The dative case is the role in the sentence. Methods for determining the case. Replacing the singular with the plural

Declension of the word by case: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. In plural and singular. Convenient search for declensions for words, more than 34571 words in our database. Watch a video tutorial on how to decline words correctly.

Singular

Plural

It is important to know about the declension of words

Noun declension

The change of nouns in cases is characterized by a change in their endings, which are called case forms. In total, there are six cases in Russian, each of which has its own auxiliary question.

In order to determine the case of a noun, you need to try asking one of the auxiliary questions to it.

There are also indeclinable nouns, i.e. those that have the same form in all cases. Indeclinables include both common nouns (for example, "coffee" or "cocoa"), and proper names (for example, "Goethe").

As a rule, indeclinable nouns are words borrowed from foreign languages. They can belong to all three genera.

Declension of nouns

The declension of numerals does not have a single pattern, it is represented by several types:

1. The numeral one is declined as an adjective in the singular: one - one (new - new).
2. The numerals from five to ten and the numerals -twenty and -ten are inflected as 3-declension nouns. The numerals for -ten have two endings, since both parts change: fifty, fifty.
3. The numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half and one and a half hundred, changing in cases, have only two forms: the nominative and accusative cases - forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half, one and a half hundred; genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional cases - forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half, one and a half hundred.
4. Numerals from two hundred to four hundred and from five hundred to nine hundred are declined according to a special type.
5. Collective numerals are also inclined according to a special type. Numerals both, both have two different declensions.
6. Simple ordinal numbers are declined like adjectives: first (new) - first (new). Complex ordinal numbers have only one ending. For compound ordinal numbers, only the last part changes.
7. For fractional numbers, both parts change during declension.

Declension of adjectives

Declension of adjectives is a change in their gender, cases and numbers.

However, not all adjectives change by gender, numbers, and cases. Short adjectives do not change by case, and adjectives in the form of a simple comparative degree do not decline at all.

In order to correctly decline adjectives, you need to know their case questions in both numbers.

It is important to understand that the ending of an adjective can be checked by the ending of a question.

Russian language for beginners., Cases. Lesson 2

one\. Nominative - WHO? WHAT?

2\. Genitive - WHO? WHAT?

3\. Dative - TO WHOM? WHAT?

four\. Accusative - WHO? WHAT?

5\. Creative - WHO? HOW?

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There are 6 cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional.

Let's consider them in more detail. Each case answers specific questions.

one\. Nominative - WHO? WHAT?

2\. Genitive - WHO? WHAT?

3\. Dative - TO WHOM? WHAT?

four\. Accusative - WHO? WHAT?

5\. Creative - WHO? HOW?

6\. Prepositional - ABOUT WHOM? ABOUT WHAT?

For example, let's decline the words "girl" and "man".

one\. Nominative - girl person

2\. Genitive - human girls

3\. Dative - to a girl to a person

four\. Accusative - human girl

5\. Creative - girl man

6\. Prepositional - about a girl about a person

The genitive and accusative cases have general issues. It is very easy to tell them apart.

Who is this doll? This doll is a girl.

Here the question of WHOM can be replaced by the question of WHOM. That is, the genitive case indicates belonging to someone or something. Remember. If the question of WHO matters WHOSE (WHOSE, WHOSE, etc.), then the case is genitive.

AT accusative nothing needs to be replaced. There the word WHO has a different meaning.

Whom did mom punish? Mom punished the girl.

Accusative - from the words WINE, BLAME.

What is the dog looking for? The dog is looking for a bone. Here the word BONE is in the accusative case.

Difficult? This is just the beginning. Then it will be easier)) Good luck!

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Cases of nouns in English

In ancient English language present nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental and dative and. Over time, they died off and now in modern English there are only two cases - common and possessive.

Common case(common case) English nouns is not indicated by anything, that is, nouns in this case have a zero ending (chair, car). Its meaning is very vague, and depending on the context, a noun in the common case can perform a variety of functions.

Possessive(possessive/genitive case) most often expresses belonging (hence the name possessive).

The possessive case is formed with an apostrophe and a letter s (‘s) or just an apostrophe ( ‘ ). The latter method is used for plural nouns (pupils’ work, cars’ colour) and Greek loanwords ending in [ -iz] (Xerxes' army, Socrates' wife).

However, if the plural form is not formed according to the usual rule (men, children), then in the possessive case it is added ‘s:

If the noun is compound, then ‘s is added to its last element:

Sometimes ‘s can refer to several nouns or an entire phrase:

It must be taken into account that possessive animate nouns in English is built using the ending ‘s, and for inanimate - with the help of the preposition of:

However, among inanimate nouns there are exceptions that can be put into the possessive form through ‘s:

• Nouns denoting time and distance:

• Names of countries and cities:

• Names of newspapers and organizations:

• The words nation, country, city, town:

• The words ship, car, boat:

• The words nature, water, ocean:

• Names of months and seasons:

• Names of the planets:

• Some fixed expressions:

Expressing cases of English nouns using prepositions

Although there are only two cases in English, some prepositions can convey the meaning of other cases.

Genitive conveyed by preposition of:

Dative corresponds to the preposition to:

Instrumental case corresponds to the preposition with when referring to the tool or object with which the action is performed:

If the person or force is meant, then the preposition is used by:

Dative

What is the dative case?

Dative case in Russian- indirect case, expressing in speech the attributive, subjective, object and object-adverbial meanings. The dative case can be adjectival (used with nouns) and verbal (used with verbs). Nouns in the dative case answer questions – To whom? What? and combined with suggestions to, by.

How to determine the dative case?

To determine the dative case of a noun, put the appropriate case questions to the word ( To whom? What?) and select its case ending. The endings of nouns of different declensions in D. p. are presented in the table.

Meaning of the dative case

In phrases and sentences, the forms of nouns in the dative case can express different meanings:

• Subjective (used in impersonal phrases): the student does not think, the woman is sad, the car is four years old.
• Objective (used in the meaning of the addressee or indirect object): give to a friend, entrust a courier, advice to daughters, letters to colleagues.
• Object circumstantial: walk along the road, head to the castle, go to the crossroads.
• Definitive: monument to Griboedov, the price of words.

Topic quiz

Did not like? - Write in the comments what is missing.

1. What is the dative case?
2. How to determine the dative case?
3. Meaning of the dative case

• Topic quiz

• Nominative case
• Genitive
• Genitive first name
• Permanent and non-permanent signs of a noun
• Dative
• Dative case
• Endings in the dative case
• Accusative
• Instrumental case
• Noun cases
• Endings in the instrumental case
• Prepositional
• Case endings of nouns
• Noun declension
• 1 declension of nouns
• Endings of nouns in the prepositional case
• 2 noun declension
• 3 noun declension
• Unstressed noun endings

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Dative

The dative case in Russian has a number of its own functions, there are prepositions that will tell you that the dative case should be used. But also quite a large list of verbs that are used with it, and they just need to be learned.

1. So, the prepositions of the dative case are K and PO.

note that k is used for an object or direction, not a place.

We go to our parents. We are coming to you.

We are going to the cinema.
Talking on the phone.
Walk along the seashore.
Russian language exam.

2. The functions of the dative case are a state, emotional or physical.

I'm cold, warm, hot, good, bad.
He is fun, boring, funny, interesting.

3. Verbs in conjunction with which the dative case is used. This rule applies to both the perfect and the imperfect form of most verbs.

believe-believe
say-say
give-give
give-donate
forbid-prohibit
call-call
hinder-hinder
remind-remind
like-like
explain-explain
answer-answer
give-give
transmit-transmit
write-write
buy-buy
send-send
offer-offer
bring-bring
sell-sell
show-show
help-help
belong
rejoice-rejoice
allow-allow
tell-tell
advise-advise
to be surprised - to be surprised

Here are the rules for changing the endings of nouns and adjectives in the singular in the dative case:

Feminine: A-E, Z-E, L-I, IYA-II. AYA-HEY, YAYA-HEY.

Masculine: consonant-U, b-yu, y-yu. YY-OMU, II-HIM.

Middle gender: E-YU, O-U, IE-IU. OE-OMU, HER-HE.

Dative is one of the indirect cases. The dative occupies a special place among the Russian cases. The dative is opposed to the so-called syntactic cases - nominative, accusative and genitive (which in their original function are simply indicators of the dependence of the name on the control word) - in that it has its own semantics. The most characteristic meanings of the dative are the meanings of the Recipient (Recipient), cf. give a child a candy, addressee, cf. tell the children a story, Benefaktiva ("beneficiary"), cf. help brother with homework.

Nouns in the dative case answer questions - To whom? What? and combined with prepositions to, by.

In Russian, the dative form can also express experimenter(subject of perception, emotional and mental state). The experiential dative has a special syntactic behavior, namely, it reveals some properties of the subject.

Nouns in the dative case, examples: give daughters, walk along field, children fun, kitten half a year, glory, get closer to goals, buy by road.

How to determine the dative case?

To determine the dative case of a noun, put the appropriate case questions to the word ( To whom? What?) and select its case ending. The endings of nouns of different declensions in D. p. are presented in the table.

declination	Unit number		Mn. number
1 declination	-e, -and	Outskirts e, zor e, comedy and, son e, dream e	-am (-yam)	Outskirts am, zor pits, comedy pits little son am, dream pits
2 declension	-y (-y)	Thunder at, locksmith Yu, heart at, floor Yu		Thunder am, locksmith pits, heart am, floor pits
3 declension	-and	Mouse and, gran and		Mouse am, gran pits
Differing	-and	child and, put and, tribes and		Det pits, put pits, tribes am

Note! Proper nouns Love, Maria, Julia in the dative case they have the ending " -and» – Love, Mary, Julia.

Meaning of the dative case

In phrases and sentences, the forms of nouns in the dative case can express different meanings:

• Subjective (used in impersonal phrases): the student does not think, the woman is sad, the car is four years old.
• Objective (used in the meaning of the addressee or indirect object): give to a friend, entrust a courier, advice to daughters, letters to colleagues.
• Object circumstantial: walk along the road, head to the castle, go to the crossroads.
• Definitive: monument to Griboedov, the price of words.

In Russian everything six independent cases, and decline (change in cases) nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. But schoolchildren often have difficulties in determining the case. Students are not always able to correctly put the question to the word, and this leads to errors. Particular difficulties arise when the word in different cases has the same form.

There are several tricks that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Let us note that the question should be case, not semantic. For questions where? where? when? why? it is not possible to determine the fall.

Both applicants(who? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – T. p.).

2. Exist auxiliary words, which can help in determining the case:

case	Auxiliary word	case question
Nominative
Genitive		whom? what?
Dative		to whom? what?
Accusative		whom? what?
Instrumental
Prepositional	talk	about whom? about what?

To distinguish between homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

To go on the road(ending -e both in D. p., and in P. p.).

Walk the roads(why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine.

met a friend(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.).

Met a girlfriend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. Magic word mom.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing between the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. Help, as always, will come "mother". It is this word that can be substituted in a sentence. Framed, look at the end: mom BUT – nominative, mom S – Genitive; mom At – accusative.

Die yourself, and comrade(ending -a both in R. p., and in V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, but mom(V. p.) help out.

6. Knowing the characteristic prepositions also helps to determine the case.

case	Prepositions
Nominative
Genitive	without, at, from, to, with, from, near
Dative
Accusative	on, for, under, through, in, about,
Instrumental	over, behind, under, with, in front of, between
Prepositional	in, oh, about, on, at

As you can see, there are prepositions that are characteristic of only one case: without– for the genitive (no hitch); by, to – for the dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, with you).

Recall that the case of an adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with my new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – T. p.

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AT different countries world there are different languages. For people to understand a certain language, there are various methods. For example, in Russian - there are cases. In other languages ​​that do not have this concept, there are different arrangements of words, prepositions and other methods of linking words into sentences and endowing them with meaning. In our native language there are such cases as instrumental, nominative, dative, prepositional, genitive and accusative. A change in the case of any speech part is called its declension, which is expressed in the end of the word.

Questions of the dative case.

Let's take a closer look at the dative case. The dative case answers the questions "To whom?", "For what?", in addition to these questions, such a word as "give" appears.

For example, give "To whom?", "What" - to a person, a ladder.

"TO blackboard disciple Ivanov was called to answer. The noun "board" in this sentence is in the dative case and in the singular.

"To school boards special chalk was attached. In this example, the same noun is in the dative case, but in the plural.

Endings and prepositions of the dative case.

Let's talk about endings next. As mentioned above, when the case changes, any word changes its ending. In the dative case, the nouns of the first declension will have the ending "E" (wall, board), the second declension - the ending "U" (log, air conditioner) and the third declension will get the ending "I" (dirt).

For a beautiful bunch of words in a sentence, prepositions are used. With nouns in the dative case, the prepositions "K" and "Po" are used.

« Over the bridge a man was walking, enjoying the magical beauty of the river”, “ To another date We started preparing events.

Declension of nouns

Declension is a change in words of various parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles) in cases and numbers. Nouns in Russian have three main types of declension, which are shown in the table below. If you need numerals, you can read about declension of numerals in another article.

The main types of declension of nouns in Russian

Declension type	Explanations and examples	Note
1 declination	Feminine, masculine and common nouns with the ending -а / -я in the nominative singular: wife, land, servant, youth, bully.	Nouns in -iya (army, Greece) have the ending -и in the dative and prepositional cases of the singular.
2 declension	Masculine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular and neuter nouns with the ending -о/-е in the nominative singular: law, horse, village, field.	Nouns ending in -й and -е (genius, mood) have the ending -и in the prepositional case of the singular.
3 declension	Feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular: spruce, mouse, daughter, horse, joy.	Nouns ending in the nominative and accusative singular in hissing always have a soft sign at the end: mouse, daughter.

In the plural, there are practically no differences between the types of declension, so we can speak separately about the special declension of plural nouns.

On the spelling of case endings of nouns, see: Spelling of unstressed endings of nouns.

Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in Russian. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by asking a question.

In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be recognized by the auxiliary questions that are answered by the circumstances. So the question is where? assumes the genitive case (from the store, from the camel); question where? assumes the accusative case (to the forest, to a lecture, to a lesson); question where? suggests a prepositional case (in the forest, at a lecture, at a lesson).

The following table will present the names of the cases of the Russian language, questions for each case and auxiliary questions. (grade 3) - table:

The nominative case is called the direct case, and all other cases are called indirect cases.

We summarize the difference in declinations in the following table.

	1 declination	2 declension	3 declension	plural declension
		mood
		mood
		mood		times
		mood
	bully-oh	law, mood		laws from time to time
	about army	about the law moods		times-ah

Variants of nominative plural endings for masculine nouns authors / shores

Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural may have the stressed ending -а (-я) instead of the ending -ы (-и). This is first of all:

1) many monosyllabic nouns such as forest - forests, silk - silks, side - sides, eye - eyes, snow - snow, etc .;

2) many disyllabic nouns that have singular stress on the first syllable, for example: coast - coast, voice - voices, evening - evenings, city - cities, district - districts, skull - skulls, etc.

However, strict patterns of distribution of nouns according to endings cannot be found, since fluctuations are observed in this part of the language. We list in the table below the most common normative options in which errors are possible.

The following most common nouns allow the formation of the nominative plural in two ways:

Some nouns with different endings in the nominative plural differ in meaning. Here are the most commonly used words:

teeth (in the mouth) roots (in plants) bodies (bodies) camps (socio-political) sheets (iron, paper) bellows (blacksmith's) images (artistic) orders (knightly, monastic) belts (geographical) wires (of someone) omissions (omissions) abacus (device) sables (animals) sons (of the Motherland) tones (sound) brakes (barriers) flowers (plants) bread (baked)

teeth (teeth) roots (dried vegetables) corps (buildings, military formations) camps (military, children's) leaves (in plants) furs (dressed skins) images (icons) orders (insignia) belts (belts) wires (electrical) passes (documents) invoices (documents for payment) sable (fur) sons (from mother) tones (shades of color) brakes (device) colors (paints) bread (cereals).

Variants of endings of the genitive case of plural nouns

In the genitive plural, nouns can have endings - , -ov (-ev), -ey . There are also large fluctuations in this area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe tongue. We will give in the table the most common normative options in which errors are possible.

ending -	ending in -ov(s)	with the ending -ey
British, Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Ossetians, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmens, Gypsies, Turks; partisan, soldier, hussar, dragoon, cuirassier; felt boots, boots, stockings, boots, shoulder straps, epaulettes; ampere, watt, volt, ohm, arshin, micron, hertz, x-ray; knees, shoulders, numbers, chairs, logs, canvases, fibers, ribs, cores, rods, kitchens, pokers, shutters (shutters), fables, songs, gossip, domain (blast furnace), cherries, slaughterhouses (slaughterhouse), young ladies, young ladies , villages, blankets, towels, saucers, waffles, shoes, roofs, shafts, weddings, estates, nannies, affairs; splashes, trousers, beads, holidays, pasta, money, darkness, stretcher, sled.	Kyrgyz, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Mongols, Tajiks, Yakuts; dresses, mouths, apprentices, socks; meters, grams, kilograms, hectares, rails; oranges, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, lemons; swamps, hoofs, korytsev, laces, windows; frosts, clavichords, rags, rags, scum.	guns, joules, candles (but: The game is not worth the candle); skittles, sakleys, strife, rickshaws, pashas, ​​youths; weekdays, ticks, mangers, yeast, firewood, people, bran, sleighs.

Inflected nouns

Variable nouns include ten neuter nouns for -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown) and a masculine noun path. They are called heterogeneous because in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular they have the ending of nouns of the 3rd declension -i, and in the instrumental - the ending of nouns of the 2nd declension -em / -em.

Nouns in -mya have the suffix -en- / -yon- in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases of the singular and in all plural cases, and the words seed, stirrup, in addition to this suffix, have the suffix -yan in the genitive case of the plural - (seeds, stirrups).

Let's show the change of inflected nouns in the following table.

	Singular	Plural
	time, seed, path-	time-a, seed-a, way-and
	time-and, seed-and, put-and	times-, seeds-, way-her
	time-and, seed-and, put-and	time-am, seed-am, put-yam
	time, seed, path-	time-a, seed-a, way-and
	time-eating, seed-eating, way-eating	times, seeds, ways
	about time-and, seed-and, put-and	about times-ah, seeds-ah, ways-yah

Indeclinable nouns. Gender of indeclinable nouns

In Russian, there are indeclinable nouns - words that do not change by case. These include foreign nouns with a stem on vowels (coat, cafe, taxi, kangaroo, menu, Show, Sochi, Tbilisi), foreign feminine nouns on a consonant (Miss, Mrs, Madame, George Sand's novel), Russian and Ukrainian surnames on -o and -s / -ih and -ago (visiting the Dolgikhs, Shevchenko's poem, reading about Zhivago, from Durnovo) and compound abbreviated words like general store, CSKA, Moscow State University, All-Russian Exhibition Center.

The case of an indeclinable noun is determined by the question and by the inflected words dependent on this noun (if any), for example: Take off (what? - accusative) coat; In this (in what? in what? - prepositional) coat you will be hot.

The number of an indeclinable noun is determined by the inflected words dependent on it (if any), by the verb (if any) or by the context, for example: These (which - plural) the coat is no longer on sale; The coat was (singular) very expensive; Ten coats (plural) were brought to the shop.

Indeclinable nouns mostly belong to the middle gender: popsicle, subway, coffee, cocoa, menu, taxi, sometimes - to the masculine: coffee, penalty. The gender of many such nouns can be determined by the following features:

1) the gender of the designated person or animal (for animate nouns): rich / rich rentier, old / old kangaroo;

2) generic (general) concept: wide avenue (avenue street view), delicious kohlrabi (kohlrabi - a type of cabbage), sunny Sukhumi (Sukhumi - city);

3) the main word underlying the phrase, from which the compound word was formed: wonderful Youth Theater (theater of the young spectator), new hydroelectric power station (hydroelectric power station).

Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives

In accordance with his general meaning quality adjectives have two degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of the attribute - comparative and superlative.

The comparative degree indicates a greater manifestation of a trait in one subject than in another, for example: This cake is sweeter than a cake (sweeter than a cake). The comparative degree can be simple and compound.

A simple comparative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffixes -ee (s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e, there is always an alternation of stem consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)

wise - wise-her (wise-her)

sweet - sweeter

low - lower

thin - thinner

Adjectives in the form of a simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by cases, or by numbers. In a sentence, they are most often predicates, rarely - definitions, for example:

This city is more beautiful than our native (predicate).

Let's find a prettier place (definition).

A compound comparative degree is formed by adding more or less to an adjective.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The second word in the form of a compound comparative degree changes in gender, cases and numbers. In a sentence, adjectives in this form can be both predicates and definitions, for example:

The weather today is warmer than a week ago (predicate).

Let's bathe him in more warm water(definition).

Superlatives indicate the superiority of a given subject in comparison with the rest on some basis, for example: Everest - the tallest pinnacle in the world. The superlative, like the comparative, can be simple and compound.

A simple superlative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffix -eysh- (-aysh-).

wise - wise

quiet - tish-aysh-y

Adjectives in the simple superlative form change by gender, case, and number. In a sentence, they can be both definitions and predicates, for example:

Everest is the highest peak in the world (definition).

This crater is the deepest (predicate).

1. The words most, most, least are added to the adjective, for example: beautiful - the most beautiful, the most beautiful, the least beautiful.

In the form of a compound superlative degree with the word most by gender, cases and numbers, both words change, and with the words most and least - only the adjective.

In a sentence, these forms can be both definitions and predicates.

We came to the most beautiful park (definition).

This park is the most beautiful (predicate).

2. The word of everything is added to the comparative degree of the adjective, if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena, or if one of the objects is compared with all.

This house is the tallest in the area.

This house is taller than all the houses in the area.

This boy is the tallest in the school.

These forms do not change. In a sentence, they are predicates.

How to distinguish between a simple comparative degree and a compound superlative degree of adjectives, adverbs and words of the state category

Adjective.
In a sentence, it often stands in the role of a predicate, less often in the function of an inconsistent definition, and then it refers to a noun. The music became (what?) Quieter (predicate). We will send you microphones (what?) quieter (definition). This girl (what?) Is the most beautiful in the institute (predicate).	In the sentence, it refers to the verb and stands in the role of the adverb of the mode of action. He spoke (how?) quieter than usual (circumstance). He draws (how?) the prettiest of all at school (circumstance).	It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment. In this jacket you will be (what?) even hotter (predicate). At this time of the year (what?) It is the dirtiest on the street (predicate).

Declension of numerals denoting whole numbers

The numerals denoting integers change by cases and for the most part do not have gender and number.

By birth, only the numerals two and one and a half change. They have two gender forms: one in combination with masculine and neuter nouns, the other in combination with feminine nouns.

two, one and a half packages, villages - two, one and a half cups

The numeral one changes by gender, case and number, like possessive adjectives.

	Masculine singular	neuter singular	Feminine singular	Plural
	one-year mother'shandkerchief	one village mother's-o ring	one book mother's fur coat	one-and-sleigh mother's fur coats
	one year mother's handkerchief	one village mother's ring	one book mother's fur coat	one of their sleigh mother's fur coats
	one year mother's handkerchief	one village mother's ring	one book mother's fur coat	one sleigh mother's fur coats
	one-year mother'shandkerchief	one village mother's-o ring	one book mother's fur coat	one-and-sleigh mother's fur coats
	one year mother's handkerchief	one village mother's ring	one book mother's fur coat	one sleigh mother's fur coats
	about one year mother's handkerchief	about one village mother's ring	about one book mother's fur coat	about one of their sledges mother's fur coats

The numerals two, three, four have a special declension.

The numerals from five to twenty and the numeral thirty are declined as nouns of the third declension.

	declination
	five-, eleven- , twenty- , thirty- years, horses, foxes, books
	five, eleven, twenty, thirty years old, horses, foxes, books
	five, eleven, twenty, thirty, horses, foxes, books
	five-, eleven- , twenty- , thirty- years, horses, foxes, books
	five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books
	about five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books

Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half (one and a half) and a hundred and fifty have only two case forms.

As part of cardinal numbers denoting whole numbers, there are many compound words, formed by adding the bases, for example: fifty from five + ten, six hundred from six + one hundred, four hundred from four + one hundred, etc. In these numbers from fifty to eighty and from two hundred to nine hundred, both parts decline. If the numerals denoting integers are composite, then all words are declined in them.

Let us summarize what has been said about the declension of complex and compound numbers denoting integers in the following table.

	declination
	sixty, three hundred, five hundred- forty seven
	sixty, three hundred, five hundred forty-seven
	sixty, three hundred, five hundred forty-seven
	sixty, three hundred, five hundred and forty seven
	about sixty, three hundred, five hundred and forty-seven

Declension of collective numbers

Collective nouns refer to several things as one. Unlike numerals denoting whole numbers, and fractional numerals, collective numerals can denote the total number of persons without combination with nouns: Three entered (you can’t Enter three or I drew two thirds).

Collective numbers are formed from cardinal numbers from two up to ten using the suffixes -oh- (two (double-e), three (three-e) and -er- (four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten). They combine:

1) with nouns denoting males: two friends, five soldiers;

2) with nouns denoting cubs of animals: seven kids, nine piglets;

3) with nouns that have only the plural form, as well as with the words guys, children, people: two days, four children.

Collective numerals change in cases. In indirect cases, they have the same endings as plural adjectives.

The collective numeral oba has two gender forms: the form oba combined with masculine and neuter nouns (both boys, both villages) and the form both combined with feminine nouns (both girls). In indirect cases, this numeral has, respectively, the stems ob- and both-.

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns (my, yours, his, her, ours, yours, theirs) answer the question whose?, in a sentence they are usually a definition and indicate belonging to the speaker, listener, stranger or any person (object).

The 1st person pronouns my, our indicate the speaker(s): My answer was good; Our teachers went to the concert.

2nd person pronouns yours, yours indicate belonging to the interlocutor (interlocutors): Your car broke down; Your house was built in the last century.

In Russian speech etiquette, the pronoun Vash, written with capital letter, is used as a polite address to one person: Mr. Ivanov, your request has been received.

Pronouns of the 3rd person his, her, their indicate belonging to an outsider (outsiders): His pen does not write; Her friends have gone to the sea; Their child was crying.

The common person pronoun own indicates belonging to any person: I finished my breakfast - You finished your breakfast - He finished his breakfast.

Possessive pronouns of the 1st, 2nd and general person (my, ours, yours, yours, mine) change by gender, case and number and are declined like possessive adjectives. This can be seen from the following table.

	Masculine, singular	neuter, singular	feminine, singular	Plural
	mother's	mother's
	mother's	mother's
				mother's
	about my mother	about my mother	oh mother-oh	about mother's

The possessive pronouns of the 3rd person his, her, theirs do not change. They should be distinguished from the genitive and accusative forms of the personal pronouns he, she, they by the question and by the role in the sentence:

I saw (who?) Her (addition) - the accusative form of the personal pronoun she;

Here (who?) She is not (addition) - the form of the genitive case of the personal pronoun she;

My friend went to visit (whose?) her sister (definition) - the possessive pronoun of the 3rd person of her.

Let's show in the table how to distinguish personal pronouns his her and them in the genitive and accusative from 3rd person possessive pronouns him, her, them.

Verb conjugations. Opposite conjugated verbs and special conjugation verbs

Conjugation is the change of the verb in persons and numbers. Verbs change in person and number in the present tense and in the future perfect tense. There are two verb conjugations.

I conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for I conjugation.

The second conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:

Examples for II conjugation.

For the spelling of personal verb endings, see: Spelling of unstressed personal verb endings.

In addition, the Russian language has heterogeneous verbs to want, run, honor, glimpse, as well as all verbs formed from them with the help of prefixes (want, run, honor, glimpse, etc.), which have both the endings of the first and and the end of the second conjugation.

						glimpse
						Note: due to the peculiarities of the meaning, this verb cannot have forms of 1 and 2 persons.

Note 1. In the literary norm, the conjugation of the verb to honor is also permissible as the verb of the II conjugation: honor - honor - honor - honor - honor - honor.

Note 2. The verb I of the conjugation burn is conjugated as follows:

burn - burn,

you burn - you burn

burns - burns.

The verbs formed from it with the help of prefixes are also conjugated, for example: burn, burn, burn. Common forms in oral speech burn, burn, burn, burn are not normative.

The special conjugation includes the verbs to give, create, eat, as well as all the verbs formed from them with the help of prefixes (to give, recreate, eat, etc.). These verbs have special endings that are not found anywhere else.

yes-m dad-im yes yes yes yes yes-st dad-ut	create-m created-im create create create create-st create-ut	e-st ed-ite e-st unit-yat

Some verbs of I conjugation can have two forms of the present and future perfect tenses: with and without alternations. Here are the most common verbs:

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs in -о / -е, formed from qualitative adjectives, can have degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of the attribute: he spoke cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully than everyone else. Qualitative adverbs form comparative (more fun) and superlative (more fun than all) degrees of comparison.

The comparative degree of adverbs denotes a greater (lesser) manifestation of a sign, for example: My mother bakes cakes better than yours (better than yours). The comparative degree can be simple and compound.

A simple comparative degree is formed from adverbs using the suffixes -ee (s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e, there is always an alternation of stem consonants.

beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)

wise - wise-her (wise-her)

sincerely - sincerely-her (sincerely-her)

sweet - sla sch-e

low - none and-e

thin - thinner

A compound comparative degree is formed by adding words more or less to the original form of the adverb.

sweet - more (less) sweet

low - more (less) low

The superlative degree of adverbs denotes the greatest (least) degree of manifestation of a sign, for example: He jumped the farthest; This village is closest to the forest. The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, is only compound. Forms of the simple superlative degree of the adverb have practically disappeared from the language. Only three obsolete words from the speech etiquette of the past remained: the lowest, the deepest, the most humble (for example: I humbly ask you, sir, to leave me alone).

Compound superlatives are formed in two ways.

1. Words are added to the adverb most, least, for example: beautiful - most beautiful, least beautiful.

2. The word of everything is added to the comparative degree of the adverb, if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena, or if one of the objects is compared with all objects of this class.

This light bulb shines brightest of all (in general, everything that shines).

This bulb shines brighter than all (all other bulbs).

He laughed more cheerfully than anyone (in general, everyone who laughs).

Simple comparative and compound superlatives of adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category sound and are written the same way: quieter, more beautiful; the quietest, the most beautiful. They should be distinguished from each other by the question and by the role in the sentence.

How to distinguish between a simple comparative degree and a compound superlative degree of adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category

	Adjective
In a sentence, it is more often used as a predicate, less often as a function of an inconsistent definition, and then it refers to a noun. The music became (what?) Quieter (predicate). We will send you microphones (what?) quieter (definition). This girl (what?) is the most beautiful in the institute (predicate).	In a sentence, it refers to a verb and is used as an adverbial modifier. He spoke (how?) quieter than usual (circumstance). He's drawing(how?) prettiest in school(circumstance).	It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment. In this jacket you will(what?) even hotter(predicate). This time of year(what?) dirtiest on the street(predicate).