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autonomic nervous system- the structures of the nervous system in higher animals and humans, the work of which provides control of the vegetative, or plant, functions of the body (digestion, blood circulation, respiration, metabolism and energy, excretion) by controlling ...

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nervous system- a set of nerve formations in vertebrates and humans, through which the perception of stimuli acting on the body is realized, the processing of the resulting excitation impulses, the formation of responses. Thanks to her… … Great Psychological Encyclopedia

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I System (Greek systēma whole, made up of parts; connection) is a set of any elements interconnected and considered as a single and functional structural whole. II The body system is a set of organs and (or) tissues ... Medical Encyclopedia

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Books

• Human anatomy. Volume 1. The system of organs of support and movement. Splanchnology, Gaivoronsky I.V.. The textbook contains modern information about the structure of organs and organ systems human body. Each chapter reflects general and particular issues of human anatomy in the volume of the training ...
• Human anatomy. In 2 volumes. Volume 1. The system of organs of support and movement, Gaivoronsky Alexey Ivanovich, Nichiporuk Gennady Ivanovich, Gaivoronsky Ivan Vasilyevich. The textbook contains modern information about the structure of organs and organ systems of the human body. Each chapter reflects general and particular issues of human anatomy in the volume of the training ...

human physiology is the science of the functions and processes occurring in the body or its constituent systems (organs, tissues, cells), and the mechanisms of their regulation that ensure human life in interaction with the environment.

organism is a complete self-existing biological system individual living being. As a system, it obeys the basic system principles:

1 – integrity , i.e. irreducibility of system properties to the sum of its parts;

2 – structure , i.e. the possibility of describing the system through its structure;

3 – hierarchical b, i.e. subordination of the constituent elements of the system;

4 – interrelation of system and environment . The body is a self-regulating system that reacts as a whole to changes in the external environment.

Characteristic of any organism is a certain organization of its structures. In the simplest living organisms - viruses - there is only an organization of its constituent protein molecules and nucleic acids. It - molecular level organization of the body. Unicellular organisms have a supramolecular cellular level of organization, at which there is some separation of the functions of different intracellular formations. Multicellular organisms have cell differentiation, and tissues are formed from identically differentiated cells, i.e. can be identified tissue level organization of the body. Several tissues form an organ. it organ level organization of the body. The totality of organs involved in the performance of any complex activity form organ systems. The presence of organ systems determines system level organizations.

The entire human body is conditionally divided into organ systems according to the principle of their function. If any of the systems is weakened for some reason, other systems are able to partially take over the function of the weakened system, help it, give it the opportunity to recover. For example, with a decrease in the function of the urinary system (kidneys), the respiratory system takes over the function of cleaning the body. If it does not cope, the excretory system - the skin - is connected. But in this case, the body goes into a different mode of functioning. He becomes more vulnerable, and the person must reduce the usual load, giving him the opportunity to optimize the mode of life. Nature has given the body a unique mechanism of self-regulation and self-healing.

We list 12 systems of the human body and their main functions.

1. central nervous system - regulation and integration of the vital functions of the body.

2. Respiratory system - providing the body with oxygen, which is necessary for all biochemical processes; release of carbon dioxide.

3. Circulatory system - ensuring the transport of nutrients into the cell and its release from waste products.

4. Hematopoietic system - ensuring the constancy of the composition of the blood.

5. Digestive system - consumption, processing, assimilation of nutrients, excretion of waste products.

6. Urinary system and skin - excretion of waste products, cleansing the body.

7. reproductive system - reproduction of the organism.

8. Endocrine system - regulation of the biorhythm of life, basic metabolic processes and maintaining the constancy of the internal environment.

9. bone- muscular system– providing structure, movement functions.

10. lymphatic system - the implementation of body cleansing and neutralization of foreign agents.

11. The immune system - ensuring the protection of the body from harmful and foreign factors.

12. Peripheral nervous system - ensuring the flow of processes of excitation and inhibition, conducting commands from the central nervous system to the working bodies.

There is internal and external control of the body.

External control affects the system through nuclear DNA, messenger RNA, through neurosecretory, endocrine and other chemical regulators.

Internal management is carried out at several levels. The highest level of regulation of the physiological functions of the body and the relationship between the body and the environment is provided by the central nervous system. The second level of regulation is provided by the autonomic nervous system. The third level of regulation is carried out by the endocrine system. And the fourth level of regulation is non-specific regulation of physiological functions, which is carried out by body fluids (blood, lymph, tissue fluid). In the body, all these levels are interconnected, providing a useful result of the functioning of both a separate organ of the system and the body as a whole.

The human body is made up of bodies. Heart, lungs, kidneys, hand, eye - all this bodies, i.e. parts of the body that perform certain functions.

Organ It has its own unique form and position in the body. The shape of the arm is different from the shape of the leg, the heart is not like the lungs or the stomach. Depending on the functions performed, the structure of the organ is also different. Usually, an organ consists of several tissues, often of 4 main ones. One of them plays a primary role. So, the predominant tissue of the bone is bone, the main tissue of the gland is epithelial, the main tissue of the muscle is muscle. At the same time, each organ has connective nervous and epithelial tissue (blood vessels).

Organ is part of the whole organism and therefore cannot work outside the organism. At the same time, the body is able to do without some organs. This is evidenced surgical removals limbs, eyes, teeth. Each of the organs is integral part more complex physiological system of organs. The life of an organism is provided by the interaction a large number different organs. Organs united by a certain physiological function constitute a physiological system. The following physiological systems are distinguished: integumentary, support and movement system, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, reproductive, endocrine, nervous.

Major organ systems

integumentary system

Structure - skin and mucous membranes. Functions - protect against external influences of drying, temperature fluctuations, damage, penetration into the body of various pathogens and toxic substances.

Support and movement system

Structure - represented by a large number of bones and muscles; bones, connecting with each other, form the skeleton of the corresponding parts of the body.
Functions - reference function; the skeleton also performs a protective function, limiting the cavities occupied by internal organs. The skeleton and muscles provide the movement of the body.

Structure - includes the organs of the oral cavity (tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas).
Functions - in the digestive organs, food is crushed, wetted by saliva, it is affected by gastric and other digestive juices. As a result, necessary for the body nutrients. They are absorbed in the intestines and delivered by the blood to all tissues and cells of the body.

Circulatory system

Structure - consists of the heart and blood vessels.
Functions - the heart with its contractions pushes the blood through the vessels to the organs and tissues, where there is a continuous metabolism. Thanks to this exchange, cells receive oxygen and other necessary substances and are freed from unnecessary substances, such as carbon dioxide and decay products.

Respiratory system

Structure - nasal cavity, nasopharynx, trachea, lungs.
Functions - participates in providing the body with oxygen and in releasing it from carbon dioxide.

Structure - the main organs of this system are the kidneys, there are ureters, bladder.
Functions - performs the function of removing liquid metabolic products.

reproductive system

Structure - male reproductive organs (testes), female sex glands (ovaries). Development takes place in the uterus.
Functions - performs a function, sex cells are formed here.

Endocrine system

Structure - various glands. For example, thyroid gland, pancreas.
Functions - each gland produces and releases specific chemicals into the blood. These substances are involved in the regulation of the functions of all cells and tissues of the body.

Nervous system

Structure - receptors, nerves, brain and spinal cord.
Functions - unites all other systems, regulates and coordinates their activities. Thanks to nervous system the mental activity of a person, his behavior.

Scheme of building an organism

Molecules - cellular organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ systems- organism

An organ is a part of the body that occupies a permanent position in it, has a certain structure and shape, and performs one or more functions. An organ consists of several types of tissues, but one of them always prevails and determines its main, leading function. The composition of skeletal muscle, for example, includes striated muscle and loose connective tissue. It contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves.

Organs are the working apparatus of the body, specialized in the performance of complex activities necessary for the existence of a holistic organism. The heart, for example, acts as a pump that pumps blood from the veins to the arteries; kidneys - the function of excreting end products of metabolism from the body; bone marrow - the function of hematopoiesis, etc. Organs were formed in the process of evolution of the animal world. An organ is a historically established system of various tissues united by the main function, structure and development common to a given organ.

There are many organs in the human body, but each of them is part of a whole organism. Several organs that perform a specific function together form an organ system. An organ system is an anatomical and functional association of several organs involved in the performance of any complex act of activity.

All organ systems are in complex interaction with each other and anatomically and functionally constitute a single whole - the body.

Often, two or more organ systems are combined into the concept of an apparatus. But, having a complex organization, a living organism is a single whole, in which the activity of all its structures - cells, tissues, organs and their systems - is coordinated and subordinated to this whole.

In the anatomical and functional connection between all systems of human organs, the integrity of the body is manifested. A living organism, consisting of many organs, exists as a whole.

1. The system of organs of movement ensures the movement of the body in space and participates in the formation of body cavities (thoracic, abdominal), in which internal organs are located. This system also forms cavities in which the brain and spinal cord are located.

2. The digestive system carries out mechanical and chemical processing of food entering the body, as well as absorption of nutrients into the internal environment of the body. This system removes the remaining undigested substances from the body into the environment.

The human digestive apparatus is represented by the digestive tube, large glands of the digestive tract (salivary glands, pancreas, liver), as well as many small glands that occur in the mucous membrane of all parts of the digestive tract. The total length of the digestive tract from the mouth to anus is 8–10 m. For the most part, it is a tube bent in the form of loops and consists of parts passing one into another: the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small, large and rectum.

In order for food to be digested, it must first be chewed and swallowed. Then the food enters the stomach and intestines, where digestive juices are secreted. Only the coordinated work of all digestive organs makes it possible to completely digest food. Every organ in this case performs part of a complex process, and together they carry out digestion. This means that there is a physiological dependence between the departments of one organ system.

For normal operation digestive system the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the cells of its organs is required. Carbon dioxide and other harmful substances must be removed from the cells. In other words, the system of the digestive organs is closely connected physiologically with the system of the organs of blood circulation, respiration, excretion, etc.

3. The respiratory system provides gas exchange, i.e. the delivery of oxygen from the external environment into the blood and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body, one of the end products of metabolism, and also takes part in the sense of smell, voice formation, water-salt and lipid metabolism, and the production of certain hormones.

In the respiratory apparatus, the lungs perform a gas exchange function, and the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi perform an air-conducting function. Once in the airways, the air is warmed, cleaned and humidified. In addition, the perception of temperature, mechanical and olfactory stimuli also occurs here.

4. The urinary organ system removes metabolic products (urea, etc.) from the blood and the body. The urinary organs, which are also called excretory organs, cleanse the body of toxins (salts, urea, etc.) resulting from metabolism.

5. The reproductive organ system is supported by the life of the species, i.e. has a special function of reproduction. The reproductive organs are divided into external and internal. The internal male genital organs form the testicles, appendages, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, prostate and bulbourethral glands. The external male genital organs are the scrotum and the penis.

The internal female genital organs include the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, and the external ones include the large and small labia, the clitoris, the bulbs of the vestibule of the vagina and the large glands of the vestibule. The external female genital organs are located in the anterior part of the perineum, in the region of the urogenital triangle.

6. The cardiovascular system, consisting of the circulatory and lymphatic systems, delivers nutrients and oxygen to organs and tissues, removes metabolic products from them, and also ensures the transport of these products to the excretory organs (kidneys, skin), and carbon dioxide to the lungs. In addition, the waste products of the endocrine organs (hormones) are also carried through the blood vessels throughout the body, which ensures the effect of hormones on the activity of individual parts and the body as a whole.

7. The system of organs of internal secretion regulates the vital activity of the body with the help of hormones.

8. The system of reproductive organs is the testes in men, the ovaries and uterus in women. The reproductive system ensures the reproduction of offspring.

9. The nervous system unites all parts of the body into a single whole and balances its activity in accordance with changing environmental conditions. Being closely connected with the endocrine organs, it provides, together with the latter, the neurohumoral regulation of the vital activity of individual parts and the organism as a whole. The nervous system (the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres) is the material substratum of human mental activity, and also constitutes the most important part of the sense organs.

The unified nervous system is conditionally divided into two large sections - the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system ("soma" - the body) mainly communicates the body with environment, causing sensitivity (with the help of sensitive nerve endings and sensory organs) and body movements, controlling skeletal muscles.

Since movement in space and sensitivity are characteristic of animal organisms (this distinguishes them from plants), the somatic part of the nervous system was also called the animal ("animal" - animal).

The autonomic nervous system is so named because it affects the "internal economy" of the body: metabolism, blood circulation, excretion, reproduction, i.e., the processes of the so-called. plant life ("vegetatio" - vegetation).

Thus, the human body, its whole, consists of several levels of organization in ascending order, namely: the molecular level, the cellular level, the tissue level, the organ level, the system-organ level and the organism level. Moreover, a cell is considered a unit, and higher levels due to complex interaction carry out the existence of the organism.

The organs and systems of the body are so closely interconnected and interdependent that pathological changes in one of them cannot but affect others, which leads to disruption of the normal functioning of the body as a whole.

Even minor changes, not to mention the constant influence of pathogenic environmental factors, lead to a deterioration in the general condition, the emergence of dysfunction of various organs and, as a result, to illness. And not just one organ, but the whole organism.

Topic 12. Chemical features of oxygen and hydrogen. Their meaning for man

Topic 13. Dissolution of solids and gases

Topic 14. Theoretical foundations of organic chemistry

Topic 15. Limit and unsaturated hydrocarbons

Topic 16. Aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and carboxylic acids

Topic 17. The main vital substances in the human body

Section III. Biology - the science of life (wildlife)

Topic 18. General ideas about life (wildlife)

Topic 19. Levels of wildlife organization. The evolution of the living

Topic 20

Topic 21. Human organ systems and their functioning

Topic 22. Individual development of the organism

Topic 23. Prevention of diseases of human organs

Section IV. Fundamentals of environmental knowledge

Topic 24. Fundamentals of environmental knowledge. Significance and problems of water pollution

Topic 25. The importance of the atmosphere and the problems of its pollution

Topic 26. Ecology of human nutrition

Lesson Plans Introduction to Science

Topic 1. Introduction to the discipline "Natural science". The value of natural science for professional training.

1. Introduction to the discipline "Natural science".

2. Basic sciences of nature (physics, chemistry, biology, ecology), their similarities and differences.

3. The value of natural science for professional training.

Topic 2. Fundamentals of natural science knowledge.

1. Fundamentals of scientific activity.

2. The structure of scientific knowledge.

3. Basic methods of scientific research.

Topic 3. Natural science laws of nature.

1. Objective laws of nature are the basis of natural science.

2. Discrete (atomic-molecular) basis of motion and interaction of bodies and substances.

Section I. Physics - the science of the movement and interaction of bodies.

Topic 4. Mechanical movement. Newton's laws.

1. Physics and its scientific subject.

2. Mechanics. mechanical movement.

3. Newton's laws of dynamics.

Topic 5. The law of universal gravitation. The law of conservation of mechanical energy.

1. The law of universal gravitation. Forces in nature: elasticity, friction, gravity.

2. Law of conservation of momentum. Jet propulsion.

3. The law of conservation of mechanical energy. Potential and kinetic energy.

4. Work and power.

5. Mechanical waves, sound.

Topic 6. Fundamentals of thermodynamics.

1. Aggregate states of physical bodies.

2. Thermal processes.

3. The law of conservation of energy in thermal processes. The laws of thermodynamics.

4. Thermal machines, their application.

Topic 7. Fundamentals of electrodynamics.

1. Electricity. Discovery history.

2. Fundamentals of electrodynamics.

3. Constant electric current.

Topic 8. Fundamentals of electromagnetism.

1. Fundamentals of electromagnetism.

2. Alternating electric current.

3. Electromagnetic waves.

Topic 9. Fundamentals of optics

1. Development of ideas about the nature of light.

2. Laws of rectilinear propagation of light.

3. Dispersion of light. Color and light.

4. Wave properties of light.

5. Light as a stream of particles.

Section II. Chemistry is the science of substances.

Topic 10. The value of chemistry. Introduction to chemistry.

1. General theoretical foundations of chemistry.

2. Development of chemistry as a science. Historical excursion.

3. Chemistry is the science of substances.

Topic 11. Chemical reactions of inorganic substances.

1. Chemical features of inorganic substances.

2. Varieties of chemical reactions.

Topic 12. Chemical features of oxygen and hydrogen. their meaning to man.

1. Oxygen and its chemical properties.

2. The use of oxygen.

3. Hydrogen and its chemical properties.

4. Application of hydrogen.

Topic 13. Dissolution of solids and gases.

1. Dissolution and solutions.

2. The concept of the solubility of a substance.

3. Solution concentration.

4. Behavior of substances in solutions.

Topic 14. Theoretical foundations of organic chemistry.

1. Organic compounds and their significance.

2. Fundamentals of the theory of the structure of organic compounds.

Topic 15. Limit and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

1. Limit hydrocarbons.

2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Topic 16. Aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and carboxylic acids.

1. Aromatic hydrocarbons.

2. Alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Topic 17. The main vital substances in the human body.

1. Organic substances in the body (proteins) and their importance.

2. Organic substances in the body (fats and carbohydrates) and their significance.

Section III. Biology is the science of life (wildlife).

Topic 18. General ideas about life (wildlife).

1. Biology is a natural science.

2. The concept of life and organism.

Topic 19. Levels of wildlife organization. The evolution of the living.

1. Levels of organization of living nature.

3. Evolution of the living. driving forces of evolution.

Topic 20. A cell is a unit of structure and vital activity of an organism.

1. Definition of a cell. Discovery history.

2. The structure of the cell. Metabolism and energy function.

3. DNA molecule is a carrier of hereditary information.

Topic 21. Human organ systems and their functioning.

Topic 22. Individual development of the organism.

1. Human ontogenesis - individual development.

2. Stages of human development in ontogeny.

3. Puberty. Life continuation.

Topic 23. Prevention of diseases of human organs.

1. Prevention of food poisoning.

3. Diseases of the respiratory system and their prevention.

4. Causes of violation of posture and the development of flat feet.

5. Influence of narcotic substances on human development and health.

Section IV. Fundamentals of ecological knowledge.

Topic 24. Fundamentals of environmental knowledge. Significance and problems of water pollution.

1. Ecology as a science.

2. Water and its properties.

Topic 25. The importance of the atmosphere and the problems of its pollution.

1. The concept of air and atmosphere.

2. The impact of the Earth's atmosphere on the human body.

3. The concept and types of climate. Climatic zones of the Earth.

4. Ecology of the atmosphere.

Topic 26. Ecology of human nutrition.

1. Ecology of human nutrition.

2. The value of vitamins for the body.

3. Food additives and genetically modified organisms.

Methodological recommendations for the study of the subject and the organization of independent work of students

The goals of doing written homework in semester 1 are:

The procedure and rules for the implementation and execution of written homework in natural science in the 1st semester.

Mandatory rules for writing homework assignments.

The structure of answers when solving problems of written homework

Criteria for assessing written homework assignments in the 1st semester.

Sample written homework assignments for the first semester: Written homework assignment #1

Written Homework #2

Written homework #3.

The procedure and rules for the implementation and execution of written homework in natural science in the 2nd semester.

Criteria for assessing written homework assignments in the 2nd semester.

Approximate areas of research for writing homework in science in the second semester.

Chapter 1 with conclusions (pdz No. 5 and No. 6)

Chapter 2 with conclusions - the third (practical) task is solved in the process of implementing PZ No. 7.

Questions for preparing for a differentiated test

Literature

Topic 21. Human organ systems and their functioning.

Study questions

1. Tissues of the human body.

2. Organs and systems of human organs.

1. Tissues of the human body.

Tissues and organs of the body. Tissue is a group of cells, together with the intercellular substance, performing common functions and, at the same time, characterized by a common structure and origin. A collection of different and interacting tissues form organs .

Histology. The structure of tissues of living organisms is studied by the science of histology.

4 main types (types) of fabrics. Science distinguishes 4 main types of tissues: epithelial; connecting; nervous; muscular.

Epithelial (integumentary) tissue. Epithelial (integumentary) tissue, or epithelium, is a boundary layer of cells that lines the integument of the body, the mucous membranes of all internal organs and cavities, and also forms the basis of many glands.

Functions of epithelial tissue. The epithelium separates the organism (internal environment) from the external environment, but at the same time serves as an intermediary in the interaction of the organism with the environment. Main functions: Integumentary; Protective; excretory; Secretory.

Regeneration of epithelial tissue cells. Epithelial tissue cells live for a short time and are quickly replaced by new ones (this is called regeneration).

Connective tissue (collagen). In general, connective tissue makes up what is called the internal environment of the body. This fabric is very diverse and is represented various types- from dense and loose forms to blood and lymph, the cells of which are in the liquid.

Types of connective tissue in the body. From this tissue are formed: bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood, fat. Therefore, its types are: bone, cartilaginous, fatty, liquid, loose, reticular.

Connective tissue functions. reference; Protective; Transport; Reserve.

Bone. The bone tissue that forms the bones of the skeleton is very strong. It maintains the shape of the body (constitution) and protects the organs located in the cranium, chest and pelvic cavities, and also participates in mineral metabolism.

cartilage tissue. Consists of cells (chondrocytes) and intercellular substance (cartilaginous matrix), characterized by increased elasticity. This tissue performs a supporting function, because. forms the bulk of cartilage.

Blood and lymph. This is a liquid connective tissue, consisting of uniform elements (cells) and plasma (a liquid with organic and mineral substances dissolved in it - serum and fibrinogen protein). Forms the circulatory system of the entire body.

Adipose tissue. Adipose tissue refers to loose connective tissue. Its cells are large and filled with fat. This fabric is divided into two types: white and brown.

Functions of adipose tissue. Nutritious; Protective; Shaping; Thermoregulating.

Muscle tissue and its types. Muscle tissue has excitability and the ability to actively contract under the influence of the nervous system and certain substances. Microscopic differences make it possible to distinguish two types of this tissue - smooth (non-striated) and striated (striated).

smooth muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue has a cellular structure. It forms the muscular membranes of the walls internal organs(intestines, uterus, Bladder etc.), blood and lymphatic vessels; its contraction occurs involuntarily.

striated muscle tissue. Striated muscle tissue consists of muscle fibers, each of which is represented by many thousands of cells, merged, in addition to their nuclei, into one structure. It forms skeletal muscles.

Heart (cardiac muscle). The heart muscle is a type of muscle tissue. In cardiac muscle tissue, adjacent muscle fibers are interconnected, the fiber has a small number of nuclei located in the center of the fiber. Cardiac tissue has automaticity - the ability to involuntarily contract, which ensures the pushing of blood through the chambers of the heart.

Functions of muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue performs the following functions: it provides involuntary contractions of the walls of internal organs and raising hair on the skin. The striated muscle tissue performs the following functions: it provides voluntary body movements, facial expressions, and speech. Important function: automatization of cardio-muscular tissue.

nervous tissue. Nervous tissue consists of two types of cells: nervous (neurons) and glial. Glial cells are closely adjacent to the neuron, performing supporting, nutritional, secretory and protective functions.

Nerve cells (neurons) and intercellular substance - neuroglia. From the cells of the nervous tissue, the brain and spinal cord, as well as nerves, are formed. Nerve cells - neurons - consist of a body and processes. The intercellular substance of the nervous tissue - neuroglia forms auxiliary cells or satellite cells.

Functions of nervous tissue. Higher nervous activity. Body communication

with the external environment. Centers of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes. Properties of excitability and conductivity.

2. Organs and systems of human organs.

organism. An organism is a certain complex or system that reacts as a whole to various changes in the external environment.

Organs in the human body. Usually an organ consists of several types of tissues, but some one prevails. For example, the main tissue of the glands is epithelial, and the muscles are muscular. In the liver, lungs, kidneys, glands, the main, "working" tissue is epithelial, in the bone - connective, in the brain - nervous.

General structure of human organs. Living organisms are built from special chemical compounds - organic substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids). They are part of every living cell. Substances of the cell form ordered structures - organelles, which provide the vital processes of the cell.

The concept of the organ system. Organs that perform a single function and have overall plan structure and development, are combined into organ systems. All organ systems are interconnected and form a single organism.

10 major organ systems of the human body. There are 10 main organ systems in the human body: Integumentary system; Musculoskeletal system; Digestive system; Circulatory system; lymphatic system; Respiratory system; excretory system; reproductive system; Nervous system; Endocrine system.

Integumentary system of human organs. The integumentary system includes the skin and mucous membranes lining the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and digestive organs.

Composition and functions of the integumentary system. The composition of the integumentary system includes: skin and mucous membranes: oral cavity; respiratory tract; digestive organs. Main function: Protective. Protects the body from: drying out, temperature fluctuations, damage, penetration of toxic substances; penetration of pathogenic microorganisms.

Musculoskeletal system of human organs. The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeleton and the muscles attached to it. It allows a person to stand, move, perform complex work, protects internal organs from damage.

The circulatory system of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels.

Tasks of the circulatory system. This system supplies the organs of our body with nutrients and oxygen, removes carbon dioxide and other waste products from them, performs a protective function, participating in immunity.

Humoral regulation. Regulation of vital processes in the body, through the body's fluid media (blood, lymph, tissue fluid, saliva) with the help of hormones secreted by cells, organs, tissues is called humoral regulation.

Composition of the blood. Plasma. Leukocytes. platelets.

lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is made up of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. It takes part in the formation of immunity and maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of the body.

Structure of the lymphatic system. The structure of the lymphatic system includes: lymphatic capillaries; lymphatic vessels; The lymph nodes; lymph trunks and ducts.

Digestive system. The digestive system consists of: the digestive tract; digestive and functional glands.

Basic functions of the digestive system. The function of the digestive system is to digest food and absorb nutrients into the blood.

human respiratory system. The respiratory system consists of the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi) and the respiratory part - the lungs.

Functions of the respiratory organs. The function of the respiratory system is to provide gas exchange between the external environment and the body.

Gas exchange. Gas exchange is carried out in the alveoli of the lungs, and is normally aimed at capturing oxygen from the inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide formed in the body into the external environment.

excretory system. The excretory or excretory system in biology is a set of organs that remove excess water, metabolic products, salts, as well as toxic substances from the body that have entered the body from outside or formed in it.

Structure and functions of the excretory system. The excretory system is formed by the kidneys, which produce urine containing harmful metabolic products, and the urinary organs - the ureters, bladder and urethra.

reproductive system. The reproductive system is a set of organs that provide sexual reproduction of the body.

The main function of the reproductive system. The function of the reproductive system is to ensure the process of childbearing.

sex cells - gametes. In the reproductive system, germ cells are formed - gametes (spermatozoa or eggs), and fertilization and development of a fertilized egg occurs.

General structure of the reproductive system. The reproductive system consists of the sex glands, internal and external genital organs.

Nervous system. The nervous system regulates the work of organs, ensures their coordinated activity and adaptation to environmental conditions.

Structure and functions of the nervous system. The nervous system consists of: the brain; spinal cord; nerves and ganglions extending from them. The main function: thanks to the nervous system, the mental activity of a person is carried out, his behavior is determined.

Endocrine system. This is a system for regulating the activity of internal organs by means of hormones secreted by endocrine cells directly into the blood, or diffusing through the intercellular space into neighboring cells.

Structure and functions of the endocrine system. System formed by endocrine glands. These include: the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands and some other glands. It is the endocrine glands that secrete hormones.

Demos:

The human integumentary system.

Skin and mucous tissue of the nose.

Bone.

cartilage tissue.

Muscle.

Raising hair on the skin.

Cardiomuscular tissue.

nervous tissue.

Internal organs of a person.

Integumentary system.

Musculoskeletal system.

Digestive system.

Circulatory system.

Respiratory system.

excretory system.

Nervous system.

Endocrine system.

Test questions:

Name the main tissues of the human body.

Define biological tissue.

Define an organ in the structure of an organism.

Name the 4 main types (types) of fabrics.

Expand the concept of epithelial (integumentary) tissue and name its functions.

Formulate what is the peculiarity of the regeneration of epithelial tissue cells.

Expand the concept of connective tissue (collagen).

Name the types of connective tissue in the body.

List the functions of connective tissue.

Explain the concepts of bone and cartilage.

Expand the concept of adipose tissue and name its functions.

Expand the concept of muscle tissue and name its types.

Describe the features of smooth muscle tissue.

Formulate the features of striated muscle tissue.

Prove with reason that the heart muscle is a type of muscle tissue.

List the functions of muscle tissue.

Formulate the features of the nervous tissue, nerve cells (neurons) and intercellular substance - neuroglia.

List the functions of the nervous tissue.

Name the main organs and systems of human organs.

Define the concept of the human body.

Explain the general structure of human organs.

Expand the concept of organ system.

Name the 10 major organ systems of the human body.

Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the integumentary system of human organs.

Name the composition and functions of the integumentary system.

Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the musculoskeletal system of human organs.

Name the components of the musculoskeletal system.

Name the functions of the motor apparatus.

Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the circulatory system of the body.

List the tasks of the circulatory system.

Expand the concept of humoral regulation.

Prove that the circulatory system is the basis of the internal environment of the body.

Name the composition of blood.

Expand the features of the concepts of "plasma", "leukocytes", "platelets".

List the main functions of blood.

Expand the functional features of tissue fluid and lymph.

Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the digestive system.

Explain the general structure of the digestive system.

List the main functions of the digestive system.

List the main components of a healthy diet.

Prove that digestion is a process of physical and chemical processing of food.

Name the three parts of the digestive system.

List the functions of the oral cavity, teeth and salivary glands.

Name the taste areas of the tongue.

List the functions of the intestines and stomach.

List the functions of the pancreas and liver.

List the functions of the various parts of the digestive tract.

Formulate the significance of saliva and its enzymes: ptyalin and maltase.

Name the chemical features of the process of processing food with saliva.

Name the main components of saliva.

Open the esophagus device.

Explain the concept of peristalsis of the esophagus.

Tell us about the structure of the stomach.

Formulate the features of the physicochemical process of food processing by the functions of the human stomach.

Describe the structure of the intestine and the functions of the digestive glands.

Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the human respiratory system.

Show examples of the importance of breathing for life.

List the functions of the respiratory system.

Expand the biological significance of breathing.

Expand the concept and meaning of gas exchange and trachea.

Expand the meaning and structure of the lungs.

name biological features respiratory process.

Expand the concept of vital capacity of the lungs.

Formulate the features of the device and functioning of the excretory system.

Expand the concept of the excretory system in biology.

Formulate the features of the device and functioning of the reproductive system.

List the main functions of the reproductive system.

Explain the concept of gametes.

Formulate the features of the structure and functioning of the nervous system.

Formulate the features of the device and functioning of the endocrine system.

Literature:

1. Akhmedova T.I., Mosyagina O.V. Natural science: Textbook / T.I. Akhmedova, O.V. Mosyagin. - M.: RAP, 2012. - S. 367-392.