...

  Official terminology

• - Pai - a word introduced into Russian chemical literature by academician Hess; it had to replace the "equivalent", as the following extract from his "Foundations of Pure Chemistry" shows: ".....

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - P. essential oil is obtained by distilling the leaves and branches of the Pogostemon Patchouli plant with water. From 100 kg they are driven out on average about 1750 grams. oils ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - The Russian Physics-Chemical Society at the Imperial St. Petersburg University was formed on the initiative of D.I.Mendeleev in 1878 from the merger of two separate societies, physical and chemical ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - them. DI Mendeleev - a member of the Union of Scientific and Engineering Societies of Russia. The assignee of the All-Union Chemical Society, created in 1932 and leading history from the Russian Chemical Society, founded in 1868 ...
• - RUSSIAN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL Society - created in 1878 by the union of the Russian Physical and Russian Chemical Societies. The congresses and publications of the society were an important form of organizing scientific activity in Russia until 1917 ...

  Big encyclopedic dictionary

"Chemical Society" in books

Chemical weapon

Chemical weapon